Mathematics in Action (3rd Edition) 3A Full Solutions

5 Quadrilaterals In △BCD,
BD 2  BC 2  CD 2 (Pyth. theorem)

Quick Review y  15  8
2 2

 17
Let’s Try (p. 5.3)
1. (a) x  130  180 (int. s, CB // EF) 2. (a) BCD  ADE (corr. s, DA // CB)
x  50 37  ACD  75
ACD  38
(b) BCD  50  15
 65 (b) ∵ BAC  ACD  38
∵ ABC  BCD  65 ∴ BA // CD alt. s equal
∴ AB // CD (alt. s equal)
3. ∵ △BCE is an equilateral triangle.
2. (a) In △ABC and △CDA, ∴ EBC  ECB  60 prop. of equil. △
ABC  CDA given ABC  BCD
BAC  DCA alt. s, BA // CD
 (20  60)  (40  60)
AC  CA common side
 80  100
∴ △ABC  △CDA AAS
 180
(b) ∵ △ABC  △CDA proved ∴ AB // DC int. s supp.
∴ BCA  DAC corr. s, △s
4. (a) In △ABC and △ADC,
∴ AD // BC alt. s equal
AB  AD given
Review Exercise 5 (p. 5.5) BAC  DAC given
1. (a) a  70 (alt. s, AD // BE) AC  AC common side
∴ △ABC  △ADC SAS
ca (corr. s, BA // CD)
 70 (b) ∵ △ABC  △ADC (proved in (a))
b  70  180 (int. s, BA // CD) ∴ BC  DC (corr. sides, △s)
b  110 ∴ △BCD is an isosceles triangle.

5. (a) In △ADB,
(b) In △ABD,
∵ AB  AD
∵ BD  AB
∴ ABD  ADB (base s, isos. △)
∴ a  20 (base ∠s, isos. △)
DAB  ADB  ABD  180 ( sum of △)
b  20  a (ext. ∠ of △) 56  2ADB  180
 20  20
2ADB  124
 40
ADB  62
∵ CD  BD In △ACD,
∴ c  b  40 (base ∠s, isos. △) ACD  CAD  ADB (ext.  of △)
28  CAD  62
(c) In △ABC, CAD  34
∵ BC  AC
∴ ABC  x (base ∠s, isos. △) (b)
60  x  x  180 (∠ sum of △)
x  60
BCE  ABC (alt. ∠s, DE // AB)
yx
 60 EAB  EAD  DAB
 34  56
(d) In △ABC,  90
BC 2  AB 2  AC 2 (Pyth. theorem) AED  90
x  122  9 2 ∵ EAB  AED  90  90
 15  180
∴ AB // ED (int. s supp.)

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 5 Quadrilaterals

6. (a) In △BCD, CG CF
∴  (intercept theorem)
BC 2  BD 2  (10 2  24 2 ) cm 2 GD FB
 (100  576) cm 2 y cm 7.2 cm

7.2 cm 12 cm
 676 cm 2
7.2
CD  26 cm 2  676 cm 2
2 2 y  7.2
12
∵ BC 2  BD 2  CD 2  4.32
∴ △BCD is a right-angled triangle, where
CBD  90 . (converse of Pyth. theorem)
Classwork
ADB  CBD (alt. s, AD // BC)
 90 Classwork (p. 5.9)
(a) ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.
(b) ∵ BAD  ABD ∴ AB  DC and BC  AD (opp. sides of // gram)
∴ AD  BD  24 cm (sides opp. equal s) ∴ x  13 and y  22
In △ABD,
AB 2  AD 2  BD 2 (Pyth. theorem) (b) ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.
∴ DO  BO and CO  AO (diags. of // gram)
AB  24 2 24 2 cm
∴ a  9 and b  7
 1152 cm (or 24 2 cm)
(c) ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.
Activity ∴ B  D and C  A (opp. s of // gram)
∴ c  68 and d  112
Activity 5.1 (p. 5.8)
1. (a) Yes (Reason: alt. s, BC // AD) Classwork (p. 5.18)
1. Yes (Reason: opp. sides equal)
(b) Yes (Reason: alt. s, BA // CD)
2. Yes (Reason: opp. s equal)
(c) Yes (Reason: ASA)
3. No
(d) (i) They are equal.
(ii) They are equal. 4. Yes (Reason: opp. sides equal and //)

2. (a) Yes (Reason: AAS (or ASA)) 5. Yes (Reason: diags. bisect each other)

(b) OA = OC, OB = OD (Reason: corr. sides, △s) 6. No

Warm-Up Activity (p. 5.24) Classwork (p. 5.25)

1. A: Rhombus B: Square (a) ∵ ABCD is a rhombus.
C: Rectangle D: Trapezium ∴ BC  CD  AD (property of rhombus)
∴ x y7
2. rhombus, square, rectangle

Activity 5.2 (p. 5.47) (b) ∵ ABCD is a rhombus.

1. The length of MN is half of that of BC. ∴ x  90 (property of rhombus)
y  40 (property of rhombus)
2. Yes. It is because MEFN is a rectangle. (or any other
reasonable answers)
(c) ∵ ABCD is a rhombus.
To Learn More ∴ OA  OC and OB  OD (property of rhombus)
6
∴ x   3 and y  4
To Learn More (p. 5.60) 2
In △ABC,
∵ EF // AC Classwork (p. 5.28)
FC EA (a) ∵ ABCD is a rectangle.
∴  (intercept theorem) ∴ ABC  90 (property of rectangle)
BF BE
x cm 6 cm x  20  90

12 cm 10 cm x  70
6
x   12 BC  AD (property of rectangle)
10 y6
 7 .2
In △BDC,
∵ FG // BD

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Mathematics in Action (3rd Edition) 3A Full Solutions

(b) ∵ ABCD is a rectangle. (b) In △ABC,

∴ OB  OC  OA  5 cm (property of rectangle) ∵ AN  NB and AM  MC
∴ x5 1
∴ MN   BC and NM // BC (mid-pt. theorem)
∴ y  25 2
 10 1
4 y
2
y 8
(c) ∵ ABCD is a rectangle.
∴ OA  OD (property of rectangle) MNB  CBN  180 (int. s, NM // BC)
∴ x y (base s, isos. △) x  112  180
In △AOD, x  68
x  y  46 (ext.  of △)
2 x  46 Quick Practice
x  23
∴ y  23 Quick Practice 5.1 (p. 5.10)
(a) ∵ PQRS is a parallelogram.
∴ PQR  PSR (opp. s of // gram)
Classwork (p. 5.31)
(a) ∵ ABCD is a square. 20  3 x  4 x  1
∴ BC  AB (property of square) 20  1  4 x  3 x
x6 x  19
∴ ADC  90 (property of square)
(b) TQR  3x
y  90
 3  19
(b) ∵ ABCD is a square.  57
∴ AOD  90 (property of square) ∵ TQR  STQ  180 (int. s, QR // PS)
x  90 ∴ STQ  180  57
 123
∵ ABCD is a square.
∴ ACD  45 (property of square)
Quick Practice 5.2 (p. 5.11)
y  45 ∵ OCED is a parallelogram.
∴ OC  DE  ( 2 x  1) cm (opp. sides of // gram)
(c) ∵ ABCD is a square. and OD  CE  ( y  3) cm (opp. sides of // gram)
∴ OA  OD  OB  7 cm (property of square) ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.
∴ x y7 ∴ OC  OA (diags. of // gram)
2x  1  3
Classwork (p. 5.34)
(a) ∵ ABCD is an isosceles trapezium. 2x  4
∴ x  65 x2

x  y  180 (int. s, AD // BC) ∴ OD  OB (diags. of // gram)

65  y  180 y34
y  115 y 1

Quick Practice 5.3 (p. 5.12)

(b) ∵ ABCD is an isosceles trapezium.
∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.
∴ BD  AC
∴ ABC  ADC (opp. s of // gram)
x 42
 70
6 ∵ BEFG is a parallelogram.
∴ EBG  EFG (opp. s of // gram)
Classwork (p. 5.48)  55
(a) In △ABC,
ABG  ABC  EBG
∵ AM  MB and AN  NC
 70  55
1
∴ MN   BC and MN // BC (mid-pt. theorem)  15
2
In △ABG,
1
x   10 BAG  ABG  AGB  180 ( sum of △)
2
BAG  15  140  180
5
BAG  25
y  55 (corr. s, MN // BC) ∵ ABG  BAG
∴ △ABG is not an isosceles triangle.

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 5 Quadrilaterals

Quick Practice 5.4 (p. 5.19) BCD  BDC  DBC  180 ( sum of △)
(a) In EFGH,
b  36  36  180
(4 x  5)  115  (3x  20)  115  360 ( sum of
polygon) b  72  180
7 x  255  360
b  108
7 x  105
x  15
Quick Practice 5.8 (p. 5.28)
∵ PQRS is a rhombus.
(b) FEH  4 15  5  65 ∴ PQ  QR  RS  SP and PR  QS
FGH  3 15  20  65 (property of rhombus)
∵ EFG  EHG i.e. 4 PQ  68 cm
and FEH  FGH PQ  17 cm
∴ EFGH is a parallelogram. opp. s equal In △OPQ,
1
Quick Practice 5.5 (p. 5.20) OP  PR (property of rhombus)
∵ ABCD is a parallelogram. 2
30
∴ OA  OC diags. of // gram  cm
and OB  OD diags. of // gram 2
∵ OM  2OA  15 cm
given
OP 2  OQ 2  PQ 2 (Pyth. theorem)
 2OC
 ON given OQ  17 2  152 cm
∵ OM  ON and OB  OD  8 cm
∴ BNDM is a parallelogram. diags. bisect each other 1
∴ Area of △OPQ   OQ  OP
2
Quick Practice 5.6 (p. 5.21) 1
(a) ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.   8  15 cm 2
2
∴ AD  BC opp. sides of // gram  60 cm 2
and ADC  ABC opp. s of // gram ∴ Area of PQRS = 4  area of △OPQ
BG  BC  CG  4  60 cm 2
 AD  CG
 240 cm 2
 (7  2) cm
 9 cm Quick Practice 5.9 (p. 5.29)
∴ BG  EF ∵ ABCD is a rectangle.
∵ ABC  ADC proved ∴ KB  KA (property of rectangle)
and ADC  AEF given ∴ KBA  x (base ∠s, isos. △)
∴ ABC  AEF AKB  76 (vert. opp. s)
∴ BG // EF corr. s equal In △ABK,
∴ BEFG is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal and // BAK  ABK  AKB  180 (∠ sum of △)
x  x  76  180
(b) ∵ BEFG is a parallelogram.
2 x  104
∴ EBG  EFG (opp. s of // gram)
EBG  BCD (alt. s, AB // DC) x  52
 118 ∵ KA  KD (property of rectangle)
∴ EFG  118 ∴ KAD  KDA (base s, isos. △)
y
Quick Practice 5.7 (p. 5.27) BAD  90 (property of rectangle)
(a) ∵ ABCD is a rhombus. x  y  90
∴ AOD  90 (property of rhombus)
52  y  90
5a  90
y  38
a  18

Quick Practice 5.10 (p. 5.30)

(b) ADB  2a ∵ ABFE is a rhombus.
 2  18 ∴ BF  AE  13 cm (property of rhombus)
 36 ∵ BCDE is a rectangle.
In △BCD, ∴ DF  BF  13 cm (property of rectangle)
BDC  DBC  ADB  36 (property of rhombus) i.e. BD  2 13 cm  26 cm
In △BDE,
BED  90 (property of rectangle)

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Mathematics in Action (3rd Edition) 3A Full Solutions

BE 2  DE 2  BD 2 (Pyth. theorem) Construct a line TR such that PQ // TR.

