Lesson 1: History of Educational Technology

Topic:
1. Timeline of Educational Technology

Duration: 3 hours

Introduction:
Have you ever looked around us and wondered how different technologies
around us affect the education system? Are you aware how those technologies
being applied and used in the teaching and learning situations? Well, put on your
research gear to look back how technology was applied as we arrive in our present
educational system today. We will look at different technologies, past and present to
be prepared to learn more than you ever thought.

Objectives/Competencies:
1. Trace the history and development of educational technology.
2. Describe how people developed the educational system during different
period or era
3. Create an e – graphic organizer showing the historical development of
educational technology.
4. Develop critical analysis on the contributions of proponents in the history of
educational technology.

Lesson Proper/Course Methodology

ACTIVITY

A. Watch the video/s in the following link to give you an idea and a clearer
view on the history of educational technology.
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UFwWWsz_X9s
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qIXVc1bqJEE
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y7OCKDX3yIg
B. Indicate your personal learnings on the video/s. List/Write down the names
of the people that were mention in the discussion of history of educational
technology. Then write their major contribution/s in the development of
educational technology.

My Personal Learning on what I viewed

Major Contribution/s in the

Period, Era or
Names of the Proponent Development of Educational
Year
Technology

Now let’s travel back to discover what happened in the past as we arrive to the
present situation in the use of educational technology.
ANALYSIS
The word Techne (Greek: τέχνη, tékhnē, 'craft, art'; Ancient Greek: [tékʰnɛː],
Modern Greek: [ˈtexni] (listen)) is a term in philosophy that refers to making or doing.
As an activity, techne is concrete, variable, and context-dependent.
Another Greek word that most often translated as knowledge word is
Epistêmê , while technê is translated as either craft or art.
Kerferd described Sophist as any of certain Greek lecturers, writers, and
teachers in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE, most of whom traveled about the Greek-
speaking world giving instruction in a wide range of subjects in return for fees. The
most famous representatives of the sophistic movement are Protagoras, Gorgias,
Antiphon, Hippias, Prodicus and Thrasymachus. [Source: Internet Encyclopedia of
Philosophy (IEP).
Timeline of Educational Technology

Classical era (8th century BC - 6th century AD)

Educational opportunities are available to those with certain social status. The
primary goal of education is to disseminate ideas and knowledge. There seems to be
an element of exploration as new theories and ideas are discussed and spread.

500 - 300 B.C.

Ancient Greeks believed the continuation of a democratic society relied on
social organization and culture. Therefore, the Sophists, philosophers and teachers
who constructed and designed elements of modern-day instruction, taught rhetoric,
grammar, and liberal arts to groups of students. In essence, these philosophers
created the first "classrooms".

Religious Era Instructional theory is examined and clarified even further. The
primary goal of education is still to disseminate knowledge. Instructors take a
controlled and linear approach to teaching, and processes are teacher-centered.
Educational opportunities continue to be limited for many. Books and other sources
of knowledge lie primarily in the hands of clergymen.
Peter Lombard, and later, St. Thomas Aquinas based their educational
theories on the work of Peter Abelard (pictured here). The 12th century philosopher
developed ideas about inquiry-based thinking, peer-review, and critical examinations
of texts.

900 - 1500 A.D.

Medieval educational methods largely draw inspiration from classical methods
of the Sophists, and students learn Latin, rhetoric, and grammar, along with the arts.
Education and knowledge is largely controlled by the church for hundreds of years,
due in part by the scarcity of books.

End of Renaissance
A progressive thinker of his time, Johann Comenius theorized at the
beginning of an era in which educational technology focused on the student. The
primary goal of education became fostering cognitive development in children, by
paying attention to both their physical and mental maturation. John Locke's writings
on natural rights opened the door of educational opportunity to many.

