Midterm – Lesson 2

Objectives:

a. a. define rational expressions

b. b. offers practical application of rational expressions
c. c. differentiate similar and dissimilar algebraic fractions

Ms. Jonnah Mariz G. Nacar

Instructor
 On the previous lesson, we learned that a function is defined as the set of ordered pairs
where no two ordered pairs have the same first coordinates and different second coordinates as
well as the definition of a non function, RELATION.
We also used symbols such as f(x), g(x), h(x), …, or the phrase “function of” to describe
the relationship between variables

This lesson discusses these three (3) topics:

RATIONAL EQUATION RATIONAL EXPPRESSION RATIONAL INEQUALITIES

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RATIONAL EXPPRESSION

In arithmetic ratio, two numbers or integers is rational number; and in Algebra, the ratio of two polynomials is a
ratio expression.

Ratio expression or a rational expression is the ratio of two (2) polynomials, the numerator and the denominator, such
that the denominator is not equal to zero (0). A rational expression can be described as a function where either the
numerator or the denominator or both have a variable on it.
The following are examples of rational expressions:

𝑥2 + 5 numerator 𝑥2 − 4 numerator
𝑥+2 denominator 𝑥 denominator

These are a “rational expression because it is a ratio of

two (2) polynomials

2x + 5 polynomial

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EXAMPLES

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Rational function
&
Rational equation
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Rational function
&
Rational equation

Functions described by rational expressions are called RATIONAL FUNCTIONS.

A rational function is a function that can be represented through
an equation in this form,

ℎ(𝑥ሻ
𝑓 𝑥 = ;𝑔 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑔(𝑥ሻ

Where the functions h(x) and g(x) are polynomial functions,

and g(x) ≠ 0. If the value of g(x) is not zero, then the value of f(x)
exists in the set of real numbers.

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 The domain of the rational function is the set of real numbers except those values that
would generate or make the denominator equal to 0.
The range of rational function is the set of real numbers that satisfy the rational
function, f(x).

ℝ Symbol for real number

There are steps to be considered in finding the domain and range of the
rational function:

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 STEPS IN FINDING THE DOMAIN AND RANGE OF THE
RATIONAL FUNCTION:

1. Determine which value of x in the denominator that can make the equation/ function
undefined. Consider this value as an exemption to the values of domain.

2. In order to determine the range, solve for the equation of x in the function and
identify which among the values of y in the denominator makes the function undefined.
The values obtained will be considered as exemption of the range.

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 Consider the example below:
1
1. Find the domain and the range of the rational function 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥

1. Determine which value of x in the denominator that can make the equation/ function
undefined. Consider this value as an exemption to the values of domain.
2. In order to determine the range, solve for the equation of x in the function and
identify which among the values of y in the denominator makes the function undefined.
The values obtained will be considered as exemption of the range.

Solutions:

(1) This rational function is not defined at x = 0, thus, its domain will be the set of real numbers excluding 0.

In symbols, we can write its domain as: And is read as the domain of the function is the set of
domain = {ℝ: x ≠ 0} real number such that x must not be equal to 0.

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 Consider the example below:
1
1. Find the domain and the range of the rational function 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥
1. Determine which value of x in the denominator that can make the equation/ function
undefined. Consider this value as an exemption to the values of domain.

2. In order to determine the range, solve for the equation of x in the function and
identify which among the values of y in the denominator makes the function undefined.
The values obtained will be considered as exemption of the range.

Solutions: The range is determined by solving algebraically the

value of y in terms of x

f(x) = 𝑥1 In symbols, we can write its range as:

1 Thus, the range of the range = {ℝ: y ≠ 0}
y= 𝑥 function is the set of real
1 numbers except 0 And is read as the range of the function is the set of
x= 𝑦 real number such that y must not be equal to 0.

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 Consider the example below:
𝑥 −2
2. Find the domain and the range of the rational function 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥+5

(1) Find the domain:

Solution:
Since we know that the function does not exist if x = -5, then the domain is the set of real numbers where x
must not be equal to – 5

In symbols, we can write its domain as:

domain= {ℝ: x ≠ -5}

(2) Find the range: 𝑥 −2 𝑥 −2

𝑓 𝑥 = x–5=
𝑥+5 𝑦

𝑥 −2 𝑥 −2 In symbols, we can write its RANGE as:

y= x= +5
𝑥+5 𝑦 range = {ℝ: y ≠ 0}
y(x + 5) = x -2 𝑥+ 3
x= 𝑦

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 Rational function
&

Rational equation
Rational equations are equations that have 1 or more rational expressions. The solution in this type of equation
follows the normal rules in solving the ordinary equations. Below are some example of rational equation.