∵ PQ // TR and PT // QR
DE  26 2  10 2 cm ∴ PQRT is a parallelogram.
 24 cm ∴ TR  PQ (opp. sides of // gram)
∴ Perimeter of BCDE  2  ( BE  DE )
PQR  QPS  180 (int. s, PS // QR)
 2  (10  24) cm
120  QPS  180
 68 cm
QPS  60
∵ PQRS is an isosceles trapezium.
Quick Practice 5.11 (p. 5.32) ∴ PQ  SR  9 cm and RSP  QPS
(a) ∵ ABCD is a square.
∴ TR  SR  9 cm and RSP  60
∴ OA  OB  OC  OD  2 5 cm (property of square) ∵ △RST is an isosceles triangle.
∴ BD  2  2 5 cm i.e. RTS  RST  60 (base s, isos. △)
 4 5 cm RST  RTS  TRS  180 ( sum of △)
60  60  TRS  180
(b) In △OAB, TRS  60
∴ △RST is an equilateral triangle.
AOB  90 (property of square)
i.e. TS  SR  9 cm
AB  OA  OB
2 2 2
(Pyth. theorem)
∴ QR  PT
 [(2 5 )  (2 5 ) 2 ] cm 2
2
 PS  TS
 40 cm 2  (15  9) cm
∴ Area of square ABCD  AB 2  6 cm
 40 cm 2
Alternative Solution Quick Practice 5.14 (p. 5.41)
∵ ABCD consists of four congruent right-angled In △ABE and △CDF,
triangles △OAB, △ODA, △OBC and △OCD. AB  CD opp. sides of // gram
1  AEB  CFD  90 given
∴ Area of square ABCD  4    2 5  2 5  cm 2
2  ABE  CDF alt. ∠s, AB // DC
∴ △ABE  △CDF AAS
 40 cm 2
∴ BE  DF corr. sides,  △s

Quick Practice 5.12 (p. 5.33) Quick Practice 5.15 (p. 5.41)
∵ ABCD is a square. In △ABE and △DCE,
∴ AB  AD (property of square) AB  DC property of rectangle
∵ △ADE is an equilateral triangle. ABE  DCE  90 property of rectangle
∴ AD  AE ∵ E is the mid-point of BC.
∴ AE AB ∴ BE  CE
∴ AEB  ABE (base s, isos. △) ∴ △ABE  △DCE SAS
x ∴ AE  DE corr. sides, △s
BAD  90 (property of square) ∵ FD  AE opp. sides of // gram
DAE  60 (prop. of equil. △) and FA  DE opp. sides of // gram
In △ABE, ∴ AE  DE  FD  FA
ABE  BAE  AEB  180 ( sum of △) ∴ AEDF is a rhombus.
x  (90  60)  x  180
2 x  150  180 Quick Practice 5.16 (p. 5.42)
∵ ABCD is a rhombus.
2 x  30
∴ BA// CD and AD // BC
x  15 In △AEG and △DHG,
ABD  45 (property of square) AEG  DHG alt. ∠s, BA // CD
x  y  45 EG  HG given
15  y  45 AGE  DGH vert. opp. ∠s
y  30 ∴ △AEG  △DHG ASA
AE  DH corr. sides, △s 
Quick Practice 5.13 (p. 5.35) ∴ AG  DG corr. sides, △s
In △CHF and △DHG,
T CFH  DGH alt. ∠s, AD // BC
HG  HF given
DHG  CHF vert. opp. ∠s
∴ △CHF  △DHG ASA
CF  DG corr. sides, △s 

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 5 Quadrilaterals

∴ CH  DH corr. sides, △s Quick Practice 5.19 (p. 5.51)

∵ AD  DC property of rhombus In △ABC,
∴ AE  DH From  ∵ M is the mid-point of BC and
1 AF  FC .
 DC 1
2 ∴ BA// MF and FM   AB mid-pt. theorem
1 2
 AD In △DEF,
2
∵ N is the mid-point of EF and
 DG
FC  CD .
 CF From 
1
∵ AB  BC property of rhombus ∴ DE // CN and CN   DE mid-pt. theorem
2
∴ BE  AB  AE
∵ BA// DE , BA// MF and
 BC  CF
DE // CN
 BF ∴ MF // CN
∴ AEG  CFH base s, isos. △
1
∵ FM   AB and
Quick Practice 5.17 (p. 5.49) 2
(a) In △XYZ, 1
CN   DE
∵ P and Q are the mid-points of XY and XZ 2
respectively. ∴ AB  2FM and DE  2CN
1 ∵ AB  DE
∴ PQ   YZ (mid-pt. theorem)
2 ∴ 2 FM  2CN
1 FM  CN
4 cm   YZ
2 ∴ FMCN is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal and //
YZ  8 cm
Quick Practice 5.20 (p. 5.56)
∵ AB // CD // EF // GH and BD  DF  FH
(b) In △XYZ,
∴ AC  CE  EG (intercept theorem)
∵ P and Q are the mid-points of XY and XZ
1
respectively. ∴ AC   AG
∴ PQ // YZ (mid-pt. theorem) 3
∴ XPQ  XYZ (corr. s, PQ // YZ) 1
  12 cm
 55 3
In △XPQ,  4 cm
XPQ  XQP  PXQ  180 ( sum of △)
Quick Practice 5.21 (p. 5.58)
55  XQP  38  180
(a) ∵ AD // EF // BC and AE  EB
XQP  87
∴ DF  FC (intercept theorem)
In △ACD,
Quick Practice 5.18 (p. 5.50) ∵ AD // GF and DF  FC
(a) In △RST, ∴ AG  GC (intercept theorem)
∵ U and V are the mid-points of ST and RT respectively. ∵ DF  FC and AG  GC
1
∴ UV   SR (mid-pt. theorem) ∴ GF   AD
1
(mid-pt. theorem)
2 2
1
5 cm   SR 1
  10 cm
2 2
SR  10 cm  5 cm

(b) In △RST, (b) EG  EF  GF

∵ U and V are the mid-points of ST and RT respectively.
 (14  5) cm
∴ SR // UV (mid-pt. theorem)
 9 cm
∴ TSR  TUV  68 (corr. s, SR // UV)
In △ABC,
In △PQR,
∵ AE  EB and AG  GC
∵ S and U are the mid-points of PR and QT
1
respectively. ∴ EG   BC (mid-pt. theorem)
∴ PQ // SU (mid-pt. theorem) 2
1
∴ QPR  USR  68 (corr. s, PQ // SU) 9 cm   BC
2
PQR  PRQ  QPR  180 ( sum of △)
BC  18 cm
PQR  25  68  180
PQR  87

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Mathematics in Action (3rd Edition) 3A Full Solutions

Quick Practice 5.22 (p. 5.59) 4. ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.

(a) ∵ AMCN is a parallelogram. ∴ OB  OD (diags. of // gram)
∴ AN // MC x24
Consider △ABK. x6
∵ BM  MA and MH // AK
OC  OA (diags. of // gram)
∴ BH  HK intercept theorem
Consider △CDH. y 1  2
∵ DN  NC and KN // HC y 1
∴ KD  HK intercept theorem
∴ BH  HK  KD 5. (a) ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.
∴ ADC  ABC (opp.∠s of // gram)
(b) In △CDH,  134
∵ DN  NC and DK  KH ADE  180  ADC (adj.∠s on st. line)
1
∴ KN   HC mid-pt. theorem  180  134
2  46
HC  2 KN
∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.
(b) ∵ ADE  AED  46°
∴ AB  CD opp. sides of // gram
∴ AD  AE (sides opp. equal∠s)
In △ABK and △CDH,
AB  CD proved  5 cm
BC  AD (opp. sides of // gram)
ABK  CDH alt. s, AB // DC
BK  BH  HK  5 cm
 KD  HK
Consolidation Corner (p. 5.21)
 DH
1. ∵ AB  DC  6 cm and
∴ △ABK  △CDH SAS
AD  BC  5 cm given
∴ AK  CH corr. sides, △s
∴ ABCD is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal
∴ AK  2KN
2. ∵ BC  EF  5 cm and
Consolidation Corner BC // EF given
∴ BEFC is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal and //
Consolidation Corner (p. 5.12)
1. m  55  180 (int. s, AD // BC) 3. ∵ BAG  BEG  30 and
m  125 AGE  ABE  150 (given)
∵ ABCD is a parallelogram. ∴ AGEB is a parallelogram. (opp. s equal)
∴ GE  AB (opp. sides of // gram)
∴ DC  AB (opp. sides of // gram)
n6  6 cm

2. ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram. 4. (a) ∵ Perimeter of PQRS  28 cm

∴ AD  BC (opp. sides of // gram) ∴ PQ  QR  RS  SP  28 cm
a  24 (2 x  2)  2 x  ( x  2)  (3 x  4)  28
8 x  4  28
AB  DC (opp. sides of // gram)
8 x  32
b  28  b
x4
2b  28
b  14
(b) PQ  [2(4)  2] cm
C  A (opp.∠s of // gram)  6 cm
c  108 QR  2(4) cm
 8 cm
3. ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram. SR  (4  2) cm
∴ B  D (opp.∠s of // gram)  6 cm
2h  30  h PS  [3(4)  4] cm
h  30  8 cm
∵ PQ  SR and QR PS
C  D  180 (int.∠s, BC // AD) ∴ PQRS is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal
k  h  180
k  180  30 5. (a) ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.
 150 ∴ BAD  BCD  80 and
ABC  ADC (opp. s of // gram)

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 5 Quadrilaterals

In △CDE, 5. ∵ ABCD is a rectangle.

BED  CDE  DCE (ext.  of △) ∴ DC  AB  8 cm , AD  BC and BCD  90
 30  80 (property of rectangle)
 110 In △CDP,
PC 2  CD 2  DP 2 (Pyth. theorem)
In △ABF,
BFD  ABF  BAF (ext.  of △) PC  10 2  8 2 cm
 30  80  6 cm
 110 BC  BP  PC
 (9  6) cm
(b) FBE  ABE  ABF  15 cm
 FDC  CDE i.e. AD  15 cm
 FDE
∵ BFD  BED and 6. ∵ ABCD is a rhombus.
FBE  FDE proved ∴ ABD  ADB  CBD  35
∴ BEDF is a parallelogram. opp. s equal (property of rhombus)
In △ABD,
Consolidation Corner (p. 5.36) BAD  ABD  ADB  180 ( sum of △)
1. ∵ PQRS is a rhombus. BAD  35  35  180
∴ PQ  PS (property of rhombus) BAD  70  180
w 1  4 BAD  110
w3
BDE  ADE  ADB
x  z  54 (property of rhombus)  15  35
In △PQR,  50
y  180  x  z ( sum of △) ∵ EB  ED
 180  54  54 ∴ DBE  BDE  50 (base s, isos. △)
 72 In △BDE,
BED  DBE  BDE  180 ( sum of △)
2. ∵ PQRS is a rectangle. BED  50  50  180
∴ KQ  KR (property of rectangle) BED  100  180
∴ a  KQR (base s, isos.△) BED  80
 28
In △KQR, Consolidation Corner (p. 5.43)
b  a  KQR (ext. of △) 1. ∵ AB  BC given
∴ CAB  ACB base s, isos. △
 28  28
∵ ADEF is a parallelogram.
 56
∴ DAF  DEF opp. s of // gram
In △PQR, ∴ ACB  DEF
PQR  90 (property of rectangle)
c  180  PQR  a ( sum of △) 2. In △EBO and △FCO,
 180  90  28 ∵ OA  OD property of rectangle
and EA  DF given
 62
∴ EO  EA  OA
 DF  OD
3. ∵ PQRS is a square.
 FO
∴ a  45 (property of square)
OB  OC property of rectangle
b  90 (property of square) EOB  FOC vert. opp. s
c  90 (property of square) ∴ △EBO  △FCO SAS

PQ  PS (property of square)
3. In △BEF and △CED,
d 8 BFE  CDE alt. s, FA // CD
EBF  ECD alt. s, FA // CD
4. ∵ ABCD is an isosceles trapezium. BE  CE given
∴ a  65 ∴ △BEF  △CED AAS
b3 ∴ FE  DE corr. sides, △s
∵ BE  CE and FE  DE
∴ BFCD is a parallelogram. diags. bisect each other
∴ BD  FC opp. sides of // gram

83
Mathematics in Action (3rd Edition) 3A Full Solutions

Consolidation Corner (p. 5.52) In △PST,

1. (a) In △ACD, ∵ PV  VS and VU // ST
∵ AB  BC and AE  ED ∴ PU  UT (intercept theorem)
∴ BE   CD
1
(mid-pt. theorem) ∵ PV  VS and PU  UT
2 1
∴ VU   ST (mid-pt. theorem)
1 2
x   8.4
2 1
q   10
 4.2 2
∵ BE // CD (mid-pt. theorem) 5
∴ y  35 (corr. s, BE // CD)
(b) In △ACD,
(b) In △ABD, ∵ ABE  ACD  55
∵ AF  FD and BC  CD ∴ BE // CD (corr. s equal)
1 ∵ AB  BC and BE // CD
∴ FC   AB (mid-pt. theorem)
2 ∴ AE  ED (intercept theorem)
1 pq
4 x
2 ∵ AE  ED  AD
x 8 ∴ p  q  12
In △BDE, p  p  12
∵ BF  FE and BC  CD p6
1
∴ FC   ED (mid-pt. theorem) ∴ q6
2
1
4 y 3. In △ACF,
2
y 8 ∵ AB  BC and BG // CF
∴ AG  GF intercept theorem
2. In △ABC, ∵ AB  BC and AG  GF
∵ D, E and F are the mid-points of 1
∴ BG   CF mid-pt. theorem
AB, BC and CA respectively. 2
1 1 In △BDG,
∴ FE   AB , DF   BC
2 2 ∵ BC  CD and BG // CE
1 ∴ GE  ED intercept theorem
and DE   AC mid-pt. theorem ∵ BC  CD and GE  ED
2
∴ AD  EF and AF  ED 1
∴ CE   BG mid-pt. theorem
DF  FD common side 2
∴ △ADF  △EFD SSS 1 1
   CF
2 2
Consolidation Corner (p. 5.60) 1
 CF
1. ∵ L1 // L2 // L3 and BD  DF 4
∴ CE  AC (intercept theorem) ∴ CF  4CE
 3 cm EF  CF  CE
∵ AC  CE and L1 // L2  4CE  CE
∴ GE  BG (intercept theorem)  3CE
7
 cm Exercise
2
 3.5 cm Exercise 5A (p. 5.12)
Level 1
2. (a) In △PQS, 1. ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.
∵ QR  RS and RV // QP ∴ AB  DC (opp. sides of // gram)
∴ PV  VS (intercept theorem) x4
∵ QR  RS and PV  VS AD  BC (opp. sides of // gram)
1 y3
∴ RV   QP (mid-pt. theorem)
2
1
p  8 2. ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.
2 ∴ OC  OA (diags. of // gram)
4
x2
∴ OD  OB  y cm (diags. of // gram)

