Journal of Theoreticalth and Applied Information Technology

30 November 2012. Vol. 45 No.2

© 2005 - 2012 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved.

ISSN: 1992-8645 www.jatit.org E-ISSN: 1817-3195

MODELING AND SIMULATION OF GRID-CONNECTED

PHOTOVOLTAIC DISTRIBUTED GENERATION SYSTEM

M.MAKHLOUF 1, F.MESSAI1, H.BENALLA1

1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Mentouri University Route d’Ain
El Bey, Constantine, Algeria,
E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
Compared to the traditional energy resources, photovoltaic (PV) system that uses the solar energy to
produce electricity considered as one of renewable energies has a great potential and developing
increasingly fast compared to its counterparts of renewable energies. Such systems can be either
stand-alone or connected to utility grid. However, the disadvantage is that PV generation depended on
weather conditions. Thus there is also a need for developing control techniques for three phase grid
connected PV systems including a method for DC link voltage control that stabilizes the voltage at the
inverter input to insure a continuous flow of energy exchange between the grid and the PV system. An LC
filter also is necessary to filter the output current and voltage from the harmonics and protect the grid from
their destructive effect. This paper presents detailed modeling of the grid-connected photovoltaic
generation system components, in Simulink / MATLAB software. Simulation results presented here
validate the component models and the chosen control schemes.
Keywords: Grid Connected PV Systems, DC-DC Converter, PWM Inverter, MPPT, PI Controller.

1. INTRODUCTION The cell conversion ranges vary from 12% of

efficiency up to a maximum of 29% for very
The increasing of the world energy demand, due to expensive units [1]. In spite of those facts, there has
the modern industrial society and population been a trend in price decreasing for modern power
growth, is motivating a lot of investments in electronics systems and photovoltaic cells,
alternative energy solutions, in order to improve indicating good promises for new installations.
energy efficiency and power quality issues. The use However, the disadvantage is that photovoltaic
of photovoltaic energy is considered to be a generation is intermittent, depending upon weather
primary resource, because there are several conditions. Thus, the MPPT makes the PV system
countries located in tropical and temperate regions, providing its maximum power and that energy
where the direct solar density may reach up to storage element is necessary to help get stable and
1000W/m. reliable power from PV system for both loads and
At present, photovoltaic (PV) generation is utility grid, and thus improve both steady and
assuming increased importance as a renewable dynamic behaviors of the whole generation system.
energy sources application because of distinctive In this paper we have studied a grid-connected
advantages such as simplicity of allocation, high photovoltaic generation system which is composed
dependability, absence of fuel cost, low of PV array, power electronic converters, filter,
maintenance and lack of noise and wear due to the controllers, local loads and utility grid as shown in
absence of moving parts. figure 1.

378
 Journal of Theoreticalth and Applied Information Technology
30 November 2012. Vol. 45 No.2
© 2005 - 2012 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved.