Solving Rational Equations

Remembering about clearing fractions by cancellation is a must in this part of the lesson, as well as how to solve for
the LCM of two different fractions. Most of the rational equations that we will encounter contain a variable in at least one
denominator.
Take note
Since division by 0 is undefined, any replacement for the variable
that makes a denominator 0 cannot be a solution of the equation.

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 Steps in Solving Rational Equations

To solve a rational equations,

1. List any numbers that will make a denominator equal to 0. This will not be included as the
value for any of the variable in the denominator.

2. Clear fractions by multiplying both sides of the equations by the LCM of the denominators.

3. Solve for the equation, then check possible solutions against the list of numbers that cannot be
solutions in the original rational equation.

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 Steps in Solving Rational Equations
2 1
Example 1. Solve: 3𝑥
+ 𝑥
= 10
1. List any numbers that will make a denominator equal to 0. This will not be included as the
value for any of the variable in the denominator.

Solution:
2. Clear fractions by multiplying both sides of the equations by the LCM of the denominators.
Because the left side of this equation is undefined when x is 0, we can say that x ≠ 0.
3. Solve for the equation, then check possible solutions against the list of numbers that cannot be
solutions in the original rational equation.

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 Steps in Solving Rational Equations
1. List any numbers that will make a denominator equal to 0. This will not be included as the
Example any of2 the
value1.forSolve: 1
+ variable
= 10in the denominator.
3𝑥 𝑥

2. Clear fractions by multiplying both sides of the equations by the LCM of the denominators.

Solution:
3. SolveLCM: 3x equation, then check possible solutions against the list of numbers that cannot be
for the
solutions in the original rational equation.
2 1 Multiplying by the LCM 2 + 3 = 30x
3x
3𝑥
+ 𝑥
= 10 3x to clear the fraction
5 = 30x
2 1 Using distributive 1
3x ⋅ 3𝑥
+ 3x ⋅ 𝑥
= 3x(10) property
5
30
=x Or x =
6

3⋅𝑥⋅2 3 ⋅𝑥
3⋅𝑥
+ 𝑥
= 30x Multiplying and
factoring

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 1. List any numbersSteps
that will in
makeSolving Rational
a denominator equal to 0. Equations
This will not be included as the
value for any of the variable in the denominator.

2multiplying
2. Clear fractions
Example 1. Solve:by3𝑥 + 𝑥1 = 10both sides of the equations by the LCM of the denominators.
3. Solve for the equation, then check possible solutions against the list of numbers that cannot be
solutions in the original rational equation.
Solution: Check: 2 1
3𝑥
+ 𝑥
= 10
5 1
30
=x Or x = 2 1
6 +
1 1 10
3( ሻ
1 6 6
We already identified that x ≠ 0, so 6 2 6 Therefore, the
should be check if it is a solution. 1 + 1 equation is true for
( ሻ
2 1
the value of x = 6
4+6
10 = 10
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 2𝑥 −5
Example 2. Solve: 𝑥 −3
=7
Solution:
(1) Since we know that if x = 3 can make the denominator undefined, we will exclude 3 as the
possible value for x.
(2) Clear the fraction by multiplying x – 3 on both sides.
(X – 3) 2𝑥 −5 =7 (X – 3) (3) Solve and check
𝑥 −3 2𝑥 −5
𝑥 −3
=7
2x - 5= 7(x – 3)
2(16
5ሻ
−5
2x - 5= 7x – 21 7
(16ሻ−3
5 Therefore, the
2x – 7x = – 21 + 5 32
equation is true for
5 −5
1
– 5x = – 16 the value of x = 6
1
5
16
x=
5 7=7
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 Rational
inequality

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Rational inequalities are inequalities that have rational functions. The solution to this type of
equation follows the normal rules in solving for the ordinary inequality.

The following symbols are used in rational inequality

Any value for the variable
that makes an inequality true
is called a solution. The
set of all solutions is called
the solution set. When all
solutions of an inequality
are found, we say that we
have solved the inequality.

Some example of inequalities are shown below

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Solving Rational inequality

1. Find the value of the denominator which can make the rational function undefine.

2. Change the inequality symbol to an equals sign and solve the related equations.

3. Use the numbers that was derived from steps (1) and (2) to divide the number line into intervals.

4. Substitute a value that can be use as a test number for each interval into the inequality. If so the
number is a solution, then the interval to which the value it belongs is part of the solution.

5. Select all interval(s) and endpoints for which the inequality is satisfied and use interval notation or
set–builder notation to write the solution set.

