APA Referencing:

A Guide for
Ara Institute of
Canterbury
This Guide is based on the 7th edition of
the Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association (2020).

Please email [email protected]

with any feedback.

Access this
Guide online!
 How this APA Guide works
Part 1 of this guide introduces the general “rules” about referencing and the American
Psychological Association (APA) referencing style. It explains the reference list and in-text citation,
and the principles of paraphrasing and quoting.

Part 2 provides examples of reference list entries and corresponding in-text citations for the most
common types of sources used at Ara (e.g. book, journal article, website), and an explanation on
how to cite and reference each type of source.

The best way to use this Guide

Read the general rules in Part 1, then use the Index on p. 98 in Part 2 of this Guide
to find the exact type of source that you are referencing (e.g., book, webpage, or
journal article).

The Index provides the page number in Part 2 for your specific source, where you
can see instructions on how to cite and reference it, and reference examples.

If you are using the online PDF version of this Guide, you can click on the relevant
page number in the Index to be taken to that page.

Before writing your reference list

Before writing your reference list, read the information on pp. 12-13 of this Guide.
This explains how to format your reference list and provides an example reference
list.

Also, read pp. 8-10, which describe the elements you need to include in your
reference (that is, author, date, title, and source), and what to do when referencing
works with URLs and DOIs.

Need help with APA Referencing?

Ask at the Library Service Desk or online through AskLive or use the APA Referencing online
resources on MyAra StudySmart.

2021 Ara Institute of Canterbury Ltd.

This work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. To view a copy of this license, visit
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

2
 Table of Contents

Part 1: General Guidelines for Referencing and APA Style

What is Referencing? .................................................................................................................. 7
Why Do I Need to Reference? ..................................................................................................... 7
How Do I Reference APA Style? ................................................................................................. 7
Useful APA Referencing Web Links ............................................................................................ 7
The Reference List ........................................................................................................................ 8
The Four Elements of a Reference List Entry .............................................................................. 8
Including URLs and DOIs in Reference List Entries ................................................................... 10
What are URLs and DOIs? .................................................................................................... 10
Check Your Information Source Carefully for a DOI ............................................................... 10
Present URLs and DOIs as Hyperlinks .................................................................................. 10
Providing Retrieval Dates With URLs ........................................................................................ 11
Including Database Sources in Reference List Entries .............................................................. 11
How to Present the Reference List ............................................................................................ 12
Example of an APA Reference List............................................................................................ 13
In-Text Citations (Works Credited in the Text) .......................................................................... 14
What is an In-Text Citation? ...................................................................................................... 14
How to Write In-Text Citations in APA Style .............................................................................. 14
Format of In-Text Citations..................................................................................................... 14
When to Use In-Text Citation ................................................................................................. 14
Avoid Undercitation and Overcitation ..................................................................................... 15
More Information About Citing Sources ..................................................................................... 15
Citing a Single Source in a Paragraph ................................................................................... 15
Citing Multiple Sources in a Paragraph .................................................................................. 15
Citing Multiple Authors Who are Stating the Same Fact or Opinion ........................................ 15
Citing Works With the Same Author and Same Date ............................................................. 16
Citing a Work With no Author ................................................................................................. 16
Abbreviating Organisational Authors ...................................................................................... 16
Using Secondary Sources (Content First Cited in Another Source) ........................................ 17
Citing Personal Communications (e.g., Email, Interviews, and Guest Speakers) ................... 17
Citing Traditional Knowledge or Oral Traditions of Indigenous Peoples ................................. 18
Whakataukī and Whakatauākī (Māori Proverbs) .................................................................... 18
Paraphrasing ............................................................................................................................... 19
General Principles of Paraphrasing ........................................................................................... 19
Examples of In-Text Citation When Paraphrasing ..................................................................... 19
Page Numbers in Paraphrasing ................................................................................................. 19
Quoting ........................................................................................................................................ 20
General Principles of Quoting .................................................................................................... 20
Accuracy of Quotations ............................................................................................................. 20

3
 Short Quotations (Fewer Than 40 Words) ................................................................................. 20
Long Quotations (40 Words or More) ........................................................................................ 21
Direct Quotation of Material Without Page Numbers ................................................................. 21
Style Guidelines for Academic Writing ..................................................................................... 22
Required Elements of a Student Paper ..................................................................................... 22
Capitalisation ............................................................................................................................. 22
Titles of Works and Headings Within Works........................................................................... 22
Job Titles and Positions ......................................................................................................... 22
Diseases, Disorders, Therapies, Theories, and Related Terms.............................................. 22
Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................ 23
Units of Measurement ............................................................................................................ 23
Time ...................................................................................................................................... 23
Numbers.................................................................................................................................... 23
Use Numerals to State ........................................................................................................... 23
Use Words to Express ........................................................................................................... 23
Appendices ............................................................................................................................... 24

4
 Part 2: Reference Examples
Books........................................................................................................................................... 26
The Elements of a Reference Entry for a Book .......................................................................... 26
In-Text Citations for Books ........................................................................................................ 27
Book Chapters ............................................................................................................................ 32
The Elements of a Reference Entry for a Chapter in an Edited Book......................................... 32
In-Text Citations for Book Chapters ........................................................................................... 33
Book Chapters From a Course Book or Course Site ................................................................. 33
Reference Materials (Entries in Encyclopaedias, Dictionaries) and Reference Databases ... 36
Journal Articles........................................................................................................................... 44
Magazine Articles........................................................................................................................ 49
Newspaper Articles..................................................................................................................... 51
Blogs ........................................................................................................................................... 53
Reports and Other Grey Literature ............................................................................................ 56
The Elements of a Reference Entry for Grey Literature ............................................................. 56
Reports, Booklets, Codes of Ethics, and Other Grey Literature ................................................. 58
Conference Sessions and Presentations ................................................................................... 61
Rules for Works Associated With Specific Locations .............................................................. 64
Theses and Dissertations .......................................................................................................... 64
New Zealand Legislation and Standards ................................................................................... 66
Acts, Regulations, and Bills ....................................................................................................... 66
Court Cases .............................................................................................................................. 67
New Zealand Standards ............................................................................................................ 68
Te Tiriti o Waitangi / Treaty of Waitangi ..................................................................................... 69
Social Media ................................................................................................................................ 72
The Elements of a Reference Entry for Social Media ................................................................ 72
Webpages and Websites ............................................................................................................ 76
Using the “Webpages and Websites” Reference Category ........................................................ 76
Citing an Entire Website ............................................................................................................ 76
The Elements of a Reference Entry for Webpages and Websites ............................................. 76
Audio-Visual (AV) Media............................................................................................................. 80
Two Formats for AV Media References: Stand-Alone Works and Part-of-a-Whole Works ......... 80
The Elements of a Reference Entry for Audio Visual Media....................................................... 80
Audio Visual Works ................................................................................................................... 82
Audio Works .............................................................................................................................. 85
Visual Works ............................................................................................................................. 87
Tables and Figures ..................................................................................................................... 92
Reproducing (Reprinting or Adapting) Tables or Figures From a Published Source .................. 92
Copyright Permission for Reproducing Tables or Figures ...................................................... 92
Copyright Requirements for Clip Art and Commercial Stock Photographs ............................. 92

5
 Copyright Attribution when Reproducing Tables or Figures.................................................... 93
Formatting Reference List Entries and Copyright Attributions for Tables and Figures ............ 93
Layout Information for Reproducing Tables and Figures ........................................................ 93
References .................................................................................................................................. 97
Index ............................................................................................................................................ 98

Access this Guide and other resources online!

Ask Live Ara APA Guide

APA Quick Guide Nursing Quick Guide

6
 Part 1: General Guidelines for Referencing and APA Style
Part 1 of this Guide introduces the general “rules” about referencing and the American
Psychological Association (APA) referencing style. It explains the reference list, in-text citation, and
the principles of paraphrasing and quoting.

What is Referencing?
Referencing is acknowledging the sources of any ideas, theories or research that you have used in
your assignment. These sources could include books, articles from journals and magazines,
websites and so on.

Why Do I Need to Reference?

• It shows the information in your assignment comes from other sources (a good thing).
• It shows that you have read widely for your assignment.
• It allows your tutor to find and check your information sources.
• It shows you have not plagiarised. Plagiarism is copying or using someone else’s words,
ideas, theories or research, and presenting them as if they were your own, without clearly
acknowledging the author(s).
• You usually get marks for accurate referencing.

How Do I Reference APA Style?

The APA style of referencing has two parts: an in-text citation and a corresponding reference list
entry. That is, each source of information that you have used in your academic writing is:
• included as an entry in your reference list, and
• acknowledged in the text of your assignment (in-text citation).
The reference list is an alphabetical reference list at the end of your assignment. Each reference
list entry provides the author, date, title, and source of the cited work, and enables readers to
identify and retrieve the work.
• See “The Reference List” on p. 8 in Part 1 of this Guide for the general guidelines for
creating reference list entries.
• See Part 2 of this APA Guide for examples of specific reference types.
The in-text citation appears within the body of your assignment and briefly identifies the specific
work you have used by its author and date of publication. This brief in-text citation gives credit to
the original author, and also directs readers to the full reference list entry in the alphabetical
reference list at the end of your assignment.
• See “In-Text Citations (Works Credited in the Text)” on p. 14 of this Guide for the general
guidelines for in-text citation.
• See Part 2 of this APA Guide for examples of in-text citations for specific reference types.

Useful APA Referencing Web Links

For reference information and further examples for sources, access:
• https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples
• https://apastyle.apa.org/blog

7
 The Reference List
The reference list contains the full details of all the sources of information you have used in your
assignment. For example, if you used 10 different sources in your assignment, your reference list
should have each of those 10 sources listed.
Put the reference list, titled References, on a separate page at the end of your assignment. See
the “Example of an APA Reference List” on p. 13 of this Guide.

The Four Elements of a Reference List Entry

The four elements of a reference list entry are: author, date, title and source.
Base your reference list entry on these four elements. If you can answer these four questions, you
will be able to write a reference list entry and in-text citation for any type of print or online work,
even if this Guide does not provide a specific example that matches it.
Figure 1
The Four Elements of an APA Reference

Note. From Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.) (p. 283) by The American
Psychological Association, 2020. Copyright 2020 by The American Psychological Association.

Each element answers a question

Author: Who are the individual(s) or groups responsible for this work?
• An author may be one or more individuals, an organisation (e.g., institution, government
agency, business organisation), or a combination of individuals and organisations.
• Sometimes you can identify the author from the context of your source. For example, an
organisation’s website or annual report is likely to be authored by the organisation, unless a

8
 different author is named. The “about us” page or acknowledgement page of a website may
also name the author of the website or webpage.
• Sometimes organisations may publish in combination with other organisations or with
individuals (e.g., government department reports). Use the cover or title page to confirm the
authors of a publication. If a suggested reference in a document specifies the author, credit
that author in your reference.
• If you cannot find information on the author, reference the source as not having no author.
See “Citing a Work With no Author” on p. 16 of Part 1 of this Guide for details.
Date: When was this work published? (e.g., year, year & month, year & month & day).
• For books, use the copyright date.
• For journal articles, use the year of the volume.
• For web pages, use only the date (or last updated date) that applies to the webpage you
are using. Do not use a copyright date from the footer of the website, as this may not be the
date of publication of your specific webpage. If there is no separate date of publication on
the webpage, reference the source as having no date of publication.
• If a work has no obvious publication date, write “n.d.” in brackets (n.d.). This also appears
in the citation (Smith, n.d.) or Smith (n.d.).
Title: What is the name of this work?
Source: Where can readers retrieve this work? (e.g., Publisher, DOI, URL)
Figure 2
Where to Find Reference Information

Note. From Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.) (p. 283) by The American
Psychological Association, 2020. Copyright 2020 by The American Psychological Association.