84
 5 Quadrilaterals

BD  3 cm ∴ AD  BC (opp. sides of // gram)

y y 3 5 z  3z  4
y  1 .5 2z  4
z2
3. ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.
∴ B  D (opp. s of // gram) 9. ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.
x  30 ∴ OB  OD (diags. of // gram)
∵ C  D  180 (int. s, BC // AD) 2( x  1)  3( x  1)
∴ (3 y  30)  30  180 2 x  2  3x  3
3 y  120 x5
y  40
∴ BCD  BAD (opp. s of // gram)
y  2 y  108
4. ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.
3 y  108
∴ AB  DC (opp. sides of // gram)
y  36
x4
∴ AD  BC (opp. sides of // gram)
10. (a) ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.
y  2x 1 ∴ BAD  BCD (opp. s of // gram)
 2(4)  1 58  4 x  7 x  10
9 48  3x
x  16
5. ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.
∴ OB  OD (opp. sides of // gram)
(b) DAE  4x
4 x  2  x  14
 4 16
3 x  12
 64
x4 ∵ DAE  AEC  180 (int. s, AD // EC)
∴ OA  OC (opp. sides of // gram) ∴ AEC  180  64
2 y  3y  2  116
y2
11. ∵ WXYZ is a parallelogram.
6. ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram. ∴ ZY  WX  8 cm (opp. sides of // gram)
∴ x  ADC (opp. s of // gram) and WZ  XY (opp. sides of // gram)
 40 ∵ Perimeter of parallelogram WXYZ  54 cm
∵ ABC  BAD  180 (int. s, AD // BC) ∴ WX  XY  YZ  ZW  54 cm
∴ x  [(2 x  30)  y ]  180 8 cm  XY  8 cm  XY  54 cm
y  180  30  3x 2 XY  38 cm
 150  3(40) XY  19 cm
 30
12. (a) ∵ AB  AC
7. ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram. ∴ ABC  ACB (base s, isos. △)
∴ AB  DC (opp. sides of // gram) In △ABC,
6  x  2x  3 BAC  ABC  ACB  180 ( sum of △)
3x  3 70  2ABC  180
x 1 2ABC  110
ABC  55
∴ OB  OD (opp. s of // gram)
13  y  10
(b) ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.
y3
∴ ADC  ABC (opp. s of // gram)
 55
8. ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.
∴ A  C (opp. s of // gram)
13. ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.
60  x  5 x  6 ∴ EBC  AEB (alt. s, BC // AD)
66  6 x  41
x  11 ∵ EB bisects ABC.
∴ ABE  EBC  41

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Mathematics in Action (3rd Edition) 3A Full Solutions

ABC  ABE  EBC 18. ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.

 41  41 ∴ AB  DC (opp. sides of // gram)
 82 5x  6  2 x  3
ADC  ABC (opp. s of // gram) 3x  9
 82 x3
∴ OA  OC (diags. of // gram)
Level 2 x  3 y  3 x  18
14. ∵ ABCD and BEFC are parallelograms.
3 y  2 x  18
∴ BCD  BAD (opp. s of // gram)
2
 124 y  x6
and BCF  BEF (opp. s of // gram) 3
2
 146  (3)  6
BCD  BCF  DCF  360 (s at a pt.) 3
8
124  146  DCF  360
270  DCF  360
19. CED  ADE (alt. s, AD // BC)
DCF  90
 32
∴ DC is perpendicular to CF.
∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.
15. ∵ BEFG is a parallelogram. ∴ ADC  ABC (opp. s of // gram)
∴ AB  AF  7 cm (diags. of // gram)  72
and AE  AG  6 cm (diags. of // gram) ADE  CDE  ADC
∵ ABCD is a parallelogram. 32  CDE  72
∴ CD  BA (opp. sides of // gram) CDE  40
 7 cm ∵ CED  CDE
∴ △CDE is not an isosceles triangle.
∴ AD  BC (opp. sides of // gram)
 9 cm 20. ∵ PXYS is a parallelogram.
DE  AD  AE ∴ SPX  SYX (opp. s of // gram)
 (9  6) cm  40
 3 cm In △PZS,
PSZ  SPZ  PZR (ext.  of △)
16. ∵ BCEF is a parallelogram. PSZ  40  142
∴ CBF  CEF (opp. s of // gram) PSZ  102
 56 ∵ PQRS is a parallelogram.
∵ BC  BG ∴ PQR  PSZ (opp. s of // gram)
∴ BCG  BGC (base s, isos. △)  102
In △BCG,
CBG  BCG  BGC  180 ( sum of △)
56  2BCG  180 21. ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.
∴ BCD  BAD (opp. s of // gram)
2BCG  124
BCG  62  106
∵ ABCD is a parallelogram. DCE  180  BCD (adj. s on st. line)
∴ BAD  BCD (opp. s of // gram)  180  106
 62  74
∵ CEFG is a parallelogram.
17. ABF  FED (alt. s, AB // EC) ∴ EFG  DCE (opp. s of // gram)
 48  74
∵ BE bisects ABC. DGF  DCE (corr. s, GF // CE)
∴ ABC  2ABF  74
 2  48 ∵ FD  FG
 96 ∴ GDF  DGF (base. s, isos. △)
∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.
 74
∴ ADC  ABC (opp. s of // gram) In △DGF,
 96 DFG  GDF  DGF  180 ( sum of △)
ADE  ADC  180 (adj. s on st. line)
DFG  74  74  180
ADE  96  180
DFG  32
ADE  84

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 5 Quadrilaterals

DFE  DFG  EFG ∴ Perimeter of ACED  2( AC  AD)

 32  74  2(12  10) cm
 106  44 cm

22. (a) ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram. 24. In △ABD,

∴ BCD  BAD (opp. s of // gram) AB 2  BD 2  AD 2 (Pyth. theorem)
 60
BD  AD  AB 2
2
DEC  ADE (alt. s, BC // AD)
 60  252  7 2 cm
In △CDE,  24 cm
CDE  DEC  ECD  180 ( sum of △) ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.
CDE  60  60  180 ∴ BE  DE and AE  CE (diags. of // gram)
CDE  60 ∵ BD  24 cm
∵ CDE  DEC  ECD  60 ∴ BE  DE  24 cm
∴ CD  DE  CE 2 BE  24 cm
∴ △CDE is an equilateral triangle. BE  12 cm
In △AEB,
(b) ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram. AE 2  AB 2  BE 2 (Pyth. theorem)
∴ AD = BC and AB = DC (opp. sides of // gram)
∵ △CDE is an equilateral triangle. AE  AB  BE
2 2

∴ EC  DC  DE  8 cm  7 2  12 2 cm
BC  BE  EC
 193 cm
 (5  8) cm
AC  AE  CE
 13 cm
Perimeter of the parallelogram  2( AB  BC )  ( 193  193 ) cm
 2(8  13) cm  2 193 cm
 42 cm
Exercise 5B (p. 5.21)
23. (a) ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram. Level 1
∴ GD  BG (diags. of // gram) 1. ∵ OA  OC  3 cm and
 8 cm OB  OD  4 cm given
and GC  AG (diags. of // gram) ∴ ABCD is a parallelogram. diags. bisect each other
 6 cm
2. ∵ AB  DC  2.3 cm and
In △AGD,
BA// CD given
AD 2  AG 2  GD 2 (Pyth. theorem)
∴ ABCD is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal and //
AD  6 2  8 2 cm
 10 cm
3. ∵ AB  DC and
BC  AD (opp. sides of // gram) AD  BC  3 cm given
∴ ABCD is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal
 10 cm
In △AGB,
4. A  B  C  D  360  sum of polygon
AB 2  BG 2  AG 2 (Pyth. theorem)
A  60  120  60  360
AB  8 2  6 2 cm A  240  360
 10 cm A  120
DC  AB (opp. sides of // gram) ∵ A  C  120 and
 10 cm B  D  60
∴ Perimeter of ABCD  2( AB  BC ) ∴ ABCD is a parallelogram. opp. s equal
 2(10  10) cm
 40 cm 5. ∵ ADB  CBD given
∴ AD// BC alt. s equal
(b) ∵ ACED is a parallelogram. ∵ AD  BC and AD// BC given
∴ ABCD is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal and //
∴ AC  DE (opp. sides of // gram)
and AD  CE (opp. sides of // gram)
6. (a) ∵ AD  BC
AC  AG  GC
∴ 5a  2  3a  4
 (6  6) cm
2a  6
 12 cm
a3

87
Mathematics in Action (3rd Edition) 3A Full Solutions

(b) AB  (3  1) cm  4 cm Method 2:
DC  (7  3) cm  4 cm ∵ △AOD  △COB given
∵ AD  BC and AB  DC ∴ OA  OC and OD  OB corr. sides, △s
∴ ABCD is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal ∴ ABCD is a parallelogram. diags. bisect each other

7. (a) In ABCD, Level 2

143  (3x  11)  143  (2 x  5)  360 ( sum of 12. (a) In ABCD,
A  B  C  D  360 ( sum of
280  5 x  360 polygon)
(5a  5)  (2a  10)  120  polygon)
5 x  80
(3a  15)  360
x  16
10a  110  360
10a  250
(b) ABC  3(16)  11  37
ADC  2(16)  5  37
a  25
∵ BAD  BCD and
ABC  ADC (b) A  5( 25)  5  120
∴ ABCD is a parallelogram. opp. s equal B  2( 25)  10  60
D  3( 25)  15  60
8. (a) In △AGD, ∴ A  C and B  D
GAD  ADG  BGD (ext.  of △) ∴ ABCD is a parallelogram. opp. s equal
GAD  15  65
(c) ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.
GAD  50
i.e. BAD  50 ∴ AD  BC (opp. sides of // gram)
18  3b  b  2
∵ CF  EF 4b  20
∴ ECF  CEF (base s, isos. △) b5
 50
13. (a) ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.
(b) ∵ BAD  ABC  50  120 ∴ BC  AD opp. sides of // gram
 170 ∵ PADQ is a parallelogram.
 180 ∴ AD  PQ opp. sides of // gram
∴ AD is not parallel to BC. ∴ BC  PQ
∴ ABCD is not a parallelogram.
(b) ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.
9. P  S  180 int. s, QP // RS ∴ BC // AD
S  180  P ∵ PADQ is a parallelogram.
Q  R  180 int. s, QP // RS ∴ AD // PQ
Q  180  R ∴ BC // PQ
∵ P  R given Also, BC  PQ proved in (a)
∴ S  Q ∴ PBCQ is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal and //
∴ PQRS is a parallelogram. opp. s equal
14. ∵ AB  FC given
10. ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram. EF  FC diags. of // gram
∴ BC  AD (opp. sides of // gram) ∴ AB  EF
∵ FC  AE (given) ∵ AE  FD given
∴ BF  BC  FC BF  FD diags. of // gram
∴ AE  BF
 AD  AE
∴ ABFE is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal
 ED
∵ BC // AD 15. ∵ PQRS is a parallelogram.
∴ BF // ED ∴ PO  OR diags. of // gram
∴ BFDE is a parallelogram. (opp. sides equal and //) and QO  OS diags. of // gram
∵ X is the mid-point of PO.
11. Method 1:
∵ △AOD  △COB 1
given ∴ XO  PO
∴ AD  CB corr. sides, △s 2
and OAD  OCB corr. s, △s ∵ Y is the mid-point of OR.
alt. s equal 1
∴ AD // BC ∴ OY  OR
∴ ABCD is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal and // 2
1
 PO
2
 XO
88
 5 Quadrilaterals

∵ XO  OY and QO  OS PQR  MNO (proved in (a))

∴ XQYS is a parallelogram. diags. bisect each other  66

16. (a) ∵ △ABC  △CDE given 19. (a) ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.

