CHAPTER

Magnetic Effects of
13
Electric Current
13.1 Magnetic Field and Field Lines 13.4 Electric Motor
13.2 Magnetic Field Due to a Current-Carrying 13.5 Electromagnetic Induction
Conductor
13.6 Electric Generator
13.3 Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor in
a Magnetic Field 13.7 Domestic Electric Circuits

Topicwise Analysis of Last 10 Years’ CBSE Board Questions (2020-2011)

7
VSA
Number of questions →

6 SA I
SA II
5 LA
4

0
13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7
Topic →

8 Maximum weightage is of Magnetic Field Due to Magnetic Field Due to a Current-Carrying Conductor.
a Current-Carrying Conductor. 8 Maximum VSA type questions were asked from
8 Maximum SA II type questions were asked from Electromagnetic Induction.

QUICK RECAP
8 Magnet : A piece of iron or other material – Always aligns itself in north-south
which has its component atoms so ordered direction.
that the material exhibits properties of
8 Magnetic field : Space around a magnet
magnetism and aligning itself in an external
where its influence can be experienced by
magnetic field.
another magnet.
X Properties of a magnet
– Attracts material like iron, nickel and 8 Magnetic field lines : Curved imaginary
cobalt. lines used to show the magnetic field in a
– Attraction is maximum at its poles. given region.
These topics are not a part of the Board Examination 2020-21 syllabus.
Magnetic Effects of Electric Current 259

X Magnetic fields are closed continuous 8 Right-hand thumb rule :

curves directed from north pole to south pole X The straight thumb of right hand points in
outside the magnet but from south pole to the direction of electric current.
north pole inside the magnet. X The direction of the curl of fingers represents
the direction of magnetic field.

Magnetic
field
Current

Right-hand thumb rule

8 Magnetic field due to a circular coil

X Tangent at any point on the magnetic field
carrying current:
line gives the direction of magnetic field at
X The magnetic field lines are nearly circular
that point.
X Magnetic fields are closer together at the and concentric.
poles and far apart at the centre. X Field lines are in the same direction in the

X Never intersect each other as magnetic field space enclosed by the coil.
cannot have two directions at one point. X Field lines are nearly straight and parallel at
the centre.
8 Magnetic field due to a straight conductor
X Direction of magnetic field at the centre is
carrying current : The magnetic field due
perpendicular to the plane of the coil.
to a straight conductor carrying current is
X Magnetic field is maximum at its centre.
in the form of concentric magnetic lines of
force, whose centre lies on the conductor.
These magnetic lines of force lie in a
plane perpendicular to the plane of linear
conductor.
X Strength of magnetic field produced by a
straight current-carrying wire at a given point
is
– directly proportional to the current
passing through it.
– inversely proportional to the distance of
that point from the wire.
X Strength of magnetic field can be increased by
 
 B → magnetic field  – increasing the number of turns of wire in
I  the coil.
i.e., B ∝  I → current  – increasing the current flowing through
r
r → distance between wire and  the coil.
 point off observation 
  – decreasing the radius of the coil.
S.I. unit of magnetic field is tesla (T). 8 Magnetic field due to a current carrying
1 newton solenoid : An insulated copper wire wound
1 tesla = = 1 N m −1 A −1
1 ampere × 1 metre on a cylindrical cardboard tube such that its
C.G.S. unit of magnetic field is gauss (G). length is greater than its diameter is called a
1 tesla = 104 gauss solenoid.
260 CBSE Champion Science Class 10

X Magnetic field lines are

– Almost uniform inside the solenoid and
are directed from south pole to north
pole.
– Non-uniform outside the solenoid and
are directed from north pole to south
pole.