9
Including URLs and DOIs in Reference List Entries
What are URLs and DOIs?
• A URL, or uniform resource locator, is the address of a webpage. It specifies the location of
digital information on the internet and is found in the address bar of your browser. URLs
may begin with http:// or https://. URLs in references should link directly to the cited work
when possible. Sometimes retrieval dates are also required. See “Providing Retrieval Dates
With URLs” on p. 11 in Part 1 of this Guide.
• A DOI, or digital object identifier, is a type of URL and is used to identify the content of a
specific digital source of information (usually a journal article or book). A DOI is a unique
set of letters and numbers that provides a ‘persistent’ (permanent) link to a source. A DOI
begins with the number 10 and looks as follows:
https://doi.org/10xxxxxxx
• In journal articles, it is typically located on the first page near the copyright notice.
Check Your Information Source Carefully for a DOI
• If the work you are referencing has a DOI, add the DOI to your reference list entry – even if
you have used a print version of the work.
• If an online work you are referencing has both a DOI and a URL, include only the DOI.
• If the online work has no DOI but does have a URL, include the URL in your reference
entry. However, there are some exceptions to this. For example, if you have sourced an
work that has no DOI from an online academic research database or library-provided
service, see “Including Database Sources in Reference List Entries” on p. 11 in Part 1 of
this Guide.
• Some sources of information use older DOI formats. Change all older DOI formats (e.g.,
http://dx.doi.org/10xxxxxxx, doi:10xxxxxxx, or DOI:10xxxxxxx) to the current DOI format:
https://doi.org/10xxxxxxx
Present URLs and DOIs as Hyperlinks
• Hyperlinks should be live. Use the default setting from your word processing program (e.g.,
MS Word) for live hyperlinks. Usually this is an underlined blue font.
• To ensure accuracy, copy and paste the URL or DOI directly into your reference list.
• Do not manually break the hyperlink. However, your word processing program may
automatically break the hyperlink or move it to a separate line – this is acceptable.
• Do not add a full stop (period) after the URL or DOI. This may stop the hyperlink from
functioning.
• When you copy and paste a hyperlink in Microsoft Word, it may automatically change the
hyperlink into words (e.g., into a hyperlinked title of the document), instead of pasting the
actual URL or DOI (that starts with http). To avoid this, use the “Paste Text Only” paste
option in Word (represented by the icon with a capital A). See image below:
Figure 3
How to Paste With Text Only

Note. Choose “Paste Text Only” to correctly paste URL’s and DOI’s.

10
Providing Retrieval Dates With URLs
• Many URLs are permanent links that are intended to remain unchanged or ‘stable’ for many
years. Therefore, most reference entries do not need to include the date the online
information was retrieved. For example, you do not need to provide a retrieval date for
works that have archived versions, such as Wikipedia articles and Cochrane reviews.
These archived versions are stored on the website and have permanent links, which means
your reader can retrieve the same version of the work as you used.
• However, some online sources will intentionally change information over time. For example,
information may change on Facebook pages, some online dictionary entries, frequently
updated websites, UpToDate articles, and maps in Google Maps. Therefore, when your
reader follows the URL you provide, they may not retrieve the same version of the work as
yours.
• Thus, when you have used information from a source that is ‘not stable’, you need to
provide a retrieval date in the source element of your reference list entry. Put the retrieval
date before the URL:
Retrieved November 21, 2021, from https://xxxxxxx
• If you are not sure if the work you have used is stable or not stable, add a retrieval date into
your reference list entry.

Including Database Sources in Reference List Entries

• If you have used a work (such as a journal article or electronic book) that doesn’t have a
DOI and you have accessed it from an academic research database or library-provided
online service, most of the time you do not need to name that database in the reference list
entry, or provide a URL. This is because those works are usually available from a variety of
databases. Examples of those databases are CINAHL, ScienceDirect, Ovid, Gale
databases, Google Scholar, and most EBSCO databases (excluding ERIC).
• Therefore, the reference list entry for the online version of the work would look the same as
the reference list entry for a print version of the work.
• However, sometimes you do need to name a specific database for a work without a DOI, as
the work is only available from that one place, and your reader would need to use that
exact same database if they wanted to find your source of information. For example,
provide the name of the database or archive, and the URL of the work, for works without
DOIs retrieved from Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the JBI databases
(formerly the Joanna Briggs Institute databases), Lippincott Procedures, ERIC, and
UptoDate.
• Some databases require a database login or provide a URL that is specific to the time of
your search, so will not allow your reader to see the work you used. In this case, provide
the URL of the database’s home page or login page instead.
• Rule of thumb: If the work you have used does not have a DOI, and you think it is only
available from one specific database, name the database and provide the URL of the work.
If you are not sure whether to include the name of a database in your reference entry, refer
to the examples for those reference types in Part 2 of this Guide, or ask a librarian.

11
How to Present the Reference List
1. List only sources that you cited in the text. Do not include personal communications in a
reference list; they should be cited in the text only. See In-Text Citations (Works Credited in
the Text) on p. 14 of this Guide.
2. Begin the reference list on a new page, after the text of your assignment, but before the
appendices (if any).
3. The title of the reference list is References, bold but not underlined. Centre the title on the
page.
4. The title uses the same font type and font size as the text of the reference list; that is, Times
New Roman size 12, Calibri 11, Arial 11, Lucida Sans Unicode 10, Georgia 11, or
Computer Modern 10. This should also be the same font used for the rest of your text.
5. Ensure the margins are set to the default, 2.54 cm, and alignment is set to left.
6. Use a hanging indent format: The first line of each entry is at the left margin, and
subsequent lines are indented. To create a hanging indent, open the paragraph or
indentation settings and set a special Hanging Indent of 1.27 cm.
7. Set line spacing to double spaced or 2.0 and choose the setting to Remove Space after
paragraphs.
8. List entries alphabetically by first author’s surname. Invert all authors’ names (i.e., family
name and then initials). For example, Lewis, B., Bruenig, M., Wagstaff, M., & Goldenberg,
M.
9. If there is no personal author or editor, alphabetise using the first letter of the organisational
author, or the first significant word in the title, ignoring words like A, An, or The.
10. Include all authors up to and including 20, using ‘&’ before the last name.
11. When there are 21 or more authors, include the first 19 authors’ names, then insert three
spaced ellipsis points (. . .), and add the last author’s name.
12. References by the same author should be listed chronologically. References with no date
come first, followed by references with dates. For instance, Smith, J. (n.d.). comes before
Smith, J. (2016), which in turn comes before Smith, J. (2019).
13. When date information is missing, use the abbreviation “n.d.” for “no date”.
14. References by the same author with the same publication date are arranged alphabetically
by title (excluding A, An, or The).
15. Use italics to show publication titles (e.g., the title of the book or the journal).
16. Capitalise the first letter only of the first word of titles or subtitles of books and articles, e.g.
People in organisations: An introduction to organizational behaviour.
17. Capitalise the first letter of each significant word in journal titles, e.g. Journal of Nursing
Education.
18. Check your information source carefully for a DOI. See “Including URLs and DOIs in
Reference List Entries” on p. 10 of this Guide.

12
Example of an APA Reference List
References

Agnew, R. (2015). Reflections on the new Scottish innovative child protection system. Aotearoa

New Zealand Social Work, 27(3), 4-13. https://doi.org/10.11157/anzswj-vol27iss3id7

Bote, J. (2019, December 3). Whale found dead with 100kg of trash in its stomach. Stuff.

https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/117885984/whale-found-dead-with-100kg-of-trash-in-

its-stomach

COVID-19 Public Health Response Act 2020, No. 12. (2020).

http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2020/0012/latest/LMS344134.html

Gordon, C. J. (2017). Fostering sleep. In J. Crisp, C. Douglas, G. Rebeiro, & D. Waters (Eds.),

Potter and Perry’s fundamentals of nursing (5th ed., pp. 988-1015). Elsevier Australia.

Hand hygiene NZ [Clinical procedures]. (2017, April). Lippincott Procedures. Retrieved September

24, 2020, from https://procedures.lww.com/lnp/view.do?pId=4298005&

hits=hygiene,hand,hands&a=false&ad=false

Lewis, B., Bruenig, M., Wagstaff, M., & Goldenberg, M. (2017). Outdoor leadership: Theory and

practice (2nd ed.). Human Kinetics.

Mayo Clinic. (2020, January 8). Mayo Clinic minute: How 3D printing helps lung surgery [Video].

YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zH5NswR1xVw

Ministry of Health. (2019, May 8). National SUDI Prevention Programme: Needs assessment and

care planning guide. https://www.health.govt.nz/publication/national-sudi-prevention-

programme-needs-assessment-and-care-planning-guide

Murad, A. L. (2020, August 14). 5 key habits of healthy eaters. Mayo Clinic.

https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/5-key-

habits-of-healthy-eaters/art-20270182

Te Ahukaramū, C. R. (2005, February 8). Māori creation traditions. In Te Ara: The encyclopedia of

New Zealand. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/maori-creation-

traditions

13
 In-Text Citations (Works Credited in the Text)

What is an In-Text Citation?

As explained in the introduction to this Guide, the APA style of referencing has two parts: an in-text
citation, and a corresponding reference list entry at the end of your assignment. Each source of
information that you have used in your academic writing is acknowledged in the text of your
assignment as an in-text citation and included as an entry in your alphabetical reference list.
In-text citations tell the reader exactly where you found the ideas or words you have used in your
assignment. An in-text citation tells the reader who wrote those ideas originally (the author), and
when (the date). In the corresponding reference list entry, you provide the author, date, title, and
source of the cited work, and this enables readers to identify and retrieve the work.

How to Write In-Text Citations in APA Style

APA style uses the author-date format. In this format, you identify your source of information by its
author and date of publication.
• Author: Provide the surname(s) of the author(s), or the name(s) of the organisational
author(s) (e.g., institution, government agency, or business organisation).
• Date of publication: The date in the in-text citation should match the date in the reference
list entry. Use only the year in the in-text citation, even if the reference list entry contains a
more specific date (e.g., year, month, or day). For works with no date, use “n.d.” in the in-
text citation.
Format of In-Text Citations
APA has two possible formats of in-text citations:
1. The author name and publication date appear in brackets. For example:
Falsely balanced news coverage can distort the public’s perception of expert
consensus on an issue (Koehler, 2016).
2. Alternatively, the author name appears in the text of the sentence, followed immediately by
the date in brackets. For example:
Koehler (2016) noted the dangers of falsely balanced news coverage.
When to Use In-Text Citation
Use in-text citations when paraphrasing and quoting from your sources:
• Paraphrasing is re-writing the ideas from the original source in your own words. When
paraphrasing, provide the author surname(s) and date of publication in your in-text citation.
See “Paraphrasing” on p. 19 of this Guide for the principles and examples of paraphrasing.
• Quoting is copying the exact words from the original source. When quoting, provide the
author surname(s), date of publication, and the page number(s) in your in-text citation. See
“Quoting” on pp. 20-21 of this Guide for the principles and examples of quoting.

