INDIA’S INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT TO UNITE NATIONS

STUDY GUIDE
COMMITTEE: WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION

AGENDA: CREATING A FRAMEWORK ENABLING -

HEALTHCARE ACCESS FOR MIGRANTS IN CONFLICT
ZONES
 MANDATE
The World Health Organization, a specialized agency (an autonomous organisation that works
with the United Nations) that is part of the UN, was established in the year 1948. WHO, as a
whole, is responsible for international public health and, to date, has six regional offices and 150
field offices worldwide. The main objective of WHO is to attain the highest possible health for
every individual in the world. The constitution of WHO has firmly stood by the fact that the
enjoyment of the highest level of health is every human’s right, and the organization primarily
tries to affirm these rights.

INTRODUCTION
In a time characterised by an unprecedented level of conflicts and wars around the globe, the
World Health Organization (WHO) plays a crucial role in addressing the various health
challenges faced by migrants and immigrants in conflict zones. People moving across borders
are driven by a combination of factors such as opportunities, conflicts, climate change, and
humanitarian crises. As this trend continues to reshape populations worldwide, the WHO
recognises the need to establish an international framework dedicated to safeguarding the health
and well-being of people in conflict zones.

Since the COVID-19 pandemic, multiple conflicts have taken shape, starting with the
Russia-Ukraine conflict to the Israel-Gaza conflict, these conflicts have resulted in severe
internal and external displacement of people causing massive migration. Other conflict-stricken
regions like Nagorno Karabakh, Haiti, Yemen, DRC, and others also face a similar fate of
massive migration of civilians. This gives rise to severe health crises due to the lack of basic
amenities like, food, medicines, hygiene products and other humanitarian assistance.

The health of migrants is closely intertwined with economic and political determinants
emphasising the importance of a comprehensive and collaborative global approach. Immigrants
often face health risks arising from factors like displacement, access to healthcare services, and
unfamiliar environmental conditions. To tackle these challenges the WHO is committed to
developing a framework that not only ensures fair access to healthcare but also addresses the root
causes behind health disparities among immigrant populations.

According to recent reports, there has been a significant increase in the number of international
migrants globally estimated at 281 million in 2024 compared to previous years. Armed conflicts
around the world have only added more to the displacement of people. This shift in
demographics highlights how crucial it is to prioritise health on a scale. The World Health
Organization (WHO) acknowledges that neglecting the healthcare needs of migrants not only
puts their well-being at risk but also poses public health hazards, for both the countries they
come to and the countries they come from.

Moreover, the recent pandemic and several wars have highlighted how vulnerable migrant
populations are during health crises emphasising the urgency for a coordinated response. The
WHO seeks to use the learnings from this pandemic to strengthen preparedness, response
mechanisms, and international collaboration in safeguarding the health of immigrants. By
advocating for health the WHO aligns itself with health coverage principles and the Sustainable
Development Goals. The ongoing conflict situation around the world has shown how the
destruction of hospitals and medical aid in conflict regions puts the lives of migrants in grave
danger in such critical times.

HISTORY
During the early 20th century, industrialisation led to economic disparities. Which in turn
resulted in large-scale migrations that reshaped societies worldwide. Countless individuals
embarked on journeys towards developed nations and continents like the United States and
Europe with the hope of opportunities and a better life. However in the pursuit of a brighter
future, many faced challenges such as living conditions, rampant discrimination, and
exploitation. The migrants lacked collective support systems leaving their struggles unaddressed
and amplifying their vulnerabilities.

As the latter half of the century unfolded, economic globalisation and geopolitical shifts further
contributed to increased migration. The outbreak of WWII led to a massive displacement of
people across the European continent. Unfortunately without international coordinated efforts in
place, immigrants remained susceptible to exploitation, discrimination, and limited access to
health facilities. In an attempt to tackle these challenges comprehensively, the International
Organisation for Migration (IOM) was established in 1951. However, it became evident that an
international framework was necessary for protection. Recognising the health risks and
disparities faced by migrants worldwide, the World Health Organization (WHO) which came
into existence in 1948, became a key player in global health matters. It emphasised access to
healthcare for all while addressing determinants of health and stressed adopting a comprehensive
approach, towards migrant health. However, the lack of a framework specifically dedicated, to
safeguarding migrants has resulted in significant gaps when it comes to addressing their broader
needs.

The Geneva Convention of 1949 also specifies rules to protect the right to health of civilians,
military personnel and medical personnel which also must take care of the health issues of the
migrants. Migrants are also protected under the Geneva Convention in times of conflict between
states. The same also applies to someone if they qualify as a refugee.

CURRENT SCENARIO
The protection of immigrants, on a level, has experienced changes and difficulties especially
when it comes to conflict-affected regions. The United Nations Global Compact for Safe,
Orderly, and Regular Migration which was adopted in December 2018 is a document that
addresses migration worldwide. This agreement although not legally binding represents an effort
by UN member states to improve the management of migration through cooperation. It consists
of 23 goals that outline policies focused on prioritising the rights of migrants advocating for
organised migration and aiming to reduce the vulnerabilities associated with people's movement.
However, implementing the Global Compact presents challenges as it relies on adoption by
countries that can choose whether or not to follow its principles. Some nations have expressed
reservations due to concerns about threats to their sovereignty. Nonetheless, the Compact
establishes a foundation for promoting dialogue and cooperation among countries regarding
migration-related matters.