X Strength of magnetic field can be increased

by
– increasing the number of turns in the
solenoid.
– increasing the strength of current. 8 Electric motor :
– using soft iron rod as core. X Device which converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy.
8 Force on a current-carrying conductor
X Works on the principle that a current-
in a magnetic field : When a current-
carrying conductor placed perpendicular to
carrying wire is placed in a magnetic field,
the magnetic field, experiences a force.
it experiences a magnetic force that depends
on 8 Electromagnetic induction : The
X Current flowing in the conductor phenomenon in which electric current is
X Magnetic field generated by varying magnetic fields is called
X Length of the conductor electromagnetic induction.
X Angle between the element of length and the
magnetic field.
i.e.,
F = BIl sinq F → Force
B → Magnetic field
I → Current
l → Length of the conductor
q = angle between element of
length and magnetic field

8 Fleming’s left-hand rule : The direction of

the force experienced by a current-carrying
conductor placed in a magnetic field is
determined by Fleming’s left-hand rule, i.e.,
Magnetic Effects of Electric Current 261

8 Fleming’s right-hand rule : Direction of 8 Electric generator :

induced current in a conductor is determined X A device which converts mechanical energy
by Fleming’s right-hand rule. into electrical energy.
X Works on the principle of electromagnetic
induction.
8 Domestic electric circuits :
X To supply electric power from one place to
another place, three wires i.e., phase wire or
live wire (insulation of red colour), neutral
wire (insulation of black color) and earth
wire (insulation of green color) are used.
X Each appliance has equal potential difference
as they are connected parallel to each other.

8 Electric fuse : A safety device used to save X 5 A current rating fuses are used for
the electrical appliances from burning when appliances with lower power ratings.
large amount of current flows in the circuit.
8 Overloading : The condition at which a
X Made of a material of low melting point.
large amount of current is flowing through
X Works on the principle of heating effect of
current. the circuit and at the same time the appliances
Glass tube are switched on then the total current drawn
Metal
Metal cap through the circuit may exceed its rated
cap
value.
Fuse wire
Electric fuse 8 Short-Circuiting : The condition when the
X 15 A current rating fuses are used for live wire comes in direct contact with the
appliances with higher power ratings. neutral wire, a high current flows.
262 CBSE Champion Science Class 10

Previous Years’ CBSE Board Questions

13.1 Magnetic Field and Field Lines depends on (a) current through the conductor
(b) distance of point from conductor.
VSA (1 mark)  (Board Term I, 2014)
1. What is meant by magnetic field? SA II (3 marks)
 (Board Term I, 2013) 8. Give reason for the following
(i)  There is either a convergence or a
SA I (2 marks) divergence of magnetic field lines near
2. Draw magnetic field lines around a bar magnet. the ends of a current carrying straight
Name the device which is used to draw magnetic solenoid.
field lines. (Board Term I, 2015) (ii) The current carrying solenoid when
suspended freely rests along a particular
SA II (3 marks) direction. (2/3, 2020)
3. Design an activity to demonstrate that a bar 9. Find the direction of magnetic field due to a
magnet has a magnetic field around it. current carrying circular coil held:
(i) vertically in North - South plane and
 (Board Term I, 2017)
an observer looking it from east sees
4. What are magnetic field lines? Justify the the current to flow in anticlockwise
following statements: direction,
(a) Two magnetic field lines never intersect (ii) vertically in East - West plane and an
each other. observer looking it from south sees
(b) Magnetic field are closed curves. the current to flow in anticlockwise
 (Board Term I, 2016) direction,
5. (a) What is meant by a magnetic field? Mention (iii) horizontally and an observer looking
two parameters that are necessary to describe at it from below sees current to flow in
clockwise direction.(Board Term I, 2017)
it completely.
(b) If field lines of a magnetic field are crossed 10. (a) State three factors on which the strength
at a point, what does it indicate? of magnetic field produced by a current
 (Board Term I, 2013) carrying solenoid depends.
(b) Draw circuit diagram of a solenoid to
13.2 Magnetic Field Due to a prepare an electromagnet.
 (Board Term I, 2016)
Current-Carrying Conductor
11. (a) State Right Hand Thumb rule to find the
SA I (2 marks) direction of the magnetic field around a current
carrying straight conductor.
6. A compass needle is placed near a current (b) How will the magnetic field be affected on:
carrying straight conductor. State your (i) increasing the current through the
observation for the following cases and give conductor
reasons for the same in each case. (ii) reversing the direction of flow of current
(a) Magnitude of electric current is in the conductor? (Board Term I, 2015)
increased. 12. Diagram shows the lengthwise section of a
(b) The compass needle is displaced away current carrying solenoid. ⊗ indicates current
from the conductor. (AI 2019) entering into the page, indicates current
7. State how the magnetic field produced by a emerging out of the page. Decide which end
straight current carrying conductor at a point of the solenoid A or B, will behave as north
Magnetic Effects of Electric Current 263

pole. Give reason for your answer. Also draw 20. State the direction of magnetic field in the
field lines inside the solenoid. following case.
Force on the
conductor
Current
A B
 (Board Term I, 2013)