Early- to mid-17th century

Johann Comenius and John Locke, two philosophers of the era, made
contributions to the field of educational technology. Comenius introduced radical
ideas at the time, many of which are embraced by teachers today: instructional
design based on the age, cognitive ability, and interest of the learners.
Lessons which are relevant and meaningful to the child. The use of visual aids,
especially when learning a foreign language.

Industrial era
Although John Locke's ideas inspired the colonists to rebel against England,
Lancasterian Comenius's constructivist educational ideas were largely forgotten in
the colonies until the mid-19th century. Instead, educational advances brought the
Lancasterian model of education to the masses. It was similar to the work of the
Sophists, but on a much larger scale and developed to educate the common man's
children.
Late 18th Century

The Monitorial System also called Lancasterian system of

education, developed by the Englishman Joseph Lancaster,
was widely used in the United States in its infancy. Schools
began to develop more systematic, streamlined approaches
to educating hundreds of pupils at the same time. Instruction
was highly-structured; peer learning and rote memorization
were stressed. As American population centers
industrialized, the primary goal of education was to prepare
as many children as possible for adult life (in factories) as
economically as possible. Joseph Lancaster

Modern era
During the 19th and 20th centuries, various philosophers and educators have
proposed educational theories that further develop and refine ideas of Comenius,
Lancaster, and even draw upon some ideas of the Sophists. Portions of their work
are reflected in what modern teachers do today.

1746-1900
These three philosophers each influenced education in his own way:
Froebel started the first kindergarten, and
emphasized the importance of play in a young
child's physical and mental development.
Circle time, finger plays, construction games,
and singing were all important to Froebel.

Freidrich Froebel

Herbart believed the most important aim of

education was moral development, and
experimented with ideas similar to Piaget,
Vygotsky, and other child psychologists that
followed him. He formulated a systematic
approach to instruction.

Pestalozzi sought to develop a

system of instruction based on the stages
of child development. He also was one of
the first educators to notice the importance
of instructional methods that celebrated
and supported students' differences.

Johann Pestalozzi

1837
At a time of great change in
education, Horace Mann is appointed to
be the Secretary for the Massachusetts
Board of Education. He presented ideas of
classroom organization and highlighted
the necessity of hiring high-quality
(female) teachers, and many of his ideas
are still used in classrooms today.

1907

Dr. Maria Montessori opens up a school in

Rome which contains elements of a
constructivist curriculum she developed for
mentally handicapped children and adults.
Her work would eventually be known as
the Montessori Method of instruction for
early childhood classrooms.

Edison incorrectly predicts that motion

pictures will, within a decade, usurp
textbooks in the classroom. In his defense,
Edison was only one of a long line of
scientists and educators who inaccurately
predicted radical changes to classrooms
after the newest technology was
introduced (stereoscopes, motion pictures,
radio, and television, to name a few).

The advent of computer

Magic lanterns, stereopticons, moving pictures, radio, training videos, and
instructional television--each successive invention was predicted to have a major
influence on the modern classroom, but none of them were as impactful as the
research and development of the personal computer. Computers have left an
indelible mark on the face of modern education, and the era has only begun.

1950-2000
Robert Mills Gagne, considered to be the
"father of instructional design", carefully
and methodically laid out rules and
considerations for effective lesson
planning. He combined behaviorism
(stimulus-response feedback loop) and
cognitivism (scaffolding, intellectual skill
set, superordinate skills sequencing) into
his "9 Steps of Instruction".
1959
Russia successfully launches Sputnik, and
the United States is sent into a frenzied
"space race", which ultimately affects the
direction of education. More emphasis is
placed on science, math, and engineering,
and more money is devoted to newer
technology in schools, proof of influence the
international community (and historical
events) have on our education system.

1969
The Children's Television Workshop
debuts "Sesame Street", as part of the
burgeoning interest in the possibility of
television as an educational medium

In the 1950's, behaviourists began the "programmed instruction movement", which

stressed the importance of planning lessons and writing learning objectives that
adhered to certain standards, followed logical sequences, and criterion-referenced
testing-a method of assessment which determined how students could "perform a
particular behavior or set of behaviors irrespective of how well others perform"
(Reiser, 2001(1), p. 60).

