Question 1

a) Key Differences Between Law and Ethics

The major differences between law and ethics are mentioned below:
1 . The law is defined as the systematic body of rules that governs the whole society and the actions of its individual
members. Ethics means the science of a standard human conduct.
2 . The law consists of a set of rules and regulations, whereas Ethics comprises of guidelines and principles that inform
people about how to live or how to behave in a particular situation.
3 . The law is created by the Government, which may be local, regional, national or international. On the other hand, ethics
are governed by an individual, legal or professional norms, i.e. workplace ethics, environmental ethics and so on.
4 . The law is expressed in the constitution in a written form. As opposed to ethics, it cannot be found in writing form.
5 . The breach of law may result in punishment or penalty, or both which is not in the case of breach of ethics.
6 . The objective of the law is to maintain social order and peace within the nation and protection to all the citizens. Unlike,
ethics that are the code of conduct that helps a person to decide what is right or wrong and how to act.
7 . The law creates a legal binding, but ethics has no such binding on the people.

b) To be considered a professional person in ethics in civil engineering, several criteria must be met. These criteria typically
revolve around a combination of educational attainment, technical expertise, ethical conduct, and commitment to the
profession. Here are some key aspects that define professionalism in civil engineering:

Education and Competence: A professional civil engineer should possess a solid educational foundation, typically a
bachelor's degree or higher in civil engineering from an accredited institution. This educational background ensures that
they have acquired the necessary technical knowledge and skills to perform their duties competently.

Licensure: Obtaining a professional engineering license is a critical step towards professionalism in civil engineering.
Licensure requirements vary by country or state but generally involve passing a comprehensive examination, such as the
Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) and Professional Engineering (PE) exams. A licensed engineer demonstrates a higher
level of competence and accountability in their work.

Continued Professional Development: Civil engineers should engage in lifelong learning and stay up-to-date with the
latest developments in their field. This can be achieved through attending seminars, conferences, workshops, and pursuing
advanced degrees or certifications. Continuing education ensures that professionals maintain their competence and adapt to
new technologies and practices.

Ethical Conduct: Professionalism in civil engineering also requires adherence to a strict code of ethics. The engineering
profession typically has a code of ethics, such as the one established by the National Society of Professional Engineers
(NSPE) in the United States. This code emphasizes integrity, honesty, objectivity, and the protection of public health and
safety. Professional civil engineers should demonstrate ethical behavior in all aspects of their work.

Responsibility and Accountability: Professionals in civil engineering must be accountable for their actions and decisions.
They should take responsibility for the consequences of their designs and ensure that their work meets all legal, regulatory,
and safety requirements. Additionally, they should prioritize the well-being of the public and consider the long-term social,
environmental, and economic impacts of their projects.

Communication and Collaboration: Effective communication skills are essential for professional civil engineers. They
must be able to convey complex technical information clearly and concisely to clients, colleagues, and the public.
Collaboration and teamwork are also crucial, as civil engineers often work in multidisciplinary teams comprising architects,
contractors, and other professionals.
c) Mr. Kamal's position as a reviewer of the tender proposals becomes inappropriate due to the involvement of his brother's
company as one of the tenderers. Mr. Kamal may be accused of favoring his brother's company or providing them with an
unfair advantage in the selection process. If Mr. Kamal demonstrates bias towards his brother's company by intentionally
manipulating the evaluation process or providing preferential treatment, it would be considered a serious breach of ethics.
The tendering process should be conducted in an objective and unbiased manner to provide equal opportunities to all
bidders.

Mr. Kamal's situation presents a potential conflict of interest, which raises concerns about his conduct as a professional engineer
and a member of the tender board. Engaging in activities that compromise objectivity, fairness, and impartiality can be
considered misconduct and is generally regarded as unethical. Mr. Kamal's familial relationship with the owner of one of the
tendering companies creates a conflict of interest. This means that he has a personal interest in the outcome of the tendering
process, which can influence his judgment and decision-making. It is generally considered inappropriate for a professional
engineer to participate in evaluating or awarding contracts where they or their family members have a financial or personal stake.

