I

ntr
oduc
tiont
oRe
lat
ivi
ty
Relat
ivit
yisatheoremf ormulat
edbyAl ber
tEins
tei
n,whic
hst
atest
hat
spaceandtimearerel
ative,andal
lmotionmustberel
ati
vet
oafra
meof
ref
erence.Itisa notion thatsta
tes
’l awsofphys i
csaret
he sa
me
ever
ywhe re
.Thisthe
oryi ssi
mplebuthardtounder
sta
nd.

I
tst
ate
s:

Thereisnoabsoluteref
erenc
ef r
a me.Onec a
nme as
ureve
loci
tyi
fthe
obje
ctormome nt
um isonlyinrel
a t
iontoot
herobj
ect
s.
Thespeedofl
ightisconst
antir
respect
iveofwhomeasur
esi
torhowfas
t
theper
sonmeasuringi
tismoving.

Spe
cia
lThe
oryofRe
lat
ivi
ty
Ei
nst
einf
irs
tint
roducedt
hist
ermintheye
ar1905.Itisatheor
emt ha
t
de
alswit
hthestruct
ureofspac
e-t
ime.Ei
nst
einexpla
inedthisthe
ory
ba
sedontwopost
ulat
es–

Thelawsofphysicsarethesamef oral
l,ir
respe
ctiveoft
heobser
ver’s
veloc
ity
.
Thespeedofl
ightisal
wa ysc
onsta
ntregardl
essofthemoti
onoft
helight
sourc
eorthemotionoftheobse
rver.

Spe
cia
lThe
oryofRe
lat
ivi
ty
Thisist het
heorywhi chlaidthefoundati
onoft imet r
a ve l
.Accordi
ngt o
Einstein,t
hera t
eatwhi c
ht i
met icsdecrea
s eswi ththei ncreas
eoft he
person’svelocit
y.Butthisishardtonoticea sthede crea seinti
mei s
re
la t
ivelyverylowc ompa r
edt otheincre
as eintime .So,i tcanbe
assume dthatifyoucane qualthevelocit
yofl ight,youwi llbeina
si
tuationwhe r
et i
mei ssti
ll
.Thi sphenome noni sc a
lle
dTi meDi lat
ion.
The r
ea reothersur
prisi
ngc onsequencesoft hi
st heory,s uchas–

Re lat
ivit
yofs imul taneity–t woa c
tions,simul tane ousf oronepe rson,
ma ynotbes imul t
ane ousf ora notherpe rsoninr e lati
vemot ion.
Le ngthShr i
nking:Obj ectsa r
eme as
ur e
da nda ppe ars horte
ri nthe
directi
onthe ya removi ngwi thr especttot heobs erver.
Ma s
s–Ene rgyEqui va l
e nce:St udyofr el
a ti
vityle dt ooneoft hegreates
t
inventions,i.e
.,E=mc 2whe reEi sEne rgy ,m sta ndsf orma s
sa ndcf or
theve loci
tyofl ight.Ma nys cientist
sobs ervedt ha ttheobj ect’sma ss
increaseswitht heve loc i
tybutne verkne whowt oc alculat
ei t.This
equa t
ionisthea nswe rtot hei
rpr oblem,whi c
he xpl ai
nst hatthe
increasedrelati
vi s
ticwe ightoft heobj ectise qua ltot hekine t
ice ner
gy
dividedbyt hes qua r
eoft hes pee dofl i
ght .

Ge
ner
alThe
oryofRe
lat
ivi
ty
GeneralRelat
ivi
tytheory,devel
ope dbyEi nstei
nin1907-1915,stat
es
tha
tbeinga tr
estinthegravit
ationalfi
elda ndacce
lera
tingareident
ica
l
physi
cally
.Fore xample,anobse r
vercans eethebal
lfallt
hes a
mewa y
ontherocketandonEa rth.Thisisduetot herocket
’saccel
erat
ion,
whichequals9.8m/ s
2.Thistheoryr e
lat
e stoNe wt
on’sgravi
tat
ional
the
orya ndspeci
a lr
elat
ivit
y.

Re
lat
ivi
ty
SomeCons eque nc e
sofGe nera lRelati
vit
ya r
e:
Gravit
ationalTi meDi la
tion:Gr a
vityinfl
uencest
hepassa
geoft
ime.
Clocksint hede epe rgravit
ationa lwellsr
uns l
owertha
ningene
ral
gravi
tationallevels.
Ac
knowl
edge
ment
Lightrayswi llbe ndi nthegra vitat
ionalf
iel
d. Theauthor
saret
hankfult
oPaki
sta
nSc ie
nce
Theuni verseise xpa ndi
ng,a ndpa r
tsofitaremovingawayf
rom Ea
rth Foundat
ionandCOMSATSUni vers
ity
,Isla
maba
d
fa
s t
ertha nthes peedofl ight. forpr
ovidi
ngoppor
tunit
ytor
esear
chwor k.