14
Avoid Undercitation and Overcitation
If you undercite, you risk plagiarism. You are plagiarising when you do not acknowledge the author
of the ideas, words, or images that you use in your assignment. That is, you are intentionally or
unintentionally presenting the work as your own. You need to credit all sources in your writing—
even when sources cannot be retrieved (see “Citing Personal Communications (e.g., Email,
Interviews, and Guest Speakers)” on p. 17 of this Guide). See the online resources on MyAra
StudySmart for more information about plagiarism.
Overcitation is not necessary. If you overcite, you may distract your reader from the main content
of your writing. For example, do not repeat the same in-text citation in every sentence in a
paragraph. Instead, cite your source in the first relevant sentence, and do not repeat the same
citation in the following sentences if the source remains clear and unchanged.

More Information About Citing Sources

Citing a Single Source in a Paragraph
When referencing from only a single source in a paragraph, cite the source (provide author and
date for the source) only when first referring to it. Clearly refer to the source in subsequent
sentences, referring either to the source or naming the author again. If you then use the same
source in another paragraph, include the year again the first time you use it. For example, the
highlighted words below refer to information from the same source.
Tertiary study can be both very daunting and most rewarding. According to a recent
survey, over half of students in the United States admitted to feeling scared or
feared they cannot possibly graduate (Betts, 2018). The survey found that students
were “concerned about the risks involved in attending college, the high cost, and if
they would gain employment after graduation” (p. 4). In particular, the study found
some students were concerned with their financial planning ability, as student loans
cannot be discharged in a bankruptcy. Therefore, Betts concluded, students should
take advantage of their college's financial and career services departments.
Citing Multiple Sources in a Paragraph
The first citation needs the author and date. After the first citation, if the same author’s name is
outside of the brackets the year does not need to be repeated. However, if you are putting the
whole citation in brackets, you do still need to include the date. If you then use the same sources in
another paragraph, include the date again the first time you use it.
Critical thinking is described by Cottrell (2017) as the development of
cognitive skills such as attention, categorisation, selection and judgement. Although
personal and emotional factors can create barriers to thinking abilities, the skills to
find solutions to a wide range of challenges can be learned (Wilson, 2017). Cottrell
encourages students to develop the skills to look beneath the surface of their
subject. Cottrell argues well-developed critical thinking skills can lead to good
decisions about study pathways and employment. Wilson found that learning skills
are linked to emotional wellbeing.
Critical thinking and learning skills are learned early in life (Cottrell, 2017).
Note: Citing a source more than once in the same paragraph is NOT required when you are citing
only a single source in a paragraph. See the previous section for more information.
Citing Multiple Authors Who are Stating the Same Fact or Opinion
Place the citations in alphabetical order, separating them with semicolons. This helps readers
locate the works in the alphabetical reference list.
Several studies (Ling, 2019; Patel & Tracey, 2018; Smith & Rogers, 2018) have
shown that New Zealand men prefer loud music while driving.

15
Citing Works With the Same Author and Same Date
• For works published in the same year by the same author(s), add the suffixes a, b, c etc. to
the date in both the in-text citation and the reference list entries (e.g., 2019a, 2019b, n.d.-a,
n.d.-b). Double the letters when the series goes beyond z; e.g., 2019aa or n.d.-aa.
• The a, b, c order is by the alphabetical order of the titles in the reference list, not by the
order they appear in your assignment.
The Ministry of Health (2019a) stated…
This is shown in a recent report about diabetes in New Zealand (Ministry of Health,
2019b).
Several studies (Johnson, 2019a, 2019b) suggested…
(Sifuentes, n.d.-a, n.d.-b)
Citing a Work With no Author
If there appears to be no author, consider whether the work has been authored by an organisation,
or by “Anonymous” (where the name of the author is deliberately withheld or unknown). If the
author is explicitly named as “Anonymous”, treat “Anonymous” as the author’s real name.
If there is no individual author, organisational author, or anonymous author:
• Begin the reference list entry with the work’s title. Add it to the reference list using the first
significant word in the title (ignoring the words The, A, and An at the beginning of the title).
• Cite the title (or part of the title if it is lengthy) and the publication year. Capitalise major words
(words of four letters or more, including such words as ‘from’, with’), even though lower case is
used in the reference list entry.
• If the title of the work is not in italics in the reference list entry, then place the title (or shortened
title) within double quotation marks, e.g. (“Call to Sign,” 2019).
• If the title of the work is in italics in the reference list entry, then the title, or partial title, in the
citation is also in italics; e.g. (Interpersonal Skills, 2019).
Call to sign wombat privacy pledge and show some selfie respect. (2019, January 19).
Taranaki Daily News, 9.
(“Call to Sign,” 2019).
Abbreviating Organisational Authors
If a reference’s author is an organisation, the name of the organisation can sometimes be
abbreviated in the in-text citation—for example, “Christchurch City Council” can be abbreviated to
“CCC”, and “Ministry of Health” can be abbreviated to “MOH”. You do not have to abbreviate the
name of an organisational author, but you can if it is a well-known abbreviation, or if you are
repeating that citation at least three times throughout your paper.
• Provide the full name of the organisation the first time you mention it in the text, followed by
the abbreviation. How you write it depends on if you are citing the work in the text of a
sentence, or in brackets at the end of the sentence.
• If the organisation name first appears in a citation in brackets, include the
abbreviation in square brackets, followed by a comma and the year.
This was described in the annual report (Ministry of Health [MOH],
2019).
• If the organisation name first appears in the text of a sentence, include the
abbreviation before the year in brackets, separated by a comma.
The Ministry of Health (MOH, 2019) described…
• Do not abbreviate the name of the organisation in the reference list entry. Provide the full
name of the organisation, as it first appeared in the source.

16
 • If the same organisation is the author of several of your references, introduce the
abbreviation only once in the text.
The Ministry of Health (MOH, 2019) described… Also, …..(MOH, 2017).
• When naming the organisation, use the first significant word in the title, ignoring words like
A, An, or The.
Using Secondary Sources (Content First Cited in Another Source)
Sometimes you will read a work where the author has quoted or paraphrased from another work
that you have not read. If the author of your work has paraphrased or quoted another work, and
you want to cite that work, it is best to find, read, and cite the primary source, if possible.
If you cannot find the primary source, treat it as your secondary source. You will need to write a
secondary source citation, as below:
• Cite the authors of both sources in the text of your assignment. For example, if you are
reading an article by Lyon, Scialfa, Cordazzo and Bubric (2014), and they refer to the
research or ideas of Rabbitt (1982), then you need to cite both Lyon et al. (2014), and
Rabbitt (1982) in the text of your assignment. You need to include the publication year of
Rabbitt, if available. For example:
Rabbitt (1982, as cited in Lyon et al., 2014) explained that . . .
or
. . . (Rabbitt, 1982, as cited in Lyon et al., 2014).
• Provide a reference list entry only for the source you have read. For example, you would
provide a reference list entry for Lyon et al. (2014), but not for Rabbitt. This is so your
reader can find the source that you used. For example:
Lyon, J., Scialfa, C., Cordazzo, S. T. D., & Bubric, K. (2014). Contextual cuing: The
effects of stimulus variation, intentionality, and aging. Canadian Journal of
Experimental Psychology, 68(2), 111-121.
https://doi.org/10.1037/cep0000007
Citing Personal Communications (e.g., Email, Interviews, and Guest Speakers)
Cite any works that cannot be retrieved by readers as personal communications. Personal
communications include letters, memos, telephone conversations, e-mail, text messages, instant
messaging, private or friends-only Facebook or Twitter messages, visiting speakers in class,
unrecorded classroom lectures, and personal interviews.
• Only use a personal communication citation if you cannot find the information in any other
place. For example, if your tutor or a guest speaker taught you about a topic during a class,
you should, if possible, try to find the original research they used and cite that. However, if
the lecture was based on their original research, or they did not provide a reference for the
information, then cite the information as personal communication.
• Personal communications are not included in the reference list, as they cannot be found by
your reader.
• Cite personal communications in the text only. Provide the initials and surname of the
person you are citing, and the exact date if possible, as in the examples below.
• Although it is not an APA rule, it may be useful for your reader if you state the role of the
person you are citing, and/or the context of your communication.
The General Manager of Advanced Technologies, J. Jackson (personal
communication, March 8, 2020), believed that …
This was verified in an e-mail from the registered nurse (B. Thompson, personal
communication, May 11, 2020).

17
Citing Traditional Knowledge or Oral Traditions of Indigenous Peoples
Some traditional knowledge, oral traditions, traditional stories, or oral histories of indigenous
peoples have been recorded (e.g., in a video, audio, interview transcript, book, or article) and
therefore are recoverable by readers. If readers can retrieve the knowledge, then cite it in the text
and include a reference list entry in the correct format for that source (e.g., as a recording on
YouTube, or as a recorded interview, or the book or website where you found the traditional
knowledge).
Always examine published works carefully (especially older works) to ensure that the information
about indigenous peoples is accurate and appropriate to share before citing those works.
Some traditional knowledge, oral traditions, traditional stories, or oral histories of indigenous
peoples have not been recorded. In this case, do not write a reference list entry, as readers cannot
retrieve that information. Instead, in your in-text citation provide as much detail as necessary to
describe the content and to contextualise the origin of the information. See “Citing Personal
Communications (e.g., Email, Interviews, and Guest Speakers)” on p. 17 of this Guide.
Whakataukī and Whakatauākī (Māori Proverbs)
• A whakataukī is an indigenous New Zealand proverb where the original source or author is
not known (Elder, 2020).Therefore, cite the work you retrieved it from. For example, if you
found a whakataukī in a book or website, write a reference list entry for that book or
website, and cite the author of that book or website in the text. Write the whakataukī (and
its translation, if using) in the text as a quote (see “Quoting” on pp. 20-21 of this Guide).
“He oranga ngākau, he pikinga waiora. Positive feelings within you enhances
wellbeing” (Pihama et al., 2019, p. 58).
• A whakatauākī is an indigenous New Zealand proverb attributed to a known original source
or author, often Māori ancestors (Elder, 2020). Write the whakatauākī (and its translation, if
using) in the text as a quote (as above) and cite the whakatauākī as a secondary citation.
See also Using Secondary Sources (Content First Cited in Another Source) on p. 17 of this
Guide.
“E tū te huru mā, haramai e noho. E tū te huru pango, hanatu e haere. Let the white
hair remain here, let the black hair get up and go. We must follow our dreams”
(Nukutawhiti, as cited in Elder, 2020, p. 211).