2007
ISTE updates its standards for students to reflect shifts in pedagogy, and to
recognize the important part computers play in our education system.

ABSTRACTION
From the activity, we travelled back as early as classical era. We realize that
educational technology is a practice and study of facilitating and enhancing the
learning process through the use of technological resources. It includes any
technology used by educators in support of the teaching and learning process.
Students find meaning on things and events when they know their history or
origin. Educational Technology went through a process of trial and error, imitation,
individual creativity, and persuasion leading to what we know today. You will
appreciate as we reminisce the various changes it went through.

As summarized and identified by Lucido & Borabo (1997) the developments of

educational technology there were 8 categories as applied to education. These are:
A. In Ancient Greece, the Elder Sophists used the term techne to refer to the
process of applying knowledge systematically to the practical art of instruction.
They formulated cognitive rules, systematically analyzed subject matter
 designed instructional technologies and devised effective instructional
materials.
B. During the Middle Age Advent of Scholastic Philosophy, Pierre Abelard
introduced a technology of instruction, which was really a new method of
structuring and presenting materials that helped set the style of scholastic
education.
C. Comenius, Pestalozzi, Froebel, Herbert, and Montessori contributed their own
concepts on educational technology improving the educative process.
D. Johan Amos Comenius was recognized as pioneer of modern instructional
technology by reason of his book Orbis Pictus (The World in Picture) which
was an illustrated textbook for children studying Latin and the sciences.
E. Edward Thorndike and John Dewey formulated the scientific theory of
learning and the scientific method, respectively. Thorndike gave emphasis on
the use of empirical investigation as a basis for an organized process of
learning. On his part, Dewey introduced a method of instruction in terms of
scientific method in broad terms.
F. The 19th century paved in the Advent of effective technological development,
including the production of textbooks, use of blackboards, and improvements
in writing implements like pen and ink. Photography was invented, giving a
way to a movement called visual instruction. By 1920,visual media became
widely-accepted. Then came the publication of audio-visual media texts. In
1926, educational films were used as instructional media. In 1927, Pressey
wrote on programmed learning through a machine which tested and
confirmed a learning task.
G. In 1932, the first instructional television program was aired in the State
University of Iowa. About the same time, the 16 mm sound motion picture was
developed and this served as the educational workhouse during the audio-
visual movement of the time.
H. During World War II, the U.S. Government encouraged the implementation of
technology of instruction for military training programs. This gave impetus to a
systems approach to instruction to include micro-teaching, individualized
instruction, language laboratories, behavioral objectives, computer-assisted
instructions, among others.

APPLICATION
Create an e – graphic organizer using a KWLP matrix on how you understand
the history of educational technology. Include in your plan on how will adapt to the
new learning modalities in our education system brought by the pandemic that we
are experiencing.
KWLP Matrix
K W L P
(What I Know) (What I Want to (What I Learned) (What I Plan to do with
Know) What I Learned)

Reflection/Learning Insights
Write your reflection/learning insights on the importance of knowing the
history not only in the subject Educational Technology but also in other aspects in
real life.
 My learning insights

Final Requirement
Direction: Do the following.
1. Make an e – journal. Include your insights, reflections, reactions to what
you learned in the history of educational technology. Let your output in “What I Plan
to do with What I Learned” be your guide in making your e – journal that show also
the contributions of the proponents to the development of educational technology.
Furthermore, let the source/s or reference/s be part of your e – journal. Then publish
it in our class website.

Note: Your outputs for Application, Reflection/Insights & e - journal will be

posted or turned in or be submitted in the corresponding classwork in our
Google Classroom.