 (Board Term I, 2014)

SA II (3 marks)
13. Write one application of right hand thumb rule. 21. Write one application of Fleming’s left hand
 (1/3, Board Term I, 2013) rule. (1/3, Board Term I, 2013)

LA (5 marks) LA (5 marks)
14. (a) What is an electromagnet? List any two 22. A current carrying conductor is placed in a
uses. magnetic field. Now answer the following.
(b) Draw a labelled diagram to show how an (i) List the factors on which the magnitude
electromagnet is made. of force experienced by conductor
(c) State the purpose of soft iron core used in depends.
making an electromagnet. (ii) When is the magnitude of this force
(d) List two ways of increasing the strength maximum?
of an electromagnet if the material of the (iii) State the rule which helps in finding the
electromagnet is fixed. (2020) direction of motion of conductor.
15. What is solenoid? Draw the pattern of (iv) If initially this force was acting from right
magnetic field lines of to left, how will the direction of force
(i) a current carrying solenoid and change if:
(ii) a bar magnet. (a) direction of magnetic field is reversed?
(b) direction of current is reversed?
List two distinguishing features between the  (Board Term I, 2017)
two fields. (Delhi 2019)
23. State whether an alpha particle will experience
16. What are magnetic field lines? List three any force in a magnetic field if (alpha particles
characteristics of these lines. Describe in are positively charged particles)
brief an activity to study the magnetic field (i) it is placed in the field at rest.
lines due to a current carrying circular oil.
(ii) it moves in the magnetic field parallel to
 (Board Term I, 2017, 2016)
field lines.
17. Draw the magnetic field lines through and
(iii) it moves in the magnetic field
around a single loop of wire carrying electric
perpendicular to field lines.
current. (2/5, Board Term I, 2016)
Justify your answer in each case.
18. What is a solenoid? Draw a diagram to show  (Board Term I, 2016)
field lines of the magnetic field through and 24. Describe an activity with labelled diagram
around a current carrying solenoid. State to show that a force acts on current carrying
the use of magnetic field produced inside a conductor placed in a magnetic field and its
solenoid. List two properties of magnetic direction of current through conductor. Name
lines of force. (Board Term I, 2015) the rule which determines the direction of
this force. (Board Term I, 2016)
13.3 Force on a Current-Carrying
Conductor in a Magnetic Field 13.4 Electric Motor
VSA (1 mark) LA (5 marks)
19. State the effect of a magnetic field on the path 25. (a) State Fleming’s left hand rule.
of a moving charged particle. (b) Write the principle of working of an
 (Board Term I, 2014) electric motor.
264 CBSE Champion Science Class 10