18
 Paraphrasing

General Principles of Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is re-writing the ideas from a piece of text into your own words without changing the
meaning. It is a useful strategy, as it helps you focus on key points from your source and
summarise these for your reader. Paraphrasing also allows you to compare and contrast relevant
details in various sources.
Paraphrasing allows you to demonstrate your knowledge of a topic and is good academic writing
practice. Published authors paraphrase their sources most of the time, rather than directly quoting
the sources; student authors should imitate this practice by paraphrasing more than directly
quoting (for more information, see MyAra StudySmart Paraphrasing).
Also, it is better to paraphrase your source rather than quoting it directly, because when you
paraphrase you can fit what you have read into the context of your writing. It also allows you to
write the information in your own writing style.
Use a professional tone when using your own words to describe a concept, idea, or research
finding. Use bias-free language when writing about topics such as age, disability, gender, race and
ethnicity, sexual orientation, and socio-economic status. Information about bias-free language can
be found here: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/bias-free-language
If the author of your source has paraphrased a published work, and you want to use that
information in your writing, it is best to find, read, and cite the primary source directly if possible. If
not, use a secondary source citation. See “Using Secondary Sources (Content First Cited in
Another Source)” on p. 17 of this Guide.

Examples of In-Text Citation When Paraphrasing

Children require clear boundaries combined with warm, caring parenting to develop
in a healthy way (Brandon, 2017).
or
Brandon (2017) believed children require clear boundaries combined with warm,
caring parenting to develop in a healthy way.

Writing an academic essay requires following a process with clear logical steps
(Hopkins & Reid, 2018).
or
Hopkins and Reid (2018) suggest writing an academic essay requires following a
process with clear logical steps.
When paraphrasing, provide the author surname(s) and date of publication in your in-text citation.

Page Numbers in Paraphrasing

“Although it is not required to provide a page or paragraph number in the citation for a paraphrase,
you may include one in addition to the author and year when it would help interested readers
locate the relevant passage within a long or complex work (e.g., a book)” (APA, 2020, p. 269).
Some courses or tutors may require you to include page numbers (or other location information,
like paragraph or line numbers) when you paraphrase from a source. Carefully read the
assignment directions and marking schedule and follow any instructions in those documents, as
specific requirements from your course or tutor override what is written in this Guide.

19
 Quoting

General Principles of Quoting

A direct quotation reproduces the exact words from a published work. As noted above, it is better
to paraphrase your source rather than quoting it directly.
However, there are times when using direct quotations is good practice. For example, APA (2020)
suggests using direct quotation “when reproducing an exact definition . . ., when an author has said
something memorably or succinctly, or when you want to respond to exact wording (e.g.,
something someone said)” (p. 270).
• Always acknowledge the original author of your direct quotation. Provide the author, year,
and page number of the quotation in the in-text citation.
• Use the abbreviation “p.” when your quotation comes from a single page, (e.g., p. 25). Use
the abbreviation “pp.” (e.g., pp. 34-36) when your quotation comes from multiple pages.
• If the work does not have page numbers, provide other ways your reader can locate the
quotation. See “Direct Quotation of Material Without Page Numbers” on p. 21 of this Guide.
• Use quotations carefully in your assignments. They should be concise and a very small
percentage of the word limit of your assignment. Your tutors may establish limits on the use
of direct quotations. Consult with them if you are concerned that you have may have too
much quoted material in your paper.
• The quote needs to be relevant and integrated smoothly into your sentence.

Accuracy of Quotations
Direct quotations must be exactly as written, and need to match the exact wording, spelling, and
punctuation of the original source, even if that source was incorrect.
• If there is any incorrect spelling, punctuation, or grammar in the source insert [sic], in italics
and square brackets, immediately after the error in the quotation (see example below). This
lets the reader know that the mistake is in the material you are quoting and is not your
mistake.
Nowak (2019) wrote that “people have an obligation to care for there [sic] pets” (p.
52).
• If you have omitted words within a quotation, indicate this by using three spaced periods or
full-stops (. . . ). Alternatively, use an ellipsis (three unspaced periods) with a space before
and after ( ... ). Use four periods or a period and an ellipsis (. …) to indicate any omission
between two sentences. When leaving out words or sentences, the meaning of the original
text must be maintained.

Short Quotations (Fewer Than 40 Words)

Add short quotations into the text and enclose them within double quotation marks. The citation
can be either at the end of the sentence (see the first example below) or the author and year can
be included in the sentence and the page number placed after the quotation (see the second
example below).
Effective teams can be difficult to describe. “High performance along one domain
does not translate to high performance along another” (Ervin, 2018, p. 470).
or
Effective teams can be difficult to describe. Ervin (2018) suggests “high
performance along one domain does not translate to high performance along
another” (p. 470).

20
Long Quotations (40 Words or More)
If a quotation contains more than 40 words, write it as a freestanding block of text, without
quotation marks. After introducing the quotation, start the quotation on a new line. Indent the block
1.27 cm (about 5 spaces, or a tab space) from the left margin. If there are additional paragraphs
within the quotation, indent the first line of each a further 1.27 cm. Double-space the entire
quotation. At the end of the block quotation, cite the quoted source and the page or paragraph
number in brackets after the final punctuation mark. After the quotation, continue the paragraph
with the next sentence hard against the margin.
Researchers have studied how people talk to themselves:
Inner speech is a paradoxical phenomenon. It is an experience that is
central to many people’s everyday lives, and yet it presents considerable
challenges to any effort to study it scientifically. Nevertheless, a wide range
of methodologies and approaches have combined to shed light on the
subjective experience of inner speech and its cognitive and neural
underpinnings. (Alderson-Day & Fernyhough, 2015, p. 957)
Further research has been…

Direct Quotation of Material Without Page Numbers

“To directly quote from written material that does not contain page numbers (e.g., webpages and
websites, some ebooks, etc.), provide readers with another way of locating the quoted passage.
Any of the following approaches are acceptable. Use the approach that will best help readers find
the quotation” (APA, 2020, p. 273).
Options Examples of In-Text Citation
Provide a heading or section name. (Gecht-Silver & Duncombe, 2015,
Osteoarthritic section).

If the full heading or section name is too long (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
to cite in full, provide an abbreviated heading 2017, “What Can You Do” section).
or section name in quotation marks to indicate
the abbreviation. In this example, the original
heading was “What Can You Do to Prevent
Kidney Failure?”

Provide a paragraph number (count the (Chamberlain, 2014, para. 1).

paragraphs manually if they are not
numbered).

Provide a heading or section name and a (DeAngelis, 2018, Musical Forays section,
paragraph number. para. 4).

21
 Style Guidelines for Academic Writing

Required Elements of a Student Paper

Student papers (e.g., essays, literature reviews, reports, case studies) usually include, at minimum,
a title page, page numbers, text, and a reference list. They may also have tables, figures, and
appendices. APA provides specific guidelines for how to format a student paper (e.g., line spacing,
font etc). For step-by-step guidance on formatting your assignment, see the Learning Services
resource “Formatting Your Assignment Using Microsoft Word” available from MyAra. For
guidelines on using capital letters, abbreviations, numbers, and appendices in your assignment,
see below.

Capitalisation
APA uses a “down” style, which means that you should write words in lowercase unless specifically
guided to use capitals. Always use capitals when writing words beginning a sentence and for
proper nouns (a noun that designates an individual person, place, or organization).
Titles of Works and Headings Within Works
For titles of works and headings within works (including any headings in your own writing), APA
uses two types of capitalisation: sentence case and title case.
In sentence case, most words are lowercase. In reference list entries, use sentence case for titles
of articles, books, reports, webpages and other works, even if title case was used in the original
work.
In title case, major words are capitalised. For example, capitalise the following words:
• the first word of a title or heading
• the first word of a subtitle, even if it is a minor word
• the first word after a colon
• major words, including the second part of a hyphenated word (e.g., Self-Report)
• words of four letters or more (e.g., With, Between, From)
and lowercase only minor words that are three letters or fewer (e.g., and, for, a, an, the, by).
Use title case:
• for titles of articles, books, periodicals, films, reports, and other works in your written text,
In the book, History of Pathology…
In Manpreet and Jasjeet’s (2017) article, “Data Encryption Using Different
Techniques: A Review,” the authors point out that…
• for all headings (including the title) of your own paper,
• when referring to a section or subsection of your paper (e.g., the Data Analysis section).
Job Titles and Positions
Capitalise a job title or position when it precedes a personal name, but not when it follows the
name or refers to the position in general:
• Nurse Practitioner Angela Smith
• Angela Smith, nurse practitioner
• This is important when nurses are….
Diseases, Disorders, Therapies, Theories, and Related Terms
Do not capitalise the names of diseases, disorders or other related items:
• diabetes, cancer
• immunotherapy, cataract surgery
• theory of mind, associative learning model

22
Do capitalise personal names that appear within diseases, disorders and related items:
• Alzheimer’s disease

Abbreviations
In general, use an abbreviation only if:
• It is common (e.g., kg) and if the reader is more familiar with the abbreviation than with its
complete form OR,
• It reduces your assignment word count substantially and it avoids cumbersome repetition.
If the abbreviation is likely to be unfamiliar to your reader, on its first mention write out the complete
term to be abbreviated, and include the abbreviation in brackets, e.g., short-term memory (STM).
Subsequently, use only the abbreviation.
Units of Measurement
Always use abbreviations for units of measurement, even the first time they are used, except if
they are not accompanied by a numeric value. Do not make abbreviations for units of
measurement plural.
• Always use abbreviations for measurements: 8 cm, 12 hr, 50 kg.
• Use full words for measurements without numeric values: duration of minutes, required
kilograms, age in years.
Time
When referring to time:
“To prevent misreading, do not abbreviate the words ‘day,’ ‘week,’ ‘month,’ and ‘year,’ even
when they are accompanied by numeric values. Do abbreviate the words ‘hour,’ ‘minute,’
‘second,’ ‘millisecond,’ ‘nanosecond,’ and any other division of the second when they are
accompanied by numeric values.” (APA, 2020, p. 176)

Numbers
Use Numerals to State
• Numbers 10 and above: a 25-year-old woman, and the 12 respondents.
• Numbers that are just before a unit of measurement: a 5 mg dose, is 15 cm wide, and 9 kg
of gold.
• Numbers representing mathematical or statistical functions, including percentages:
multiplied by 6, 3 times as many, and more than 5% of the sample.
• Numbers representing time, dates, ages, exact sums of money and points on a scale: at
12:30 a.m., 1 hr 34 min, 2010, 1990s, 2-year-olds, $8.05, and scored 4 on a 7-point scale.
Exception: use words for approximate numbers of days, months and years, e.g., about fifteen
months ago.
Use Words to Express
• Zero to nine. (This is a general rule but note the above exceptions).
• Any number that begins a sentence or heading: Twelve students improved but 11 did not
improve.
• Common fractions: one fifth of the class, and two-thirds majority.
• Universally accepted usage: the Twelve Apostles, and the Five Pillars of Islam.

