Lecture 03 First Order ODE

Separable Differential Equations

MTH 242-Differential Equations

Lecture # 03

Week # 02

Instructor: Dr. Sarfraz Nawaz Malik

Lecture Layout
 First Order Differential Equation
 Separable Form of Differential Equation
 Methodology
 Examples
 Practice Exercise

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Lecture 03 First Order ODE
Separable Differential Equations

Ordinary Differential Equations of the First Order:

 Separable Equations, Equations Reducible to Separable Form
 Homogeneous and Non-Homogeneous equations
 Exact and Non-Exact Differential Equations
 Linear and Non-Linear Differential Equations (Bernoulli’s equation, Ricatti Equation,
Clairaut’s equation)

Separable Equations
The differential equation of the form
dy
 f ( x, y )
dx
is called separable if it can be written in the form
dy
 h( x ) g ( y )
dx
To solve a separable equation, we perform the following steps:

1. We solve the equation g ( y )  0 to find the constant solutions of the equation.

2. For non-constant solutions we write the equation in the form.

dy
 h( x)dx
g ( y)
 1
then integrate  dy   h( x)dx
 g ( y)
to obtain a solution of the form
G ( y )  H ( x)  C
3. We list the entire constant and the non-constant solutions to avoid repetition..

4. If you are given an IVP, use the initial condition to find the particular solution.

Note that:
(a) No need to use two constants of integration because C1  C2  C .
(b) The constants of integration may be relabeled in a convenient way.
(c) Since a particular solution may coincide with a constant solution, step 3 is important.

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Lecture 03 First Order ODE
Separable Differential Equations

Example 1:
Find the particular solution of
dy y 2  1
 , y (1)  2
dx x
Solution:
1. By solving the equation
y2 1  0
we obtain the constant solutions
y  1
2. Rewrite the equation as
dy dx

y2 1 x
Resolving into partial fractions and integrating, we obtain
1 1 1 
dy  
1
     dx
2   y  1 y  1 x
Integration of rational functions, we get
1 | y 1|
ln  ln | x | C
2 | y 1|
3. The solutions to the given differential equation are
1 | y 1 |
 ln  ln | x | C
2 | y 1|

y  1
4. Since the constant solutions do not satisfy the initial condition, we plug in the condition
y  2 when x  1 in the solution found in step 2 to find the value of C .
1 1
ln   C
2  3
The above implicit solution can be rewritten in an explicit form as:
3  x2
y
3  x2

Example 2:
Solve the differential equation

dy 1
 1 2
dt y
Solution:

1. We find roots of the equation to find constant solutions

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Lecture 03 First Order ODE
Separable Differential Equations

1
1 0
y2
No constant solutions exist because the equation has no real roots.
2. For non-constant solutions, we separate the variables and integrate
 dy
   dt
 1  1/ y
2

1 y2 1
Since   1 2
1  1/ y 2
y 1
2
y 1
 dy
Thus   y  tan 1 ( y )
 1  1/ y
2

1
So that y  tan ( y )  t  C
It is not easy to find the solution in an explicit form i.e. y as a function of t.
3. Since  no constant solutions, all solutions are given by the implicit equation found
in step 2.

Example 3:
Solve the initial value problem
dy
 1  t 2  y 2  t 2 y 2 , y( 0 )  1
dt
Solution:

1. Since 1  t  y  t y  (1  t )(1  y )
2 2 2 2 2 2

The equation is separable & has no constant solutions because  no real roots of
1 y2  0.
2. For non-constant solutions we separate the variables and integrate.
dy
 (1  t 2 ) dt
1 y 2

 dy
   (1  t 2 )dt
 1 y
2

t3
tan 1 ( y )  t   C
3
Which can be written as
 t3 
y  tan t   C 
 3 
3. Since  no constant solutions, all solutions are given by the implicit or explicit equation.

4. The initial condition y (0)  1 gives

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Lecture 03 First Order ODE
Separable Differential Equations


C  tan 1 (1) 
4
The particular solution to the initial value problem is
1 t3 
tan ( y )  t  
3 4
 t3  
or in the explicit form y  tan  t   
 3 4

Example 4: Solve
1  xdy  ydx  0
Solution:

Dividing with 1  xy , we can write the given equation as

dy y

dx 1  x 
1. The only constant solution is y  0
2. For non-constant solution we separate the variables
dy dx

y 1 x
Integrating both sides, we have
 dy  dx
 
 y  1 x
ln y  ln 1  x  c1
ln|1 x|c1 ln|1 x| c1
ye e .e
y  | 1  x | e   e 1  x
c1 c1
or
c
y  C 1  x  , C   e 1
If we use ln | c | instead of c1 then the solution can be written as
ln | y | ln | 1  x |  ln | c |
or ln | y | ln c1  x 
So that 
y  c 1 x . 
3. The solutions to the given equation are
y  c1  x 
y  0

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Lecture 03 First Order ODE
Separable Differential Equations
Example 5

Solve

 
xy 4 dx  y 2  2 e 3 x dy  0 .