ISSN: 1992-8645 www.jatit.org E-ISSN: 1817-3195

The paper discusses the detailed modeling of the The light current is related to irradiance and
whole system. PV array is connected to the utility temperature and the light current measured at some
grid by a boost converter to optimize the PV output reference conditions:
and DC/AC inverter to convert the DC output ⎛ ⎞
⎟⎟(I L, REF + µ ISC (TC − TC , REF ))
G
I L = ⎜⎜ (2)
voltage of the solar modules into the AC system. ⎝ G REF ⎠
The DC input of the inverter must be constant and Where
it is controlled by the use of a PI control circuit. An IL,REF= Light current at reference conditions [A].
LC filter has been introduced to insure a clean G, GREF= Irradiance, actual and at reference
current injection to the grid.The proposed model of condition [W/m²].
the entire components and control system are all T, TC, REF= Cell temperature, actual and at reference
simulated in Matlab/Simulink Software. Two condition [° K].
different cases are simulated steady and transient µISC=Manufacturer supplied temperature coefficient
states, and all simulation results have verified the of short circuit current [A/°K].
validity of models and effectiveness of control The diode current is given by Shockley equation:
methods. ⎡ ⎛
⎜⎜
(
q V + IR s ) ⎞⎟ ⎤ (3)
ID = I 0 ⎢ exp
γ kT c ⎟ − 1⎥
⎣⎢ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦⎥
Where:
V= terminal voltage [V], I= reverse saturation
current [Amps], γ= shape factor.
Rs= series resistance [Ω], q= electron charge
1.602.10-19 K = Boltzmann constant=1.381.10-23
Fig.1: Configuration Of The Grid-Connected J/K.
Photovoltaic Generation System The reverse saturation current is:
3 ⎛ − qε G ⎞ (4)
I 0 = DT c exp ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
2. MODELING THE PV ARRAY ⎝ AkT c ⎠
Where:
The direct conversion of the solar energy into
D = diode diffusion factor, ε G = material band gap
electrical power is obtained by solar cells. A PVG is
composed by many strings of solar cells in series, energy (1.12 eV for Si, 1.35 eV for GaGs)
connected in parallel, in order to provide the A = completion factor
desired values of output voltage and current. Fig. 2 The reverse saturation current is actually computed
shows the equivalent circuit of a PVG, from which by taking the ratio of equation (4) at two different
non linear I–V characteristic can be deduced. cell temperatures, thereby eliminating D, similar to
the determination of IL, I0 is related to the
temperature and the saturation current estimated at
some reference conditions:
3
⎛ TC ⎞ ⎡⎛ q ε G ⎞⎛ ⎞⎤
Fig. 2:Solar-Cell Equivalent Circuit. I 0 = I 0 , REF ⎜ ⎟ exp ⎢⎜ ⎟⎜
1
−
1
⎟⎥ (5)
⎜T ⎟ ⎢⎣⎝ kA ⎠⎜⎝ TC , REF TC ⎟⎥
⎝ C , REF ⎠ ⎠⎦
The cells are connected in series and in parallel
combinations in order to form an array of the And thus the I-V characteristic is described by:
desired voltage and power levels. ⎡ ⎛ q (V + IR s ) ⎞⎟ − 1 ⎤ (6)
I = IL − I0 ⎢ exp ⎜⎜ ⎟ ⎥
Applying Kirchoff’s law of current, the terminal ⎣ ⎝ γ kT c ⎠ ⎦
current of the cell is: The shape factor γ is a measure of cell
I = IL − ID (1) temperature and is related to the completion factor

379
 Journal of Theoreticalth and Applied Information Technology
30 November 2012. Vol. 45 No.2
© 2005 - 2012 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved.

ISSN: 1992-8645 www.jatit.org E-ISSN: 1817-3195

as
(
q . V MP , REF + R s . I MP , REF − V OC , REF ) (12)
γ = A ⋅ NCS ⋅ NS (7) γ =
REF ⎛ I MP , REF ⎞
NCS is the number of cells connected in series per K .T C , REF . ln ⎜ 1 − ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ I SC , REF
⎠
module. A module is defined as an array of cells,
usually encapsulated for protection, as it is supplied The indices OC, SC, MP and REF refer to the open
by manufacturer; NS is the number of modules circuit, the short circuit, the maximum power and
connected in series of the entire array. While Rs and the reference condition respectively.
γ are assumed to be constant, IL is a function of The cell’s parameters change with the solar
irradiance and cell temperature and I0 is a function radiation G (W/m²) and ambient temperature T (°K)
of temperature only. The cell temperature can be and they can be estimated by the following
determined from the ambient temperature and with relations:
the help of some standard test information. In [2]
(
I L = G / G REF )(I L , REF + µ Isc ( T C − T REF ) (13)
the way to Evaluate these parameters based on the
four parameters model proposed by Townsend
I O = I O , REF T / T REf ( )3 exp ⎛⎜⎜ N sAE q ⎞⎟⎟.⎛⎜⎜ 1 − TCT, REF ⎞
⎟⎟ (14)
(1989) [3], Eckstein (1990) [4] and Fry, Bryan ⎝ ⎠⎝ C ⎠
(1998) [5] to be the most précised model that good
(
γ = γ REF T C / T C , REF ) (15)
produced the I-V characteristics.
Now only the four parameters IL, Io, Rs and γ need
to be evaluated, a method to calculate these
parameters has been developed by Eckstein [4].
Since there are four unknown parameters, four
conditions of the current I and the voltage V are Fig. 3: Mathematic Model Of A PV Array
needed. Generally, available manufacturer’s The parameters evaluated in this section are based
information are set at three points at the reference on data input for a single module at some reference
conditions,(G=1000W/m²,T=25°C),the voltage at condition. To describe the I–V characteristic for the
open circuit Voc,ref, the current at short circuit Isc, ref entire array that contains series and parallel
and the voltage and current at maximum power Vmp, modules as shown in fig.3, parameters need be
ref and Imp, ref . scaled up in the following way:
The 4th condition comes from the knowledge of the
I L, tot = N p I L (13)
temperature coefficients at short circuit µISC and at
open circuit µV0C.
I 0, tot = N p I 0 (14)
I MP , REF = I SC , REF − I O , REF ×

