1

1) Transport Network: -

Several places (nodes) joined

together by a series of routes

(links) to form a pattern is

called transport network.

2) Highways: - Highways are

metalled roads connecting

distant places for

unobstructed vehicular

movement, with separate

traffic lanes, bridges, flyovers

and dual carriage ways.

3) Border Roads: - Border

roads are roads laid along

international boundaries and

play an important role in

integrating people of the

remote areas with the major

cities.
 2

4) Big Trunk Route: - The

North Atlantic sea route is

called the Big Trunk Route.

5) Big Inch: - Big inch is the

pipeline which carries

petroleum from the oil wells

of Gulf of Mexico to the

North Eastern states of North

America.

6) Pack Animals: - A pack

animal is an animal such as a
horse or donkey that is used
to carry things or loads on
journeys. Horses are used as
a draught animal even in the
Western countries. Dogs and
reindeer are used in North
America, North Europe and
Siberia to draw sledges over
snow-covered ground. Mules
are preferred in the
mountainous regions; while
camels are used for caravan
movement in deserts. In
India, bullocks are used for pulling carts.
 3
7) Trans-continental Railway:
- The long routes which run
across the continent and
connect two ends of
continent are called Trans-
continental railways. They are
instrumental in economic life
of a country. They were
constructed for economic and
political reasons to facilitate
long runs in different
directions. They are essential
for transportation of not only
passengers but mainly of
freight. E.g. Trans-continental
Siberian railways.

8) Union and Pacific Railway:

- This rail-line connects New
York on the Atlantic Coast to
San Francisco on the Pacific
Coast passing through
Cleveland, Chicago, Omaha,
Evans, Ogden and
Sacramento. The most
valuable exports on this route
are ores, grain, paper,
chemicals and machinery.

9) The Australian Trans–

Continental Railway: - This
rail-line runs west-east across
the southern part of the
continent from Perth on the
west coast, to Sydney on the
east coast. Passing through
Kalgoorlie, Broken Hill and
Port Augusta.
 4

10) Orient Express: - This line

runs from Paris to Istanbul
passing through Strasbourg,
Munich, Vienna, Budapest
and Belgrade. The journey
time from London to Istanbul
by this Express is now
reduced to 96 hours as
against 10 days by the sea-
route. The chief exports on
this rail-route are cheese,
bacon, oats, wine, fruits, and
machinery.

11) Coastal Shipping: - Coastal

shipping is a convenient
mode of transportation with
long coastlines, e.g. U.S.A,
China and India. Shenzhen
States in Europe are most
suitably placed for coastal
shipping connecting one
member’s coast with the
other. If properly developed,
coastal shipping can reduce
the congestion on the land
routes.

12) Danube Waterway: - This

important inland waterway
serves Eastern Europe. The
Danube river rises in the
Black Forest and flows
eastwards through many
countries. It is navigable up
to Taurna Severin. The chief
export items are wheat,
maize, timber and machinery.
 5

13) Volga Waterway: - Russia

has a large number of
developed waterways, of
which the Volga is one of the
most important. It provides a
navigable waterway of
11,200 km and drains into the
Caspian Sea. The Volga-
Moscow Canal connects it
with the Moscow region and
the Volga-Don Canal with the
Black Sea.

14) The Mississippi

Waterways: - The

Mississippi-Ohio waterway

connects the interior part of

U.S.A. with the Gulf of

Mexico in the south. Large

steamers can go through this

route up to Minneapolis.
 6

Q. 1 Elucidate the statement- “In a well-managed transport system, various modes complement each
other”. Or
The expansion of the means of transport and communication is shrinking the world explain. Or
What factors influence the mode of transportation? Or
Give the Importance of transport system. (NCERT Page No. 65 & 66) (3)
 Answer Key Points: -
Transport is a service or facility by which persons and goods can be moved from one place to the other
using humans, animals and different kinds of vehicles. Such movements take place over land, water and
air. It is very important due to following reasons: -
1) Transport and communication are known as lifelines of national economy as they have an important
role in the production and distribution of goods and services across the country.
2) They provide services of trade and commerce between people which is very important for
development of a
civilization.
3) Transport is not just a
movement of people it
provides the economic base
to the society.
4) A well connected transport
network is helpful in
industrial sector to transport
the raw materials from
mines to industries and
finished products from
industry to market.
5) A good transport and
communication system serve
as a link between the production and consumption.
6) A well connected transport system satisfies the basic needs of society.
7) A good communication system is very helpful in global understanding.
Q. 2 Describe the journey of development of land transport from the days of humans as carriers and the
cable ways of todays. (NCERT Page No. 66) (3)
 Answer Key Points: -
1) Most of movement of goods
and services takes place over
land. In early days, humans
themselves were carriers.
2) Palki or doli were used as
carriers in certain occasions.
Later animals were used as
beasts of burden.
3) With the invention of wheel,
the use of carts and wagons
became important.
4) The revolution in transport
came about only after the
 7
invention of the steam engine.
5) Railways became the most popular and fastest form of land transport.
6) The invention of the internal combustion engine is revolutionized road transport in terms of road
quality and vehicles.
7) Among the newer development in land transportation are pipelines, ropeways and cableways.