Note • If the inequality symbol is ≤ and ≥ the solutions from step

2 is included in the solution set.
• All numbers in step 1 are excluded from the solution set.

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Solving Rational inequality
𝑥 −3
Example 1. Solve: 𝑥+4
≥ 2
1. Find the value of the denominator for which can make the rational function undefine.

2. At
Change thethe
x = -4 inequality
equationsymbol
will betoundefined.
am equals Thus, x ≠solve
sign and -4 the related equations.
3. Use the numbers that was derived from steps (1) and (2) to divide the number line into intervals.
4. Substitute a value that can be use as a test number for each interval into the inequality. If so the number is a
solution, then the interval to which the value it belongs is part of the solution.

5. Select all interval(s) and endpoints for which the inequality is satisfied ad use interval notation or set – builder
notation to write the solution set.

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Solving Rational inequality
𝑥 −3
Example 1. Solve: 𝑥+4
≥ 2
1. Find the value of the denominator for which can make the rational function undefine.

At x = -4 the equation will be undefined. Thus, x ≠ -4

3.
2. Use thethe
Change numbers that symbol
inequality was derived
to an from
equalssteps
sign (1)
andand (2)thetorelated
solve divide equations.
the number line into intervals.
4. Substitute a value that can be use as a test number for each interval into the inequality. If so the number is a
𝑥 −3 then the interval
𝑥 −3to which the value it belongs is part of the solution.
≥2
solution,
𝑥+4 𝑥+4
=2
x – 3 = 2(x + 4)
5. Select all interval(s) and endpoints
𝑥 −3
for which the inequality is satisfied ad use interval notation or set – builder
notation to write the solution 4 𝑥+4 = 2 X + 4
X +set. Solve for x:
x – 3 = 2x + 8
Clearing fractions by multiplying x – 2x = 8 + 3
both sides by x + 4 – x = 11 x = - 11

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Solving Rational inequality
𝑥 −3
Example 1. Solve: 𝑥+4
≥ 2

3. Use the numbers that was derived from steps (1) and (2) to divide the number line into intervals.

Since -11 is a solution of the related equation, we use -11 when dividing the number line into intervals. Since the rational
function is undefined for x = -4, we must also use -4:

4. Substitute a value that can be use as a test number for each interval into the inequality. If so the number is a
solution, then the interval to which
A the value it belongs isB part of the solution. C

5. Select all interval(s) Values

and fromendpoints
-11 up to -∞ for which the in between -11is& -4
Valuesinequality satisfied Values
ad use up to +∞ notation or set – builder
interval
from -4
-∞ +∞
notation to write the solution set. -11 -4

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Solving Rational inequality
𝑥 −3
Example 1. Solve: 𝑥+4
≥ 2
4. Substitute a value that can be use as a test number for each interval into the inequality. If so the number is a
solution, then the interval to which the value it belongs is part of the solution.
A B C
Values from -11 up to -∞ Values in between -11 & -4 Values from -4 up to +∞
-∞ +∞
-11 -4
𝑥 −3
We test a number from each interval to see where the original inequality is satisfied: 𝑥+4
≥ 2

5.Interval
Select all A Test numberand
interval(s) Interval
: -15endpoints for which BtheTest numberis: -8
inequality Interval
satisfied ad use interval C Testornumber
notation set – : builder
1
Remember that, any x < -11 can be a test value Remember that, any -11 < x < -4 can be a test value Remember that, any x > -4 can be a test value
notation to write the solution set.
𝑥 −3 −15 −3 𝑥 −3 −8 −3 𝑥 −3 1 −3
≥ 2 ≥ 2 𝑥+4
≥ 2 −8 + 4
≥ 2 ≥ 2 1+4
≥ 2
𝑥+4 −15 + 4 𝑥+4
11
- 15 is not a solution, 18 - 8 is a solution, thus ≥ 2 −2
≥ 2
thus interval A is not 11
≥ 2 interval B is part of the
4 1 is not a solution, thus
interval C is not part of
5
(2.75) (-0.4)
part of the solution set (1.63) solution set the solution set

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Solving Rational inequality
𝑥 −3
Example 1. Solve: 𝑥+4
≥ 2
5. Select all interval(s) and endpoints for which the inequality is satisfied and use interval notation or set – builder
notation to write the solution set.
A B C
Values from -11 up to -∞ Values in between -11 & -4 Values from -4 up to +∞
-∞ +∞
-11 -4
The solution set includes interval B. The endpoint -11 is included because the inequality symbol is ≥ and -11 is a solution of the related
equation. The number -4 is not included because its value can generate zero in the denominator which makes the function undefined.
Thus the solution set of the original inequality is: Note
In intervals with symbols ≤ & ≥, if the value is
Interval notation: [-11, -4) Set – builder notation: {x|-11 ≤ x ≤ -4} included in the solution set we use the bracket [ ],
while if the value is not included we use
∘ parenthesis ( ).
-11 -4 For intervals with symbols < >, parenthesis is
always used.
ሻ