(expV t .(V MPREF + I MP , REF . R s )) (8) γ tot = N S γ (15)

(
0 = I SC , REF − I O, REF . exp Vt .VOC , REF ) (9) R s , tot =
NS
NP
Rs (16)

Where, NS and NP are cell numbers of the series and

I L, REF ≈ I SC , REF (10)
parallel cells respectively.
Substituting equation (7) into equation (9) and Connecting cells in series will increase the output
voltage, and connecting them in parallel will
solving for γ and I 0, REF gives
increase the output current, corresponding to the
expression
I 0, REF = I SC , REF . exp − ( Vt .VOC , REF ) (11)
I tot = N p I (17)

380
 Journal of Theoreticalth and Applied Information Technology
30 November 2012. Vol. 45 No.2
© 2005 - 2012 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved.

ISSN: 1992-8645 www.jatit.org E-ISSN: 1817-3195

environment conditions. Maximum Power Point
Vtot = N S V (18)
Tracking (MPPT) aims at using some control
All parameters of the model use the data in table 1. algorithms to ensure the PV array to operate at the
Table 1: Parameters For PV Model maximum power point.
Parameters Values At the maximum power point we have:
Nombre des cellules en série 54 ∂P ∂I
Ns =V + I = 0 (19)
∂V ∂V
Referenced solar irradiance G = 1000W/m²
Gref With the current described by equation (6), the
Referenced cell temperature T = 25◦C, partial derivative of I with respect to V is:
Tref ⎛ ( ) ⎞⎟ ×
∂I
= − I 0 exp ⎜ q V + IR S q
×
⎛
⎜1 +
∂I ⎞
⎟
(20)
Imp 7,6295A ∂V ⎜ kT C , REF γ ⎟ kT C , REF ⎝
RS
∂V ⎠
⎝ ⎠
Vmp 26,8507V
Pmp 204,8574W ∂I
An explicit expression for is obtained simply
Voc 33,0978V ∂V
Isc 8,1887A by rearranging equation (20). Back substitution of
KV −0,1230V/K this explicit expression (20) and using IMP for I and
KI 0,0032A/K
VMP for V gives:
With different temperatures and solar radiations,
output characteristics of PV array are presented in ⎛ (
q V MP + I MP R S ) ⎞⎟
I L + I 0 exp ⎜
fig.4 and fig.5. ⎜ kT C , REF γ ⎟×
⎝ ⎠

⎛ ⎞
⎜ qV MP ⎟
⎜ kTC , REF γ ⎟
⎜1 + ⎟=0 (21)
⎜ qR S I 0 ⎛ q (V MP + I MP R S ) ⎞ ⎟
exp ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 1+ kTC , REF γ ⎜ kTC , REF γ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠

To eliminate VMP in equation (21), the general I-V

Fig. 4. Effect Of Irradiance On I–V Characteristics.
equation (6) is used, with IMP substituted for I and
VMP substituted for V. Rearranging to solve for VMP
gives
kT C , REF γ ⎛ I L − I MP ⎞ (22)
V MP = ln ⎜ + 1 ⎟ − I MP R S
⎜ ⎟
q ⎝ I0 ⎠
An explicit expression for IMP is obtained by
substituting equation (22) into equation (21):
⎡ ⎛ ⎞ ⎤
Fig. 5. Effect Of Temperature On I–V Characteristics. (I MP − I L − I 0 )⎢ln⎜⎜ I L − I MP + 1⎟ −
⎟
I MP R S q
⎥
I MP +
⎣⎢ ⎝ I0 ⎠ kTC , REF γ ⎥
⎦ =0 (23)
As shown in fig.4 and 5, PV cell represents (
1 + I L − I MP + I 0 ) RS q