(c) Explain the function of the following 33. In Faraday’s experiment if instead of moving
parts of an electric motor. the magnet towards the coil we move the coil
(i) Armature (ii) Brushes (iii) Split ring towards the magnet. Will there be any induced
 (2018) current? Justify your answer. Compare the
two cases. (Board Term I, 2017)
13.5 Electromagnetic Induction 34. Write one application of Fleming’s right hand
rule. (1/3, Board Term I, 2013)
VSA (1 mark)
26. The change in magnetic field lines in a coil is LA (5 marks)
the cause of induced electric current it. Name 35. (a) A coil of insulated copper wire is
the underlying phenomenon. (2020) connected to a galvanometer. With the
27. Define the term induced electric current. help of a labelled diagram state what would
 (2020) be seen if a bar magnet with its south pole
28. Fleming’s Right-hand rule gives towards one face of this coil is
(a) magnitude of the induced current. (i) moved quickly towards it,
(b) magnitude of the magnetic field. (ii) moved quickly away from it,
(c) direction of the induced current. (iii) placed near its one face?
(d) both, direction and magnitude of the (b) Name the phenomena involved in the
induced current. (2020) above cases.
(c) State Fleming’s right hand rule.
29. What is the function of a galvanometer in a  (Board Term I, 2017)
circuit? (Delhi 2019)
13.6 Electric Generator
SA I (2 marks)
30. Write any one method to induce current in a
SA I (2 marks)
coil. (Board Term I, 2016) 36. Write the frequency of alternating current
(AC) in India. How many times per second it
SA II (3 marks) changes its direction? (Board Term I, 2015)
31. Two coils of insulated copper wire are wound 37. How is the type of current that we receive in
over a non-conducting cylinder as shown. domestic circuit different from the one that
Coil 1 has comparatively large number of runs a clock? (Board Term I, 2014)
turns. State your observations, when
SA II (3 marks)
Coil 1 Coil 2 38. Define alternating current and direct current.
Explain why alternating current is preferred
+ –
over direct current for transmission over
K G long distances. (Board Term I, 2014)
(i) Key K is closed
39. (i) Alternating current has a frequency of
(ii) Key K is opened
50 Hz. What is meant by this statement?
Give reason for each of your observations.
How many times does it change its
(2020)
direction in one second? Give reason for
32. Two circular coils P and Q are kept close to your answer.
each other, of which coil P carries a current. (ii) Mention the frequency of D.C that is
What will you observe in the galvanometer given by a cell. (Board Term I, 2013)
connected across the coil Q
(a) if current in the coil P is changed? 13.7 Domestic Electric Circuits
(b) if both the coils are moved in the same
direction with the same speed? VSA (1 mark)
Give reason to justify your answer in each 40. At the time of short circuit, the electric
case. (AI 2019) current in the circuit
Magnetic Effects of Electric Current 265

(a) vary continuously (b) does not change (ii) appliance of 2 kW or more power.
(c) reduces substantially  (Board Term I, 2014)
(d) increases heavily. (2020)
LA (5 marks)
SA I (2 marks)
45. (a) State Fleming’s Left-hand rule.
41. Mention and explain the function of an earth (b) List three characteristic features of the
wire. Why it is necessary to earth metallic electric current used in our homes.
appliances? (Board Term I, 2013) (c) What is a fuse? Why is it called a safety
device?
SA II (3 marks) (d) Why is it necessary to earth metallic
42. Give reason for the following : electric appliances? (2020)
The burnt out fuse should be replaced by 46. (a) Name two safety measures commonly
another fuse of identical rating. (1/3, 2020) used in an electric circuit and appliances.
43. Give reasons for the following: (b) What precaution should be taken to avoid
(a) It is dangerous to touch the live wire of the overloading of domestic electric circuits?
the main supply rather than neutral wire.  (Board Term I, 2017)
(b) In household circuit, parallel combination 47. (a) Draw a schematic diagram of a common
of resistances is used. domestic circuit showing provision of
(c) Using fuse in a household electric circuit
is important. (Board Term I, 2017) (i) Earth wire. (ii) Main fuse
44. (a) Fuse acts like a watchman in an electric (iii) Electricity meter and
circuit. Justify this statement. (iv) Distribution box.
(b) Mention the usual current rating of the (b) Distinguish between short circuiting and
fuse wire in the line to (i) lights and fans overloading. (Board Term I, 2015)

Detailed Solutions
1. Magnetic field : It is defined as the space
surrounding the magnet in which magnetic force
can be experienced.
2.

Compass needle is used to draw magnetic field lines.