Q. 3 What are advantages and disadvantages of road transport? Or

What is the importance of roads? Explain any three reasons for the existence of good quality roads in
the developed countries. (NCERT Page No. 3) (3/5)
 Answer Key Points: -
 Merits of Road Transport: -
1) They provide door to door
service.
2) Roads are easy to construct
they can be constructed in
rough terrains and forest
areas.
3) The road transport is very
suitable for perishable and
breakable goods.
4) Roads play an important role
in a country's trade and
commerce and for promoting
tourism.
5) They are cheapest and fastest
mode of transport for short
distances.
6) They are available 24 hours.
7) They need fewer infrastructures for construction as compared to railways.
 Demerits of Road Transport: -
1) Road transport is badly
influenced by the
physiographic structure.
2) It is very difficult to construct
and to maintain roads in
mountain and desert areas.
3) Roads are not constructed in
flood prone areas.
4) They need heavy
infrastructure for
construction.
5) During rainy days they get
damaged and become
unusable un-motorable.
6) Carrying capacity of
roadways per vehicle is much
lower than the railways.
7) Most of the City roads face the problem of traffic congestion.
 8

Q. 4 Suggest steps for better urban transport solution. (NCERT Page No. 67) (3)
 Answer Key Points: -
For better urban transport system, the following can be adopted: -
1) Mass rapid
transit (MRT)
2) Improved public
bus service
3) Expressways
4) Car pool
5) Higher parking
fees
6) Government
measures like
odd-even car
system to
regulate traffic
flow.

Q. 5 What are highways? Explain the significance of highways with examples. (NCERT Page No. 67) (3)
 Answer Key Points: -
Highways are metalled roads connecting distant places they are constructed for continue
vehicular movement. Characteristics of highways are: -

1) Highways are 80 m wide

roads.
2) They have separate traffic
lanes.
3) Bridges flyovers and dual
carriageway etc. are the
features of highways.
4) Highways provide continue
traffic movement at high
speed.
5) In developed countries every
city and Port town is linked
by highways.

Q. 6 Write a note on Important Highways of North America. Or

Bring out the significance of highways in Europe. Or
Describe some of the important highways of the world. Or
Write a note on highways in Asia. (NCERT Page No. 67 & 68) (3)
 Answer Key Points: -
 9

1) North American Highways: -

In North America, highway
density is high, about 0.65 km
per sq. km. Every place is
within 20 km distance from a
highway. Cities located on the
Pacific coast (west) are well-
connected with those of the
Atlantic Coast (east).

2) The Trans- Canadian Highway: - The Trans- Canadian Highway links Vancouver in British Columbia
(west coast) to St. John’s City in Newfoundland (east coast) and the Alaskan Highway links Edmonton
(Canada) to Anchorage (Alaska).

3) The Pan-American

Highway: - The Pan-

American Highway, a large
portion of which has been
constructed, will connect the
countries of South America,
Central America and U.S.A.-
Canada.
 10

4) The Trans-Continental

Stuart Highway: - The

Trans-Continental Stuart

Highway connects Darwin

(north coast) and Melbourne

via Tennant Creek and Alice

Springs in Australia.

5) Highways in Europe: - Europe has a large number of vehicle s and a well-developed highway

network. But highways face a lot of competition from railways and waterways.
 11
6) Moscow-Vladivostok Highway: - The important Moscow-Vladivostok Highway serves the region to
the east. Due to the vast geographical area, highways in Russia are not as important as railways.

7) Highways in China: - In China, highways criss-cross the country connecting all major cities such as
Tsungtso (near Vietnam boundary), Shanghai (central China), Guangzhou (south) and Beijing (north)
A new highway links Chengdu with Lhasa in Tibet.
 12

8) Highways in India: - In
India, there are many
highways linking the
major towns and cities. It
includes Golden
quadrilateral highways,
national highways and
state highways. In India,
there are many highways
linking the major towns
and cities. For example,
National Highway No. 7
(NH 7), connecting
Varanasi with
Kanyakumari, is the
longest in the country.
The Golden Quadrilateral
(GQ) or Super
Expressway is underway
to connect the six
metropolitan cities —
New Delhi, Mumbai,
Bangalore, Chennai,
Kolkata and Hyderabad.