23
Appendices
Appendices give your reader additional detailed information that would be distracting to read in the
main body of the assignment. Common kinds of appendices include large tables, lists of words, or
a sample of a questionnaire. Appendices are commonly used in reports. Essays do not usually
have an appendix.
• Put appendices after the reference list and continue the page numbering of the entire
assignment.
• Begin each appendix on a new page.
• Each appendix has a label and a title. If you have just one appendix, label it “Appendix”. If you
have more than one appendix, label them “Appendix A”, “Appendix B”, etc. in the order
mentioned in the assignment. The title describes the content of the appendix.
• Place the label and title in bold and centred, on separate lines, at the top of the page.
• In the text of your assignment, refer to an appendix by its label (e.g., “see Appendix A”).

24
 Part 2: Reference Examples
Part 2 of this Guide provides reference examples and the corresponding in-text citations for the most common types of sources used at Ara (e.g.,
book, journal article, website). If you are not sure how to reference correctly, ask for help at the Library Service Desk, or online through “AskLive”.
See also the APA Referencing online resources on MyAra StudySmart.
According to APA, entries in a reference list must be double spaced, as can be seen in the “Example of an APA Reference List” p. 13 of this
Guide. However, the following examples are not double spaced, in order to minimise the length of this Guide.

Before writing your reference list

Read the information under “How to Present the Reference List” on pp. 12-13 of this Guide. This explains how to format your
reference list and provides an example reference list.

Also, read “The Four Elements of a Reference List Entry” and “Including URLs and DOIs in Reference List Entries” on pp. 8-10 of
this Guide, which describes the elements you need to include in your reference (author, date, title, and source), and what to do
when referencing works with URLs and DOIs.

Use the Index on p. 98 in Part 2 of this Guide to find the exact type of source that you are referencing (e.g., book, webpage, or
journal article). The Index provides the page number in Part 2 for your specific source, where you can see instructions on how to
cite and reference it and reference examples. If you are using the online PDF version of this Guide, you can click on the relevant
page number in the Index to be taken to that page.

Note: Online and print references are largely the same. For example, use the Books category to cite a print book or an electronic book, and follow
the relevant example.

PART 2
25
 Books
The Books category includes books that have one or more individual authors, books that have organisations as the author, edited books, ebooks,
diagnostic manuals, and religious works.

The Elements of a Reference Entry for a Book

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of the book (edition).

BOOK
Publisher. DOI or URL
Note. Adapted from Reference Guide for Journal Articles, Books, and Edited Book Chapters, by The American Psychological Association, 2020
(https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf). Copyright 2020 by The American Psychological Association.

Author, A. A. & Author, B. B.

• Write the author’s names as they are listed on the book’s title page.
• Write the last name first, followed by a comma and all the initials. Leave a space between the initials.
• If the book has an editor or editors, it is likely that each section or chapter is written by a different author, and you will need to reference
each chapter you have used. See “Book Chapters” on p. 32 of this Guide.
• If the book appears to have no author or editor, see “Citing a Work With no Author” on p. 16 in Part 1 of this Guide before writing your
reference.
(Year).
• Use the copyright date shown on the work’s copyright page as the date of publication in the reference.
• When information is missing, use the abbreviation n.d. for “no date”.
Title of the book (edition).
• Italicise the title. Capitalise the first word and capitalise the first word of any subtitle.
• If there is an edition or volume number, include it in brackets, without italics. (An ‘edition’ relates to the whole number of copies of a book
or other publication printed at one time. If more than minor changes and corrections are made, then a new edition is published.)
Publisher.
• If the work is published by an imprint or division, name the imprint or division as publisher.

26
 • If there are multiple publishers, include all of them, separating them with a semicolon.
• When the author and the publisher are the same, omit the publisher from the source element.
• Do not include publisher location information. However, note that there are publishers whose names include place names e.g., Elsevier
Australia, McMillan United Kingdom, or Oxford University Press.

DOI or URL
• If the book has a DOI, include the DOI link in the reference after the publisher. See “Jackson, 2019” below for an example. See also
“Including URLs and DOIs in Reference List Entries“ on p. 10 of this Guide, particularly the information on copying and pasting hyperlinks.
• If an ebook does not have a DOI and is from a research database or other library-provided service, end the book reference after the
publisher name. Do not include any database information in the reference. This includes ebook providers such as Clinical Key, O’Reilly
Ebooks, or Ovid Ebooks. The reference in this case is the same as for a print book.
• If an ebook does not have a DOI and is not from a research database or other library-provided service, provide a URL in the reference.
See Christian & Griffiths, 2016, below.

In-Text Citations for Books

• If paraphrasing, provide only the author-date information. See “Paraphrasing” on p. 19 of this Guide.
• If quoting, place the page number at the end of the quote. See “Quoting” on pp. 20-21 of this Guide.

Reference Examples: Books

Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Book with one Bishop, C. (2019). Women mean business: Colonial (Bishop, 2019). In-text citation: For details on how to
author format your in-text citations, see “In-Text
businesswomen in New Zealand. Otago
Citations (Works Credited in the Text)” on
University Press.
p. 14 of this Guide.
Jackson, L. M. (2019). The psychology of prejudice: (Jackson, 2019).
From attitudes to social action (2nd ed.).
American Psychological Association.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0000168-000

27
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Book with two Christian, B., & Griffiths, T. (2016). Algorithms to live by: (Christian & Reference list: Use a comma to
authors separate an author’s initials from
The computer science of human decisions. Griffiths, 2016).
additional author names, even when
Henry Holt and Co. http://a.co/7qGBZAk
there are only two authors. Use an
Tate, J., & Knapp, A. (2019). Blockchain 2035: The (Tate & Knapp, ampersand (&) before the final author’s
name: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B.
digital DNA of internet 3.0. BlueShed. 2019).
In-text citation: When a work has two
Jarvis, C., & Forbes, H. (2016). Jarvis's physical (Jarvis & Forbes, authors, cite both names each time the
examination and health assessment. Elsevier 2016). reference occurs in text. When using the
authors’ names in brackets, use an
Australia.
ampersand (&) instead of “and.”

Book with three Martin, B., Bruenig, M., Wagstaff, M., & Goldenberg, M. (Martin et al., 2017) Reference entry: Give surnames and
or more authors, initials for up to and including 20 authors
(2017). Outdoor leadership: Theory and practice
up to and (e.g., Author, A. A., Author, B. B., &
including 20 (2nd ed.). Human Kinetics.
Author, C. C.), using an ampersand (&)
authors
Schermerhorn, J. R., Davidson, P., Poole, D., Woods, (Schermerhorn et before the last name.

P., Simon, A., & McBarron, E. (2014). al., 2014). In-text citation: When a work has 3 to
20 authors, write only the first author’s
Management foundations and applications (2nd
name, followed by et al. (which means
Asia Pacific ed.). John Wiley and Sons. “and others”). Put a full stop after et al.,
as shown.
Perry, A. G., Potter, P. A., & Desmarais, P. L. (2019). (Perry et al., 2019).
Mosby's pocket guide to nursing skills &
procedures (9th ed.). Elsevier.

28
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Book with World Health Organization. (2020). Coronavirus (World Health Reference entry: Use the full name of
organisation as the organisation.
disease: Infection prevention and control of Organization,
author (e.g., a
government epidemic and pandemic. United States 2020). When the book has been published by
agency or the organisation that wrote it, omit the
Department of Health.
professional publisher name in the source. Refer to
association) the OECD example.
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and (Organisation for
Development. (2019, June). OECD economic Economic In-text citation: Write the organisation’s
name in full.
surveys: New Zealand. Cooperation and
https://doi.org/10.1787/b0b94dbd-en Development, The organisation’s name can be
abbreviated in further citations if it is a
2019).
well-known abbreviation, or if you are
or repeating that citation at least three times
throughout your paper. See instructions
(Organisation for in “Abbreviating Organisational Authors”
Economic on p. 16 of this Guide.

Cooperation and If the book has a DOI, include the DOI

link in the reference after the publisher.
Development
See “Including URLs and DOIs in
[OECD], 2019). Reference List Entries“ on p. 10 of this
Guide.
And in further
citations

(OECD, 2019).

29
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Religious works Holman Christian Standard Bible. (2020). Bible Study (Holman Christian Reference entry: If there is a publication
Tools. https://www.biblestudytools.com/csb/ Standard Bible, year for the original work, add it at the
end of the reference entry (see Holy
2020).
Bible example), and in the citation
Holy Bible: King James. (2016). Christian Science (Holy Bible, include it with the publication year of the
work you are using.
Publishing Society. (Original work published 1611/2016).
“Trans.” is the abbreviation for translator.
1611)
In-text citation: For conciseness, the
Quran in English (T. Itani, Trans.). (2014). CreateSpace (Quran in English, subtitle of the work can be omitted in the
Independent Publishing Platform. 2014). citation.
If quoting a religious work, specify the
The Quran. (2014). Al-Quran. https://al-quran.info/ (The Quran, 2014).
chapter, verse, line or canto, not the
page numbers.

Diagnostic American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic (American Reference entry: With an online edition
manuals of a manual, provide the DOI or URL in
and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th Psychiatric
(including DSM-5 the publisher position. (For more
& ICD) ed.). https://doi.org/brfw Association, 2013).
information see “Including URLs and
World Health Organization. (2019). International (World Health DOIs in Reference List Entries” on p. 10
of this Guide.)
statistical classification of diseases and related Organization,
In-text citation: Organisational authors
health problems (11th ed.). https://icd.who.int/ 2019).
can be abbreviated in the text. See
instructions in “Abbreviating
Organisational Authors” on p. 16 of this
Guide.

30
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Chapter in American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Anxiety (American Chapter DOI: If a chapter has its own
diagnostic DOI, specify it in the reference entry. (For
disorders. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of Psychiatric
manual more information see “Including URLs
mental disorders (5th ed.). Association, 2013).
and DOIs in Reference List Entries” on p.
https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.97808904255 10 of this Guide.)
96.dsm05

31
 Book Chapters

The Elements of a Reference Entry for a Chapter in an Edited Book

CHAPTER IN Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of book chapter.

AN EDITED In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Title of the book
BOOK (2nd ed., pp. #-#). Publisher. DOI or URL
Note. Adapted from Reference Guide for Journal Articles, Books, and Edited Book Chapters, by The American Psychological Association, 2020
(https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf). Copyright 2020 by The American Psychological Association.

Author, A. A. & Author, B. B.

• Write the chapter authors’ names as they are listed on the book’s title page.
• Write the last name first, followed by a comma and the initials. Leave a space between the initials.
(Year).
• Use the copyright date shown on the work’s copyright page as the date of publication in the reference.
• When information is missing, use the abbreviation n.d. for “no date”.
Title of book chapter.
• Capitalise the first word of the chapter title and the first word of any subtitle.
• Do not italicise the title of the chapter.
In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.),
• An editor is a person who prepares a book for publication, usually a book with sections written by different authors.
• Write the word “In” and the initials and last name of each editor. Do not invert first and last names.
• Use “(Ed.)” for one editor or “(Eds.)” for multiple editors.