It is important to maintain impartiality, transparency, and fairness in the tendering process to ensure the integrity of the selection
and awarding of contracts. Mr. Kamal should recognize the potential misconduct associated with his situation and act in an
ethical manner. To uphold professional ethics, he should disclose his conflict of interest to the appropriate authorities and refrain
from participating in the evaluation of his brother's company's proposal. By doing so, he would demonstrate integrity, maintain
the fairness of the tendering process, and preserve the trust of all stakeholders involved.
Question 2
a) Here are the basic principles of the law of tort:

Duty of Care: The principle of duty of care is central to the law of tort. It establishes that individuals and professionals,
including engineers, have a legal obligation to act in a manner that avoids foreseeable harm to others.
Breach of Duty: A breach of duty occurs when an engineer fails to meet the expected standard of care, thereby violating their
duty towards others. In the law of tort, a breach can arise from acts of negligence, errors, omissions, or failure to follow
established industry standards and codes of practice.
Causation: Causation is an essential element in tort law, establishing a link between the engineer's breach of duty and the
resulting harm or injury. It must be demonstrated that the breach of duty was the direct cause of the harm suffered.
Standard of Care: The law of tort establishes a standard of care expected from professionals, including engineers. This standard
is based on what a reasonably competent engineer in the same field and circumstances would do.
Proximate Cause: Proximate cause refers to the legal concept that limits the liability of an engineer to harm that is reasonably
foreseeable. If the harm suffered by a plaintiff is too remote or not a reasonably foreseeable consequence of the engineer's actions,
the engineer may not be held liable.
Contributory Negligence: Contributory negligence is a principle that recognizes that the plaintiff's own actions or negligence
may have contributed to the harm they suffered. In tort law, if the plaintiff is found partially responsible for the harm, their
recovery may be reduced or denied.

b) In civil engineering, negligence refers to the failure of a professional engineer or contractor to exercise the level of care,
skill, and diligence expected of a reasonable practitioner in the field. Negligence can arise from acts or omissions that
result in damage, injury, or harm to property, individuals, or the public.

Examples of negligence in civil engineering can vary but may include:

Design errors: Inadequate analysis, miscalculations, or incorrect specifications in the design process that result in structural
failures or safety issues.
Construction defects: Poor workmanship, failure to follow approved plans or specifications, or improper installation of
materials or systems leading to problems in the constructed facility.
Failure to inspect or supervise: Negligence can occur if a professional fails to adequately oversee construction activities or
neglects to conduct proper inspections to identify potential risks or deviations from project requirements.
Inadequate project management: Poor planning, scheduling, or coordination of various aspects of a project, such as resource
allocation, communication, or contract administration, leading to delays, cost overruns, or quality issues.
Failure to warn: Negligence can arise if a professional fails to provide sufficient warnings or recommendations regarding
known risks or hazards associated with a project.

c) Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness, integration, and interdependence of economies, societies, and
cultures worldwide. It involves the flow of goods, services, capital, technology, information, and people across national
borders, facilitated by advancements in transportation, communication, and trade agreements.

Here are some key impacts of globalization on the civil engineering and construction industry in Malaysia:

Access to international markets and expertise: Globalization has opened up opportunities for Malaysian civil engineering and
construction firms to access international markets. Malaysian companies can bid for projects in other countries, collaborate with
foreign partners, and export their services and expertise. This exposure to international markets allows them to gain new
experiences, acquire advanced technologies and practices, and enhance their competitiveness.

Foreign investment and infrastructure development: Globalization has attracted foreign direct investment (FDI) into
Malaysia's civil engineering and construction sector. Multinational corporations and foreign investors bring in capital, technology,
and expertise to develop infrastructure projects, such as highways, railways, ports, and buildings. This influx of investment
contributes to the growth and modernization of Malaysia's construction industry.

Transfer of knowledge and best practices: Globalization facilitates the exchange of knowledge, research, and best practices in
civil engineering and construction. Malaysian professionals can access global networks, participate in international conferences,
and collaborate with foreign experts. This transfer of knowledge helps in upgrading technical skills, adopting innovative
techniques, and improving project management practices within the industry.

Increased competition and efficiency: Globalization has intensified competition within the civil engineering and construction
industry. Malaysian firms must compete not only with local companies but also with international players. This competition
drives the industry to become more efficient, productive, and cost-effective. Firms strive to improve their processes, enhance
quality control, and adopt advanced technologies to remain competitive.