9) Highways in Africa: - In

Africa, a highway joins

Algiers in the north to

Conakry in Guinea. Cairo

is also connected to Cape

Town.
 13
Q. 7 Give five important features of railways in Europe (NCERT Page No. 68 & 69) (3)
 Answer Key Points: -
1) Europe has one of the most
dense rail networks in the
world. There are about 4, 40,
000 km. of railways, most of
which is double or multiple-
tracked.
2) Belgium has the highest
density of 1 km of railway for
every 6.5 sq. km. area.
3) The industrial regions exhibit
some of the highest densities
in the world. The important
rail heads are London, Paris,
Brussels, Milan, Berlin and
Warsaw.
4) Passenger transport is more important than freight in many of these countries. Underground
railways are important in London and Paris’.
5) Channel Tunnel, operated by Euro Tunnel Group through England, connects London with Paris.
6) Trans-continental railway lines have now lost their importance to quicker and more flexible transport
systems of airways and roadways.

Q. 8 Write a note on railways in Russia. (NCERT Page No. 69) (3)

 Answer Key Points: -
1) In Russia, railways account for about 90 per cent of the country’s total transport with a very dense
network west of the Urals.
2) Moscow is the most important rail head with major lines radiating to different parts of the country’s
vast geographical area.
3) Underground railways and commuter trains are also important in Moscow.
4) The Trans-Siberian railways and the Orient express are some of the important railways in the Europe.
 14
Q. 9 Write a note on railways in North America. (NCERT Page No. 69) (3)
 Answer Key Points: -
1) North America has one of the
most extensive rail networks
accounting for nearly 40 % of
the world’s total.
2) In contrast to many European
countries, the railways are
used more for long-distance
bulky freight like ores, grains,
timber and machinery than
for passengers.
3) The most dense rail network
is found in the highly
industrialized and urbanized region of East Central U.S.A. and adjoining Canada.
4) In Canada, railways are in the public sector and distributed all over the sparsely populated areas. The
transcontinental railways carry the bulk of wheat and coal tonnage.

Q. 10 Write a note on railways in Australia. (NCERT Page No. 69) (3)

 Answer Key Points: -
1) Australia has about 40,000 km of railways, of which 25 % are found in New South Wales alone.
2) The Australian Trans-
continental railway rail-line
runs west-east across the
southern part of the
continent from Perth on the
west coast, to Sydney on the
east coast passing through
Kalgoorlie, Broken Hill and
Port Augusta.
3) Another major north- south
line connects Adelaide and
Alice Spring and to be joined
further to the Darwin-Birdum line.
Q. 11 Write a note on railways in South America. (NCERT Page No. 8 & 9) (3)
 Answer Key Points: -
1) In South America, the rail network is the most dense in two regions, namely, the Pampas of
Argentina and the coffee growing region of Brazil which together account for 40 % of South
America’s total route length.
 15
2) Only Chile, among the remaining
countries has a considerable
route length linking coastal
centers with the mining sites in
the interior.
3) Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia
and Venezuela have short single-
track rail-lines from ports to the
interior with no inter-connecting
links.
4) There is only one trans-
continental rail route linking
Buenos Aires (Argentina) with
Valparaiso (Chile) across the
Andes Mountains through the
Uspallatta Pass located at a
height of 3,900 m.

Q. 12 Write a note on the railways in Asia. (NCERT Page No. 69) (3)
 Answer Key Points: -
1) In Asia, rail network is the densest in the thickly populated areas of Japan, China and India.
2) Other countries have relatively few rail routes. West Asia is the least developed in rail facilities
because of vast deserts and sparsely populated regions.
3) One of the most important railways of Asia is trans-Siberian Railways, a major rail route of Russia
which runs from St. Petersburg in the west to Vladivostok on the Pacific Coast in the east passing
through Moscow, Ufa, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Chita and Khabarovsk.
4) It is the most important
route in Asia and the
longest (9,332 km)
double-tracked and
electrified trans-
continental railway in the
world.
5) It has helped in opening
up its Asian region to
West European markets.
It runs across the Ural
Mountains Ob and
Yenisei rivers.
6) Chita is an important
agro-centre and Irkutsk,
a fur centre. There are
connecting links to the
 16
south, namely, to Odessa (Ukraine), Baku on the Caspian Coast, Tashkent (Uzbekistan), Ulan Bator
(Mongolia), and Shenyang (Mukden) and Beijing in China.
7) There is a proposal to build Trans Asiatic railway linking Istanbul with Bangkok via Iran, Pakistan,
India, Bangladesh and Myanmar.