∴ BC  DE corr. sides, △s ∴ AD  BC opp. sides of // gram
and ACB  CED corr. s, △s ∵ △ABE and △CDF are
∵ BC is the angle bisector equilateral triangles.
of ACE. ∴ AB  AE  BE and
∴ ACB  BCE DC  DF  FC
∴ BCE  CED ∵ AB  DC opp. sides of // gram
∴ CB // DE alt. s equal ∴ DF  BE
∴ BCDE is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal ∵ ADC  CBA opp. s of // gram
and // FDC  ABE  60 prop. of equil.△
∴ ADF  ADC  60
(b) ∵ △ABC  △CDE
∴ ABC  CDE (corr. s, △s)  CBA  60
 54  CBE
∵ BCDE is a parallelogram. ∴ △AFD  △CEB SAS
∴ CBE  CDE (opp. s of // gram)
(b) ∵ △AFD  △CEB proved in (a)
 54
∴ AF  CE corr. sides, △s
ABE  ABC  CBE
AE  FC from (a)
 54  54 ∴ AECF is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal
 108
Exercise 5C (p. 5.37)
17. (a) In △ABO and △CDO, Level 1
1. ∵ ABCD is a rhombus.
AOB  COD vert. opp. s
OAB  OCD  90 given ∴ AB  BC  CD  DA (property of rhombus)
BO  DO given ∴ x4
∴ △ABO △CDO AAS 2y  2  4
2y  2
(b) ∵ △ABO △CDO proved in (a)
y 1
∴ AO  CO corr. sides, △s
BO  DO given 3z  5  4
∴ ABCD is a parallelogram. diags. bisect each other 3z  9
z3
18. (a)
2. ∵ ABCD is a rhombus.
∴ DAB  2  BAC (property of rhombus)
 2  30
 60
S
p  DAB (alt. s, AD // EC)
With the notation in the figure,  60
∵ △MNO  △PQR given DAB  q  180 (int. s, AB // DC)
∴ MN  PQ corr. sides, △s
60  q  180
and MNO  PQR corr. s, △s
q  120
PSO  PQR corr. s, NO // QR
∴ MNO  PSO
3. ∵ ABCD is a rhombus.
∴ MN // PQ corr. s equal
∴ a  55 (property of rhombus)
∴ MNQP is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal
and // b  90 (property of rhombus)
In △DOC,
(b) ∵ MNQP is a parallelogram. OCD  CDO  AOD (ext.  of △)
∴ MNQ  MPQ (opp. s of // gram)
CDO  90  55
 112
 35
MNO  MNQ  ONQ
∵ ADO  CDO (property of rhombus)
 112  46 ∴ ADC  ADO  CDO
 66 c  35  35
 70

89
Mathematics in Action (3rd Edition) 3A Full Solutions

4. ∵ ABCD is a rectangle. UQR  PQR  PQT

∴ OD  OB (property of rectangle)  90  35
2x  2  55
x 1 In △UQR,
x  UQR  PRQ (ext.  of △)
∵ AC  BD (property of rectangle)
y  2  2x  55  45
∴
 2  2(1)  100
4 y  TQR  180 (int. s, PS // QR)
y  55  180
5. ∵ ABCD is a rectangle. y  125
∴ AD  BC (property of rectangle)
2x  1  7 10. BAD  ABC  180 (int. s, AD // BC)
2x  6 2 x  62  180
x3 2 x  118
∴ BAD  90 (property of rectangle) x  59
In △ABD, ∵ ABCD is an isosceles trapezium.
ABD  ADB  BAD  180 ( sum of △) ∴ DCB  ABC
64  y  90  180 3 y  10  62
154  y  180 3 y  72
y  26 y  24

6. ∵ ABCD is a rectangle. 11. ∵ ABCD is an isosceles trapezium.

∴ ABC  90 (property of rectangle) ∴ BD  AC
x  70  90 2  (2 x  1)  7
x  20 2x  3  7
∵ OA  OB (property of rectangle) 2x  4
∴ OAB  OBA (base s, isos.△) x2
y  70 ADB  DBC (alt. s, AD // BC)
In △OAB, y  30
z  y  70 (ext.  of △)
 70  70 12. ∵ EFGH is a rhombus of side 10 cm.
 140 ∴ EH  10 cm and EOH  90
(property of rhombus)
7. ∵ PQRS is a square. ∵ EO  OG (property of rhombus)
∴ a  45 1
(property of square) ∴ EO  EG
2
∴ SR  PS (property of square) 1
  12 cm
2b  7  13 2
2b  6  6 cm
b3 In △EOH,
EO 2  OH 2  EH 2 (Pyth. theorem)
8. ∵ PQRS is a square. OH  10 2  6 2 cm
∴ POS  90 (property of square)  8 cm
2 y  30  90 ∵ FO  OH (property of rhombus)
2 y  120 ∴ FH  2  OH
y  60  2  8 cm
 16 cm
OR  OQ (property of square)
z  1  11
13. (a) ∵ PQRS is a rhombus.
z  12 ∴ PQS  RQS (property of rhombus)
3 x  4  4 x  9
9. ∵ PQRS is a square.
x  13
∴ QRP  45 (property of square)
and PQR  90 (property of square)
(b) ∵ PQRS is a rhombus.
∴ PRQ  PRS and PR  QS
(property of rhombus)
90
 5 Quadrilaterals

RQT  4  13  9  43 In △ABC,

In △QRT, AC 2  AB 2  BC 2 (Pyth. theorem)
RQT  QRT  QTR  180 ( sum of △)
AC  6  6 cm
2 2

43  QRT  90  180

 72 cm
133  QRT  180
1
QRT  47 OC  AC
2
URS  2  QRT
1
 2  47   72 cm
2
 94
72
 90  cm
2
∴ △SUR is an obtuse-angled triangle. ∵ OE  EC
∴ Peter’s claim is incorrect. 1
∴ OE  OC
2
14. ∵ ABCD is a rectangle.
∴ OB  OA and ABC  90 1 72
  cm
(property of rectangle) 2 2
∴ OBA  OAB (base s, isos. △) 72
 cm
 34 4
In △OAB, 18  3 2 
BOC  OAB  OBA (ext.  of △)  cm  or cm 
2  2 
 
m  34  34
 68 17. ∵ PQRS is a square.
In △ABC, ∴ TPK  45 (property of square)
ACE  BAC  ABC (ext.  of △) ∵ TP  KP
n  34  90 ∴ PTK  PKT (base s, isos. △)
 124 In △PTK,
PTK  PKT  TPK  180 ( sum of △)
15. (a) ∵ ABCD is a rectangle. 2PKT  45  180
∴ OA  OB  OC  OD and BCD  90 2PKT  135
(property of rectangle) PKT  67.5
∴ OBC  OCB (base s, isos. △) ∵ PKQ  90 (property of square)
In △OBC, ∴ TKQ  PKQ  PKT
BOC  OBC  OCB  180 ( sum of △)  90  67.5
60  2OBC  180  22.5
2OBC  120
OBC  60 18.
∵ OBC  OCB  BOC  60
∴ △OBC is an equilateral triangle.
i.e. OB  BC  5 cm
BD  OB  OD
 (5  5) cm
 10 cm
Construct ST such that ST  QR , where T is a point on
(b) In △BCD, QR.
BC 2  CD 2  BD 2 (Pyth. theorem) QT  PS  3 cm
CD  10  5 2 cm
2 TR  QR  QT
 (8  3) cm
 75 cm (or 5 3 cm)  5 cm
ST  PQ  12 cm
16. ∵ ABCD is a square. In △RST,
∴ OA  OB  OC  OD and ABC  90 RS 2  ST 2  RT 2 (Pyth. theorem)
(property of square)
AB  BC RS  12 2  52 cm
24  13 cm
 cm Perimeter of trapezium PQRS  PQ  QR  RS  PS
4
 6 cm  (12  8  13  3) cm
 36 cm

91
Mathematics in Action (3rd Edition) 3A Full Solutions

Level 2 22. ∵ △CDE is an equilateral triangle.

19. ∵ PQRS is a rhombus. ∴ CED  ECD  EDC  60 (prop. of equil.△)
∴ PRS  PRQ (property of rhombus)
∵ ABCD is a square.
SRQ  PQR  180 (int. s, PQ // SR)
∴ BCD  ADC  90 (property of square)
SRQ  76  180
∴ BCE  ADE
SRQ  104
 90  60
1
PRS  SRQ  30
2
Similarly, ADE  30
1
 104 ∵ △CDE is an equilateral triangle.
2
 52 ∴ CE  DE  CD
∵ TR is the angle bisector of PRS. AB  BC  CD  DA (property of square)
1 ∴ CE  BC and DE  DA
∴ PRT  PRS
2 ∴ CEB  CBE (base s, isos.△)
1 and DEA  DAE (base s, isos.△)
  52
2 In △BCE,
 26 CEB  CBE  BCE  180 ( sum of △)
SPR  PRS  52 (property of rhombus) 2CEB  30  180
In △TPR,
2CEB  150
PTR  TPR  PRT  180 ( sum of △)
CEB  75
PTR  52  26  180
Similarly, DEA  75
PTR  78  180
AEB  360  CEB  DEA  CED (s at a pt.)
PTR  102
 360  75  75  60
 150
20. ABC  ADC (opp. s of // gram)
 132 23. (a) ∵ DBCE is a parallelogram.
ABK  ABC  KBC
∴ BD  CE (opp. sides of // gram)
 132  54
 8 cm
 78 ∵ ABCD is a rectangle.
∵ ABCD is a rhombus. ∴ AC  BD (property of rectangle)
∴ DAC  BAC (property of rhombus)
 8 cm
ADC  (DAC  BAC )  180 (int. s, AB // DC)
132  2BAC  180
(b) ∵ AC  CE
2BAC  48
∴ CAE  CED (base s, isos. △)
BAC  24
 60
In △ABK, In △ECA,
BAK  ABK  AKB  180 ( sum of △) ECA  CAE  CED  180 ( sum of △)
24  78  AKB  180 ECA  60  60  180
102  AKB  180 ECA  60
AKB  78 ∴ △ECA is an equilateral triangle.
∵ ABK  AKB i.e. AE  CE  8 cm
∴ AB  AK (sides opp. equal s) ∵ ABCD is a rectangle.
i.e. △ABK is an isosceles triangle. ∴ ADC  90 (property of rectangle)
∵ AC  CE and CD  AE
21. ∵ PQRS is a square. ∴ AD  DE (prop. of isos. △)
∴ PRQ  45 (property of square) 1
∵ UVRP is a rhombus.   AE
2
∴ UVP  PVR (property of rhombus) 1
∴ (UVP  PVR)  PRQ  180 (int.s, UV // PR)   8 cm
2
2PVR  45  180  4 cm
2PVR  135
PVR  67.5 24.

Construct a line FG such that DC // FG.

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 5 Quadrilaterals

∵ BA // CD // GF and AF // BG Exercise 5D (p. 5.43)

∴ ABGF is a parallelogram. Level 1
ABC  120  180 (int. s, AF // BE) 1. ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.
∴ ABC  ADC opp. s of // gram
ABC  60
∵ DEFG is a parallelogram.
FGE  ABC  60 (corr. s, AB // FG)
∵ CEFD is an isosceles trapezium. ∴ EFG  EDG opp. s of // gram
∴ FEG  60 ∴ ABC  EFG
and FE  DC
2. ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.
 AB (property of rhombus)
∴ BC  AD opp. sides of // gram
 15 cm ∵ AFCE is a square.
In △EFG,
∴ AF  FC  CE  AE property of square
EFG  FGE  FEG  180 ( sum of △) BF  BC  FC
EFG  60  60  180  AD  AE
EFG  120  180  ED
EFG  60
∴ △EFG is an equilateral triangle. 3. BC  BE  EF  CF property of square
i.e. GE  FE  15 cm AD  BC and AB  DC opp. sides of // gram
∵ DF // CG and DC // FG ∵ CDF  CFD given
∴ CGFD is a parallelogram. ∴ CD  CF sides opp. equal s
∴ DF  CG (opp. sides of // gram) ∴ AB  BC  CD  DA
 CE  GE ∴ ABCD is a rhombus.
 (23  15) cm
4. In △EAF and △EDG,
 8 cm
∵ ABCD is a rectangle.
∴ AB  DC property of rectangle
25. (a) ∵ ABCD is a square.
1
∴ AB  BC , ABC  90 and BAC  45 ∵ AF  AB and given
2
(property of square)
1
∵ BCE is an equilateral triangle. DG  DC given
∴ BC  CE  BE and EBC  60 2
(prop. equil. △) ∴ AF  DG
∵ BA  BE EAF  EDG  90 property of rectangle
∴ BAE  BEA (base s, isos. △) EA  ED given
ABE  ABC  EBC ∴ △EAF  △EDG SAS
∴ EF  EG corr. sides, △s
 90  60
i.e. △EFG is an isosceles triangle.
 30
In △ABE, 5. In △AED and △CFD,
ABE  BEA  BAE  180 ( sum of △) DAE  DCF property of rhombus
30  2BAE  180 DEC  DFA given
2BAE  150 AED  180  DEC adj. s on st. line
BAE  75 CFD  180  DFA adj. s on st. line
CAE  BAE  BAC ∴ AED  CFD
 75  45 AD  CD property of rhombus
 30 ∴ △AED  △CFD AAS
∵ ACFE is a parallelogram. ∴ AE  FC corr. sides, △s
∴ CFE  CAE (opp. s of // gram)
6. ∵ AB  BC given
 30
∴ BAC  BCA base s, isos. △
DFA  BCA corr. s, DF // BC
(b) CAE  AEF  180 (int. s, AC // EF)
∴ DAF  DFA
30  AEF  180 ∴ AD  DF sides opp. equal s
AEF  150
BEF  AEF  BEA 7. (a) ADC  90 property of rectangle
 150  75 DCE  ADC alt. s, AD // BE
 75 ACD  CDE alt. s, AC // DE
∵ BEA  BEF  75 ACE  ACD  DCE
∴ BE bisects AEF.  CDE  ADC
 ADE

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Mathematics in Action (3rd Edition) 3A Full Solutions

(b) BC  AD property of rectangle In △CFE,

∵ AC // DE and AD // BE CFE  CEF  ECF  180  sum of △
∴ ACED is a parallelogram. 45  CEF  45  180
∴ AD  CE opp. sides of // gram 90  CEF  180
∴ BC  CE
CEF  90
i.e. C is the mid-point of BE.
∴ FE  EC
8. ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.
Level 2
∴ BCD  BAD opp. s of // gram 11. (a) ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.
∵ BQCP is a rhombus.
∴ AD  BC (opp. sides of // gram)
∴ CBP  BCP property of rhombus
and AD // BC
In △BCP,
∵ AEFD is a parallelogram.
BPD  CBP  BCP ext.  of △
∴ AD  EF (opp. sides of // gram)
 2BCP and AD // EF
 2BAD ∴ BC  EF and BC // EF
∴ BCFE is a parallelogram.
9. ∵ ABCD is a square. (opp. sides equal and //)
∴ AB  BC  CD  AD property of square
Also, BP  BQ given (b) In △ABE and △DCF,
In △APD and △CQD, AB  DC opp. sides of // gram
AP  AB  BP AE  DF opp. sides of // gram
 BC  BQ BE  CF opp. sides of // gram
 CQ ∴ △ABE  △DCF SSS
DAP  DCQ  90 property of square
12. ∵ EA  ED given
AD  CD proved
∴ EAD  EDA base s, isos.△
∴ △APD  △CQD SAS
BAD  ADC  90 property of rectangle
∴ DP  DQ corr. sides, △s
∴ EAB  EAD  BAD
∴ △PDQ is an isosceles triangle.
 EDA  ADC
Alternative Solution  EDC
Join BD. In △ABE and △DCE,
AB  DC property of rectangle
EAB  EDC proved
EA  ED given
∴ △ABE  △DCE SAS
∴ BE  CE corr. sides, △s
∴ △EBC is an isosceles triangle.