The recent violent conflict between Israel and Palestine has exposed the vulnerability of the
systems to address and prioritise any and every basic need of the immigrants. With over 10,000
citizens killed in the attacks, the support of the member nations and so of the United Nations
played a crucial role with varied results. Countries like Canada ensure that they prioritise the
concerns of their citizens but also those who have been impacted, this was done by introducing
special measures to support temporary residence for extended family members in Gaza who are
related to Canadian citizens and permanent residents. Certain other countries faced major
backlash for being reluctant to allow migrant or refugee movement from the conflict-affected
zones. There are multiple factors associated with such actions such as lack of sufficient aid, weak
economy, poor healthcare and also a threat that nations involved in conflict may or may not
allow the refugees to return to their homeland.

The crisis in Ukraine forced millions of women, children, and elderly people to flee the war
zones and relocate across Poland, other European countries, and elsewhere in the world. As a
result, numerous health issues emerged in the host countries, ranging from the refugees’ low
immunization coverage to psychological distress and multimorbidities. Humanitarian support
and a multidisciplinary approach to the issues would have helped to improve the refugees’ health
and well-being. Involving relocated medics in the rehabilitation and medical care of their
compatriots may offer psychosocial and health benefits. In this particular case, certain groups of
people in Ukraine believed in non-immunising neither themselves nor their children for many
communicable diseases including COVID-19. This further has increased the number of
challenges and roadblocks that WHO has to overcome to ensure better healthcare facilities for
these immigrants/refugees in the host nation.

PROPOSED SOLUTIONS
Immediate actions in case of Conflicts
Conflicts and wars often tend to disrupt health services resulting in overcrowding, inadequate
food, and water supply, sanitation and hygiene conditions. It is necessary to critically examine
how such conflicts contribute to disease and death. Such situations require immediate provisions
to safeguard health care facilities, open humanitarian corridors for providing food and other aids
and give urgent attention to infectious diseases and traumatic injuries. The main focus should be
towards restoring basic facilities and creating safe corridors for migrants to move from the
conflict zone.

Promoting Global Collaboration and Cooperation:

Dealing with the health challenges of immigrants necessitates an effort, from around the world.
This approach ensures that immigrants are consistently granted their rights and protected,
regardless of where they come from or where they're headed. In recent years there has been
progress in international collaboration regarding immigration management. Organisations like
the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and the United Nations (UN) have played
roles in encouraging dialogue and cooperation among member states. Hospitals, medical
facilities and personnel should be provided protection under international law against any attack
or exploitation. WHO and UN RWA camps must be protected and aided through the efforts of
other countries in times of conflict to facilitate emergencies.

Human Rights-Centric Approach

The proposed global framework must be firmly rooted in a human rights perspective. Placing
importance on the dignity and fundamental rights of immigrants should lie at its core. This
involves facilitating access to healthcare in emergencies and otherwise in case of ongoing
conflicts and implementing measures against discrimination and exploitation. There are already
human rights instruments in place to safeguard the rights of migrants. One example is the
International Convention, on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members
of Their Families. Migrants irrespective of the side of the conflict they travel from or to must be
given basic health care facilities. Vulnerable groups like children and women migrants must be
given protection and immense healthcare facilities as they are more exposed to hunger and
diseases.

Establishing a Strong Legal Foundation

To strengthen the commitment to safeguarding immigrants it is essential to create a binding
framework. By ensuring that international agreements hold nations upholding the outlined rights
and protections we establish a basis for seeking justice in cases of violations. Thus enhance the
effectiveness of the framework. While regional agreements like the European Convention on
Human Rights provide frameworks for areas there is currently no global and binding instrument
dedicated solely to protecting migrants rights. The call for such an instrument has gained
momentum with support from scholars, activists, and even some governments who advocate for
a treaty that leaves no gaps in safeguarding migrant's rights.

Addressing Social Factors Affecting Health

A comprehensive framework must prioritise addressing factors that impact health. Efforts should
be focused on removing barriers that hinder migrant's access to healthcare and essential services
in conflict situations. This includes promoting competence, within healthcare systems providing
language assistance, and addressing socio-disparities that contribute to health inequities.
Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders), among initiatives actively works on the
lines to provide healthcare to migrants while also advocating for policies that address the social
factors that impact their health.

BLOCK POSITIONS
United States Of America:
The United States, which has a history of being a choice, for immigrants, supports the idea of
comprehensive immigration reform. This means they want to address pathways for immigration
improve border security measures and work together with neighbouring countries. Since there
are more than 40 million foreign-born individuals living in the U.S. it's important to protect
populations. The country also focuses on assisting refugees and asylum seekers in line with
human rights standards. Recently, while the US has advocated for humanitarian assistance and
providing aid in Ukraine, the policy hasn’t been the same in the case of Palestine.