Q. 13 What are the important railway routes of African continent? (NCERT Page No. 9 & 10) (3)
 Answer Key Points: -
The important routes of the
continent are: -
1) The Venezuela Railway through
Angola to Katanga-Zambia
Copper Belt
2) The Tanzania Railway from the
Zambian Copper Belt to Dar-es-
Salaam on the coast.
3) The Railway through Botswana
and Zimbabwe linking the
landlocked states to the South
African network and
4) The Blue Train from Cape Town
to Pretoria in the Republic of
South Africa.
Q. 14 Explain any three points of economic significance of Trans-Siberian Railway’. Or
Mention any six features of ‘Trans- Siberian Railway’. (NCERT Page No. 69 & 70) (3)
 Answer Key Points: - Features of Trans-Siberian Railways are: -
1) Trans-Siberian railways are major rail route of Russian runs from St. Petersburg in the west to
Vladivostok on the Pacific Coast in the east.
2) It has helped to connect the
Asian region to West
European markets.
3) It has established connecting
links between Ukraine, Baku
on the Caspian Coast,
Tashkent (Uzbekistan), Ulan
Bator (Mongolia), and
Shenyang (Mukden) and
Beijing in China.
4) It runs across the Ural
Mountains Ob and Yenisei
rivers. Chita is an important
agro-center and Irkuisk, a fur
center.
5) It is the longest (9,332 km) double- tracked and electrified trans-continental railway in the world.
6) It is the most important route in Asia.
 17
7) Several products like minerals, wood pulp, agricultural and animals’ resources from Siberia are
carried to European Russia.

Q. 15 Write a short note on Trans Canadian railways. (NCERT Page No. 70) (3)
 Answer Key Points: -
1) Trans Canadian railway is
7050km long and runs from
Halifax in the east to
Vancouver to the West,
through Montreal, Ottawa
and Winnipeg.
2) It was initially constructed as
a part of an agreement to
make British Columbia on the
West coast join federation of
states.
3) It gained economic
significance because it
connected the Quebec-
Montreal industrial region
with the wheat belt of the Prairie region, and the coniferous forest region in the north, thus making
each of them complimentary to the other.
4) A loop line connects it to the important waterways of the world.
5) It is the economic artery of Canada, and wheat and meat are important exports on this route.

Q. 16 What are the advantages of rail transport? (Value ßased) (3)

 Answer Key Points: - Advantages of rail transport are as follows: -
1) Railway transport is best suited for carrying heavy and bulky goods over long distances.
2) These carry millions of passengers daily to and fro in the city. There is about 13 lakh km of railways
open for traffic in the world.
3) The railway transport is the
most dependable mode of
transport as it is the least
affected by weather
conditions such as rain, fog
etc. compared to other
modes of transport.
4) This is one of the fastest and
most economical means of
transport.
5) It helps in bringing the
national integration of the
country as it brings the
people of different cultures
together.
6) The carrying capacity of the railways is extremely large and elastic which can easily be increased by
adding more wagons.
7) They are the largest carriers of raw materials to the industries and finished products.
 18
8) The rail transport is better organised than any other form of transport as it has fixed routes and
schedules.
9) The railways provide greater employment opportunities for both skilled and unskilled labour. A large
number of persons are depending upon railways for their livelihood.
10) They have accelerated the development of the industry and agriculture.

Q. 17 What are the advantages and problems of water transport? (NCERT Page No. 71 & 72) (3)
 Answer Key Points: -

Water transport is not suitable for transporting

Waterways are the most suitable for
1. perishable goods, because it takes long time to
carrying heavy and bulky goods.
reach the destination.
They are a cheaper means of
transportation of bulky material over long Water transport is very slow means of transport. It
2.
distances as their energy consumption is takes long time to travel or transport goods.
very low.
It is negatively affected by seasonal activities such
There is no need of route construction and as heavy rainfall and floods. Most of the rivers are
3.
other maintenance. frozen during winter season or they donot have
adiquate water flow during dry season.
The inland water transport by rivers is unreliable.
Rivers are the only means of transportation
4. Sometimes the river changes its course which
in dense forests.
causes dislocation in the normal route of the
trade.
90-95% of the international trade is done Waterways are limited and they do not provide
5.
with the oceanic routes. servies everywhere.
In water transport, the risks of accidents Water transport is more risky as compared to
6. and breakdowns are less as compared to other means because there is always danger of
any other form of transport. sinking ships or boats.