32
 Title of the book
• Capitalise the first word of the book title and capitalise the first word of any subtitle. Italicise the book title.
(# ed., pp. #-#).
• If there is an edition or volume number, include it in brackets, without italics. Do not put a full stop in between the title and the edition
information.
Publisher.
• If there are multiple publishers, separate them by a semicolon.
• When the author and the publisher are the same, omit the publisher from the source element.
• Do not include publisher location information. However, note that there are publishers whose names include place names e.g., Elsevier
Australia, McMillan United Kingdom and Oxford University Press.
DOI or URL
• If the book has a DOI, include the DOI link in the reference after the publisher. See also “Including URLs and DOIs in Reference List
Entries“ on p. 10 of this Guide, particularly the information on copying and pasting hyperlinks.
• If an ebook does not have a DOI and is from a research database or other library-provided service, end the book reference after the
publisher name. Do not include any database information in the reference. This includes ebook providers such as Clinical Key, O’Reilly
Ebooks, or Ovid Ebooks. The reference in this case is the same as for a print book.
• If an ebook does not have a DOI and is not from a research database or other library-provided service, provide a URL in the reference.

In-Text Citations for Book Chapters

• If paraphrasing, provide only the author-date information for the chapter you are referencing. See “Paraphrasing” on p. 19 of this Guide.
• If quoting, place the page number at the end of the quote. See “Quoting” on pp. 20-21 of this Guide.

Book Chapters From a Course Book or Course Site

Book chapters may be included in your course book or course site. Where possible, reference these resources to their original source, for your
reader to find the source—that is, as if you had found them yourself. You do not need to state that they are in the course book or on the course
site. If the reading’s original source is not identified, contact your tutor for information.

33
Reference Examples: Book Chapters
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Chapter in an Aron, L., Botella, M., & Lubart, T. (2019). Culinary arts: (Aron et al., 2019). Chapters in books retrieved from Clinical
edited book (each Key or other academic databases are
Talent and their development. In R. F. Subotnik,
chapter by referenced in the same way as a chapter
different authors) P. Olszewski-Kubilius, & F. C. Worrell (Eds.),
in a print edited book. That is, exclude
The psychology of high performance: the name of the academic database
Developing human potential into domain-specific (e.g., Clinical Key) in the reference,
unless the reference source is found only
talent (pp. 345–359). American Psychological
in a specific database.
Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000120-
Reference entry: Publisher names that
016 include a place, like Elsevier Australia in
the Gordon example, are printed in full,
Gordon, C. J. (2017). Fostering sleep. In J. Crisp, C. (Gordon, 2017).
including the place name.
Douglas, G. Rebeiro, & D. Waters (Eds.), Potter
See “Books” on p. 26 in Part 2 of this
and Perry’s fundamentals of nursing (5th ed., Guide for examples of how to format
pp. 988-1015). Elsevier Australia. reference list entries and in-text citations
for works with two authors, and 3-20
authors.
If the edited book chapter has its own
DOI, include that DOI in the reference
after the publisher name. Otherwise,
include the book’s DOI in your reference
entry. See “Including URLs and DOIs in
Reference List Entries” on p. 10 of this
Guide.

34
35
 Reference Materials (Entries in Encyclopaedias, Dictionaries) and Reference Databases

The Elements of a Reference Entry for Encyclopaedias, Dictionaries, and Reference Databases

REFERENCE Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date). Title or subject

MATERIALS heading. In E. E. Editor & F. F. Editor (Eds.), Title of the
reference material (2nd ed., pp. #-#). Publisher. URL
Name
Name.
Note. Adapted from Reference Guide for Journal Articles, Books, and Edited Book Chapters, by The American Psychological Association, 2020
(https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf). Copyright 2020 by The American Psychological Association.

Author, A. A. & Author, B. B. or Organisation.

• Write the authors’ names as they are listed on the reference entry or article.
• If the author is an individual, write the last name first, followed by a comma and the initials. Leave a space between the initials.
• Do not name a “contributor” as the author. Online reference works will often hyperlink the name, so you can check. If the person is named
as “contributor”, then they are not an individual author. Instead, the name of the author is the organisation that has published the dictionary
or encyclopaedia (see “Publisher” below).
• If the author is an organisation, write the full name of the organisation.
(Date).
• Provide the most specific publication date possible—for example, year, month, day; year, month; or year only.
• If an updated date is available and is clearly attributable to the specific article or entry you are citing rather than to the overall dictionary or
encyclopaedia, use that updated date in the reference.
• When there is no date available, write (n.d.). for “no date”.
• Some online dictionaries/encyclopaedias are designed to be continuously updated. If you are referencing an entry from a reference work
that has been continuously updated but does not provide persistent or permanent links to previous versions of the entry, use “n.d.” as the
year of publication, and provide a retrieval date before the URL (see “URL” below).
Title or subject heading.
• Capitalise the first word of the title of the reference entry, and the first word of any subtitle.

36
• Do not italicise the title of the reference entry.
In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.),
• If the editors of the dictionary or encyclopaedia are known, name them right before the name of the dictionary or encyclopaedia. If not,
provide just the dictionary or encyclopaedia name.
• Write the word “In” and the initials and last name of each editor. Do not invert first and last name.
• Use “(Ed.)” for one editor or “(Eds.)” for multiple editors.
Title of the reference material
• Capitalise the first word of the title of the dictionary or encyclopaedia and capitalise the first word of any subtitle.
• Italicise the title of the dictionary or encyclopaedia.
• Put a full stop after the title (omit the full stop if you are adding edition/volume/page numbers in brackets, as below).
• Provide the name of the reference work, not the name of the database (e.g., in the Gale example below, the reference work is “Gale
biography online collection”, not “Gale in context: Biography”).
(# ed., Vol. #, pp. #-#).
• If there is an edition or volume number, include it in brackets, without italics and put a full stop after the closing bracket.
• Include the page number of the title or subject heading if it is available.
Publisher Name.
• The publisher information for online reference works is usually found at the bottom of the website, with the copyright date.
• When the author and publisher are the same, use the publisher name in the author element and do not repeat the publisher name in the
publisher element of the reference entry.
• Do not include the publisher’s location.
• Provide the name of the publisher, not the name of the database or website (e.g., in the Scogna example on the next page, the publisher is
“Gale”, not “Gale in Context: Science”.)
URL
• Some online reference works archive (keep) previous entries when they are updating entries. If you cannot find evidence of previous
entries, provide a retrieval date before the URL in the source element. By including this retrieval date, you indicate to readers that the
version of the work they retrieve may be different from the version you used. See the Encyclopaedia Britannica and Merriam-Webster
examples below, and “Providing Retrieval Dates With URLs” on p. 11 of this Guide.
• See also “Including URLs and DOIs in Reference List Entries“ on p. 10 of this Guide, particularly the information on copying and pasting
hyperlinks.

37
Reference Examples: Reference Materials
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Entry in a Henderson, D. E. (2018). Air pollution. In P. A. Kobasa (Henderson, 2018). The Henderson reference is an example
dictionary, of an entry in a print encyclopaedia.
(Ed.-in-chief), The world book encyclopedia (Vol.
thesaurus, or
encyclopaedia, 1, pp. 197-200). World Book. For details on how to format your in-text
with individual citations, see “In-Text Citations (Works
author Scogna, K. (2021). Homeostasis. In K. H. Nemeh, & J. (Scogna, 2021). Credited in the Text)” on p. 14 of this
L. Longe (Eds.), Gale encyclopaedia of science Guide.

(6th ed., Vol. 4). Gale. Do not use the “cite this” button provided
by the dictionary or encyclopaedia.
https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX8124401251/S
These tools will often provide what is
CIC?u=polytechnic&sid=bookmark- called an “APA 7”-style reference entry,
SCIC&xid=1cd7bee2 but gives incorrect details, such as
naming contributors as authors, or
Te Ahukaramū, C. R. (2005, February 8). Māori creation (Te Ahukaramū, providing an incorrect date.
traditions. In Te Ara: The encyclopedia of New 2005).
Zealand. Ministry for Culture and Heritage.
http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/maori-creation-
traditions

38
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Entry in a Encyclopaedia Britannica. (n.d.). Apa Sherpa. In (Encyclopaedia For details on how to format your in-text
dictionary, citations, see “In-Text Citations (Works
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved November Britannica, n.d.).
thesaurus, or Credited in the Text)” on p. 14 of this
encyclopaedia, 15, 2021, from https://academic-eb-
Guide.
with organisation
com.libproxy.ara.ac.nz/levels/collegiate/article/A
as author When there is no individual author
pa-Sherpa/488535#article-contributors named for an entry in a reference work,
use the name of the organisation that has
Gale. (2013, November 19). Katherine Wilson (Gale, 2013.).
published that dictionary, thesaurus, or
Sheppard. In Gale biography online collection. encyclopaedia. The provided examples
https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1650005686/BI are all examples of this.
C?u=polytechnic&sid=bookmark- The Encyclopaedia Britannica reference
BIC&xid=7b25c629 is an example of an entry in an online
encyclopaedia that is designed to be
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Tautology. In Merriam- (Merriam-Webster, continuously updated but that does not
Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved September n.d.). provide persistent links to the previous
entries. Therefore, the year of publication
24, 2021, from https://www.merriam- is “n.d.” and a retrieval date is provided
webster.com/dictionary/tautology before the URL.

Mosby. (2017). Muscles of ventilation. In M. T. O’Toole (Mosby, 2017). The Gale reference is an example of an
entry in an online encyclopaedia where
(Ed.), Mosby’s dictionary of medicine, nursing &
an updated date is provided and is
health professions (10th ed., p. 1175). Elsevier. clearly attributable to the specific article,
rather than to the overall dictionary or
encyclopaedia.
If you are unsure of the title of a
reference work, see the information
under “Title of reference material” on p.
37 of this Guide.

39
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Entry in a Wiki Electrical engineering. (2020, August 23). In Wikipedia. (“Electrical If citing a wiki or a Wikipedia article, do
(including not cite any particular author(s), as wikis
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electri Engineering,”
Wikipedia) are collaboratively written. Start the
cal_engineering&oldid=974603470 2020).
reference entry with the title of the
Psychometrics. (2014, September 9). In Psychology (“Psychometrics,” page/article. Include the name of the wiki.

wiki. 2014). Cite the archived version of the page so

that readers can retrieve the version you
https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/Psychometrics?
used (see “Providing Retrieval Dates
oldid=173620 With URLs” on p. 11 of this Guide).
Access the archived version of Wikipedia
Important: check with your tutor whether wikis and
by selecting “view history” and then the
Wikipedia are acceptable sources for assignments.
time and date of the version you used. If
Wikis are collaborative web pages that anyone can a wiki does not provide permanent links
write, review, and edit. Additionally, Wikipedia reports to archived versions of the page, include
information from other sources, making it a secondary the retrieval date, and the URL for the
source (a source or text that an author has used but entry.
that you have not read). Many tutors prefer that
When quoting directly, provide a page or
students cite primary sources.
paragraph number. However, many
electronic sources do not provide page
numbers: if so, see “Direct Quotation of
Material Without Page Numbers” on p. 21
of this Guide.