Solution:

The differential equation can be written as

dy  3 x   y4 
   xe   2 
dx    y  2 
y4
1. Since  y  0 . Therefore, the only constant solution is y  0.
y2  2
2. We separate the variables
y2  2
xe dx 
3x
4

dy  0 or xe3 x dx  y  2  2 y  4 dy  0 
y
Integrating, with use integration by parts by parts on the first term, yields
1 3x 1 3x 2
xe  e  y 1  y 3  c1
3 9 3
e 3 x 3x  1 
9 6
  c where 9c1  c
y y3
3. All the solutions are

e 3 x 3x  1 
9 6
 c
y y3
y  0

Example 6:

Solve the initial value problems

  y  1 ,   y  1 ,
dy dy
y (0)  1 y (0)  1.01
2 2
(a) (b)
dx dx
and compare the solutions.

Solutions:
1. Since ( y  1) 2  0  y  1 . Therefore, the only constant solution is y  1 .
2. We separate the variables
 dx or  y-1 dy  dx
dy 2

 y  12

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Lecture 03 First Order ODE
Separable Differential Equations
Integrating both sides we have
  y  1 dy   dx
2

 y  1 2  1  x  c
 2 1
1
or   xc
y 1
3. All the solutions of the equation are
1
  xc
y 1
y  1
4. We plug in the conditions to find particular solutions of both the problems

(a) y0  1  y  1 when x  0 . So we have

1 1
  0  c  c    c  
11 0
The particular solution is
1
    y  1  0
y 1
So that the solution is y  1 , which is same as constant solution.
(b) y0  1.01  y  1.01 when x  0 . So we have
1
  0  c  c  100
1.01  1
So that solution of the problem is
1 1
  x  100  y  1 
y 1 100  x
5. Comparison: A radical change in the solutions of the differential equation has
occurred corresponding to a very small change in the condition !!

Example 7:

Solve the initial value problems

  y  1  0.01,
dy
  y  1  0.01,
dy
y (0)  1 y (0)  1.
2 2
(a) (b)
dx dx

Solution:

(a) First consider the problem

  y  1  0.01,
dy
y (0)  1
2

dx

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Lecture 03 First Order ODE
Separable Differential Equations
We separate the variables to find the non-constant solutions

dy
 dx
 
0.01   y  1
2 2

Integrate both sides

 d  y  1
  dx

  
0.01   y  1
2 2

1 y 1
So that tan 1  xc
0.01 0.01

 y 1 
tan 1    0.01x  c 
 0.01 

y 1
0.01

 tan 0.01x  c  
or y  1  0.01 tan 0.01x  c  
Applying y0  1  y  1 when x  0 , we have

tan 1 0  0.010  c  0  c

Thus the solution of the problem is

y  1 0.01 tan 0.01 x  

(b) Now consider the problem

  y  1  0.01,
dy
y (0)  1.
2

dx
We separate the variables to find the non-constant solutions
dy
 dx
 y  1  
2

2
0.01

d  y  1


   dx
 y  1  
2


2
 0.01
1 y  1  0.01
ln  xc
2 0.01 y  1  0.01

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Lecture 03 First Order ODE
Separable Differential Equations
Applying the condition y0  1  y  1 when x  0
1  0.01
ln cc0
2 0.01 0.01

y  1  0.01
ln  2 0.01 x
y  1  0.01

y  1  0.01 e2 0.01 x

y  1  0.01 1

Simplification:
a c ab cd
By using the property   
b d a b cd
y  1  0.01  y  1  0.01 e 2 0.01x  1

y  1  0.01  y  1  0.01 e 2 0.01x  1
2y  2 e 2 0.01  1

2 0.01 e 2 0.01  1
y 1 e 2 0.01  1

 0.01 e 2 0.01  1
 e 2 0.01  1 
y  1   0.01 
 e 2 0.01  1 
 
 e 2 0.01  1 
y  1  0.01 
 e 2 0.01  1 
 

Comparison:

The solutions of both the problems are

(a) y  
1  0.01 tan 0.01 x 
 e 2 0.01  1 
(b) y  1  0.01 
 e 2 0.01  1 
 
Again a radical change has occurred corresponding to a very small in the differential equation!

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Lecture 03 First Order ODE
Separable Differential Equations

Exercise:
Solve the given differential equation by separation of variables.

dy  2 y  3 
2

1.  
dx  4 x  5 

2. sec2 xdy  csc ydx  0

3. e y sin 2 xdx  cos xe 2 y  y dy  0

dy xy  3x  y  3
4. 
dx xy  2 x  4 y  8

dy xy  2 y  x  2
5. 
dx xy  3 y  x  3

   
1 1
6. y 4  x 2 2 dy  4  y 2 2 dx

7. x  x  dy
dx
 y y

Solve the given differential equation subject to the indicated initial condition.

8. e y

 1 sin xdx  1  cos x dy , y0  0

9. 1  x dy  x1  4 y dx  0 ,

4 2
y1  0

 
1
10. ydy  4 x y 2  1 2 dx , y0  1

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