Q. 18 Why is the North Atlantic sea route significant? (NCERT Page No. 72 & 73) (3)
 Answer Key Points: -
1) This links North-eastern U.S.A. and Northwestern Europe, the two industrially developed regions of
the world.
 19

2) The foreign trade over this

route is greater than that of
the rest of the world
combined.
3) One fourth of the world’s
foreign trade moves on this
route. It is, therefore, the
busiest in the world and
otherwise, called the Big
Trunk Route.
4) Both the coasts have highly
advanced ports and
harbour facilities.

Q. 19 Write a note on the Mediterranean- Indian ocean sea route. (NCERT Page No. 73) (3)
 Answer Key Points: -
1) This sea route passes
through the heart of the
Old World and serves more
countries and people than
any other route.
2) Port Said, Aden, Mumbai,
Colombo and Singapore are
some of the important
ports on this route.
3) The construction of Suez
Canal has greatly reduced
the distance and time as
compared to the earlier
route through the Cape of Good Hope.
4) This trade route connects the highly industrialized Western European region with West Africa, South
Africa, South-east Asia and the commercial agriculture and livestock economies of Australia and New
Zealand.
5) Before the construction of the Suez Canal this was the route connecting Liverpool and Colombo
which was 6,400 km longer than the Suez Canal route.
6) The volume of trade and traffic between both East and West Africa is on the increase due to the
development of the rich natural resources such as gold, diamond, copper, tin, groundnut, oil palm,
coffee and fruits.

Q. 20 Why Cape of Good Hope sea route has less traffic? (NCERT Page No. 73) (3)
 Answer Key Points: -
 20
1) This sea route is another
important one across the
Atlantic Ocean which
connects West European
and West African countries
with Brazil, Argentina and
Uruguay in South America.
2) The traffic is far less on this
route because of the
limited development and
population in South
America and Africa.
3) Only southeastern Brazil and Plata estuary and parts of South Africa have large-scale industries.
4) There is also little traffic on the route between Rio de Janeiro and Cape Town because both South
America and Africa have similar products and resources.

Q. 21 Write a note on the Southern Atlantic Sea Route. (NCERT Page No. 73) (3)
 Answer Key Points: -
1) This sea route is another important one across the Atlantic Ocean which connects West European

and West African countries with Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay in South America.

2) The traffic is far less on this route because of the limited development and population in South
America and Africa.
3) Only southeastern Brazil
and Plata estuary and parts
of South Africa have large-
scale industries.
4) There is also little traffic on
the route between Rio de
Janeiro and Cape Town
because both South
America and Africa have
similar products and
resources.

Q. 22 Write a note on the North Pacific Sea Route. (NCERT Page No. 73) (3)
 Answer Key Points: -
1) Trade across the vast North Pacific Ocean moves by several routes which converge at Honolulu.
 21
2) The direct route on the
Great Circle links Vancouver
and Yokohama and reduces
the travelling distance
(2,480 km) by half.
3) This sea route links the
ports on the west coast of
North America with those
of Asia.
4) These are Vancouver,
Seattle, Portland, San
Francisco and Los Angeles
on the American side and Yokohama, Kobe, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Manila and Singapore on the Asian
side.

Q. 23 Write a note on the South Pacific Sea Route. (NCERT Page No. 74) (3)
 Answer Key Points: -
1) This sea route connects
Western Europe and North
America with Australia,
New Zealand and the
scattered Pacific islands via
the Panama Canal.
2) This route is also used for
reaching Hong Kong,
Philippines and Indonesia.
3) The distance covered
between Panama and
Sydney is 12,000 km.
4) Honolulu is an important
port on this route.
Q. 24 Which canal has shortened the distance between eastern and western coasts of North America?
What is its economic significance? Or
Which canal has shortened the distance between Europe and Asia? Give five points on the canal. Or
“The Suez and the Panama canals are two vital man-made navigation canals which serve as gateways of
commerce for both the eastern and western worlds.” In the light of this statement explain the economic
significance of these two canals. (NCERT Page No. 74 & 75) (3)
 Answer Key Points: -
 Suez Canal: -
1) Suez Canal had been constructed in 1869 in Egypt between Port Said in the north and Port Suez in the
south linking the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea.
2) It is a sea-level canal without locks which is about 160 km and 11 to 15m deep.
 22
3) About 100 ships travel daily
and each ship takes 10-12
hours to cross this canal.
4) It gives Europe a new
gateway to the Indian
Ocean and reduces direct
sea- route distance
between Liverpool and
Colombo compared to the
Cape of Good Hope route.
5) A railway follows the canal
from Ismailia to Suez.
6) A navigable fresh-water
canal from the Nile also
joins the Suez Canal in
Ismailia to supply fresh-
water to Port Said and
Suez.
7) It is sea level canal, makes
journey comfortable and is
very suitable for commerce.
8) The economy of Egypt has
been changing very fast
mainly the income recover
from trolls.
 Panama Canal: -
1) Panama Canal connects the
Atlantic Ocean in the East to
the Pacific Ocean in the
West.
2) It has been constructed
across the Panama isthmus
between Panama City and
Colom by the US
government.
3) This canal is about 72 km.
long, 100-300 meters wide
and about 13 meters dep.
4) It reduces the distance
between New York and San
Francisco by 13,000 km by
sea.
5) Panama Canal has shortened the distance between eastern and western coasts of North America.
6) It has provided great boost to the economy of U.S.A and Latin America also.
7) It has a six lock system and ships cross the different levels.