3. One can easily demonstrate the presence of
field lines around a bar magnet using compass
needles. Place the magnet on a white sheet and mark
its boundaries on sheet. Place the compass near Repeat the above procedure and draw as many
the north pole of magnet and mark the position of lines as you can. These lines represent the magnetic
needle. Now move the compass such that its south field around the magnet. These are known as
pole occupies the position previously occupied by magnetic field lines.
its north pole. Repeat this step several times and 4. Imaginary continuous closed curves used to
you will have pattern as shown in the figure. represent the magnetic field in a region is known
266 CBSE Champion Science Class 10

as magnetic field lines. It is directed from north  B → magnetic field

pole to south pole outside the magnet and south I
i.e., B ∝  I → current
pole to north pole inside the magnet. r
r → distance between wire and
 point off observation

8. (i) There is either a convergence or a

divergence of magnetic field lines near the ends
of a current carrying straight solenoid because it
behaves similar to that of a bar magnet and has
a magnetic field line pattern similar to that of a
bar magnet. Thus the ends of the straight solenoid
(a) The direction of magnetic field (B) at any point behaves like poles of the magnet, where the
is obtained by drawing a tangent to the magnetic converging end is the south pole and the diverging
field line at that point. In case, two magnetic field end is the north pole.
lines intersect each other at the point P as shown in (ii) The current carrying solenoid behaves similar
figure, magnetic field at P will have two directions, to that of a bar magnet and when freely suspended
shown by two arrows, one drawn to each magnetic aligns itself in the north-south direction.
field line at P, which is not possible.
9. According to right hand rule, the direction of
magnetic field is
(i) west to east (ii) north to south
(iii) into the paper.
10. (a) Strength of magnetic field produced by
(b) It is taken by convention that the field lines
a current carrying solenoid depends upon the
emerges from north pole and merge at the south
following factors:
pole. Inside the magnet, the direction of field lines
(i) number of turns in the coil
is from its south pole to its north pole. Thus, the
(ii) amount of current flowing through it
magnetic field lines are closed curves. (iii) radius of coil
5. (a) Refer to answer 1. (iv) material of core of the solenoid.
Necessary parameters are: (b) A strong magnetic field produced inside a
(i) Magnitude of magnetic field. solenoid can be
(ii) Direction of field lines used to magnetise a
(b) If field lines of a magnetic field are crossed at piece of magnetic
a point, it indicates that there are two direction of material, like soft
magnetic field at a point which is not possible. iron, when placed
6. (a) As the amount of magnetic field strength inside the coil. The
is directly proportional to the amount of current, magnet so formed
so the deflection of compass needle increases. is called an electromagnet.
(b) Since magnetic field strength at a point is 11. (a) It states that you are holding a current
inversely proportional to the distance from the carrying straight conductor in your right hand
wire. Hence deflection of compass decreases when such that the thumb points towards the direction
it is displaced away from the conductor. of current. Then your finger will wrap around the
7. Strength of magnetic field produced by a conductor in the direction of the field lines of the
straight current-carrying wire at a given point is magnetic field.
(a) directly proportional to the current passing (b) (i) If the current is increased, the magnetic
through it. field strength also increases.
(b) inversely proportional to the distance of that (ii) If the direction of current is reversed, the
point from the wire. direction of magnetic field also get reversed.
Magnetic Effects of Electric Current 267

12. Following are the distinguishing features between

the two fields.
(a) A bar magnet is a permanent magnet whereas
solenoid is an electromagnet, therefore field
A B produced by solenoid is temporary and stay till
current flows through it.
(b) Magnetic field produced by solenoid is more
stronger than magnetic field of a bar magnet.
Using right hand thumb rube we can draw the 16. Magnetic field lines : These are the imaginary
magnetic field lines around the conductor as shown. close curves which are used to represent the magnetic
From figure, end A of solenoid act as north pole field around the magnet.
and end B will act as south pole. Inside the solenoid The properties of the magnetic field lines are listed
field lines are in the form of parallel straight lines. below:
13. It is used to find the direction of magnetic (a) Magnetic field lines start at the north pole and
field around a current carrying conductor. end at the south pole.
(b) Magnetic field lines do not intersect each
14. (a, b) Refer to answer 10(b). other, because there can’t be two directions of the
Electromagnets are used in electric motors and magnetic field at any one point.
generators, electric bells and buzzers, loudspeakers (c) The degree of closeness of the field lines depends
and headphones etc. upon the strength of the magnetic field. Stronger
(c) The soft iron core placed in an electromagnet the field, closer are the field lines.
increases the strength of the magnetic field In order to find the magnetic field due to a coil,
produced. Thus increasing the strength of it is held in a vertical plane and is made to pass
electromagnet. through a smooth cardboard in such a way that
(d) The strength of electromagnet can be the centre (O) of the coil lies at the cardboard. A
increased by current is passed through the coil and iron filings
(i) Increasing the current passing through the are sprinkled on the cardboard. These iron filings
coil. arrange themselves in a pattern similar to one
(ii) Increasing the number of turns in the coil. shown in the figure. This pattern represents the
15. (i) Solenoid : A coil of many circular turns magnetic field lines due to the coil.
of insulated copper wire wrapped in the shape of In order to find the direction of magnetic field
cylinder is called solenoid. lines, we plot the magnetic field with the help of
a compass needle. The pattern of magnetic field
lines so obtained is shown in figure (b). From this
pattern, the following important conclusion have
been drawn.
Circular
coil Cardboard