China
China, not a traditional immigrant destination, emphasises economic cooperation to address
migration's root causes. With the world's largest population, China supports a Global Solidarity
Fund for Migrant Well-Being, contributing to international development. Proposing
technological solutions, China prioritises secure immigration processes and respecting the
sovereignty of nations. Non-interference remains a guiding principle in its approach to global
migration discussions.

Russia
Russia advocates for regional collaboration while focusing on Eurasian partnerships and
common policies to manage migration flows. As a vast nation spanning Europe and Asia, Russia
prioritises national security, addressing security concerns tied to migration. The country actively
supports humanitarian assistance during crises and encourages cultural exchange programs to
foster understanding between host communities and immigrants. While Russia’s attack on
Ukraine has impacted the healthcare system of the country significantly, Russia has in some
instances allowed the movement of migrants from the country through humanitarian pauses.
India
India, with a significant diaspora, emphasises engaging and protecting its global citizens.
Advocating for legal and regulated migration, India highlights skill mobility, contributing
significantly to global economies. Prioritizing humanitarian assistance, India's historical role in
providing refuge aligns with its commitment to protecting refugees and crisis-affected
populations. India has sent humanitarian aid and supplies to all countries in their time of need
and helped in the easy movement of affected migrants.

The United Kingdom

The United Kingdom, with a diverse immigrant population, navigates unique challenges in
crafting its position. As a historical colonial power, the UK grapples with the legacy of migration
tied to its imperial past. A strong proponent of legal pathways, the UK emphasises skilled
migration to meet economic needs. Balancing its commitment to human rights, the nation
supports refugees and asylum seekers, actively participating in international humanitarian efforts.
Migrants and asylum seekers who have legally entered the country are covered under free NHS
care.

SUGGESTED MODERATED CAUCUS

1. Discussing ways to enhance Refugee Resettlement Programs for Global Impact.
2. Deliberating on ways to combat the damage and destruction of the healthcare infrastructure of
a country during conflicts.
3. Evaluating the existing policy on migrant protection during conflicts.
4. Discussing the allocation and utilisation of funds within the Global Solidarity Fund for
Migrant Well-Being.
5. Examining the role of international cooperation regarding health crises during conflicts with a
special focus on the conflict between Israel and Palestine.
6. Examining the successful regional collaboration models in managing migration with a focus
on Coordinating Crisis Response and Humanitarian Aid for Migrant Support.
7. Deliberating a framework for a Universal Healthcare Facility for all citizens across the world.
8. Deliberating measures to protect vulnerable communities during conflict periods.
9. Examining the role of the UN and global superpowers in protecting the Right to Health of
migrants during conflict.
10. Addressing challenges related to discrimination and exploitation faced by migrants in
conflict-stricken regions.
 RESEARCH LINKS
(Note: Delegates, some of the links are only meant for light reading and thus are not
highlighted, only refer to the highlighted sources as valid proof as others may or may not be
accepted as a source of proof in the Council. The decision of the Presiding Officer regarding the
acceptable sources is Final and Binding. )
1. https://www.who.int/promoting-health-of-refugees-and-migrants-during-covid-19-pandemic
2. https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Migration/OHCHRGuidance_COVID19_Migrants.pdf
3. https://www.projecthope.org/4-facts-the-health-challenges-refugees-face/
4. https://www.csis.org/analysis/gazas-human-crisis-demands-rethink
5. https://msmagazine.com/refugee-menstrual-health-humanitarian-women-ukraine-venezuela/
6. https://reliefweb.int/report/chad/sudanese-refugees-chad-face-health-and-hunger-crisis#:~:text
=Dr%20Mawaheb%20Younis%2C%20a%20specialist,access%20to%20proper%20sanitation
7. https://www.who.int/europe/hiv-prevention--diagnosis-and-care-for-ukrainian-refugeespoland
8. https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/resilience-amidst-chaos-100-days-un
rwas-health-response-humanitarian-crisis-gaza-strip-7-october-2023-14-january-2024#:~:text
=Over%20the%20last%20few%20decades,HCs%20in%20the%20Gaza%20Strip.
9. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/universalhealthcoverage
10. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/universal-health-coverage-(uhc)
11. https://international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu/news-and-events/stories/universal-health-care-p
artnership-building-stronger-health-systems-universal-health-coverage_en
12. https://internationallaw.blog/healthcare-for-migrants-in-europe-the-need-for-a-universal-healt
hcare-coverage/
13. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00185/full
14. https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/latest/campaigns/stand-with-refugees
15. https://www.cdc.gov/immigrantrefugeehealth/about-irmh.html
16. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/innovative-solutions-to-the-plight-of-climate-migrants
17. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/oct/14/migrants-denied-nhs-care-for-average-of-3
7-weeks-research-finds
18. https://www.unhcr.org/in/media/refugees-and-impact-covid-19
19. https://www.humanrights.unsw.edu.au/news/refugee-health-during-covid-19-pandemic-revie
w-global-policy-responses
20. International standards governing migration policy | OHCHR