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Lecture 02 - Introduction Continue

This document provides an overview of electrical systems in buildings. It discusses standards for electrical installation, external power distribution systems, and types of electrical drawings. The key points are: 1) Standards like IEC 60364 and BS 7671 provide requirements for electrical installations. External power systems can be TN, TT, or IT and operate at voltages like 230V or 400V. 2) Electrical drawings include design, shop, installation, and as-built drawings to show layouts, diagrams, equipment details, and final installed systems. 3) Lighting, appliances, and equipment are powered by an electrical system with an external power supply, distribution system, and internal wiring.

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16 views

Lecture 02 - Introduction Continue

This document provides an overview of electrical systems in buildings. It discusses standards for electrical installation, external power distribution systems, and types of electrical drawings. The key points are: 1) Standards like IEC 60364 and BS 7671 provide requirements for electrical installations. External power systems can be TN, TT, or IT and operate at voltages like 230V or 400V. 2) Electrical drawings include design, shop, installation, and as-built drawings to show layouts, diagrams, equipment details, and final installed systems. 3) Lighting, appliances, and equipment are powered by an electrical system with an external power supply, distribution system, and internal wiring.

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sethdesilva.cl
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© © All Rights Reserved
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EE8236 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS

Lecture 02

2.0 Design, Installation and Maintenance of the Electrical Systems of a


Building

Outline
 Standards for installation of electrical systems
 External power distribution system up to the building
 Electrical Drawings (Type of electrical drawings)
 Lighting System

Each building requires an electrical system to power the lights and to run various appliances
and equipment. The electrical system (or power) is composed of three main parts: the power
plant that supplies electricity, the electrical distribution system (external) current carrying
electricity from generating station of the various buildings, and the internal wiring system
that illuminates the building and feeds electric power inside the apparatus and equipment
within the building.

2.1 Standards for Installation of Electrical Systems


1. IEC 60364 - Electrical Installations for Buildings
IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) is the world’s leading organization for the
preparation and publication of International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related
technologies.

2. BS 7671 - Requirements for Electrical Installations: IEE Wiring Regulations


British Standard BS 7671 "Requirements for electrical installations" is the national standard
in the United Kingdom for low voltage electrical installations. It is now also known as IET
Wiring Regulations and formerly known as IEE Wiring Regulations (Institution of
Engineering and Technology (IET) is Europe's biggest professional society for those working
in engineering and technology worldwide).
It is also used as a national standard by Sri Lanka and several other countries. BS 7671:
Wiring Regulations – 17th Edition: 2008

BS 7671: Wiring Regulations – 17th Edition: Amendment 1: 2011

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2.2 External Power Distribution System up to the Building

Voltage Classification
Considering the electrical distribution systems in various buildings, the BS classifies the
voltages as follows.

Table 2.1: Voltage Classification


Extra-low Voltage Not exceeding 50 V ac or 120 V dc
Greater than extra-low voltage but not exceeding
1000 V ac or 1500 V dc between conductors
Low-voltage 600 V ac or 900 V dc from any conductor to earth

Other important LV systems are,


Separated Extra-Low This voltage is electrically separated from earth and from other
Voltage (SELV) systems, is provided by a safety source, and is low enough to ensure
that contact with it cannot produce a dangerous shock in people with
normal body resistance or in livestock.
Protective Extra-Low The method has the same requirements as SELV but is earthed at
Voltage (PELV) one point. Protection against direct contact may not be required if
the equipment is in a building, if the output voltage level does not
exceed 25 V rms or 60 V ripple-free dc in normally dry locations, or
6 V rms ac or 15 V ripple-free dc in all other locations.
Functional Extra-Low This system uses the same safe voltage levels as SELV, but not all
Voltage (FELV) the protective measures required for SELV are needed and the
system is widely used for supplies to power tools on construction
sites. The voltage must not exceed 50 V ac or 120 V dc. The reason
for the difference is partly that direct voltage is not so likely to
produce harmful shock effects in the human body as alternating
current, and partly because the stated value of alternating voltage is
r.m.s. and not maximum.

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System Configuration
Power supply systems are classified according to how the earthing is done in the whole
system.
International standard IEC 60364 distinguishes three families of earthing arrangements,
using the two-letter codes TN, TT, and IT.