Iron filings
The pattern of magnetic field lines inside the
solenoid indicates that the magnetic field is the
same at all points inside the solenoid. That is, the
Rh K
(a)
field is uniform inside the solenoid.
(ii) Magnetic field lines around a bar magnet.
268 CBSE Champion Science Class 10

(i) The magnetic field lines near the coil are 19. A charged particle moving in a magnetic
nearly circular and concentric. This is due to the field may experience a force in the direction
reason that the segments of the coil in contact with perpendicular to direction of magnetic field and
the board at the points A and B are almost like direction of motion of particle. This force deflects
straight conductors. The direction of the field lines the charged particle from its path.
can also be found by applying right-hand thumb 20. Using Fleming’s left hand rule, the direction of
rule. magnetic field is out of the plane of paper.
(ii) The field lines are in the same direction in the 21. Fleming’s left hand rule is used to find the
space enclosed by the coil. direction of force on a current carrying conductor
(iii) Near the centre of the coil, the field lines are placed in a magnetic field acting perpendicular to
nearly straight and parallel. As such the magnetic the direction of current.
field at the centre of the coil can be taken to be uniform. 22. (i) When a current carrying wire is placed in
(iv) The direction of the magnetic field at the a magnetic field, it experiences a magnetic force
centre is perpendicular to the plane of the coil. that depends on
(v) As we move towards the centre of the coil, (a) current flowing in the conductor
the strength of magnetic field increases. Magnetic (b) strength of magnetic field
field is maximum at its centre. This is due to the (c) length of the conductor
reason that the two magnetic field (one due to the (d) angle between the element of length and the
semicircular segment of the coil through A and magnetic field.
the other due to the semicircular segment through (ii) Force experienced by a current carrying
B) assist each other. conductor placed in a magnetic field is largest
The magnitude of the magnetic field at the centre when the direction of current is perpendicular to
of the coil is directly proportional to the current the direction of magnetic field.
flowing through it and total number of turns and (iii) The rule used in finding the direction of motion
inversely proportional to the radius of the coil. of the conductor placed in a magnetic field is
This is due to the reason that the current in all the Fleming’s left hand rule.
circular turns of the coil is in the same direction. As Fleming’s left hand rule is as follows:
Stretch out the thumb, the forefinger, and the second
such, the resultant magnetic field due to the coil is
(middle) finger of the left hand so that these are at
equal to the sum of the field due to all these turns.
right angles to each other. If the forefinger gives
17. the direction of the magnetic field (N to S), the
second (middle) finger the direction of current
then the thumb gives the direction of the force
acting on the conductor.
(iv) (a) Direction of force will be reversed when
direction of magnetic field is reversed, i.e., now
force on conductor will act from left to right.
(b) Direction of force will be reversed, if the
direction of current is reversed, i.e., the force on
the conductor will act from left to right.
23. (i) No, alpha particle will not experience any
force if it is at rest, because only moving charge
18. Refer to answer 15(i). particle can experience force when placed in a
Solenoid is used to form strong but temporary magnetic field.
magnet called electromagnets. These electromagnets (ii) No, alpha particle will not experience any
are used in wide variety of instruments and used force if it moves in the magnetic field parallel to
to lift heavy iron objects. field lines because charge particle experiences
Properties of magnetic filed lines : force only when it moves at an angle other than 0°
Refer to answer 16. with magnetic field.
Magnetic Effects of Electric Current 269