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 3𝑥 −1
Example 2. Solve: 𝑥 −3
>5
(1) Identify the value that can make the function undefined: (3) In the number line: Group A: values x < 3
x≠3 Group B: values between 3 and 7
Group C: values x > 7
(2) Change the inequality symbol to equal sign:
3𝑥 −1
5 → 3𝑥 −1
> =5
𝑥 −3 𝑥 −3

X - 3 3𝑥 −1 = 5 X-3
𝑥 −3

3x – 1 = 5(x -3)
3x – 1 = 5x -15
3x – 5x = -15 + 1
– 2x = -14
x=7

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(4) Substitute value for test number:
(5) Write the solution in interval or set – builder notation:
Group A: values x < 3 (test number 1)
3𝑥 −1 3(1ሻ −1 interval notation: (3, 7) 3 and 7 are not included
>5 >5
𝑥 −3 (1ሻ −3 set builder notation: {x| 3 < x < 7}
-1 > 5 FALSE
Group B: values values between 3 and 7 (test number 5)
3𝑥 −1 3(5ሻ −1
𝑥 −3
>5 (5ሻ −3
>5

7 > 5 TRUE

Group C: values x > 7 (test number 10)

3𝑥 −1 3(10ሻ −1
𝑥 −3
>5 (10ሻ −3
>5

4.14 > 5 FALSE

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 2 4
Example 3. Solve: 𝑥+5
< 11
(1) Identify the value that can make the function undefined: (3) In the number line: Group A: values x < -5
x ≠ -5 Group B: values between -5 and ½
Group C: values x > ½
(2) Change the inequality symbol to equal sign:
2 4 2 4
𝑥+5
< 11 → 𝑥+5 = 11
2 4
𝑥+5
= 11
CROSS MULTIPLY

4(x + 5) = 2(11)
4x + 20 = 22
4x = 22 - 20
4x = 2
x=½

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(4) Substitute value for test number:
(5) Write the solution in interval or set – builder notation:
Group A: values x < -5 (test number -10)
2 4 2 4 interval notation: ( -∞, -5) and (1/2, ∞) or
𝑥+5
< 11 −10 +5
< 11 ( -∞, -5) ∪ (1/2, ∞)
-2/5 < 4/11 TRUE 1
set builder notation: 𝑥 < −5 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 2

Group B: values between -5 and ½ (test number 0)

2 4 2 4
𝑥+5
< 11 0+5
< 11
2/5 < 4/11 FALSE

Group C: values x > ½ (test number 1)

2 4 2 4
𝑥+5
< 11 1+5
< 11
2/6 > 4/11 TRUE

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Difference between
rational expression, equality &
inequality

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 Take a look at the examples below:
rational expression rational inequality rational equation
𝑥2+5 𝑥 5 4𝑥+5 𝑥+2 𝑥 2 1 2𝑥 1
f(x) = ≤3 ≤5 >0 3𝑥
+ 𝑥
= 10 3
+ 𝑥+3
= -3
𝑥+2 𝑦 𝑥 −2 𝑥+4 𝑥−1 𝑥+1

A rational equation and inequality can be solved for any values of x that can satisfy the
equation. While a rational expression does not need to be solve, rather it is more of a
representation of any equation. It expresses relationship between 2 variables x & y (f(x))

Can you now see the difference between the 3 from the given examples above?

An equation contains an equals sign; an expression does not. When expressions are simplified, the result is an
equivalent expression. When equations are solved, the result is a solution.

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 Problems
involving work

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 Problems
involving work

Now that we are able to solve rational equations, we can also solve new types of applications such as in real
life situations. There will be five problem-solving steps that we are going to use in solving.

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 Problems
involving work Now that we are able to solve rational equations, we can also solve new types of applications such as in
real life situations. There will be five problem-solving steps that we are going to use in solving.

Example 1.
The roof of Finn and Paige’s townhouse needs to be reshingle. Finn can do the job alone in 8 hour and Paige can do the job
alone in 10 hour. How long will it take the two of them, working together, to reshingle the roof?

Common mistakes Work problems are often incorrectly translated to mathematical language in several ways.

Incorrect a) Add the times together: 8 hr + 10 hr = 18 hr. This cannot be the correct approach because Finn and Paige working together
should take less time than either of them working alone.