40
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Entry in Joanna Acupuncture: Managing hot flashes for people with (“Acupuncture,” If there appears to be no author, see
Briggs Institute “Citing a Work With no Author” on p. 16
cancer [Recommended practices]. (2020, July 2019).
EBP Database of this Guide before writing your
1). Joanna Briggs Institute EBP Database.
reference.
https://joannabriggs.org/
Provide available details and the
Marin, T. S. (2019). Effectiveness of interventions to (Marin, 2019). publication type in square brackets after
the title.
prevent pre-frailty and frailty progression in older
Information in Joanna Briggs Institute
adults [Best practice information sheet]. Joanna
databases is available only in those
Briggs Institute EBP Database, 21(2), 1-5. databases. Therefore, name the
https://joannabriggs.org/ database in the reference entry, using
italics and capital letters (e.g., Name of
Moola, S. (2020, August 13). Smoking cessation: (Moola, 2020). Database). See “Including Database
Community-based interventions [Evidence Sources in Reference List Entries” on p.
summary]. Joanna Briggs Institute EBP 11 of this Guide.

Database. https://joannabriggs.org/ Information retrieved from Joanna Briggs

Institute databases requires a login or is
session specific, meaning readers cannot
access the material via the URL you
have used. Therefore, provide the URL of
the Joanna Briggs Institute login page
instead.

41
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Entry in Ansley, C. (Clinical Ed.). (2020, May). Joint aspiration. (Ansley, 2020). If there appears to be no author, see
Reference “Citing a Work With no Author” on p. 16
Community HealthPathways. Retrieved
Databases: of this Guide before writing your
Community September 5, 2020, from
reference.
HealthPathways,
https://canterbury.communityhealthpathways.org
Lippincott Information in Community
Procedures, /330160.htm HealthPathways, Lippincott Procedures,
UpToDate, UpToDate, and New Zealand Formulary
StatPearls, and Hand hygiene NZ [Clinical procedures]. (2017, April). (“Hand Hygiene
databases is available only in those
New Zealand NZ,” 2017).
Lippincott Procedures. Retrieved September 24, databases. Therefore, unlike most other
Formulary
2020, from references, you need to name the
specific database in the reference entry.
https://procedures.lww.com/lnp/view.do?pId=429
Use italics and capital letters (e.g., Name
8005&hits=hygiene,hand,hands&a=false&ad=fal of Database). See “Including Database
se Sources in Reference List Entries” on p.
11 of this Guide.
Morey, M. C. (2020, July 24). Physical activity and (Morey, 2020).
Also, include a retrieval date, as these
exercise in older adults. UpToDate. Retrieved databases change their content regularly,
August 13, 2020, from and do not archive previous versions of
https://www.uptodate.com the articles. See “Providing Retrieval
Dates With URLs” on p. 11 of this Guide.
Thyroid and antithyroid drugs [6.2]. (2020, July 1). New (“Thyroid and
If the URL requires a login or is session
Zealand Formulary. Retrieved October 2, 2020, antithyroid drugs,” specific, meaning readers cannot access
from 2020). the information you have used, provide
the URL of the database or login page
https://nzf.org.nz/nzf_3779?searchterm=thyroid
instead of the URL of the work (as in the
%20Thyroid%20and%20antithyroid%20drugs Morey example).

42
43
 Journals, Magazines, Newspapers, and Blogs
Journals, magazines, newspapers and newsletters, as well as online platforms that publish articles, such as blogs, are usually published
continually and are sometimes called periodicals. The reference list entry follows the same pattern, no matter which type of source you found your
information in:
Author. (Date). Title of article. Periodical information. DOI or URL
Dates: The required amount of detail in the date element of different varies. For example, provide the year only for journal articles, but give the
year, month and day (if available) for other periodicals. See examples in following pages.
Missing Information: Often online publications such as magazines, newspapers, and blogs will publish articles without volume, issue, and/or page
numbers or article numbers. If these elements appear to be missing from the work you are citing, omit them from the reference.

Journal Articles
Journals are scholarly or professional publications. Articles in journals are written by academic specialists and carefully reviewed. Do not cite just
the abstract of an article, as that is only a summary. You need to read and understand the full article to inform your assignment.
Journal articles may be included in your course book or course site. Where possible, reference these resources to their original source, not your
course book or course site. This is so your reader can find the source as if you had found them yourself. You do not need to state that they are in
the course book or on the course site. If the reading’s original source is not identified, contact your tutor for that information.

The Elements of a Reference Entry for a Journal Article

Much of the information needed can be found on the first page of the journal article. If not, refer to the database or internet page that links to the
journal article.

JOURNAL Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of the article.

ARTICLE Name of the Journal, volume(issue), #-#. DOI or URL
Note. Adapted from Reference Guide for Journal Articles, Books, and Edited Book Chapters, by The American Psychological Association, 2020
(https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf). Copyright 2020 by The American Psychological Association.

44
 Author, A. A. & Author, B. B.
• Write the last name first, followed by a comma and the initials. Leave a space between the initials.
(Year).
• Put in brackets with a full stop following the close bracket.
Title of the article.
• Capitalise the first word of the article title, and the first word of any subtitle. Do not italicise the title of the article.
Name of the Journal,
• Capitalise all major words in the periodical title, and end with a comma.
• Italicise all words, but not the final comma.
volume(issue), #-#.

• An example of this element, where volume is 17, the issue is 2, and the pages are 89-95, is:

17(2), 89-95.
• Italicise the volume number, but not the issue number.
• Do not put a space between volume and issue. Put the issue number in brackets. If there is no issue, omit and follow the volume with a
comma.
• Include the page range of the article with no spaces between numbers followed by a full stop.
• If an article has an article number, include that number right after the issue number and do not include page numbers. Include page
numbers only in in-text citations, and only if quoting.
DOI or URL

• If the journal article has a DOI, include the DOI link in the reference after the volume and issue information. See “Including URLs and DOIs
in Reference List Entries” and “Providing Retrieval Dates With URLs” on pp. 10-11 of this Guide for more information.
• If the online work you are citing does not have a DOI, see “Including Database Sources in Reference List Entries” on p. 11 of this Guide for
information on whether or not to include the URL.

45
Reference Examples: Journal Articles
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Journal article Agnew, R. (2015). Reflections on the new Scottish (Agnew, 2015). In-text citation: For details on how to
with one author format your in-text citations, see “In-Text
innovative child protection system. Aotearoa
Citations (Works Credited in the Text)” on
New Zealand Social Work, 27(3), 4-13.
p. 14 of this Guide.
https://doi.org/10.11157/anzswj-vol27iss3id7

Journal article Cavenagh, N. J., & Wright, L. K. (2019). The maximum, (Cavenagh & Reference list: Use a comma to
with two authors separate an author’s initials from
supremum, and spectrum for critical set sizes in Wright, 2019).
additional author names, even when
(0,1)-matrices. Journal of Combinatorial
there are only two authors. Use an
Designs, 27(8), 522-536. ampersand (&) before the final author’s
https://doi.org/10.1002/jcd.21660 name: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B.
In-text citation: When a work has two
Yeung, P. H. Y., & Rodgers, V. (2017). Quality of long- (Yeung & Rodgers,
authors, cite both names each time the
term care for older people in residential settings: 2017). reference occurs in text.
Perceptions of quality of life and care For a work with no DOI accessed from
satisfaction from residents and their family an academic research database or other
members. Nursing Praxis in New Zealand, library service, do not name that
database or provide its URL in the
33(1), 28–43. reference list entry. This is because
works from those databases are usually
available elsewhere.

46
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Journal article Japuntich, S. J., Hammett, P. J., Rogers, E. S., Fu, S., (Japuntich et al., Reference entry: Give surnames and
with 3 to 20 initials for up to and including 20 authors
& Burgess, D. J. (2020). Effectiveness of 2020).
authors (e.g., Author, A. A., Author, B. B., &
proactive tobacco cessation treatment outreach
Author, C. C.), using an ampersand (&)
among smokers with serious mental illness. before the final name.
Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 22(9),1433– In-text citation: Write only the first
1438. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaa013 author’s name, followed by et al. (which
means “and others”). Put a full stop after
Yli-Huumo, J., Ko, D., Choi, S., Park, S., & Smolander, (Yli-Huumo et al., et al., as shown.
K. (2016). Where is current research on 2016). If an article has an article number include
Blockchain technology?: A systematic review. it right after the issue number.
PLOS ONE, 11(10), Article e0163477.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163477

Journal article Adlhoch, C., Mandakova, Z., Ethelberg, S., Epstein, J., (Adlhoch et al., Reference entry: Include the first 19
with 21 or more authors’ names, then insert three spaced
Rimhanen-Finne, R., Figoni, J., Baylis, S. A., 2019).
authors points (. . .), and add the last author’s
Faber, M., Mellou, K., Murphy, N., O'Gorman, J.,
name.
Tosti, M. E., Ciccaglione, A. R., Hofhuis, A.,
In-text citation: Include just the surname
Zaaijer, H., Lange, H., de Sousa, R., Avellon, A., of the first author, followed by et al.
Sundqvist, L., . . . Ijaz, S. (2019). Standardising (which means “and others”).
surveillance of hepatitis E virus infection in the
EU/EEA: A review of national practices and
suggestions for the way forward. Journal of
Clinical Virology, 120, 63-67.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2019.09.005

47
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Editorial in a Linares, A. M. (2020). Year of the midwife [Editorial]. (Linares, 2020). Reference entry: Leave out the notation
journal [Editorial], if the word “Editorial” is
Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 31(6), 537–
already in the article title.
538. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659620959715

Articles from Amissah, E. A., Brown, J., & Harding, J. E. (2020). (Amissah et al., Reference entry: Format articles from
systematic review systematic review databases like journal
Protein supplementation of human milk for 2020).
databases articles.
promoting growth in preterm infants. Cochrane
Note about Cochrane Database of
Database of Systematic Reviews, (9), Article
Systematic Reviews and JBI
CD000433. https://doi.org/fk9t databases: Articles from these
databases are available only in those
Keeping-Burke, L., McCloskey, R., Donovan, C., (Keeping-Burke et
databases. Therefore, unlike most other
Yetman, L., & Goudreau, A. (2020). Nursing al., 2020). references, you need to name the
students' experiences with clinical placement in database in the reference entry. See
“Including Database Sources in
residential aged care facilities: A systematic
Reference List Entries” on p. 11 of this
review of qualitative evidence. JBI Evidence Guide.
Synthesis, 18(5), 986-1018. If an article has an article number include
https://doi.org/10.11124/JBISRIR-D-19-00122 it right after the issue number. See the
Amissah example.
Mehrholz, J., Pohl, M., Platz, T., Kugler, J., & Elsner, B. (Mehrholz et al.,
If the online work you are citing does not
(2018). Electromechanical and robot-assisted 2018).
have a DOI, and you have retrieved it
arm training for improving activities of daily from a library research database or other
living, arm function, and arm muscle strength library-provided service, you do not need
to name that database or provide its
after stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic
URL. See “Including Database Sources
Reviews. https://doi.org/gff2n9 in Reference List Entries” on p. 11 of this
Guide.