Q. 25 What are the steps for modernization of waterways? (Value ßased) (3)
 Answer Key Points: -
 23
1) Modem passenger liners (ships) and cargo ships are equipped with radar, wireless and other
navigation aids.
2) The development of refrigerated chambers for perishable goods, tankers and specialized ships has
also improved cargo transport.
3) The use of containers has made cargo handling at the world’s major ports easier.
4) The sea routes are the cheapest means of transportation for bulky material over long distance as it
doesn’t require route construction and maintenance.

Q. 26 What are the factors on which development of inland waterways depend? (NCERT Page No. 75) (3)
 Answer Key Points: -
1) Rivers, canals, lakes and coastal areas have been important waterways since beginning of time.
2) Boats and steamers (Ships)
are used as means of
transport for cargo and
passengers.
3) The development of inland
waterways is dependent on
the navigability width and
depth of the channel,
continuity in the water
flow, and transport
technology in use.
4) Rivers are the only means
of transport in dense
forests.
5) Very heavy cargo like coal,
cement, timber and metallic ores can be transported through inland waterways.

Q. 27 What are the problems faced by inland waterways? (NCERT Page No. 75) (3)
 Answer Key Points: -
1) Inland waterways have low transport speed thus not suitable where time is an important factor.
2) In the ancient times, rivers were the main highways of inland transportation, but they lost
importance because of competition from railways and other means of transport.
 24
3) Sometimes inland water ways lacks in water due to diversion of water for irrigation and their poor
maintenance.
4) It has limited area of operation, depending on the infrastructure and depth of the waterways.
5) Inland waterways are badly affected by weather conditions of droughts, floods and freezing.

Q. 28 Which is the most heavily used inland waterway in the world? Why is it important?
(NCERT Page No. 76) (3)
 Answer Key Points: -
1) Rhine River is the most important and
best developed inland waterways of
Europe.
2) It provides navigational facilities for
about 700 km.
3) It flows through a rich coalfield and
the whole basin has become
prosperous manufacturing area.
4) It is the world’s most heavily used
waterway. Each year more than 20,
000 ocean-going ships and 2, 00, 000
inland vessels exchange their cargoes.
5) It connects the industrial areas of
Switzerland, Germany, France,
Belgium and Netherlands with the
North Atlantic Sea route.
6) The Ruhr River joins the Rhine from
the east.

Q. 29 Write a short note on the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence Seaway. (NCERT Page No. 76) (3)
 Answer Key Points: -
 25
1) The Great Lakes of North America of Superior, Huron Erie and Ontario are connected by Soo Canal
and Welland Canal to form an inland waterway.
2) It is a system of locks,
canals, and channels in
Canada and the United
States that permits
oceangoing vessels to travel
from the Atlantic Ocean to
the Great Lakes of North
America.
3) The estuary of St. Lawrence
River, along with the Great
Lakes, forms a unique
commercial waterway in
the northern part of North
America.
4) Large oceangoing vessels
are able to navigate up the river deep inside the continent to Montreal.
5) Canals also have been constructed up to 3.5 m deep to avoid the presence of rapids.