(iii) Alpha particle will experience a force in the 27. The current induced in a conductor when
direction perpendicular to the direction of magnetic the magnetic field around it changes is known as
field and direction of motion of alpha particle. induced electric current.
24. A small aluminium rod suspended horizon- 28. (c) : Fleming’s Right-hand rule gives the
tally from a stand using two connecting wires. direction of induced current.
Place a strong horseshoe magnet in such a way 29. Galvanometer is an instrument that can detect
that the rod lies between the two poles with the the presence of electric current in a circuit.
magnetic field directed upwards. For this, put the 30. By keeping the magnet in a fixed position and
north pole of the magnet vertically below and moving the coil towards and away from the magnet,
south pole vertically above the aluminium rod. we can induce current in the coil.
31. (i) When key is closed, after setting up the
circuit as shown, one can observe a deflection on
the galvanometer connected to the second coil.
This is because, a potential difference and thus a
B current is induced in coil 2 as there is change in
the current and the magnetic field associated with
it in coil 1. When the magnetic field changes in
S
coil 1, the magnetic field lines around coil 2 also
A changes. This induces a current in coil 2.
N
(ii) When key K is opened, after closing it for
sometime it can be observed that the galvanometer
show a deflection, but this time in the opposite
direction. This is because, when the current stops
Connect the aluminium rod in series with a flowing in coil 1, the magnetic field associated
battery, a key and a rheostat. Pass a current with it changes in the opposite direction as in the
through the aluminium rod from one end to other first case, thus inducing a current in the opposite
(B to A). The rod is displaced towards left. When direction.
the direction of current flowing through the rod is 32. (a) When the amount of current in the coil P
reversed, the displacement of rod will be towards is changed, an induced current will induce in the
right. Direction of force on a current carrying coil Q due to change in magnetic field lines i.e.,
conductor is determined by Fleming’s left hand magnetic flux.
rule. (b) If both the coils are moved in the same
25. (a) Refer to answer 22 (iii). direction with the same speed, then there is no net
(b) Principle : Current carrying conductor change in magnetic flux. Hence there will be no
when placed at right angle to a magnetic field, deflection in the galvanometer.
experiences a force due to which we get motion. 33. Yes, these will be an induced current in both
The direction of the force is given by Fleming’s left the cases as there is a change in the number of
hand rule. magnetic field line associated with the coil or we
(c) (i) Armature is a conductive part of motor can say that there is a motion of a magnet with
which generates torque in the motor. respect to the coil.
(ii) The two stationary brushes in a simple electric Same of current will be induced and the direction
motor draw current from the battery and supply it of flow of current will also be the same in the two
to the armature of motor. cases.
(iii) The role of split ring is to change the direction 34. Fleming’s right hand rule is used to find the
of current flowing through the coil after each half- direction of induced current.
rotation of coil. 35. (a) If a coil of insulated wire is connected to
26. The phenomenon in which electric current is a galvanometer and a bar magnet with south pole
generated by varying magnetic fields around a coil is moved towards one face of the coil then, given
is called electromagnetic induction. situation is shown in the figure.
270 CBSE Champion Science Class 10