kTC , REF γ
nonlinear voltage-current characteristics, and there
Newton Raphson is applied to solve for IMP using an
is only one point that makes the PV generator
initial guess given by
generating its maximum power under different
environmental conditions. I MP, GUESS =
G
(
NP I MP, REF + µ ISC TC − TC , REF ( )) (24)
GREF

Once IMP is found, VMP may be calculated using

2.1. Maximum Power Point Tracking
equation (24) and thus the current and voltage at the
In order to improve the efficiency of the PV
maximum power point is determined as a
generation system, PV array should be controlled to
consequence the maximum power .
generate the maximum power at the particular

381
 Journal of Theoreticalth and Applied Information Technology
30 November 2012. Vol. 45 No.2
© 2005 - 2012 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved.

ISSN: 1992-8645 www.jatit.org E-ISSN: 1817-3195

2.2 Boost Circuit And Its Control advisable to announce that by replacing the variable
Since the output voltage of PV cell is low, the use U by its mean value over one switching period of
of boost circuit will enable low-voltage PV array to Td= 1/ fd, i.e. the duty cycle D (D =Ton/Td) we can
be used, as a result, the total cost will be reduced. A obtain the model with the mean values:
capacitor is generally connected between PV array dI pv V dc V pv
= − (1 − D ) +
and the boost circuit, which is used to reduce high dt L L

frequency harmonics. Figure 6 is the configuration (30)

of the boost circuit and its control system. dV dc I pv V dc
= (1 − D ) −
dt C RC

(31)
PV array can be controlled to operate at the
maximum power point by regulating the duty cycle
D. The control scheme includes two levels. The
control circuit aims to regulate the voltage using the
Fig.6. Boost Circuit And Its Control reference voltage Vref calculated by MPPT
algorithm and generate the control signals for the
The modeling of this converter depends on the boost gate as illustrated in Fig.6.
analysis of the various sequences of operation
which we will suppose of durations fixed by a 3. CONTROL OF THE GRID-CONNECTED
control element U. There is two sequences of INVERTER
operation depending on the state of the switch S,
which we can represent each one by a differential PV array is connected to the ac grid via a common
equation [7, 8, 9]. DC/AC inverter. The inverter is used in current
- When the switch is closed: control method with PWM switching mechanism to
dI pv make the inductance current track the sinusoidal
V pv = L (25)
dt reference current command closely and obtain a
dV dc low THD injected current.
0 = C + I dc (26)
dt

- When the switch is open 3.1. Uncoupled Watt-Var Method

dV dc In order to understand the principle of this method
I pv = C + I dc (27)
dt in the general case, we consider an inverter
By supposing U = 1, when the switch is closed and connected to the network, via a resistor R and the
U = 0 for S opened, we can represent the converter inductance L (which represent the simplified model
by a single system of equations, that we describe as of a transformer), as indicated on fig.7.
instantaneous model. We consider the perfect We have the following equation:
switches here. ⎡− R
g
⎤
⎢ 0 0 ⎥
dI pv ⎢ Lg ⎥ (32)
V pv = L + V dc (1 − U ) (28) ⎡ig1
⎢
⎤
⎥
⎢
⎢
⎥ ⎡ig1
⎥⎢
⎤
⎥
⎡V g 1
⎢
− e1 ⎤
⎥
dt d ⎢i ⎥ ⎢0 − Rg
⎥ ⎢i ⎥ 1 ⎢V ⎥
= 0 + − e2
dt
⎢ g2 ⎥ ⎢ Lg
⎥⎢ g2 ⎥ Lr
⎢ g2 ⎥
dV dc ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
(1 − U ) I pv = C + I dc (29) ⎢⎣ i g 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ i g 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ V g 3 − e3 ⎥
⎦
dt ⎢ − Rg ⎥
⎢0 0 ⎥
The instantaneous model reveals a nonlinear ⎣⎢ Lg
⎦⎥

behavior of the converter by the existence of Where:

products between the control element U and the Vg and Ig represent the voltage and current of the
state variables Vdc and Ipv. In addition it is grid.

