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Alg 01 6

This document discusses cyclic subgroups. It defines cyclic subgroups and the order of elements in cyclic groups. It states that every cyclic group is abelian and discusses properties of quotients and remainders as they relate to the order of cyclic subgroups. The document also discusses the structure of cyclic groups, stating that an infinite cyclic group is isomorphic to the integers under addition, and a finite cyclic group of order n is isomorphic to the integers modulo n under addition modulo n. It discusses the subgroups of cyclic groups, stating that the subgroups of an infinite cyclic group are of the form nZ, and the subgroups of a finite cyclic group of order n generated by a are of the form ⟨as⟩, which has order

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16 views

Alg 01 6

This document discusses cyclic subgroups. It defines cyclic subgroups and the order of elements in cyclic groups. It states that every cyclic group is abelian and discusses properties of quotients and remainders as they relate to the order of cyclic subgroups. The document also discusses the structure of cyclic groups, stating that an infinite cyclic group is isomorphic to the integers under addition, and a finite cyclic group of order n is isomorphic to the integers modulo n under addition modulo n. It discusses the subgroups of cyclic groups, stating that the subgroups of an infinite cyclic group are of the form nZ, and the subgroups of a finite cyclic group of order n generated by a are of the form ⟨as⟩, which has order

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mangampovince777
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© © All Rights Reserved
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1.6.

CYCLIC SUBGROUPS 19

1.6 Cyclic Subgroups


Recall: cyclic subgroup, cyclic group, generator.
Def 1.68. Let G be a group and a ∈ G. If the cyclic subgroup hai is finite,
then the order of a is |hai|. Otherwise, a is of infinite order.

1.6.1 Elementary Properties


Thm 1.69. Every cyclic group is abelian.
Thm 1.70. If m ∈ Z+ and n ∈ Z, then there exist unique q, r ∈ Z such
that
n = mq + r and 0 ≤ r ≤ m.
n
In fact, q = b m c and r = n − mq. Here bxc denotes the maximal integer
no more than x.
Ex 1.71 (Ex 6.4, Ex 6.5, p60).
1. Find the quotient q and the remainder r when n = 38 is divided by
m = 7.
2. Find the quotient q and the remainder r when n = −38 is divided by
m = 7.
Thm 1.72 (Important). A subgroup of a cyclic group is cyclic.
Proof. (refer to the book)

Ex 1.73. The subgroups of hZ, +i are precisely hnZ, +i for n ∈ Z.


Def 1.74. Let r, s ∈ Z. The greatest common divisor (gcd) of r and s is the
largest positive integer d that divides both r and s. Written as d = gcd(r, s).
In fact, d is the positive generator of the following cyclic subgroup of Z:

hdi = {nr + ms | n, m ∈ Z}.

So d is the smallest positive integer that can be written as nr + ms for some


n, m ∈ Z.
Ex 1.75. gcd(36, 63) = 9, gcd(36, 49) = 1. (by unique prime factorization,
or so)
Def 1.76. Two integers r and s are relative prime if gcd(r, s) = 1.
If r and s are relative prime and r divides sm, then r must divide m.
20 CHAPTER 1. GROUPS AND SUBGROUPS

1.6.2 Structure
Thm 1.77. Let G be a cyclic group with generator a. If the order of G is
infinite, then G is isomorphic to hZ, +i. If G has finite order n, then G is
isomorphic to hZn , +n i.

1.6.3 Subgroups of Cyclic Groups


The subgroups of infinite cyclic group Z has been presented in Ex 1.73.

Thm 1.78. Let G = hai be a cyclic group with n elements. A cyclic subgroup
of hai has the form has i for some s ∈ Z. The subgroup has i contains n/d
elements for d = gcd(s, n). Two cyclic subgroup has i and hat i are equal if
and only if gcd(s, n) = gcd(t, n).

So given hai of order n and s ∈ Z, we have has i = had i for d = gcd(s, n).

Thm 1.79. If G = hai is a cyclic group of order n, then all of G’s generators
are ar , where 1 ≤ r < n and r is relative prime to n.

Ex 1.80. The subgroup diagram of Z24 .

1.6.4 Homework, I-6, p66-68


6, 13, 23, 44, 45, 50
(opt) 32, 49, 51, 52, 53.

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