whereas the alternating current reverses its

direction periodically.
38. Alternating current (A.C.) : An electric
current whose magnitude changes with time and
direction reverses periodically is called alternating
current.
(i) Moved quickly towards the coil : A current Direct current (D.C.) : An electric current whose
is induced in clockwise direction in the coil with magnitude is either constant or variable but the
respect to the side facing the north pole of the direction of flow in a conductor remains the same
magnet and needle of galvanometer will deflect in is called direct current.
one direction from zero position. A.C. can be transmitted to distant places without
much loss of electric power than D.C. That is why
A.C. is preferred over D.C. for transmission of
current over a long distances.
39. (i) The frequency of household supply of
A.C. in India is 50 Hz. This means, A.C. completes
50 cycles in one second. Thus, A.C. changes
(ii) Moved quickly away from coil : A current is direction 2 × 50 = 100 times in one second.
induced in anti-clockwise direction in the coil (ii) Frequency of D.C. is zero as its direction does
with respect to the side facing the north pole of not change with time.
the magnet and the needle of the galvanometer 40. (d) : At the time of short circuit, the live
will deflect in opposite direction from (i). and neutral wire come in direct contact, thus
increasing the current in the circuit abruptly.
41. Many electric appliances of daily use like
electric press, heater, toaster, refrigerator, table
fan etc. have a metallic body. If the insulation of
any of these appliances melts and makes contact
with the metallic casing, the person touching it is
(iii) Placed near its one face : No deflection of the likely to receive a severe electric shock. This is due
needle of galvanometer is observed. to the reason that the metallic casing will be at the
(b) The phenomena involved is called electromag- same potential as the applied one. Obviously, the
netic induction. electric current will flow through the body of the
(c) Fleming’s right hand rule: Stretch the right person who touches the appliance. To avoid such
hand such that the first finger, the central finger serious accidents, the metal casing of the electric
and the thumb are mutually perpendicular to each appliance is earthed. Since the earth does not
other. offer any resistance, the current flows to the earth
If the first finger points along the direction of the through the earth wire instead of flowing through
field (magnetic field) and the thumb points along the body of the person.
the direction of motion of the conductor, then 42. A burnt out fuse should be replaced with
the direction of induced current is given by the identical rating because it helps in protecting the
direction of the central finger. circuit from overloading and short circuiting.
36. The frequency of A.C. in India is 50 Hz and it If a fuse of higher rating is used then it may not
changes direction twice in each cycle. Therefore, it melt and cut off the supply during overloading.
changes direction 2 × 50 = 100 times in one second. Similarly a fuse of lower rating may melt frequently
37. The current that we receive from domestic even for a normal flow of current. This results in
circuit is alternating current (A.C.) and the decreasing the efficiency of the circuit.
current that is use to run clock is direct current 43. (a) Live wire is at 220V and neutral wire is
(D.C.). Direct current always flow in one direction at zero volt since the electric current flows from
Magnetic Effects of Electric Current 271

higher potential to lower potential, we can get an 45. (a) Refer to answer 22(iii).
electric shock by touching live wire but that is not (b) (i) The electric current which we receive in
the case with neutral wire. our homes are alternating current with a frequency
(b) In parallel combination, each resistor gets of 50 Hz.
same potential from the source. We can use (ii) There are mainly two wires used in the power
separate on/off switches with each appliance. Also supply provided to us. The one usually with a
in case if any one resistor fails then the circuit will red insulation is called the live wire (or positive
not break. So, it is safe and convenient to connect wire) and the one with black insulation is called
household circuit in parallel combination of resistors the neutral wire (or negative wire). The potential
(c) Fuse is an important safety device. It is used in difference between these wires is 220 V.
series with any electrical appliance and protects it (iii) Often, there are two separate circuits used
from short-circuiting and overloading. in our homes, one of 15 A current rating for
44. (a) When an unduly high electric current appliances with higher power rating and the other
flows through the circuit, the fuse wire melts circuit of 5 A rating for appliances such as fans,
due to joule heating effect and breaks the circuit. bulbs, etc.
Hence, it keeps an eye on the amount of current (c) A fuse is safety device use to limit the current
flowing and also stops the current if exceeds the in an electric circuit.
maximum value. So, fuse acts like a watchman in Refer to answer 44(a).
an electric circuit. (d) Refer to answer 41.
(b) (i) A fuse of rating 5A is usually used for lights 46. (a) Fuse and the connection of earthing wire
and fans. are the two safety measure commonly used in
(ii) A fuse of rating 15 A is usually used for appliance electric circuit and appliances.
of 2 kW or more power. (b) Provide fuses/MCBs of proper rating.

47. (a)

(b) Overloading : The condition in which a high exceed its rated value.
current flows through the circuit and at the same Short circuiting : The condition when the live wire
time too many appliances are switched on then comes in direct contact with the neutral wire, due
the total current drawn through the circuit may to which a high current flows in the circuit.