13. (a) BAC  ACD alt. s, BA // CD

∵ AX and CY bisect
In △BPD and △BQD,
BAE and DCE
BP  BQ given
respectively.
∵ ABCD is a square.
∴ BAX  EAX
∴ PBD  QBD  45 property of square
and DCY  ECY
BD  BD common side
∴ EAX  ECY
∴ △ BPD  △ BQD SAS
In △AXE and △CYE,
∴ DP  DQ corr. sides, △s EAX  ECY proved
∴ △PDQ is an isosceles triangle. AE  CE diags. of // gram
AEX  CEY vert. opp. s
10. ∵ ABCD is a rectangle.
∴ △AXE  △CYE ASA
∴ BCD  90 property of
rectangle (b) BE  DE diags. of // gram
∵ CE and CF are the angle bisectors of ∵ △AXE  △CYE proved in (a)
ACB and ACD respectively. ∴ XE  YE corr. sides, △s
∴ ACE  BCE and
BX  BE  XE
ACF  DCF
 DE  YE
BCD  90
 DY
ACE  BCE  ACF  DCF  90
2(ACE  ACF )  90
ACE  ACF  45
ECF  45
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 5 Quadrilaterals

14. (a) ∵ ABCD is a square. (b) ∵ △BAX  △DCY (proved in (a)(i))

∴ AB  CB ∴ BX  DY (corr. sides, △s)
and ABC  90 property of square ∵ BX  DY and BX // YD
ABF  ABC  180 adj. s on st. line ∴ BYDX is a parallelogram.
ABF  90  180 (opp. sides equal and //)
In △BAX and △DAX,
ABF  90
In △ABF and △CBE, AX  AX (common side)
DAX  DAC  180 (adj. s on st. line)
AB  CB proved
ABF  CBE  90 proved DAX  45  180
BF  BE given DAX  135
∴ △ABF  △CBE SAS BAX  DAX (proved)
AB  AD (property of square)
(b) ∵ △ABF  △CBE (proved in (a)) ∴ △BAX  △DAX (SAS)
∴ BAF  BCE (corr. s, △s) ∴ BX  DX (corr. sides, △s)
In △AGE, Also, BX  DY (opp. sides of // gram)
AGE  GAE  AEC (ext.  of △) and BY  DX (opp. sides of // gram)
In △BCE, ∴ BX  DY  BY  DX
CBE  BCE  AEC (ext.  of △) ∴ BYDX is a parallelogram with four equal sides.
∴ BYDX is a rhombus.
90  BCE  AGE  GAE
AGE  90 17. (a) In △BPC and △DQA,
∴ CG  AF BPC  DQA given
PBC  QDA opp. s of // gram
15. (a) ∵ ABCD is a square.
BC  DA opp. sides of // gram
∴ BAD  90 property of square
∴ △BPC  △DQA AAS
∵ AEFG is a square.
∴ EAG  90 property of square
(b) ∵ △BPC  △DQA proved in (a)
∵ EAB  EAG  GAB
∴ BP  DQ corr. sides, △s
 90  GAB
GAD  GAB  BAD and PC  QA corr. sides, △s
 GAB  90 BA  DC opp. sides of // gram
∴ EAB  GAD AP  BP  BA
 DQ  DC
(b) In △AEB and △AGD,  CQ
AB  AD property of square ∴ AQCP is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal
AE  AG property of square
EAB  GAD proved in (a) 18. (a) ∵ ABCD is a square.
∴ △AEB  △AGD SAS ∴ BAD  90 (property of square)
∴ BE  DG corr. sides, △s BAO  BAE  OAE
 90  OAE
16. (a) (i) ∵ ABCD is a square.
∴ AB  BC  CD  DA In △ABO,
BAC  BCA  ABO  BAO  AOE (ext.  of △)
and property of square ABO  (90  OAE)  90
DAC  DCA  45
In △BAX, OAE  ABO
BAX  BAC  180 adj. s on st. line
BAX  45  180 (b) In △ADF and △BAE,
BAX  135 ∵ OAE  OBA
In △DCY, i.e. DAF  ABE
DCY  DCA  180 adj. s on st. line DA  AB property of square
DCY  45  180 ADF  BAE  90 property of square
∴ △ADF  △BAE ASA
DCY  135
∴ AF  BE corr. sides, △s
In △BAX and △DCY,
AX  CY given
19. ∵ AB  AC given
BAX  DCY proved
∴ ABC  ACB base s, isos. △
AB  CD property of square
DGB  ACB corr. s, DG // AE
∴ △BAX  △DCY SAS
∴ DBG  DGB
∴ DB  DG sides opp. equal s
(ii) ∵ △BAX  △DCY proved in (a)(i)
∵ DG  DB  CE and
∴ AXB  CYD corr. s, △s
DG // CE given
∴ BX // YD alt. s equal

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Mathematics in Action (3rd Edition) 3A Full Solutions

∴ CDGE is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal and // (b) In △FBG,

∴ GF  FC diags. bisect each other ∵ BD  DF and BE  EG
∴ F is the mid-point of CG. 1
∴ DE   FG (mid-pt. theorem)
2
Exercise 5E (p. 5.52) 1
Level 1   6 cm
2
1. In △ABC,
 3 cm
∵ AD  DB and AE  EC
1
∴ DE   BC (mid-pt. theorem) 6. ABC  108 (opp. s of // gram)
2
In △ACE,
1
3 x ∵ AB  BE and F is the mid-point of CE.
2
∴ BF // AC (mid-pt. theorem)
x6
∴ ACB  CBF (alt. s, BF // AC)
 32
2. In △ABC,
In △ACB,
∵ AD  DB and AE  EC
BAC  ACB  ABC  180 ( sum of △)
∴ DE // BC (mid-pt. theorem)
BAC  32  108  180
∴ ACB  AED (corr. s, DE // BC)
BAC  40
x  77

7. ∵ △ABC is an equilateral triangle.

3. In △ABC, ∴ AB  BC  AC
∵ AD  DB and AE  EC ∵ P, Q and R are the mid-points
∴ DE // BC (mid-pt. theorem) of AB, BC and CA respectively.
∴ AED  ACB (corr. s, DE // BC) ∴ AP  PB  BQ  QC  AR  RC
x  50 1 1
∴ PQ   AC , QR   AB
2 2
1
∴ DE   BC (mid-pt. theorem) 1
2 and PR   BC mid-pt. theorem
2
1
14   y ∴ PQ  QR  PR
2
∴ △PQR is an equilateral triangle.
y  28
8. In △ABC,
4. In △ABC, ∵ E and F are the mid-points of AC
∵ AD  DB and AE  EC and BC respectively.
∴ DE // BC (mid-pt. theorem) ∴ AB // EF mid-pt. theorem
∴ AED  ACB (corr. s, DE // BC) ∵ E and F are the mid-points of BD
 45 and BC respectively.
In △ADE, ∴ EF // DC mid-pt. theorem
ADE  AED  DAE  180 ( sum of △) ∵ AB // EF and EF // DC
a  45  60  180 ∴ AB // DC
a  75
9. In △ABC,
1 ∵ M and N are the mid-points of AC and BC
∴ DE   DB (mid-pt. theorem)
2 respectively.
1 1
b   11 ∴ AB // MN and MN   AB (mid-pt. theorem)
2 2
 5.5 1
MN   12 cm
2
5. (a) In △ABC,  6 cm
∵ BF  (3  3) cm  6 cm  FA ∵ AB // CD and AB // MN
and BG  ( 4  4) cm  8 cm  GC ∴ MN // CD
1 ∵ MN  CD  6 cm and MN // CD
∴ FG   AC (mid-pt. theorem) ∴ MNDC is a parallelogram. (opp. sides equal and //)
2
1 ∴ Cathy’s claim is correct.
  12 cm
2
 6 cm

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 5 Quadrilaterals

Level 2 (b) In △AFG,

10. In △DEF, ∵ E and C are the mid-points of AF and AG
∵ FG  GD and FC  CE respectively.
1 ∴ EC // FG (mid-pt. theorem)
∴ GC   DE (mid-pt. theorem)
2 EFG  BEF (alt. s, EC // FG)
1
a  8  62
2 FAG  AFG  AGF  180 ( sum of △)
4
52  62  AGF  180
In △ABC, AGF  66
∵ CF  FA and CG  4 cm  GB
1 14. In △ABD,
∴ FG   AB (mid-pt. theorem)
2 ∵ E and F are the mid-points
1 of AB and BD respectively.
5  b
2 ∴ EF // AD mid-pt. theorem
b  10 ∴ BFE  BDA corr. s, EF // AD
In △BCD,
11. In △BCD, ∵ F and G are the mid-points
∵ DG  GB and DF  FC of BD and BC respectively.
1 ∴ FG // DC mid-pt. theorem
∴ GF   BC (mid-pt. theorem) ∴ BFG  BDC corr. s, FG // DC
2
1 EFG  BFE  BFG
  8 cm
2  BDA  BDC
 4 cm  ADC
EG  EF  GF
 (6  4) cm 15. (a) In △ABC,
 2 cm ∵ D and F are the mid-points of AB and CA
respectively.
In △ABD,
1
∵ BE  EA and BG  GD ∴ DF // BC and DF   BC
2
1
∴ EG   AD (mid-pt. theorem) (mid-pt. theorem)
2 ∵ E and F are the mid-points of BC and CA
1
2 x respectively.
2 1
x4 ∴ FE // AB and FE   AB
2
(mid-pt. theorem)
12. In △ACD, ∴ BEFD is a parallelogram.
∵ AF  FC and AG  GD ∴ DFE  DBE (opp. s of // gram)
∴ FG // CD (mid-pt. theorem)  90
∴ ADC  AGF (corr. s, CD // FG) ∴ △DEF is a right-angled triangle.
 35
Reflex BCD  360  x 1
(s at a pt.) (b) DF   BC
∵ ABCD is a quadrilateral. 2
∴ BAD  ABC  reflex BCD  ADC  360 1
  8 cm
( sum of polygon) 2
50  60  (360  x)  35  360  4 cm
1
x  145 FE   AB
2
1
13. (a) In △ABC,   6 cm
2
∵ D and E are the mid-points
 3 cm
of AB and BC respectively.
1
∴
1
DE   AC mid-pt. theorem Area of △DEF   FE  DF
2 2
1
1
4 cm   AC   3  4 cm 2
2 2
AC  8 cm  6 cm 2
∵ AC  CG  8 cm
∴ C is the mid-point of AG.

