MIGRATION

By Dexter
 Some definitions
Migration
Migration is the movement of people across a specified
boundary (national or international) to establish a new
permanent* place of residence.

*more than one year

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 Some more definitions
✘ Immigration is the movement of people into a new country / area.
✘ Emigration is the movement of people out of a country / area.
✘ Net migration is the difference between immigration and emigration.

Q. Calculate the net migration using the following data:

Immigration = 3.6 million;Emigration = 5.1 million
Net migration = 3.6 – 5.1 = -1.5 million.

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 TYPES OF MIGRATION
INTERNAL AND INTERNATIONAL VOLUNTARY AND INVOLUNTARY
MIGRATION MIGRATION
International (External) migration is the Voluntary migration is when an individual has
movement of people outside the country. the freedom to choose whether or not they wish
Internal migration is the movement of people to migrate.
within the country. Involuntary (forced) migration is when people
Rural to urban migration is a common type of are made to move against their will.
internal migration.

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 BARRIERS TO MIGRATION
✘ Long ago, the barriers to migration were physical dangers along the
journey.
✘ In the more recent past, the greatest barrier was the cost of migration (due
to inflation).
✘ Today, the greatest obstacles to migration are immigration laws.

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 TRENDS IN
INTERNATIONAL
MIGRATION
http://metrocosm.com/global-immigration-map/

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INTERNATION
MIGRATION
2010-2015

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 “
Common trends in migration include:
✘ The number of foreign-born population is increasing in both LEDCs and MEDCs.
✘ Migration is often temporary and circular in nature (due to labour and students).
✘ More countries have been impacted by migration (increased spatial impact).
✘ The proportion of female migrants has increased.
✘ Migration is more common to developed countries than developing countries.
✘ Migration is more common to Northern hemisphere.
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FACTORS AFFECTING MIGRATION
Push and pull factors
SEEP factors

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Migration occurs when there are many push factors in country of
origin and many pull factors in destination country.

Push factors Pull factors

Loneliness/ Isolation Family and friends
Crime High standard of living
Intolerance Tolerance
Low income High wages
Poor employment Job prospects
Housing shortages Improved housing
Adverse climatic conditions Amenities
Natural disasters Pleasant environment
War Peace

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 PERCEPTION SURVEY

A B
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 PERCEPTION SURVEY
+2 +1 0 -1 -2
Plenty of job Few job
opportunities opportunities
High wages Low wages
Good quality Bad quality
housing housing
Low incidence of High incidence of
crime crime
More amenities / Few amenities /
services services
More friends / Few friends /
social events social events
Better leisure Few leisure
activities activities
Total:

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 INTERNAL
MIGRATION
Rural to urban migration
occurs in all countries of the
world: it happened in
nineteenth century in
MEDCs, and is now going on
in LEDCs.
The push and pull factors are
mainly economic and social.
Urban areas have bright lights
attractions for rural population.

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GHOST VILLAGE IN SPAIN

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 RURAL DEPOPULATION
✘ Young adults in rural areas migrate to cities for better jobs / social
attractions.
✘ Populations decrease, and birth rate falls.
✘ Reduction in demand leads to shutting of businesses and services.
✘ Lack of services prompt more people to migrate to cities.
✘ Immigration is negligible.
✘ Rural population is ageing, and the community disintegrates.

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COUNTER-URBANISATION AND DORMITORY VILLAGES
✘ In MEDCs a counter movement has begun to occur, with people moving
out to the countryside to get away from the pollution and congestion of the
city.
✘ This migration to get a better quality of life is called counter-urbanisation.
✘ More often than not living there, they work in the urban areas commuting
every morning.
✘ This has led to rural villages changing from farming communities to
commuter villages, which are also called dormitory villages.
✘ Ex. Onchan near Douglas in Isle of Mann

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FORCED MIGRATION

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 CAUSES OF FORCED
MIGRATION

Natural War and

Abduction
disasters conflict
Climate Ethnic
change cleansing

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 REFUGEES, INTERNALLY DISPLACED PEOPLE AND
ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS
People might migrate to another country to flee war or persecution in the place of
origin. People who enter another country lawfully to seek asylum are called
refugees.
A lot of people forcibly migrate to another region of the same country. These
people are said to be internally displaced.
An illegal immigrant on the other hand is someone who enters another country
illegally, and often voluntarily (unlike a refugee).
http://www.therefugeeproject.org/#/2018

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Consequences of migration: positive consequences on country of
origin

Remittances Reduced population density Development

Remittances are money sent back Emigration leads to reduced When migrants return to home
by migrants to their famillies in population density, which reduces countries, they bring back new
home countries. They help boost pressure on resources such as skills and technology which help
the economy, alleviate poverty, food and water, lowers in development.
and spur investments. Often, unemployment /
remittances are greater than aid underemployment*, and pressure
received by developing countries. on housing and education.

*employment below skill

level

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CONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATION: NEGATIVE
CONSEQUENCES ON COUNTRY OF ORIGIN
✘ Loss of people leads to brain drain.
✘ There might not be enough people
left to farm / work.
✘ Gender-selective migration impacts
the population structure.
✘ Loss of young people results in
ageing population.

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 CONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATION: POSITIVE
CONSEQUENCES ON DESTINATION COUNTRY

Young
Skilled Cheap labour Cultural
migrants
workers are limits wage diversity
lower
welcomed by paid to enriches
dependency
businesses. employees. communities.
ratio.

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 CONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATION: NEGATIVE
CONSEQUENCES ON DESTINATION COUNTRY
Pressure on housing causes overcrowding, increase in prices,
and slums.
Demand on health, education and other services is difficult to
meet.
Ethnic tensions may arise due to too much cultural change.

Increase in immigrant workers increases competition and

lowers wages of native workers.

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 Difficulties faced by immigrants

Financial cost of immigration Separation from family and Culture shock

friends may be experienced by migrants, which
is often borne by the family.
can result in isolation. often causes many migrants to live in
migrant communities.

Exploitation
Racism
is a major concern while looking for
jobs, housing, etc. and other crimes are common against
immigrants.

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 CASE STUDY
QUESTIONS
For a named country you have studied, explain why people migrate from
it to other countries.
Choose any example of international migration which you have studied
and name the countries between which people moved. Explain why many
people made the decision to migrate. You should refer both to pull and to
push factors.
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SYLLABUS CONTEXT

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 REFERENCES
✘ https://natlib.govt.nz/blog/posts/forced-migration
✘ http://www.therefugeeproject.org/
✘ https://www.s-cool.co.uk/gcse/geography/populations/revise-i
t/migration

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Weebale Nnyo
Any questions?
You can find me at
[email protected]

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