SUGGESTED READINGS AND WEBSITES:

https://www.eduhk.hk/apfslt/v13_issue1/uzun/page2.htm

https://wikieducator.org/
Educational_Technology_as_Systems_Approach#:~:text=Sy stem%20approach
%20is%20a%20systematic%20attempt%20to%20coordinate%20 all,a%20problem
%20towards%20specific%20objectives.&text=In%20the%20context
%20of%20education,and%20evaluation%20of%20instructional%20objectives.

https://www.google.com/search?q=computer-assisted+instructions&oq=computer-
assisted+instructions&aqs=chrome..69i57j0l7.450630j0j15&sourceid=chrome&ie=U
T F-8

https://www.conferencecallsunlimited.com/history-of-communication-technology/

GLOSSARY:
Computer-assisted instruction (CAI): An interactive instructional technique
whereby a computer is used to present the instructional material and monitor the
learning that takes place.

Micro-teaching: A teacher training and faculty development technique whereby

the teacher reviews a recording of a teaching session, in order to get constructive
feedback from peers and/or students about what has worked and what
improvements can be made to their teaching technique.

Monitorial System: also called Lancasterian system of education.

System approach is a systematic attempt to coordinate all aspects of a problem

towards specific objectives. The System Approach focuses first upon the learner and
then course content, learning experiences and effective media and instructional
strategies.
REFERENCES/SOURCES:
A. Books
Vindollo, Shiela C., et al. (2016). Educational Technology 2. Adarna
Publishing Co. page/s 53-58

Corpuz, B.B. & Lucido, P. I. (2015) Educational Technology 1 (Third Edition)

Lorimar Publishing, Inc.

B. Websites
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UFwWWsz_X9s retrieved August 20, 2020

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qIXVc1bqJEE retrieved August 20, 2020

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y7OCKDX3yIg retrieved August 20, 2020

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PPsgLWrDspQ retrieved August 21, 2020

plato.stanford.edu/entries/episteme-techne/ retrieved August 21, 2020

https://plato.stanford.edu/index.html retrieved August 21, 2020

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sophist-philosophy retrieved August 21, 2020

George Briscoe Kerferd Hulme Professor Emeritus of Greek, Victoria University of

Manchester. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (IEP)

https://www.sutori.com/story/a-brief-history-of-educational-technology--
MQWLErF5aBwWex7ZgbC19svq retrieved August 21, 2020

https://www.sutori.com/bradley-manker retrieved August 21, 2020

http://tommyfloyd2012.blogspot.com/2012/11/ict- timeline.html#:~:text=The
%20history%20of%20ICT%20originates,a%20version%20d eveloped%20in
%20Egypt. Retrieved August 21, 2020

https://www.conferencecallsunlimited.com/history-of-communication-technology/
retrieved August 21, 2020

https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=ALeKk01ddwAU6i30Fwu17-
wwaU0PCosXxQ:1598170656467&q=infographic+meaning&spell=1&sa=X&ved=2a
hUKEwj8opPS8bDrAhUrxYsBHUujDkwQBSgAegQIDxAo&biw=1366&bih=657
retrieved August 21, 2020

https://www.google.com/search?q=joseph+lancaster&sxsrf=ALeKk023D0haGDkbaU
yHD0sUpxCvk3wuGQ:1598217038737&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=CvKbUyGl
bwLeBM%252Cu58cza09KkUhKM%252C%252Fm%252F03lvsj&vet=1&usg=AI4_-
kTs88RWFe_clYPQVw4rXjWHksmyug&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwidrfi2nrLrAhURq5QKH
VNxAbkQ_B0wCnoECBIQAw#imgrc=YX8702Ka3IjlvM&imgdii=CvKbUyGlbwLeBM
retrieved August 24, 2020

Chris Zook ( 2017) What Are ISTE Standards? (And Why Do They Matter?)
https://www.aeseducation.com/blog/what-are-iste- standards#:~:text=The
%20International%20Society%20for%20Technology,teaching
%20technology%20in%20the%20classroom.
https://www.google.com/search?q=micro-teaching&oq=micro-
teaching&aqs=chrome..69i57j0l7.14447j0j15&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8