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Mathematics in Action (3rd Edition) 3A Full Solutions

16. (a) In △BFC, 18. In △ADC,

∵ BD  DF and CH  HF ∵ AB  BD and N is the
1 mid-point of CD.
∴ DH   BC (mid-pt. theorem)
2 1
∴ BN // AC and BN   AC mid-pt. theorem
In △ADE, 2
∵ AB  BD and AC  CE ∵ AB  AC given
1
∴ BC   DE (mid-pt. theorem) ∴ BN   AB
1
2 2
DE  2 BC
∵ M is the mid-point of AB.
HE  DE  DH
1
1 ∴ BM   AB  BN
 2 BC  BC 2
2
∵ AB  AC given
3
 BC ∴ ABC  ACB base s, isos. △
2
1 ∵ NBC  ACB alt. s, BN // AC
BC ∴ ABC  NBC
DH 2
∴ 
HE 3 BC In △CMB and △CNB,
2 BM  BN proved

1 MBC  NBC proved
3 BC  BC common side
∴ DH : HE  1 : 3 ∴ △CMB  △CNB SAS
CM  CN corr. sides, △s
(b) ∵ DH : HE  1: 3 ∵ N is the mid-point of CD.
5 cm 1
∴  ∴ CM  CD
1
HE 3 2
HE  15 cm
i.e. CD  2CM
In △CFG,
∵ CH  HF and CE  EG
Exercise 5F (p. 5.61)
1
∴ HE   FG (mid-pt. theorem) Level 1
2 1. ∵ AB // CD // EF and BD  DF
1
15 cm   FG ∴ CE  AC (intercept theorem)
2 x3
FG  30 cm
2. In △ACD,
17. Join BD.
∵ AB  BC and BE // CD
∴ AE  ED (intercept theorem)
y4

3. ∵ QXY  QPR  50

∴ XY // PR (corr. s equal)
∵ QX  XP and XY // PR
In △ABD, ∴ QY  YR (intercept theorem)
∵ E and H are the mid-points 1
of AB and AD respectively. ∴ QY   QR
2
1
∴ EH // BD and EH   BD mid-pt. theorem 1
2 a   18
2
In △BCD, 9
∵ F and G are the mid-points
∵ YR  QY
of BC and DC respectively.
1
∴ ba
∴ FG // BD and FG   BD mid-pt. theorem 9
2
∴ EH // FG and EH  FG
∴ EFGH is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal and // 4. ∵ AB // CD // EF // GH and AC  CE  EG
∴ BD  DF  FH  5 cm (intercept theorem)
DH  DF  FH
x 55
 10

98
 5 Quadrilaterals

5. In △BFG, (b) In △ABE,

∵ BE  EG and DE // FG ∵ AG  GE and DG // BE
∴ DF  BD (intercept theorem) ∴ AD  BD (intercept theorem)
p2 18 cm
BD 
∵ DE // FG // CA and EG  GA 2
∴ FC  DF (intercept theorem)  9 cm
q p ∵ AG  GE and AD  DB
2 ∴
1
DG   BE (mid-pt. theorem)
2
6. In △ACF, 1
  8 cm
∵ AB  BC and BG // CF 2
∴ AG  GF (intercept theorem)  4 cm
y3
10. (a) In △PQR,
EF  AE  AG  GF
∵ QC  CP and RN  NP
z  12  y  3
∴ CN // QR mid-pt. theorem
 12  3  3
In △ACB,
6 ∵ AQ  QC and MQ // BC
In △ADE, ∴ AM  BM intercept theorem
∵ AF  (3  3) cm  6 cm  FE and CF // DE
∴ CD  AC (intercept theorem) (b) In △ACB,
x  22 ∵ AQ  QC and AM  MB
4 1
∴ MQ  BC mid-pt. theorem
2
7. In △ABC,
11. In △ABF,
∵ AM  MB and MN // BC
∵ BD  DF and BA// DC
∴ AN  NC (intercept theorem)
∴ AC  CF intercept theorem
∵ AC  6 cm
∵ BD  DF and AC  CF
6
∴ AN  cm 1
2 ∴ CD   AB mid-pt. theorem
 3 cm 2
In △AND, AB  2CD 
∵ DP  PN and AD // QP In △BFE,
∵ BD  DF and DC // FE
∴ AQ  QN (intercept theorem)
∴ BC  CE intercept theorem
∵ AN  3 cm
∵ BD  DF and BC  CE
3
∴ QN  cm 1
2 ∴ CD   EF mid-pt. theorem
2
 1.5 cm
EF  2CD 
∴ AB  EF from  and 
8. In △ACE,
∵ AF  FE and BF // CE Level 2
∴ AB  BC (intercept theorem) 12. In △ACE,
In △ADE, ∵ AB  BC and BD // CE
∵ AF  FE and CF // DE ∴ DE  AD (intercept theorem)
∴ AC  CD (intercept theorem) a3
∵ AB  BC
In △AGJ,
∴ CD  2 AB
∵ AH  HJ and FH // GJ
∵ BD  12 cm
∴ AF  FG (intercept theorem)
∴ BC  CD  12 cm
b4
AB  2 AB  12 cm
3 AB  12 cm In △AEG,
∵ AD  DE and AF  FG
AB  4 cm
1
∴ DF   EG (mid-pt. theorem)
2
9. (a) In △AEC,
1
∵ F and G are the mid-points of AC and AE 2  c
2
respectively.
c4
∴ GF // EC (mid-pt. theorem)
i.e. DF // BC

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Mathematics in Action (3rd Edition) 3A Full Solutions

13. ∵ BA // CF // DE and BC  CD 1
∴ QE   PA (mid-pt. theorem)
∴ AF  FE (intercept theorem) 2
x5 1
QD  4 cm   12 cm
In △ABE, 2
∵ EF  FA and GF // BA QD  4 cm  6 cm
∴ EG  GB (intercept theorem) QD  2 cm
∵ EF  FA and EG  GB
1 16. (a) In △AMN and △BMN,
∴ FG   AB (mid-pt. theorem)
2 AMN  ABC corr. s, MN //BC
1
y   14  90
2 BMN  180  AMN adj. s on st. line
7  90
In △BDE, ∴ AMN  BMN
∵ BC  CD and BG  GE AM  BM given
1 MN  MN common side
∴ CG   DE (mid-pt. theorem) ∴ △AMN  △BMN SAS
2
1
z  8 (b) In △ABC,
2
4 ∵ AM  MB and MN // BC
∴ AN  NC (intercept theorem)
14. In △ACE, ∵ △AMN  △BMN (proved in (a))
∵ AG  GE and GB // EC ∴ NA  NB (corr. sides,  △s)
∴ BC  AB (intercept theorem) ∴ NB  NC
a3 i.e. △BNC is an isosceles triangle.

∵ AG  GE and AB  BC
1 17. (a) ∵ ABD  BDE given
∴ BG   CE (mid-pt. theorem) ∴ AB // DF alt. s equal
2
1 In △ABC,
2  c ∵ BE  EC and AB // DF
2
c4 ∴ AD  CD intercept theorem
In △BDF, (b) In △ABC,
∵ DE  EF and EC // FB ∵ BE  EC and
∴ DC  CB (intercept theorem)
AD  DC
ba 1
∴ DE   AB mid-pt. theorem
3 2
∵ DE  EF and DC  CB AB  2 DE
1 ∵ DE  EF given
∴ CE   BF (mid-pt. theorem) ∴ AB  DF
2
1 ∴ ABFD is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal and //
4   (2  d )
2
18. (a) (i) ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.
82d
∴ AD // BC and
d 6
AE  EC (diags. of // gram)
∵ BCEF is a parallelogram.
15. In △ABC, ∴ FE // BC
∵ D and E are the mid-points of AB and AC In △ABC,
respectively. ∵ AE  EC and GE // BC
1
∴ DE // BC and DE   BC (mid-pt. theorem) ∴ AG  GB (intercept theorem)
2 ∴ AG : GB  1 : 1
1
DE   8 cm (ii) In △ABC,
2
 4 cm ∵ AE  EC and AG  GB
In △APC, 1
∴ GE   BC (mid-pt. theorem)
∵ AE  EC and PA // QE 2
∴ PQ  QC (intercept theorem) ∵ FE  BC (opp. sides of // gram)
∴ FG  GE
∵ AE  EC and PQ  QC
1
  BC
2

100
 5 Quadrilaterals

FG 1 3. x  12  50 (property of rhombus)

∴ 
BC 2 x  38
∴ FG : BC  1 : 2
y  50 (property of rhombus)

(b) ∵ AG  GB and
4. ∵ OA  OB (property of rectangle)
FG  GE proved in (a)
∴ OAB  OBA (base s, isos. △)
∴ AFBE is a
parallelogram. diags. bisect each other  65
In △ABO,
19. Join BC. OAB  OBA  AOB  180 ( sum of △)
Produce EF such that it meets BC at a point G. 65  65  x  180
x  50
AD  BC (property of rectangle)
y  11

5. y  90 (property of square)

OC  OB (property of square)
z 5
In △ACB,
∵ CF  FA and FG // AB 6. ABC  DCB
∴ CG  GB intercept theorem  79
∵ CF  FA and CG  GB BAD  ABC  180 (int. s, AD // BC)
1 x  79  180
∴ FG   AB mid-pt. theorem
2
x  101
In △BDC,
∵ BG  GC and EG // DC
7. (a) ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.
∴ BE  ED intercept theorem
∴ OB  OD and OA  OC
∵ BG  GC and BE  ED
(opp. sides of // gram)
1
∴ EG   DC mid-pt. theorem x  4 and 9  y  y  3
2
2 y  12
EF  EG  FG
y6
1 1
  DC   AB
2 2
1 (b) ∵ ABCD is a rhombus.
  ( DC  AB)
2 ∴ AOB  90 and AB  BC  CD  DA
(property of rhombus)
In △ABO,
Enrichment Topic (p. 5.64)
1. By the property of kite, AB 2  OA2  OB 2 (Pyth. theorem)
x  130 AB  (9  6) 2  4 2 cm
AB  AD
 32  4 2 cm
y  3 .5
 5 cm
Perimeter of ABCD  4  AB
2. By the property of kite,  4  5 cm
x  20  20 cm
y  90
8. ∵ AD  BE and BE  BC given
Check Yourself (p. 5.69) ∴ AD  BC
1. (a)  (b)  ∵ BC  BE given
∴ BCE  BEC  65
(c)  (d)  In △BCE,
BCE  BEC  EBC  180  sum of △
(e)  (f) 
65  65  EBC  180
(g)  (h)  EBC  50
∵ ADB  DBC  50
2. 4 x  x  90 (opp. s of // gram) ∴ AD // BC alt. s equal
3 x  90 ∴ ABCD is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal and //
x  30

101
Mathematics in Action (3rd Edition) 3A Full Solutions

9. ∵ ABCD is a square. 4. ∵ ABCD is a rhombus.

∴ CAD  45 (property of square) ∴ AED  90 (property of rhombus)
∵ AFDE is a rhombus. In △AED,
∴ ADF  67 (property of rhombus) 2 x  3 x  90  180 ( sum of △)
In △AGD, 5 x  90
AGD  ADG  GAD  180 ( sum of △) x  18
AGD  67  45  180
y  2x (property of rhombus)
AGD  68  2  18
 36
10. ∵ EPN  PDC  90 z  3x (property of rhombus)
∴ NP // CD (corr. s equal)  3  18
∵ EP  PD and NP // CD  54
∴ AN  NC (intercept theorem)
 7 cm 5. ∵ ABCD is a rectangle.
In △ABC, ∴ ED  EC (property of rectangle)
∵ AN  NC and AM  MB ∴ EDC  ECD (base s, isos.△)
1
∴ MN   BC (mid-pt. theorem) b
2 In △CDE,
1 ECD  EDC  CED  180 ( sum of △)
 12 cm
2 b  b  80  180
 6 cm 2b  100
b  50
Revision Exercise 5 (p. 5.71)
In △ACD,
Level 1
1. ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.
ADC  90 (property of rectangle)
∴ BCD  BAD (opp. s of // gram) CAD  ACD  ADC  180 ( sum of △)
x  140 a  b  ADC  180
a  50  90  180
BAD  ADC  180 (int. s, BA // CD)
a  40
140  y  180
y  40
6. BCE  y (alt. s, BC // AD)
∴ AD  BC (opp. sides of // gram) In △BCF,
a 3  5 BCF  BFC  CBF  180 ( sum of △)
a 8 y  80  40  180
y  60
2. ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.
BCE  ECD  90 (property of rectangle)
∴ OB  OD (opp. sides of // gram)
60  x  90
y  1  11  y
x  30
2 y  10
y5
7. ∵ ABCD is a square.
∴ OC  OA (opp. sides of // gram) ∴ CED  90 (property of square)
3x  1  y  3 6 x  90
3x  1  5  3 x  15
3x  1  8 ∴ AD  CD (property of square)
3x  9 5y  6  3y  2
x3 2y  4
y2
3. ∵ ABCD is a rhombus.
∴ AD  CD (property of rhombus) 8. ∵ ABCD is a square.
a37 ∴ ACD  45 (property of square)
a4 ACD  DCE  180 (adj. s on st. line)
∴ AED  90 (property of rhombus) 45  x  180
b  30  90 x  135
b  60

102
 5 Quadrilaterals

∴ OA  OB (property of square) 14. ∵ ABCD is a square.

y4 2 ∴ ABD  45 (property of square)
y6 ∵ △AEB is an equilateral triangle.
∴ ABE  60 (prop. of equil. △)
DBE  ABD  ABE
9. In △ACF,
∵ AB  BC and AE  EF  45  60
1  105
∴ BE   CF (mid-pt. theorem)
2 EAB  60 (prop. of equil.△)
1
x  9 BAD  90 (property of square)
2 EAD  EAB  BAD
 4.5  60  90
In △ADG,  150
∵ △AEB is an equilateral triangle.
∵ AC  ( 4  4) cm  8 cm  CD and
∴ EA  AB
AF  (3  3) cm  6 cm  FG
Also, AB  AD (property of square)
1
∴ CF   DG (mid-pt. theorem) ∴ EA  AD
2 ∴ ADE  AED (base s, isos.△)
1
9 y In △AED,
2 EAD  ADE  AED  180 ( sum of △)
y  18
150  2ADE  180
ADE  15
10. ∵ AE // BF // CG and AB  BC
ADB  45 (property of square)
∴ EF  FG (intercept theorem)
BDE  ADB  ADE
2x  3  4x  5
 45  15
2x  8
x4  30

FG  (4 x  5) cm
15. ∵ AEDF is a rhombus.
 (4  4  5) cm
 11 cm ∴ AF  DF (property of rhombus)
∵ BF // CG // DH and FG  11 cm  GH ∴ FAD  FDA (base s, isos. △)
∴ CD  BC (intercept theorem) In △ADF,
AFD  FAD  FDA  180 ( sum of △)
y5
122  2FAD  180
11. In △BCD, 2FAD  58
∵ DF  FC and EF // BC FAD  29
∴ DE  EB (intercept theorem) EAD  FAD (property of rhombus)
x3  29
In △ACD, ADC  90 (property of rectangle)
∵ DF  FC and AD// EF In △ACD,
∴ AE  EC (intercept theorem) CAD  ACD  ADC  180 ( sum of △)
y2 29  ACD  90  180
ACD  61
12. ∵ AB  AE
∴ ABE  AEB (base s, isos. △) 16.
In △ABE,
BAE  ABE  AEB  180 ( sum of △)
30  2ABE  180
2ABE  150
ABE  75
∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.
∴ ADC  ABC (opp. s of // gram)
 75

13. By the property of kite,

CED  90 With the notations in the figure,
x  90 OA  OC and OB  OD (property of rhombus)
BAE  DAE
y  35

103
Mathematics in Action (3rd Edition) 3A Full Solutions

24 19. (a) ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.