Q. 30 Air transport has made world a global village. How? Also explain the significance of air transport. Or
What are advantages and disadvantages of air transport? (NCERT Page No. 77) (3)
 Answer Key Points: -
Air transport has brought about a connectivity revolution in the world in many ways. It is the
fastest mode of transport. It is because of air transport that there is no place in the world which
is more than 35 hours away.
 26
Air travel is the fastest, most comfortable Air transport is the most risky form of transport
1.
and prestigious mode of transport. because a minor accident may cause loss of life.
Air transport can cover difficult terrains like
The aircrafts have limited carrying capacity and
high mountains of the Himalayas, the
2. so these are not suitable for carrying heavy and
Western Ghats, deserts of Rajasthan, dense
bulky goods.
forests and long coastlines with great ease.
It require huge capital investment for the
3. They are no need of route construction.
construction and maintance of Airports.
There no problem of traffic jams so which
4. It is badly affected by bad weather conditions.
prevent transportation delays.
At the time of natural calamities relief
The cost of aircraft construction and maintenance
5. operations can be carried out quickly with
requires large capital expenditures.
the help of air transport.
It is best for the transportation of high value Air travel is very expensive and not within the
6.
perishable goods. reach of the common people.

Q. 31 Which are the major regions of the world having a dense network of airways? Or
Write a short note on inter-continental airways. Or
Which hemisphere is served more by the air transport? Why there is less development of it in the other
hemisphere? (NCERT Page No. 77) (3)
 Answer Key Points: -
Air transport is the fastest means of transportation but it is very costly. Due to fast speed, people choose
it to travel long distances. Northern hemisphere is served more by the air transport. In the Northern
Hemisphere, there is a distinct east-west belt of inter-continental air routes.
 Regions have dense network of airways: -
1) Western Europe, Eastern U.S.A. and South-eastern Asia have dense network of airways.
2) U.S.A. alone accounts for
60 % of the airways of the
world.
3) U.K. is one of the major
users of Jet Airways.
4) New York, London, Paris,
Amsterdam, Frankfurt,
Rome, Moscow, Karachi,
New Delhi, Mumbai,
Bangkok, Singapore, Tokyo,
San Francisco, Los Angeles
and Chicago are the nodal
points where air routes
converge or diverge to all
continents.
5) Today, more than 250 commercial airlines offer regular services to different parts of the world.
6) Soviet Asia and Africa lack air services.
7) There are limited air services between 10°-35° latitudes in southern hemisphere due to sparser
(Scattered) population, limited landmass and less economic development.

Q. 32 What are pipelines? Give the advantages and disadvantages of pipeline transportation. Or
 27
Explain any four points of importance of pipelines in transporting fluid material for long distances with
suitable examples from the different parts of the world. Or
Which is the famous pipeline of the USA? State four advantages of pipeline transport. Or
Mention the famous oil pipeline of the U.S.A. How are pipelines one of the most convenient modes of
transport? Explain any four points. Or
Which means of transport is extensively used for carry water, petroleum, natural gas and other liquids?
Describe the network of this means of transport in the world. (NCERT Page No. 77 & 78) (3)
 Answer Key Points: -
Pipeline transport is an important medium of transportation. Cooking gas is supplied through pipelines in
many parts of the world. In New Zealand, milk is being supplied through pipelines from farm to factories.
Big Inch is one of the famous pipelines in USA which carries petroleum from the oil wells of the Gulf of
Mexico to the north-eastern states. About 17 % of all freight per tonne km is carried through pipelines in
USA. In Europe, Russia, West Asia and India pipelines are used to connect oil wells to refineries and to
ports or domestic markets. Turkmenistan in central Asia has extended pipelines to Iran and also to parts
of China.

# Importance/ Advantages Problems/ Limitations

Pipeline transport is best medium to transport Solid and human population cannot be
1.
liquid and gaseous materials. transported through pipelines.
It requires low energy consumption for Its carrying capacity cannot be increased once
2.
transportation. it laid Pipeline.
They can be built anywhere in the world even It is not flexible, i.e., it can be used only for a
3.
in oceans and on high mountains. few fixed Points.
There no problem of traffic jams so which It is difficult to make security arrangements
4.
prevent transportation delays. for pipelines.
They are not affected by bad weather It very difficult to identify and to stop leakage
5.
conditions. problem.
Pipelines are safe, accident-free and
6. Initial cost of laying the pipelines is very high.
environmental friendly.