Workforce mobility and labor market dynamics: Globalization has facilitated the mobility of skilled professionals in the civil
engineering and construction industry. Malaysian engineers and construction workers can seek job opportunities overseas,
gaining exposure to international projects and experiences. Conversely, the Malaysian construction industry attracts foreign
workers and professionals who contribute to the labor force. However, managing workforce mobility and ensuring the quality
and safety of imported labor can be challenges.

Environmental and sustainability considerations: Globalization has increased awareness and focus on environmental and
sustainability issues within the civil engineering and construction sector. International standards and best practices related to
green building, energy efficiency, and sustainable infrastructure are disseminated and adopted in Malaysia. This promotes
environmentally friendly construction practices and the development of sustainable infrastructure projects.
Question 3
a) As an engineer, ensuring safety is a critical aspect of my role. Here are some ways I contribute to preventing accidents and
hazardous situations:

1. Designing for safety: During the design phase of a project, I incorporate safety considerations into the design process. This
involves assessing potential risks and hazards, and implementing appropriate safety measures. I adhere to relevant safety codes,
standards, and regulations to ensure that the design meets or exceeds safety requirements.

2. Risk assessment and management: I conduct thorough risk assessments to identify potential hazards and evaluate their
likelihood and potential impact. This allows me to develop effective risk mitigation strategies. By implementing risk
management practices, I aim to eliminate or minimize potential hazards and create a safer environment for construction and
operation.

3. Compliance with safety regulations: I ensure that all construction activities comply with relevant safety regulations, building
codes, and industry standards. This includes verifying that proper safety equipment and procedures are in place, conducting
regular safety inspections, and addressing any non-compliance issues promptly.

4. Safety training and education: I promote a culture of safety by providing training and education to construction workers,
contractors, and other project stakeholders. This includes raising awareness about potential hazards, teaching safe work practices,
and conducting regular safety briefings. By ensuring that everyone involved in the project understands and follows safety
protocols, we can minimize the risk of accidents.

5. Collaboration with safety professionals: I collaborate with safety professionals, such as safety officers or consultants, to
develop and implement safety plans. Their expertise in identifying potential hazards and implementing safety measures
complements my engineering knowledge and helps create a comprehensive safety framework.

b) Regarding the use of emerging technology for monitoring work, several advancements can enhance safety in construction:

1. Remote sensing and monitoring: Technologies like drones, sensors, and satellite imagery can be used to monitor
construction sites remotely. These tools provide real-time data on site conditions, progress, and potential hazards, allowing for
timely intervention and mitigation of risks.

2. Building Information Modeling (BIM): BIM software enables the creation of virtual 3D models that simulate the
construction process. It allows engineers to visualize potential safety issues, analyze clashes, and optimize safety measures before
construction begins. BIM also facilitates collaboration among project stakeholders, promoting better communication and
coordination of safety-related activities.

3. Internet of Things (IoT): IoT devices and sensors can be integrated into construction equipment, personal protective
equipment (PPE), and construction materials to collect and transmit real-time data. This data can be used to monitor worker
health and safety conditions, track equipment usage, and detect potential safety risks.

4. Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR): AR and VR technologies enable immersive training experiences and
simulate hazardous scenarios without exposing workers to actual risks. This allows workers to gain practical safety knowledge
and practice safety procedures in a controlled virtual environment.

5. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML): AI and ML algorithms can analyze large volumes of data to
identify patterns, predict potential safety hazards, and provide proactive recommendations for risk mitigation. These technologies
can help in monitoring and detecting safety breaches, ensuring compliance, and improving overall safety performance.
Question 4

ENVIRONMENTAL
- CLIMATE CHANGE, SUSTAINBILITY
- POLICIES THAT CAN ALIGN CLIMATE CHANGE
- HOW DOES YOUR ORGANISATION ALIGN WITH REGULATION/POLICIES
Alignment with policies: Organizations need to stay informed about climate change policies and regulations at the local, national,
and international levels. This includes understanding emissions reduction targets, energy efficiency standards, renewable energy
goals, and sustainability frameworks. By aligning with these policies, organizations can ensure compliance and contribute to
broader climate change mitigation efforts.

- HOW DO YOU MODIFY YOUR POLICY TO ADDRESS THE CLIMATE CHANGE

Modifying policies: Organizations can modify their policies to explicitly address climate change and sustainability. This may
involve incorporating specific targets and objectives related to carbon reduction, energy efficiency, waste management, and
sustainable materials usage. Policies should also emphasize the adoption of environmentally friendly practices and the integration
of sustainable design principles into projects.