OA  cm
2 ∴ BAD  DCB ,
 12 cm ABC  ADC , opp. s of // gram
In △AOD, AB  CD and AD  BC opp. sides of // gram
OA2  OD 2  AD 2 (Pyth. theorem) ∵ BE and FD are the angle
bisectors of ABC and
OD  20  122 cm
2
ADC respectively.
 16 cm ∴ ABE  CBE  ADF
BD  2  OD  CDF
 2  16 cm In △AEB and △CFD,
 32 cm ABE  CDF proved
∴ The length of another diagonal of the rhombus is AB  CD proved
32 cm. BAE  DCF proved
∴ △AEB  △CFD ASA
17. (a) ∵ AQDR is a rectangle.
∴ ARD  90 (property of rectangle) (b) ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.
In △ADR, ∴ AD  BC and AD  BC
AD 2  AR 2  DR 2 (Pyth. theorem) ∵ △AEB  △CFD proved in (a)
AD  AR  DR
2 2 ∴ AE  CF corr. sides, △s
ED  AD  AE
 3 2  4 2 cm  BC  CF
 5 cm  BF
∵ ABCD is a rhombus. ∴ BFDE is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal
∴ AB  BC = CD  AD  5 cm and //
∴ Perimeter of ABCD  AB  BC  CD  AD
 (5  5  5  5) cm 20. (a) In △ABP and △CDQ,
 20 cm ABP  CDQ alt. s, AB // DC
∵ APQ  CQP given
(b) ∵ AQDR is a rectangle. ∴ APB  180  APQ adj. s on st. line
∴ DQ  AR  3 cm and  180  CQP
AQ  DR  4 cm (property of rectangle)  CQD adj. s on st. line
∵ ABCD is a rhombus. AB  CD opp. sides of // gram
∴ CQ  AQ  4 cm and ∴ △ABP  △CDQ AAS
BQ  DQ  3 cm (property of rhombus)
∵ BPCQ is a rectangle. (b) ∵ APQ  CQP given
∴ CP  BQ  3 cm and ∴ AP // QC alt. s equal
   BP  CQ  4 cm (property of rectangle) ∵ △ABP  △CDQ proved in (a)
Area of ABPCDR = 6  area of △ADR ∴ AP  CQ corr. sides, △s
1 ∴ APCQ is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal and //
 6   AR  DR
2
1 21. (a) In △AED and CFB,
 6   3  4 cm 2
2 AD  CB property of square
 36 cm 2 BAD  BCD  90 property of square
∵ △ABE  △CDF given
18. (a) ∵ △ABE is an equilateral triangle. ∴ BAE  DCF corr. s, △s
EAD  BAE  BAD
∴ BAE  ABE  AEB  60
(prop. of equil. △)  DCF  BCD
In quadrilateral ABCD,  FCB
BAD  ABC  BCD  ADC  360 AE  CF corr. sides, △s
( sum of polygon) ∴ △AED  △CFB SAS
(60  40)  (60  20)  100  ADC  360 ∴ BF  ED corr. sides, △s
100  80  100  ADC  360
ADC  80 (b) ∵ △ABE  △CDF (given)
∴ BE  FD (corr. sides, △s)
∴ BFDE is a parallelogram. (opp. sides equal)
(b) BAD  60  40  100
∴ Daniel’s claim is incorrect.
ABC  60  20  80
∵ BAD  BCD and
ABC  ADC
∴ ABCD is a parallelogram. opp. s equal

104
 5 Quadrilaterals

22. (a) ∵ BCHG is a parallelogram. ∵ BDF  FDE (given)

∴ GB  HC  7 cm (opp. sides of // gram) 1
In △AFB, ∴ BDF   BDE
2
∵ AE  EF and EG // FB 1
  144
∴ AG  GB (intercept theorem) 2
AB  AG  GB  72
 (7  7) cm DOA  90 (property of rhombus)
In △DOF,
 14 cm
AFD  DOA  BDF (ext.  of △)
 90  72
(b) In △AFB,  18
∵ AE  EF and AG  GB
1
∴ EG   FB (mid-pt. theorem) 25. ∵ ABCD is a square.
2 ∴ DBC  45 (property of square)
1
2 cm   FB ∵ BF // CE (property of rhombus)
2 ∴ BCE  180  DBC (int.∠s, BF // CE)
FB  4 cm  180  45
∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.
 135
∴ BC  AD  6 cm (opp. sides of // gram) ∵ AB  BC  CD  DA (property of square)
FC  FB  BC
DC  CE  EF  FD (property of rhombus)
 ( 4  6) cm ∴ BC  CE
 10 cm ∴ EBC  BEC (base s, isos. △)
In △BCE,
23. (a) ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram. BCE  EBC  BEC  180 ( sum of △)
∴ AB  DC  10 cm and AD  BC  12 cm 135  2EBC  180
(opp. sides of // gram)
EBC  22.5
MB  AB  AM
DBG  DBC  EBC
 (10  5) cm
 45  22.5
 5 cm  22.5
AN  AD  ND
 (12  6) cm
26. ∵ △BCG is an equilateral triangle.
 6 cm ∴ CG  GB  BC
∵ AM  MB and AN  ND
Also, BC  CD (property of square)
1 ∴ CD  CG
∴ MN // BD and MN   BD
2 ∴ CDG  CGD (base s, isos.△)
(mid-pt. theorem) ∵ BCG  60 (prop. of equil.△)
∴ BDNM is a trapezium.
DCB  90 (property of square)
∴ DCG  DCB  BCG
1
(b) MN   BD  90  60
2
 30
BD  2MN
In △CDG,
∵ Perimeter of BDNM = 38 cm
DCG  CDG  CGD  180 ( sum of △)
∴ MN  MB  BD  ND  38 cm
30  2CDG  180
MN  5 cm  2MN  6 cm  38 cm
CDG  75
3MN  11 cm  38 cm
CDB  45 (property of square)
3MN  27 cm GDB  CDG  CDB
MN  9 cm  75  45
 30
Level 2
24. ∵ ABCD is a rhombus.
27. (a) ∵ KB  KC (property of rectangle)
∴ ADB  CBD  ABD (property of rhombus)
∴ KBC  KCB (base s, isos.△)
∴ ADB  ABD  24
1 In △BCK,
  ABC
2 BKC  180  KBC  KCB ( sum of△)
1
  72  180  24  24
2  132
 36 AKD  BKC  132 (vert. opp. s)
BDE  180  ADB (adj. s on st. line) AKE  60 (prop. of equil.△)
 180  36
 144
105
Mathematics in Action (3rd Edition) 3A Full Solutions

EKD  AKD  AKE Perimeter of parallelogram ABCD

 132  60  AB  BC  CD  AD
 72  (7.5  15  7.5  15) cm
 45 cm
(b) ∵ △AKE is an equilateral triangle.
∴ EAK  60 (prop. of equil. △) 29. In △ADQ and △CBP,
DAK  ACB (alt. s, AD // BC) ADB  CBD alt. s, AD // BC
 24 ADQ  180  ADB adj. s on st. line
EAD  EAK  DAK  180  CBD
 60  24  CBP adj. s on st. line
 36 AD  CB opp. sides of // gram
∵ △AKE is an equilateral triangle. DQ  BP given
∴ KA  KE ∴ △ADQ  △CBP SAS
Also, KA  KD (property of rectangle) ∴ AQ  CP corr. sides,  △s
∴ KE  KD
AQD  CPB corr. s,  △s
∴ KED  KDE (base s, isos.△)
∴ AQ // PC alt. s equal
In △DEK,
∴ APCQ is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal and //
EKD  KDE  KED  180 ( sum of △)
72  2KDE  180 30. ∵ ABCDE is a regular pentagon.
KDE  54 ∴ ABC  BCD
KDA  KBC (alt. s, AD // BC) (5  2)  180
 24 
5
EDA  KDE  KDA
 108
 54  24 ∵ AB  CB
 30 ∴ BAC  BCA base s, isos. △
∵ EAD  EDA In △ABC,
∴ △AED is not an isosceles triangle. ABC  BCA  BAC  180  sum of △
∴ Philip’s claim is incorrect.
108  2BCA  180
28. (a) Let CBE  a and BCE  b. 2BCA  72
ABE  CBE  a given BCA  36
DCE  BCE  b given ∵ BCDF is a rhombus.
∴ BCF  DCF property of rhombus
ABC  BCD  180 int. s, AB // DC
108
2a  2b  180 
2
a  b  90
 54
In △BCE,
FCG  BCF  BCA
BEC  BCE  CBE  180  sum of △
 54  36
BEC  a  b  180
 18
BEC  90  180 GCD  GCF  DCF
BEC  90  18  54
∴ △BEC is a right-angled
 72
triangle.
BGC  GCD alt. s, BF // CD
(b) In △BCE,  72
BC 2  BE 2  CE 2 FCG  BGC  18  72
(Pyth. theorem)
 90
BC  BE  CE
2 2

 12 2  9 2 cm 31. (a) In △BCE and △BGA,

GBE  CBA  90 property of rectangle
 15 cm
CBE  CBG  GBE
AD  BC  15 cm (opp. sides of // gram)
∵ DEC  BCE (alt. s, DE // CB)  CBG  CBA
and DCE  BCE  GBA
∴ DCE  DEC ∵ ABCD and BEFG are
∴ DC  DE (sides opp. equal s) two identical rectangles.
∴ BA  BE and BG  BC
 7.5 cm
∴ △BCE  △BGA SAS
AB  DC  7.5 cm (opp. sides of // gram)

106
 5 Quadrilaterals

(b) ∵ △BCE  △BGA (proved in (a)) in △PED and △QEB,

∴ BCE  BGA (corr. s,  △s) ∵ PD // BQ property of rectangle
BPG  180  PBQ  BGA ( sum of △ ) ∴ DPE  BQE alt. s, PD // BQ
 180  PBQ  BCE PED  QEB vert. opp. s
 BQC ( sum of △ ) ED  EB given
∴ BQC  107 ∴ △PED  △QEB AAS
∴ PE  QE corr. sides, △s
and ED  EB given
32. (a) (i) In △ABC and △AFE,
∴ BQDP is a parallelogram. diags. bisect each other
BAC  FAE common angle
In △PED and △PEB,
ABC  90 property of square
PED  PEB  90 given
 AFE given
ED  EB given
AC  AE given
PE  PE common side
∴ △ABC  △AFE AAS
∴ △PED  △PEB SAS
∴ PD  PB corr. sides, △s
(ii) In △ABG and △AFG,
Also, PD  BQ and PB  QD opp. sides of // gram
ABG  AFG  90 proved in (i)
∴ PD  QD  BQ  PB
∵ △ABC  △AFE proved in (i)
∴ BQDP is a parallelogram
∴ AB  AF corr. sides,  △s
with four equal sides.
AG  AG common side
∴ BQDP is a rhombus.
∴ △ABG  △AFG RHS
35. (a) In △OCD and △OQP,
(b) BAC  45 (property of square) COD  QOP common angle
∵ △ABG  △AFG (proved in (a)(ii))
∵ CO  DO property of rectangle
∴ BAG  FAG (corr. s, △s)
and CQ  DP given
1
  BAC ∴ QO  CO  CQ
2
 DO  DP
1
  45  PO
2
 22.5 ∴
CO DO

In △ABG, QO PO
AGB  BAG  ABG  180 ( sum of △) ∴ △OCD ~ △OQP ratio of 2 sides, inc. 
AGB  22.5  90  180 ∴ OCD  OQP corr. s, ~△s
AGB  67.5 ∴ DC // PQ corr. s equal
Also, AB // DC property of rectangle
∴ AB // PQ
33. (a) In △ACE and △DBF,
AE  DF given
(b) In △AOP and △BOQ,
∵ OA  OD property of rectangle
PO  QO (proved in (a))
∴ CAE  BDF base s, isos. △ AOP  BOQ (vert. opp. s)
AC  DB property of rectangle AO  BO (property of rectangle)
∴ △ACE  △DBF SAS ∴ △AOP  △BOQ (SAS)
∴ ACE  DBF corr. s, △s ∴ AP  BQ (corr. sides, △s)
∵ ABQP is a quadrilateral with AB // PQ and
(b) In △ACE, AP  BQ.
NEF  CAE  ACE ext.  of △ ∴ ABQP is an isosceles trapezium.
In △DBF,
NFE  BDF  DBF ext.  of △ 36. In △ABC,
∴ NEF  NFE ∵ M and N are the mid-points
∴ NE  NF sides opp. equal s of AB and AC respectively.
i.e. △NEF is an isosceles ∴ MN // BC and
triangle. 1
MN   BC mid-pt. theorem
2
34. With the notation in the figure, In △BCD,
∵ P and Q are the mid-points
of CD and BD respectively.
∴ QP // BC and
1
QP   BC mid-pt. theorem
2
∵ QP  MN and QP // MN
∴ MNPQ is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal and //
∴ MQ  NP opp. sides of // gram
107
Mathematics in Action (3rd Edition) 3A Full Solutions