382
 Journal of Theoreticalth and Applied Information Technology
30 November 2012. Vol. 45 No.2
© 2005 - 2012 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved.

ISSN: 1992-8645 www.jatit.org E-ISSN: 1817-3195

Rg, Lg resistance and inductance of the gird and e is Watt-VAR method” is represented on fig.8.
the inverter voltage.
Applying abc to dq transformation of Park, the
equation (32) is written in the following way:
⎡ − Rg ⎤
⎢ ω ⎥
d
⎡ i gd ⎤ ⎢ Lg ⎥ ⎡ i gd ⎤ 1
⎡ V gd − ed ⎤ (33)
⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ + ⎢ ⎥ Fig.8: Diagram Block Of The Uncoupled Watt-VAR
dt ⎢i ⎥ ⎢ − Rg ⎥ ⎢ i gq ⎥ L ⎢V − eq ⎥
⎣ gq ⎦ ⎢− ω ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ gq ⎦ Method
⎢⎣ Lg ⎥⎦

The total diagram of the identification of the

references and regulation of the current for this
method is shown on fig.9 where the regulators are
those of fig.8.

Fig.7: Diagram Of An Inverter Connected To The Grid

To know the advantages of the control method, the

traditional uncoupled Watt-VAR algorithm is
briefly presented. Fig.9: Total Diagram Of Control By The Uncoupled
The two new variables presented in (34), are the Watt-VAR Method
output variables of the control system which
contains two PI controllers: The goal of this control method is to impose the
values of the active and reactive powers injected
X1 =
1
(V gd − ed ) into electrical grid.
Lg
(34)
The powers and the voltage at the connection
X2 =
1
(V gq − eq ) point are calculated in the dq reference frame [11]:
Lg

The values of id, ref. and iq, ref. are the references Pref =
3
(v dr i dr + v qr i qr )
2
of the active and reactive currents [10]: (37)

X1 = (K P +
KI
(I d , ref − i gd ) − ω i gq Q ref =
3
(v dr i qr + v qr i dr )
S (35) 2

X1 = (K P +
KI
(I q , ref − i gq ) − ω i gd Where Pref and Qref are the reference powers.
S We can deduce the current in the dq frame as
Let’s apply the Laplace transformation to the follows:
equation (33). Thus we transform the equations (34)
i d , ref =
2 (Pg V gd + Q g V gq )
and (35). We obtain the transfer functions (36): 3 2
V gd + V
2
gq
i gd i gq (36) (38)
K I + SK P
F (S ) =
i d , ref
=
i q , ref
=
⎛ Rg ⎞ 2 (Pg V gq + Q g v gd )
KI + S
⎜ + KP + S
2⎟ i q , ref =
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 3 2 2
Lg V gd + V
⎝ ⎠ gq

The control is optimal when both KP and KI are Vgd and Vgq are the direct and quadrature
maximum [10]. components of the voltage at the connection point
The diagram of control by the method “uncoupled in the dq reference frame.

383
 Journal of Theoreticalth and Applied Information Technology
30 November 2012. Vol. 45 No.2
© 2005 - 2012 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved.

ISSN: 1992-8645 www.jatit.org E-ISSN: 1817-3195

Id,ref. and Iq,ref. are the direct and quadrature current proportional integral regulator. This last one is often
components injected into the grid. used and gives better results in preventing the static
These currents depend on the power requested and errors.
the voltages measured at the point of connection. The schematic diagram of calculating and of
This voltage is transformed in the dq frame before regulating of the Dc bus voltage standard is given
the calculation of the currents as explained by fig. by the figure 10.
9.
The role of the phase locked loop is to provide the
rotation frequency, direct and quadrature voltage
components at the point of common coupling Fig.10: Schematic Diagram Of The DC Link Controller.
(PCC) by resolving the grid voltage abc
components. 4. SIMULATION RESULTS
Multiple control blocks of the PV system rely on
this information to regulate their output command Based on the above models and control methods,
signals. As stated earlier, the PLL computes the two simulation cases are studied:
rotation frequency of the grid voltage vector by first a. steady operation, when there is no change in
transforming it to the dq frame, and then force the atmospheric conditions;
quadrature component of the voltage to zero to b. changes of solar irradiance and the dc bus control
eliminate cross coupling in the active and reactive will stabilize the inverter input voltage;
power terms [12]. A proportional-integral controller
is used to perform this task. The proportional (Kp) 4.1. Steady Operation
and integral (Ki) gains of the controller were set When the system is in steady state, solar irradiance
through an iterative process to achieve a fast is 1000 W/m2, and temperature is 298K.
settling time.
The components of the current are compared with
700