- HOW DOES YOUR POLICY AFFECT GOVERNMENT, AND HOW DOES GOVERNMENT POLICIES AFFECT YOUR POLICIES
Government influence on policies: Government policies play a significant role in shaping organizational policies. Government
regulations and incentives can drive organizations to prioritize sustainability and carbon reduction efforts. Organizations should
closely monitor government policies related to climate change, renewable energy, and sustainable development to align their
practices and policies accordingly.

- IDENTIFY STRATEGY THAT IS ACTUALLY - STEPS YOU CAN DO IN YOUR PRACTICE NOW TO
RELEASE LESS CARBON - LIKE POLICIES - HOW YOU CHANGE POLICIES - CHANGING OF
PRACTICES ETC
Strategies for carbon reduction: To release less carbon and minimize environmental impact, organizations can adopt the
following strategies:
a. Energy efficiency measures: Implement energy-efficient technologies and practices, such as energy-efficient lighting, HVAC
systems, and building insulation. Conduct energy audits to identify areas for improvement and invest in renewable energy
sources where feasible.
b. Sustainable materials and construction methods: Promote the use of sustainable materials with lower carbon footprints,
such as recycled materials or materials with a lower energy-intensive production process. Adopt construction methods that
reduce waste generation and optimize resource utilization.
c. Waste management and recycling: Implement effective waste management practices on construction sites to reduce landfill
waste. Encourage recycling of construction materials and proper disposal of hazardous materials.
d. Sustainable transportation: Encourage the use of sustainable transportation options for employees, such as carpooling,
public transit, or cycling. Provide electric vehicle charging infrastructure and support green commuting initiatives.
e. Green procurement: Prioritize the procurement of environmentally friendly products and services. Consider the life cycle
analysis of materials and equipment, and select suppliers and contractors who prioritize sustainability.
f. Employee awareness and training: Conduct training programs to raise awareness among employees about climate change,
sustainability, and their roles in carbon reduction efforts. Encourage sustainable practices in daily activities and promote a
culture of environmental responsibility.
 FINAL EXAMINATION SLIP
SEMESTER 2, 2022/2023 SESSION

Martyrs Cehcter Anak Jonner (70316)

Faculty of Engineering
Civil Engineering

No Course Course Name Credi Category Group Remarks

Code

1 KNS3333
MartyrsConstruction
Cehcter AnakTechnology 3 AnakTR1
Jonner (70316)**Civil Engineering*Martyrs Cehcter CIVIL 2
Jonner (70316)*Faculty of Engineeri

2 KNS3753
MartyrsReinforced Concrete
Cehcter Anak Design 2
Jonner (70316)**Civil 3 AnakTR1
Engineering*Martyrs Cehcter CIVIL 2
Jonner (70316)*Faculty of Engineeri

3 KNS4343
MartyrsEngineering
Cehcter AnakEconomy 3 Anak Jonner
Jonner (70316)**Civil Engineering*Martyrs Cehcter T CIVIL 2
(70316)*Faculty of Engineeri

4 KNS4553
MartyrsSoil Dynamics
Cehcter 3 Anak Jonner
Anak Jonner (70316)**Civil Engineering*Martyrs Cehcter T CIVIL
(70316)*Faculty of Engineeri

5 KNS4673
MartyrsIntegrated Design
Cehcter Anak Project
Jonner 2
(70316)**Civil 3 Anak Jonner
Engineering*Martyrs Cehcter T CIVIL 17 of Engineeri
(70316)*Faculty

6 KNS4732
MartyrsEthics InAnak
Cehcter Civil Jonner
Engineering 2 Anak Jonner
(70316)**Civil Engineering*Martyrs Cehcter T CIVIL 2
(70316)*Faculty of Engineeri

ATTENTION
1. You are eligible to sit for final exam of registered courses only
2. Students without exam slips will be barred from sitting the examination.
3. Students are not allowed to scribble anything on the examination slip
(This is computer generated. Signature is not required)
Martyrs Cehcter Anak Jonner (70316)**Civil Engineering*Martyrs Cehcter Anak Jonner (70316)*Faculty of Engineering*Civil Engineering