Q. 33 What is the latest development in the field of communication? (NCERT Page No. 78 & 79) (3)
 Answer Key Points: -
 28
1) Over the years human beings have used different methods long-distance communications of which
the telegraph and the
telephone were important.
2) Even today, the
telephone/mobile is the most
commonly used mode.
3) In developing countries, the
use of cell phones, made
possible by satellites, is
important for rural
connectivity.
4) The first major breakthrough
is the use of optic fiber cables
(OFC). Faced with mounting
competition, telephone companies all over the world soon upgraded their copper cable systems to
include optic fiber cables.
5) These allow large quantities of data to be transmitted rapidly, securely, and are virtually error- free.
6) With the Digitisation of information in the 1990’s, telecommunication slowly merged with computers
to form integrated networks termed as Internet.
7) Internet is the largest
electronic network on the
planet connecting about
1,000 million.
8) As billions use the Internet
each year, cyberspace will
expand the contemporary
economic and social space of
humans through e-mail, e-
commerce, e-learning and e-
governance.
9) Internet together with fax,
television and radio will be accessible to more and more people cutting across place and time.
10) It is these modem communication systems, more than transportation that has made the concept of
global village a reality.
Q. 34 What is satellite communication? How has it brought revolutionary changes in the field of
communication in the world? Explain? (NCERT Page No. 79) (3)
 Answer Key Points: -
1) Communication through satellites which emerged as a new area in communication technology is
called satellite communication.
2) It has brought revolutionary changes in the field of communication in the world.
 29
3) Artificial satellites are
successfully deployed in the
Earth’s orbit to connect even
the remote corners of the
globe with limited onsite
verification.
4) These have rendered the unit
cost and time of
communication invariant in
terms of distance.
5) This means it costs the same
to communicate over 500 km
as it does over 5,000 km via
satellite.

Q. 35 What are the modes by which cyber space will expand the contemporary economic and social space
of humans? Or
What is Cyberspace? Describe any two advantages of internet. (NCERT Page No. 79) (3)
 Answer Key Points: -
1) Cyberspace is the world of
electronic computerized
space. It is encompassed by
the Internet such as the
World Wide Web (WWW). In
simple words, it is the
electronic digital world for
communicating or accessing
information over computer
networks without physical
movement of the sender and
the receiver. It is also referred
to as the Internet.
2) Cyberspace exists
everywhere. It may be in an
office, sailing boat, flying
plane and virtually anywhere.
3) As billions use the Internet
each year, cyberspace will
expand the contemporary
economic and social space of
humans through e-mail, e-
commerce, e-learning and e-
governance.
4) Internet together with fax,
television and radio will be
accessible to more and more
people cutting across place
and time.
 30
5) There were less than 50 million Internet users in 1995, about 400 million in 2000 A.D. and over one
billion in 2005. The next billion users have been added in 2010.
6) It is these modem communication systems, more than transportation, which has made the concept
of global village a reality.


Q.1. Find out some of the important ports on the coast of U.S.A. and Western Europe in your atlas.
 Answer: -

Q.2. Can you think of the impact on traffic in Panama Canal after the Nicaraguan canal opens up?
 Answer: -
The Nicaraguan Canal (Spanish: Canal de Nicaragua), formally the Nicaraguan Canal and Development
Project (also referred to as the Nicaragua Grand Canal, or the Grand Interoceanic Canal) was a proposed
shipping route through Nicaragua to connect the Caribbean Sea (and therefore the Atlantic Ocean) with
the Pacific Ocean. Construction of Nicaraguan Canal connecting the Pacific and Atlantic will be a boon to
global shipping and, to the economy of the second-poorest nation in the Americas. Nicaraguan
government predicted that canal would “increase the GDP by 11 percent annually and provide up to a
million new jobs in the years following the canal’s construction.”

Q. 1 Multiple choice questions.

(i) The Trans–Continental Stuart Highway runs between (a) Darwin and Melbourne
(b) Edmonton and Anchorage (c) Vancouver and St. John’s City
(d) Chengdu and Lhasa

(ii) Which country has the highest density of railway network?

(a) Brazil (b) U.S.A (c) Canada (d) Russia

(iii) The Big Trunk Route runs through

(a) The Mediterranean – Indian ocean (b) The North Atlantic Ocean
(c) The South Atlantic Ocean (d) The North Pacific Ocean
 31

(iv) The Big Inch pipeline transports

(a) Milk (b) Liquid petroleum gas (LPG) (c) Water (d) Petroleum

(v) Which one pair of the following places is linked by Channel Tunnel?
(a) London – Berlin (b) Paris – London (c) Berlin – Paris (d) Barcelona – Berlin

Q. 2 Answer the following briefly in not more than 30 words.

(i) What are the problems of road transport in mountainous, desert and flood prone regions?
 Answer: -

(ii) What is a trans–continental railway?

 Answer: -

(iii) What are the advantages of water transport?

 Answer: -

Q. 3. Write the answers of the following questions in 150 words.

(i) Elucidate the statement– “In a well-managed transport system, various modes complement each
other”.
 Answer: -

(ii) Which are the major regions of the world having a dense network of airways?
 Answer: -

(iii) What are the modes by which cyber space will expand the contemporary economic and social
space of humans?
 Answer: -