Rules
The first letter indicates the connection between earth and the power-supply equipment
(generator or transformer):
 T : direct connection of a point with earth (French: terre)
 I : no point is connected with earth (isolation), except perhaps via a high impedance.
The second letter indicates the connection between earth and the electrical devi ce being
supplied:
 T : direct connection with earth, independent of any other earth connection in the
supply system
 N : connection to earth via the supply network.

1. TN System
A system having one or more points of the source of energy directly earthed, the exposed
conductive-parts of the installation being connected to that point by protective conductors.

2. TN-C System
A system in which neutral and protective functions are combined in a single conductor
throughout the system (Figure 2.2.1)

Figure 2.2.1

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3. TN-S System
A system having separate neutral and protective conductors throughout the system.
(Figure 2.2.2)

Figure 2.2.2

4. TN-C-S System
A system in which neutral and protective functions are combined in a single conductor in part
of the system (Figure 2.2.3)

Figure 2.2.3

5. TT System
A system having one point of the source of energy directly earthed, the exposed- conductive
parts of the installation being connected to earth electrodes electrically independent of the
earth electrodes of the source (Figure 2.2.4). Sri Lanka adopted this system.

Figure 2.2.4
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6. IT System
A system having no direct connection between live parts and Earth, the exposed-
conductive parts of the electrical installation being earthed (Figure 2.2.5).

Figure 2.2.5

Service Provider
Service provider or the power supply authority provides electricity to the customers in
various ways depending on the requirement of the consumer. Also the power supply
authority should maintain specific voltage and frequency at the consumer intake point and
should be responsible for quality of supply and the reliability.

For Example: In Sri Lanka


 Supply Voltage (Low Voltage - rms Value):
o Single Phase 230V +/- 6%
o Three Phase 400V +/- 6%
 Frequency: 50Hz +/- 1%

LV Connection to House/Building without Separate Transformer


Definition: Contract Demand (kVA Demand) = (Ampere) X (Volts) X (No. of Phases)
Ex:
 Contract Demand1 = 30A x 230V x 1 = 6.9 kVA
 Contract Demand2 = 60A x 230V x 3 = 41.4 kVA

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In Sri Lanka, all the electricity supplies below 42kVA contract demands are supplied without
a distribution transformer. The components of power supply up to the consumer service
cutout are as follows.

Kinds of electricity supplies available for domestic or retail consumers in Sri Lanka.
1) 30A, Single Phase
2) 30A, Three Phase
3) 60A, Three Phase.

1. LV Connection to House/Building with the Separate Transformer


In Sri Lanka LV Supplies over 42kVA are given with a separate distribution transformer
(Bulk consumers). This transformer may be located inside the consumer premises or outside
the premises. The distribution transformer will be a property of supply authority although the
consumer pays for its cost at the beginning.
The components of power supply up to the consumer service cutout are Distribution
Transformer, UG/Overhead cable, Energy Meter, Service Main Cutout or the Breaker.

2. HV Connection to Buildings/Factories with the Separate Transformer


HV supplies are given to required bulk consumers and the HV Panels inside the
consumer premises are properties of supply authority. In this case some of the HV Panels
and the Distribution Transformers are properties of the consumer.

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2.3 Electrical Drawings (Type of electrical drawings)
Electrical drawings are used in various stages of a building electrical system from design to
maintenance. The main components of any type of drawings are,
 Title Cage: Contains drawing number, title, date, revision no., drawn by, approved by,
sheet no etc.
 Information Bar: Project name, client, consultant, specific details of revision,
 Definition of Symbols & Notes

Type of Electrical Drawings


1. Design Drawings (Tender Drawings, Client Drawings)
 Layout Drawings
 Line Diagrams (Single Line)
For a project these drawings are prepared by the designer or the consultant. These
drawing are used in tender stage and to obtain the authority approval (Government
regulatory bodies). The basic details required for material quantification, assess the
configurations, cost estimation and contractual purposes are fulfilled by these
drawings.

2. Shop Drawings (Construction Drawings, Contractor Drawings)


 Layout Drawings
 Line Diagrams (Single Line)
These drawings are prepared by the contractor and submit to consultant for approval.
The drawings indicate the exact details of items to be installed. These drawings contain
correct details of spaces and locations of installations. When preparing these drawings,
the exact details of equipment and materials are taken from the selected material
suppliers and sub-contractors. Material quantification before ordering can be done using
these drawings.

3. Installation Drawings
These drawings are supplied by the equipment and instrument suppliers.

4. As Built Drawings
As built drawings are prepared by the contractor to show the real installation details when
the installation completes. These drawings are later used for the building maintenance
purposes.

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