600

600

500

500

400

its references. The differences between them passed

400
Voltage (V)
Voltage (V)

300
300

200
200

through regulators, which give the components of

100 100

0 0
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
t (s) t (s)

the reference voltage in the dq reference. While (A): PV Generator Voltage (B): DC Bus Voltage
passing by the reverse transformation dq to abc, we
500
600

400

400
300

200
200

obtain the references of the PWM signals for the

100
Voltage (A)
Voltage (V)

0 0

-100

-200
-200

-300

inverter.
-400

-400

-600 -500
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
t(s) t(s)

3.2. DC BUS VOLTAGE CONTROLLER (C) : Phase To Phase Inverter’s (D): Phase To Phase Inverter’s
The regulation of this voltage is carried out when Voltage Before Filtering Voltage After Filtering
absorbing or providing the active power to the grid. 0.9

0.8

0.7
1
0.09

0.08

0.07

The correction of this voltage must be done by the

0.6 0.06
THD

0.5
THD

0.05

0.4
0.04

0.3

0.03
0.2

addition of an active fundamental current into the

0.02
0.1

0 0.01
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
t (s) t (s)

reference currents. (E): Thd In Voltage Before (F) : Thd In Voltage After
Based on a difference between (U2dcref) and (U2dc), Filtering Filtering
the power (Pref) on the regulator output side is
50 80
Id,ref
Iq,ref
40
60

30

40
20

added to the fluctuating active power and gives

10
20
Current (A)

Current (A)

0
-10

-20
-20

-30

place to an active fundamental current thus

-40
-40

-50 -60
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16
t (s) t (s)

regulating the dc bus voltage. (G): Inverter Output Currents (H): Id,Ref And Iq,Ref Current
In order to obtain the (Pref) signal, we have the
choice between a proportional regulator and a

384
 Journal of Theoreticalth and Applied Information Technology
30 November 2012. Vol. 45 No.2
© 2005 - 2012 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved.

ISSN: 1992-8645 www.jatit.org E-ISSN: 1817-3195

When solar irradiance is 600 W/m2, DC bus voltage
4
x 10
3.5 20000
Active Power Active Power
Reactive Power Reactive Power

15000

2.5

Active and Reactive Power (W, VAR)

Active and Reactive Power (W, VAR)

is less than 600 V so the dc bus regulator must act

10000
2

1.5
5000

to maintain the DC bus voltage constant (at 600 V).

0.5

0 -5000
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0 0.05 0.1 0.15
t (s)

(I): Active And Reactive (J): Active And Reactive In figure 13 the DC bus voltage controller has
Power Of The Inverter Power Of The Load insure a constant voltage that make PV system able
to feed the inverter and the load,
4
x 10
0.5
Active POwer
Reactive Power

0
ActiveandReactive Power (W, VAR)

-0.5

-1
700

-1.5

600

-2

500

-2.5
0 0.05 0.1 0.15
t (s)

400

T ension (V )
300

(K): Active And Reactive Of The Grid 200

100

Fig.11: Simulation Results Of The System In Steady State 0

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
t (s)