37. (a) (i) In △APR and△CQR, 1

 AQ  h
AR  CR given Area of △ APQ 2

ARP  CRQ vert. opp. s Area of △ QCD 1  RQ  h
PAR  QCR alt. s, AP // QC 2
∴ △APR  △CQR ASA 
AQ
RQ
(ii) ∵ △APR  △CQR proved in (i) AR  RQ

∴ PA  QC corr. sides, △s RQ
and BQ  QC given 2 RQ  RQ
∴ PA  BQ 
RQ
Also, AP // BQ given
∴ ABQP is a 3RQ
opp. sides equal and // 
parallelogram. RQ
3
(b) In △ADE, ∴ Area of △APQ : area of △QCD  3 : 1
∵ B and C are the mid-points of AD and AE
respectively.
39. (a) In △ABD,
1
∴ BC   DE (mid-pt. theorem) ∵ AE  EB and AD// EG
2
∴ DG  GB intercept theorem
DE  2 BC
∵ AE  EB and DG  GB
∵ BQ  QC
1
∴ BC  2 BQ ∴ EG   AD mid-pt. theorem
2
 2 AP
In △BCD,
∴ DE  2 BC
∵ DG  GB and GF // BC
 4 AP ∴ DF  FC intercept theorem
AP 1 ∵ DG  GB and DF  FC

DE 4 1
∴ AP : DE  1 : 4 ∴ GF   BC mid-pt. theorem
2
∴ EF  EG  GF
38. (a) In △PQR and △DQC, 1 1
QPR  QDC alt. s, PR // CD   AD   BC
2 2
PQ  DQ given 1
 ( AD  BC )
PQR  DQC vert. opp. s 2
∴ △PQR  △DQC ASA
(b) (i) ∵ AP  PB and PR // BC (b) In △ABC,
∴ AR  RC (intercept theorem) ∵ AE  EB and EH // BC
∵ △PQR  △DQC (proved in (a)) ∴ AH  HC intercept theorem
∴ RQ  CQ (corr. sides, △s) ∵ AE  EB and AH  HC
1 1
  RC ∴ EH   BC mid-pt. theorem
2 2
1
AR

RC EG  GH   BC
RQ 1  RC 2
1
2 GH   BC  EG
2 2
∴ AR : RQ  2 : 1 In △ABD,
∵ AE  EB and EG // AD
∴ DG  GB intercept theorem
(ii)
∵ AE  EB and DG  GB
1
∴ EG   AD mid-pt. theorem
2
1 1
∴ GH   BC   AD
2 2
1
  ( BC  AD)
2

Let h be the height of △APQ and △PQR.

Area of △QCD = area of △PQR

108
 5 Quadrilaterals

Multiple Choice Questions (p. 5.77) ∴ BCE  180  ABC (int. s, EC // AB)
1. Answer: C  180  100
BC  AD (opp. sides of // gram)  80
∵ AD  BE BCD  BCE  ECD
∴ BC  BE  80  60
∴ BCE  BEC (base s, isos. △)  140
 35 ∵ △CDE is an equilateral triangle.
In △BCF, ∴ EC  CD  DE
FBC  BCF  AFC (ext.  of △) Also, AB  BC  CE  EA (property of rhombus)
FBC  35  100 ∴ DE  EA and CD  CB
FBC  65 ∴ EDA  EAD and
i.e. ABC  65 CDB  CBD (base s, isos.△)
In △AED,
AED  EDA  EAD  180 ( sum of △)
2. Answer: D
BCD  x (opp. s of // gram) 160  2EDA  180
CBF  z (opp. s of // gram) EDA  10
BGC  y (vert. opp. s) In △BCD,
In △BCG, BCD  CBD  CDB  180 ( sum of △)
BCG  BGC  CBG  180 ( sum of △) 140  2CDB  180
x  y  z  180 CDB  20
y  180  x  z ADB  EDC  EDA  CDB
 60  10  20
3. Answer: B  30
ADC  90 (property of rectangle)
In △ACD, Alternative Solution
Construct BF such that BF // AD.
AC  AD  CD
2 2 2
(Pyth. theorem)
AC  2  7 cm
2 2

 53 cm
ACF  90 and
AC  CF  53 cm (property of square)
In △ACF,
AF 2  AC 2  CF 2 (Pyth. theorem)

AF  ( 53 )  ( 53 ) 2 cm
2 Let EAD  a and CBD  b.
∵ AE // BC (property of rhombus)
 10.3 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) ∴ a  DAB  100  180 (int. s, AE // BC)
DAB  80  a
4. Answer: C DAB  ABF  180 (int. s, AD // BF)
AEC  ECD  180 (int. s, EA // CD)
(80  a)  (100  CBF )  180
125  ECD  180
CBF  a
ECD  55 ADB  CBD  CBF (alt. s, AD // BF)
BDC  45 (property of square)
ba
In △CDF,
∵ △CDE is an equilateral triangle.
CFD  FCD  FDC  180 ( sum of △)
∴ EC  CD  DE
CFD  55  45  180 Also, AB  BC  CE  EA (property of rhombus)
CFD  80 ∴ DE  EA and CD  CB
∴ EDA  EAD  a and
5. Answer: C CDB  CBD  b (base s, isos. △)
∵ △CDE is an equilateral triangle. ∵ CDE  60 (prop. of equil.△)
∴ CED  ECD  EDC  60 (prop. of equil.△) ∴ EDA  ADB  CDB  60
∵ ABCE is a rhombus. a  (b  a )  b  60
∴ AEC  ABC (property of rhombus) 2b  2a  60
 100
b  a  30
AED  AEC  CED
 100  60 ∴ ADB  b  a
 160  30
∵ EC // AB (property of rhombus)

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Mathematics in Action (3rd Edition) 3A Full Solutions

6. Answer: A DE  DE (common side)

OA  OC , OB  OD ∴ △ADE  △CDE (SSS)
and AOB  90 (property of rhombus) ∴ III must be true.
1 ∴ The answer is D.
OA   AC
2
1 10. Answer: A
  16 cm For I:
2
AEB  BED  180 (adj. s on st. line)
 8 cm
In △AOB, AEB  120  180
OA2  OB 2  AB 2 (Pyth. theorem) AEB  60
∵ AB  BE
OB  17 2  82 cm ∴ BAE  AEB (base s, isos. △)
 15 cm  60
Area of ABCD = 4  area of △AOB In △ABE,
1
 4   OA  OB ABE  AEB  BAE  180 ( sum of △)
2 ABE  60  60  180
1
 4   8  15 cm2 ABE  60
2 ∵ ABE  AEB  BAE  60
 240 cm2 ∴ AB  BE  AE
∴ △ABE is an equilateral triangle.
7. Answer: B ∴ I must be true.
∵ The interior angles of a rhombus may not be all For II:
equal. It is not necessary that BCDE is a parallelogram because
∴ It is incorrect that any rhombus must be a regular BE may not be parallel to CD.
polygon. ∴ II may be false.
For III:
8. Answer: D It is not necessary that ABCE is a rhombus because BC
and EC may not equal to AB.
∴ III may be false.
∴ The answer is A.

11. Answer: B
In △ADE,
∵ AB  BD and AC  CE
1
∴ BC // DE and BC   DE (mid-pt. theorem)
2
1
With the notation in the figure, 2.5 cm   DE
2
∵ AD  AB DE  5 cm
∴ ADB  ABD (base s, isos. △) In △AHI,
 23 ∵ AD  DH and AE  EI
By the property of kite, 1
AED  90 ∴ DE // HI and DE   HI (mid-pt. theorem)
2
In △AED, 1
a  AED  ADE  180 ( sum of △) 5 cm   HI
2
a  90  23  180 HI  10 cm
a  67
12. Answer: A
9. Answer: D ∵ P and R are the mid-points of AB and CA
For I, respectively.
by the property of kite, ∴ PR// BC (mid-pt. theorem)
AC  BD APR  x and ARP  y (corr. s, PR // BC)
∴ I must be true. ∵ P and Q are the mid-points of AB and BC
For II, respectively.
by the property of kite, ∴ PQ // AC (mid-pt. theorem)
BAE  BCE
RPQ  ARP  y (alt. s, AR // PQ)
∴ II must be true.
APQ  APR  RPQ
For III,
in △ADE and △CDE,  x y
AE  CE (given)
AD  CD (property of rhombus)

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 5 Quadrilaterals

13. Answer: A BAD  ABC  180 (int. s, AD // BC)

In △ABC, (85  CAD)  (25  CAD)  180
∵ AQ  QC and PQ // BC 2CAD  70
∴ AP  PB (intercept theorem) CAD  35
∴ I must be true.
∵ AQ  QC and AP  PB
2. ∵ AD  DE
1
∴ PQ   BC (intercept theorem) ∴ DAE  DEA (base s, isos. △)
2
In △AED,
BC  2 PQ
ADE  DAE  DEA  180 ( sum of △)
∴ II must be true.
64  2DAE  180
For III,
in △ACD, DAE  58
∵ AR  RD and AQ  QC ACB  DAC (alt. s, AD // BC)
∴ QR // CD (mid-pt. theorem)  58
AQR  ACD (corr. s, QR // CD) In △BCE,
CBE  ECB  AEB (ext.  of △)
∵ It is not necessary that AC  AD .
∴ ACD  ADC may not be true. CBE  58  89
∴ AQR  ADC may not be true. CBE  31
∴ The answer is A.
3. In △BCG and △DCH,
14. Answer: D ∵ CE and CF divide BCD
∵ BG : GC  3 :1 into three equal parts.
BG ∴ BCG  DCH
∴ 3
GC ∵ ABCD is a rhombus.
BG  3GC ∴ BC  DC property of rhombus
In △BGE, ∴ CBG  CDH property of rhombus
∵ EA  AB and AF // BG ∴ △BCG  △DCH ASA
∴ EF  FG (intercept theorem) ∴ CG  CH corr. sides, △s
∵ EA  AB and EF  FG CHG  CGH base s, isos. △
1 x
∴ AF   BG (mid-pt. theorem)
2 CHG  FHG  180 adj. s on st. line
1
  3GC x  y  180
2

3GC 4. ∵ EB : BC  3 : 2
2 ∴ Let EB  3x and BC  2 x .
BC  AD (opp. sides of // gram) In △BEF and △CED,
BG  GC  AF  FD EBF  ECD (corr. s, AB // DC)
3GC EFB  EDC (corr. s, AB // DC)
3GC  GC   FD
2 BEF  CED (common angle)
5GC ∴ △BEF ~ △CED (AAA)
FD  FB BE
2 ∴  (corr. sides, ~△s)
FD 5 DC CE

GC 2 FB 3x

∴ FD : GC  5 : 2 DC 3 x  2 x
FB 3

DC 5
Exam Corner
3
FB  DC
5
Exam-type Questions (p. 5.80) AB  DC (opp. sides of // gram)
AF  FB  DC
1. ACB  CAD (alt. s, AD // BC)
3
DCB  25  ACB AF  DC  DC
5
 25  CAD
2
∵ ABCD is a trapezium with AD // BC . AF  DC
5
∴ ABC  DCB
AF 2
 25  CAD 
DC 5
∴ AF : DC  2 : 5

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Mathematics in Action (3rd Edition) 3A Full Solutions

5. (a) In △BCF and △DCF, Do and Investigate (p. 5.82)

BC  DC (property of square)
BCF  DCF  45 (property of square) 1.
CF  CF (common side)
∴ △BCF  △DCF (SAS)

(b) CDF  CBF (corr. s, △s)

 77
DCF  45 (property of square)
In △CDF,
AFD  CDF  DCF (ext.  of △)
 77  45
 122

6. ∵ AD is a median of △ABC.
∴ BD  DC 2.
∵ ADG  CED
∴ GD// FC alt. s equal
In △AGD,
∵ AE  ED and FE // GD
∴ AF  FG intercept theorem
In △BCF,
∵ CD  DB and FC // GD Join BD.
∴ FG  GB intercept theorem ∵ AE  EB and AH  HD
∴ AF  FG  GB 1
∴ EH  BD and EH // BD mid-pt. theorem 
2
7. (a) In △ACD, ∵ CF  FB and CG  GD
∵ DN  NC and AD // ON 1
∴ FG  BD and FG // BD mid-pt. theorem 
∴ AO  OC intercept theorem 2
In △ABC, ∴ EH  FG and EH // FG from  and 
∵ AO  OC and BM  MC ∴ EFGH is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal and //
∴ BA// MO mid-pt. theorem
∵ AD // BO and BA// OD 3. (a) yes, rectangle
∴ ABOD is a parallelogram.
(b) yes, rhombus
(b) In △ACD,
(c) yes, square
∵ DN  NC and AO  OC
1 (d) yes, rhombus
∴ ON   AD (mid-pt. theorem)
2
∵ BO  AD (opp. sides of // gram)
1
∴ ON   BO
2
BO
2
ON
∴ BO : ON  2 : 1

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