Incorrect b) Average the times: (8 hr + 10 hr)/2 = 9 hr. Again, this is longer than it would take Finn to do the job alone.

Incorrect c) Assume that each person does half the job. Finn would reshingle 1/2 the roof in ½(8hr), or 4 hr, and Paige would re-shingle
1/2 the roof in ½(10hr), or 5 hr, so Finn would finish an hour before Paige. The problem assumes that the two are working
together, so Finn will help Paige after completing his half. This tells us that the job will take between 4 hr and 5 hr.

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 Problems
involving work

The roof of Finn and Paige’s townhouse needs to be reshingle. Finn can do the job alone in 8 hour and Paige can do the job
alone in 10 hour. How long will it take the two of them, working together, to reshingle the roof?

Solution

1. FAMILIARIZE. The correct approach focuses on the rate of work, or the amount of the job that each person completes in 1 hr.
We need to identify how much work it would take Finn and Paige to work in a an hour

• Since it takes Finn 8 hr to reshingle the entire roof, in 1 hr he reshingles 1/8 of the roof.
• Since it takes Paige 10 hr to reshingle the entire roof, in 1 hr she reshingles 1/10 of the roof.
• Together, they reshingle 1/8 + 1/10 = 5/40 + 4/40 = 9/40 of the roof per hour.

The rates are thus, This is derived by

taking the LCM of
the denominators

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 Problems
involving work

We are looking for the time required to reshingle 1 entire roof.

2. TRANSLATE. From the table, we see that t must be some number,

Fraction of roof Fraction of roof

done by Finn done by Paige

1
8
⋅t + 1
10
⋅t=1
𝑡
8
+ 10𝑡 = 1

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 Problems
involving work
4. CHECK.
In 40/9 hr,
𝑡
8
+ 𝑡
10
= 1 Finn reshingles (1/8)(40/9), or 5/9, of the roof
Paige reshingles (1/10)(40/9), or 4/9, of the roof.
3. CARRY OUT. We will solve the equation.
𝑡
8
+ 10𝑡 = 1 Together, they reshingle 5/9 + 4/9, or 1 roof.

40 𝑡
8
+ 𝑡
10
= 1 40
Multiplying by the
LCM to clear fractions 5. CONCLUSION.
Therefore, it will take 40/9 or 4 4/9 hours for Finn and Paige to
40𝑡
8
+ 40𝑡
10
= 40 reshingle the roof.
5t + 4t = 40 Simplifying

9t = 40
t = 40/9 hr

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Example 2.
It takes Manuel 9 hr longer than Zoe does to rebuild an engine. Working together, they can do the job in 20 hr. How long would
it take each, working alone, to rebuild an engine?

Solution
1. FAMILIARIZE. We let z = the number of hours it would take Zoe working alone and z + 9 = the number of hours it would take
Manuel working alone.

2. TRANSLATE. Using the same reasoning as in Example 1, we see that,

Zoe completes 1/z of the job in 1 hr in 20 hr, Zoe completes 1/z x 20 of the job

Manuel completes 1/z + 9 of the job in 1 hr. Manuel completes 1/z + 9 x 20 of the job.
Together, Zoe and Manuel can complete the entire job in 20 hr.

BRIDG 001 – Bridging Subject 1

FATHER SATURNINO URIOS UNIVERSITY
JGNACAR || [email protected]
3. CARRY OUT. We will solve the equation. 4. CHECK.
Since negative time has no meaning in the problem, -5 is not a
20
𝑧
+ 𝑧+9
20
= 1 The LCM is z(z + 9). solution to the original problem. The number 36 checks since, if Zoe
takes 36 hr alone and Manuel takes 36 + 9 = 45 hr alone, in 20 hr
they would have finished:
z(z + 9). 20
𝑧
+ 𝑧+9
20
= 1 z(z + 9). Multiplying to clear fractions

(z + 9)20 + 20(z) = z2 + 9
20z + 180 + 20z = z2 + 9
40z + 180 = z2 + 9 Getting 0 on one side
5. CONCLUSION.
z2 + 40z + 180 + 9 = 0 Factoring
It would take Zoe 36 hr to rebuild an engine alone,
(z – 36)(z + 5) = 0 and Manuel 45 hr.

z – 36 = 0 z+5=0
z = 36 z = -5

BRIDG 001 – Bridging Subject 1

FATHER SATURNINO URIOS UNIVERSITY
JGNACAR || [email protected]
 This ends our topic for
lesson 2

Hope that you have understand the lesson!

BRIDG 001 – Bridging Subject 1

FATHER SATURNINO URIOS UNIVERSITY
JGNACAR || [email protected]