Fig.13 :The Effect Of DC Controller On The DC Bus

From figures (a)-(d), at this operation situation,. In Voltage
steady state, the operation point of PV array is just 5. CONCLUSIONS
its maximum power point. The power requested by
the load is 30 KW and 1 KVAR. Since the PV array In this paper, a grid-connected photovoltaic
generate only an active power of 10 KW and no generation system is studied. In order to convert the
reactive power (because the regulation system as solar energy efficiently, the maximum power point
shown in fig (l) has two inputs Id,ref and Iq,ref that of the PV array should be tracked to ensure the PV
is the image of reactive power and obviously its array provide most power to both grid and the load.
value is set to Zero) the rest of the requested power When solar irradiance or temperature fluctuates, PV
comes from the grid as illustred in figures generation will change as a result. The controller
((i),(j),(k)., The voltage at dc bus is regulated to be must act to maintain the DC bus voltage constant as
600V the currents of inverter have sinusoidal forms possible and improve the stability of the whole
and its maximum is 20 A. system. the simulation results presented in this
Figures ((c), (d), (e), (f)) represents the voltage of paper validate the component models and the
the inverter before and after filtering it seems that chosen control scheme.
the filter has improve the THD from about 92 %
into less than 1.2%. REFERENCES

4.2. Changes Of Solar Irradiance [1] M.G. SIMOES,. FRANCE SCHETTI,N.N.«

Assuming solar irradiance changes: during 0 to 0.1s, Arisc-Microcontroller Based Photovoltaic
solar irradiance is 1000 W/m2; during 0.1s to 0.2s, System for Illumination Applications,
solar irradiance is 500 W/m2; during 0.2s to 0.3s, Proceeding of IEEE Applied Power
solar irradiance returns to 1000 W/m2. Due to this Electronics Conference and Exposition 15
change we have droop in both pV voltage and DC (2000).
bus voltage as shown in figure 12. [2] CHENNI, R.—MAKHLOUF, M. et al:
«Detailed Modelling Method for Photovoltaic
700

30

600

25

500

Cell, Energy 32 (2007), 1724–1730.

20

400
Voltage (V)
Current (A)

15
300

10
200

[3] Townsend, Timothy U. «A Method for

5 100

0 0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
t (s ) t (s)

(L): Photovoltaic Current (M): DC Bus Voltage Estimating the Long-Term Performance of
Fig.12: Simulation Results Of The PV System When Solar Direct- Coupled Photovoltaic Systems». M. S.
Irradiance Changes From 1000 W/M² To 600 W/M² And Thesis. Solar Energy Laboratory, University
Then To 1000 W/M² Again of Wisconsin, Madison: 1989.

385
 Journal of Theoreticalth and Applied Information Technology
30 November 2012. Vol. 45 No.2
© 2005 - 2012 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved.

ISSN: 1992-8645 www.jatit.org E-ISSN: 1817-3195

[4] Eckstein, Jurgen Helmut, «Detailed Modeling
of Photovoltaic Components», M. S. Thesis
Solar Energy Laboratory, University of
Wisconsin, Madison: 1990.
[5] F.Bryan, «Simulation of grid-tied building
integrated photovoltaic systems» M. S. Thesis
Solar Energy Laboratory, University of
Wisconsin, Madison: 1998.
[7] M.Fadel, «Lois de commande pour une
alimentation AC/DC à absorption de courant
sinusoïdal» 3EI 2000.
[8] J.P. Ferrieux, F. Forest, «Alimentations à
découpage Convertisseurs à résonance.
Principes-composants, modélisation», Dunod
3e édition – 2001 – ISBN 2-10-004137-1.
[9] J.Lachaize, M.Fadel, S.Caux, P.Shott, L.Nicod,
«Modelling and Control of a fuel cell system
for electrical rail transport », EPE 2003 –
Toulouse, France – Sept 2-4.
[10] I. Papic, P. Zunko, D. Povh and M. Weinhold,
«Basic Control of Unified Power Flow
Controller », IEEE Trans. On Power Systems,
vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 1734-1739, November
1997.
[11] G.RAMI, « Contrôle de tension auto adaptatif
pour des productions décentralisées
d’énergies Connectées au réseau électrique de
distribution », Thèse de doctorat DE L’INP
Grenoble
[12] Kroutikova, N.; Hernandez-Aramburo, C.A.;
Green, T.C, «State-space model of
grid-connected inverters under current control
mode », Electric Power Applications, IET ,
vol.1, no.3, pp.329-338, May 2007,
1677-1688, 2008.

386