Week12

Dec29, 2021
Parametric curves

Example
i. 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕, 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 , 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝟐𝝅
ii. 𝒚 = 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟏, 𝒙 = 𝒕𝟑 , 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝟏

Graph the parametric curve

The equations 𝑥 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 and 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 describe motion on the circle

The arrow shows the direction of increasing t
Moving Along a Parabola
The position P(x, y) of a particle moving in the xy-plane is given by the equations
and parameter interval
𝑥 = √𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑡, 𝑡 ≥ 0

Identify the path traced by the particle and describe the motion.

Solution
2
𝑦 = 𝑡 = (√𝑡) = 𝑥 2
𝑦 = 𝑥2

Thus, the particle’s position coordinates satisfy the equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , so the

particle moves along the parabola

𝑦 = 𝑥2
Slope of Parametrized curves
A parametrized curve 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑡) and 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑡) and is differentiable at t if ƒ and g are differentiable at t. At a point
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
on a differentiable parametrized curve where 𝑦 is also a differentiable function of x, the derivatives , 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
are related by the Chain Rule:

𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙
= .
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒚
Here is parametric formula for
𝒅𝒙
 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙
= /
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
Example

𝒅𝒚
Find , 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕, 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕
𝒅𝒙

𝒅𝒙 𝒅
= (𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕) = 𝟐(−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕)
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒚 𝒅
= (𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕) = 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒕 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕
= =( )=− = −𝒄𝒐𝒕(𝒕)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 −𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕
𝒅𝒕
Example

𝒅𝒚
Find , 𝒙 = −√𝒕, 𝒚 = 𝒕, 𝒕 ≥ 𝟎
𝒅𝒙

𝒅𝒙 𝒅 𝟏
= (−√𝒕) = −
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝟐√ 𝒕

𝒅𝒚 𝒅
= (𝒕) = 𝟏
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒕 𝟏
= =( ) = −𝟐√𝒕
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝟏
−
𝒅𝒕 𝟐√ 𝒕

Example
𝒅𝒚 𝝅 𝝅
Find , 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒕 − 𝟏, 𝒚 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕, − ≤ 𝒕 ≤ ,
𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝟐

𝒅𝒙 𝒅
= (𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒕 − 𝟏) = (𝟐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕)
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒚 𝒅
= (𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕) = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒕
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
 𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒕 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒕 𝟏
= = =
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 (𝟐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕) (𝟐𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕)
𝒅𝒕

Example
𝒅𝒚
Find , 𝒙 = √𝒕 + 𝟏, 𝒚 = √𝒕, 𝒕 ≥ 𝟎,
𝒅𝒙

𝒅𝒙 𝒅 𝟏
= (√𝒕 + 𝟏) =
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝟐√ 𝒕 + 𝟏
𝒅𝒚 𝒅 𝟏
= (√𝒕) =
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝟐√ 𝒕
𝒅𝒚 𝟏
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒕 𝟐√ 𝒕 𝟏
= = = (𝟐√𝒕 + 𝟏)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝟐√ 𝒕
𝒅𝒕 𝟐√ 𝒕 + 𝟏

Composition of functions
(𝑓𝜊𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 , 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

(𝑓𝜊𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)3

(𝑔𝜊𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑔(𝑥 3 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 3

𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥)
𝑢 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑥)
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢
 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒖
= .
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝒅
= (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒖) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒖
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖
𝒅𝒖 𝒅 2
= (𝑥 + 𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒖
= . = (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒖)(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
= [𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝑥 2 + 𝑥)](𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
= (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏)[𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝑥 2 + 𝑥)]
𝒅𝒙

Power Chain Rule

𝒅 𝒏 𝒅𝒖
𝒖 = 𝒏𝒖𝒏−𝟏
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Consider 𝑦 =(𝑥 2 + 𝑥)4

𝑑 2
(𝑥 + 𝑥)4 = 4(𝑥 2 + 𝑥)3 (2𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥

Example 1
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒖
Given 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑢), 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥), 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 = . = 𝑓′(𝑔(𝑥)𝑔′(𝑥)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒙
𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢, 𝑢 = 10𝑥 − 5
𝒅𝒚 𝒅
= (𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒖) = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒖
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖
𝒅𝒖 𝒅
= (𝟏𝟎𝒙 − 𝟓) = 𝟏𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒖
= . = (𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒖)𝟏𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒖
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
= 𝟏𝟎𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 (𝟏𝟎𝒙 − 𝟓)
𝒅𝒙
Example 2
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒖
Given 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑢), 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥), 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 = . = 𝑓′(𝑔(𝑥)𝑔′(𝑥)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒙
𝑦 = −𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢, 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥
𝒅𝒚 𝒅
= (−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢) = −𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒖
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖
𝒅𝒖 𝒅 2
= (𝑥 + 7𝑥) = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟕
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒖
= . = (−𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒖)(𝟏𝟐𝒙 + 𝟕)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒖
= . = [(−𝒔𝒆𝒄(𝑥 2 + 7𝑥)𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝑥 2 + 7𝑥))](𝟏𝟐𝒙 + 𝟕)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒙

write the function in the form 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑢), 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥), and 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥),

𝒅𝒚
Then find as a function of x.
𝒅𝒙
𝑥 −10
𝑦 = ( − 1)
2
Assume
𝑥
𝑢 = −1
2
So
𝑦 = (𝑢)−10

𝒅𝒚 𝒅
= (𝑢)−10 = −𝟏𝟎𝒖−𝟏𝟏
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖
𝒅𝒖 𝒅 𝑥 𝟏
= ( − 1) =
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 2 𝟐
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒖 𝟏
= . = −𝟏𝟎𝒖−𝟏𝟏 ( )
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒙 𝟐
𝒅𝒚 𝑥 𝟏
= −𝟏𝟎( − 1)−𝟏𝟏 ( )
𝒅𝒙 2 𝟐
 𝒅𝒚 𝑥 −𝟏𝟏
= −𝟓 ( − 1)
𝒅𝒙 2
“Outside-Inside” Rule
It sometimes helps to think about the Chain Rule this way

𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙)),
𝒅𝒚
= 𝒇′ (𝒈(𝒙)). 𝒈′(𝒙)
𝒅𝒙
In words, differentiate the “outside” function ƒ and evaluate it at the “inside”
function g(x) left alone; then multiply by the derivative of the “inside function.”

Example
1
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝜋 − )
𝑥
Let
1
𝑢=𝜋−
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= (𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑢 𝑑 1 𝟏
= (𝜋 − ) = 𝟐
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝒙

𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒖 𝟏
= . = (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢) 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒙 𝒙

𝒅𝒚 1 𝟏
= [(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝜋 − )] 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝑥 𝒙

𝒅𝒚 𝟏 1
= 𝟐 [(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝜋 − )]
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝑥

Finding derivative using Chain Rule

 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2
𝑓(𝜃) = ( )
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Let suppose
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑢=
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Here
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑢) = 𝑢2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
=
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 2
= (𝑢 ) = 2𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
= ( )
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Applying quotient rule of differentiation
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
( )= 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝜃 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2
𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
( )=
𝑑𝜃 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2
𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
( )=
𝑑𝜃 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2
(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 1
= =
(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 1
= = (2𝑢)
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝜃 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1
= (2 )
𝑑𝜃 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑑𝑦 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
=
𝑑𝜃 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2
 Q39-48
Find dy/dt
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2
𝑦=( )
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

A Three-Link “Chain”

𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑡 − 5))

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑡 − 5)) (𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑡 − 5)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑡 − 5))(𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑡 − 5)) (2𝑡 − 5)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑡 − 5))(𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑡 − 5))(2)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑡 − 5))(𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑡 − 5))
𝑑𝑡

𝝅𝒙
Find the tangent to the curve 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒕𝒂𝒏 ( ) , 𝒙 = 𝟏
𝟒

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝜋𝑥
= (2𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥 𝑑 𝜋𝑥
= 2 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )) = 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ( ) ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4 4 𝑑𝑥 4
𝑑𝑦 𝜋𝑥 𝜋
= [2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ( )]( )
𝑑𝑥 4 4
𝑑𝑦 𝜋 𝜋𝑥
= [ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ( )]
𝑑𝑥 2 4
𝑑𝑦 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2
| = [ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ( )] = (√2) = 𝜋
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=1 2 4 2
 𝜋
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) = 2
4
Equation of tangent line
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑦 − 2 = 𝜋(𝑥 − 1)
𝑦 = 𝜋(𝑥 − 1) + 2