48
 Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Articles from Picton, C., Fernandez, R., Moxham, L., Patterson, C. F. (Picton et al.,
systematic review
(2020). Experiences of outdoor nature-based 2020).
databases
(continued) therapeutic recreation programs for persons with
a mental illness: A qualitative systematic review.
JBI Evidence Synthesis, 18(9), 1820-1869.
https://doi.org/10.11124/JBISRIR-D-19-00263

Magazine Articles
Check with your tutor whether a magazine is a suitable source of information to use in your assignment.
Magazines are commercial publications that present ideas and information for general readers who are non-specialists.
(In contrast, Journals are scholarly or professional publications. Their articles are written by academic specialists and carefully reviewed).
Reference Examples: Magazine Articles
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Magazine article Hill, S. (2019, November 27). Business have been (Hill, 2019). Reference entry: Give the exact date
with individual shown on the publication – Year and
practicing social responsibility for decades, but
author month or season; or year and month and
is that really a good thing? Newsweek.
day for weeklies. For a work with no DOI,
https://www.newsweek.com/2019/11/29/corporat accessed from an academic research
e-social-responsibility-good-bad-1473934.html database or other library service, do not
name that database or provide its URL in
Neve, J. (2019, September 13). Bigger fish to fry. The (Neve, 2019). the reference list entry. This is because
Caterer, 207, 16. works from those databases are usually
available elsewhere (as per Neve
example).
In-text citation: Only the year is
required, not the full date.

49
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Magazine article Gartner, C., & Hall, W. (2019, November 12). Vaping- (Gartner & Hall, If the work you are referencing has a DOI
with two authors or URL, see “Including URLs and DOIs in
related lung disease now has a name – and a 2019).
Reference List Entries” and “Providing
likely cause. New Zealand Listener.
Retrieval Dates With URLs” on pp. 10-11
https://www.listener.co.nz/health/health- of this Guide.
health/vaping-related-lung-disease-now-has-a-
name-and-a-likely-cause

Magazine article Macdonald Hotels sells Rusacks and Randolph (“Macdonald Reference entry: Begin the reference
with no author with the title of the article.
properties. (2019, November 29). The Caterer, Hotels,” 2019).
5. In-text citation: If the title is long, use
the first few words of the title, with key
Healthcare in the future. (2019, October 4). The (“Healthcare,” words in capitals, in quotation marks. The
Dominion Post. 2019). first word of the citation must match the
first word of the reference entry.
If there appears to be no author, see
“Citing a Work With no Author” on p. 16
of this Guide before writing your
reference.

50
 Newspaper Articles
Reference Examples: Newspaper Articles
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Newspaper article Collyns, D. (2019, November 29). How Peru’s potato (Collyns, 2019). Reference entry: Italicise the name of
museum could stave off world food crisis. The the newspaper.

Guardian. Provide the page numbers as used by

the newspaper, e.g., B1, or 3:1.
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/
Sometimes articles appear on pages that
nov/29/how-perus-potato-museum-could-stave- are not continuous; in that case, give all
off-world-food-crisis page numbers, separated with commas
(e.g., B1, B3, B5-B7).
Hart, L. (2020, September 28). Tax sugary drinks to pay (Hart, 2020).
If the work you are referencing has a DOI
for better dental care. The Press, 18. or URL, see “Including URLs and DOIs in
Reference List Entries” and “Providing
Retrieval Dates With URLs” on pp. 10-11
of this Guide.

Newspaper article Bote, J. (2019, December 3). Whale found dead with (Bote, 2019). Use this format for articles published in
from news online news sources (e.g., Stuff, BBC
100kg of trash in its stomach. Stuff.
website News, CNN, Reuters).
https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/117885984/
whale-found-dead-with-100kg-of-trash-in-its-
stomach

51
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Newspaper article Call to sign wombat privacy pledge and show some ("Call to sign," Reference entry: If there is no author,
with no author begin the reference with the title of the
selfie respect. (2019, January 19). Taranaki 2019).
article. See “Citing a Work With no
Daily News, 9.
Author” on p. 16 of this Guide before
writing your reference.
In-text citation: Use the first few words
of the title, with key words in capitals, in
quotation marks. The first word of the
citation must match the first word of the
reference entry.

Special Kassenaar, L. (2009, December 11). Carbon capitalists (Kassenaar, 2009).

newspaper issue
[New Zealand Herald supplement]. The
or section
Business Herald, 12-14.

Newspaper Nice time off if you can get it [Editorial]. (2019, (“Nice Time Off,”
editorial
December 2). The Press, 16. 2019).

Letter to the Wauchop, S. (2019, December 2). Why the fear of (Wauchop, 2019).
Editor
dropping voting age? [Letter to the editor]. The
Press, 17.

52
 Blogs
Check with your tutor whether blog posts and comments are suitable sources of information to use in your assignment. They are generally not
peer reviewed, not scholarly, and not archived for a significant time.
Reference Examples: Blogs
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Blog posts Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year, month and day). See “Books“ on p. 26 in Part 2 of this
Title of post: Subtitle of post. Title of Blog. URL Guide for examples of how to format
reference list entries and in-text citations
Osborn, H. (2020, April 21). How does a disease (Osborn, 2020). for works with two authors, and 3-20
transfer from an animal to a human and back? authors.

Smithsonian Science Education Center.

https://ssec.si.edu/stemvisions-blog/how-does-
disease-transfer-animal-human-and-back

Blog post with no How to manage the most common caffeine withdrawal (“How to Manage,” Reference entry: If there is no author,
author begin the reference with the article title. If
symptoms. (n.d.). Coffee Science. n.d.).
the work has a DOI or URL, see
https://www.coffeescience.org/how-to-manage-
“Including URLs and DOIs in Reference
caffeine-withdrawal-symptoms/ List Entries” and “Providing Retrieval
Dates With URLs” on pp. 10-11 of this
Guide.
In-text citation: Use the first few words
of the title, with key words in capitals, in
quotation marks. The first word of the
citation must match the first word of the
reference entry.

53
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Comment on a Bishop, M. (2019, December 12). If you’re interested in (Bishop, 2019). Reference entry: Immediately after the
blog post date, provide the comment title if
the replicability of social science, you might want
available. If there is no comment title,
to join Replication Markets, a site where
give up to the first 20 words of the blog
researchers. [Comment on the blog post comment (as shown to the left). Follow
“Building the foundation for future research this information with [Comment on the
blog post “. . . “]. Give the full name of the
through Open data, code and protocols”]. The
article commented on.
Official PLOS Blog.
https://blogs.plos.org/plos/2019/12/building-the-
foundation-for-future-research-through-open-
data-code-and-protocols/

54
55
 Reports and Other Grey Literature
The category of grey (gray) literature covers works not published by commercial publishers. Grey literature includes reports, government
publications, policies and procedures, codes of ethics, press releases, policy briefs (brief reports), and so forth. In some instances, booklets and
pamphlets are also considered grey literature, as are conference-related works, and theses and dissertations. As grey literature includes such a
range of works, it is helpful if you describe the type of grey literature in square brackets after the title; however, this is optional.
If you are unsure how to classify your document, reference it using the “Reports and other Grey Literature” format, below. An example is a
document in PDF format, available as a download from a government or business web page.
Reports are examples of grey literature. They often include technical information or original research findings, may be written by an individual or
an organisation, and are sometimes peer-reviewed. The many kinds of reports include government and local government reports, annual reports
by businesses, technical reports, research reports, and white papers (a type of report used in politics and business to present a policy, philosophy,
or position on a particular issue).
If the document comes from a company intranet, and you are writing for an audience with access to that resource, provide the name of the site
and its URL (use the login page URL for sites requiring login). If the audience for which are you writing does not have access to the document, cite
it as a personal communication (see “Citing Personal Communications (e.g., Email, Interviews, and Guest Speakers)” on p. 17 of this Guide.

The Elements of a Reference Entry for Grey Literature

GREY Author, A. A. or Name of Organisation. (Date). Title

LITERATURE [Description]. Publisher. DOI or URL
Note. Adapted from Reference Guide for Journal Articles, Books, and Edited Book Chapters, by The American Psychological Association, 2020
(https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf). Copyright 2020 by The American Psychological Association.

Author, A. A. or Name of Organisation.

• Write the last name first, followed by a comma and the initials. Leave a space between the initials.
• If the author is an organisation, write the full name of the most specific department involved. For citation of an organisational author, see
“Abbreviating Organisational Authors” on p. 16 of this Guide.
• If there appears to be no author, see “Citing a Work With no Author” on p. 16 of this Guide before writing your reference.

56
 (Date).
• Use numbers for the year and day, and words for the month.
• When information is missing, use the abbreviation n.d. for “no date”.
Title [description].
• Capitalise the first word of the title and any subtitle. Italicise the title.
• If the type of grey literature, or its format, is not clear from the title, describe it in square brackets after the title to help your reader find the
document you have used. e.g. [Booklet]. If the format of the document is obvious, do not add a description after the title.
Publisher Name.
• Name the organisation responsible for the report or other grey literature.
• If the work has been published by the author, omit the publisher name from the source element. However, do include that publisher’s name
in the source element if the author is one of multiple publishers.
• If there are multiple publishers, include all of them, separating them with a semicolon.
DOI or URL
• If the item has a DOI or URL, include the link in the reference after the publisher. See “Including URLs and DOIs in Reference List Entries”
and “Providing Retrieval Dates With URLs” on pp. 10-11 of this Guide for more information.
• If a PDF document is accessible only through a link on a specific webpage, provide the URL of that webpage.

57
Reports, Booklets, Codes of Ethics, and Other Grey Literature
Reference Examples: Reports and Other Grey Literature
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Report – with Wood, A., & Johnson, M. (2018, June). Green (Wood & Johnson, Reference entry: The author of a report
individual or is usually an organisation, unless a
prescription patient survey: 2018 report. 2018).
organisation as specific individual is named as the
author Research New Zealand.
author. See “Books” on p. 26 in Part 2 of
https://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documen this Guide for examples of how to format
ts/publications/green-prescription-patient- reference list entries and in-text citations
for reports with more than one author.
survey-2018-report.pdf
In-text citation: If the author is an
Australian Government Productivity Commission & New (Australian organisation, see “Abbreviating
Zealand Productivity Commission. (2019). Government Organisational Authors” on p. 16 of this
Guide.
Growing the digital economy in Australia and Productivity
New Zealand: Maximising opportunities for Commission & If the report comes from a company
intranet, and you are writing for an
SMEs. New Zealand audience with access to that resource,
https://www.pc.gov.au/research/completed/growi Productivity provide the name of the site and its URL
ng-digital-economy/growing-digital-economy.pdf Commission, (use the login page URL for sites
requiring login). If the audience for which
2019).
are you writing does not have access to
Best Practice Advocacy Centre. (2018, November). (Best Practice the report, cite it as a personal
communication (see “Citing Personal
Assessment and management of alcohol misuse Advocacy Centre,
Communications (e.g., Email, Interviews,
by primary care. 2018). and Guest Speakers)” on p. 17 of this
https://bpac.org.nz/2018/docs/alcohol.pdf Guide.

58
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Code of Ethics or Aotearoa New Zealand Association of Social Workers. (Aotearoa New
Code of Conduct
(2019). Code of ethics 2019. Zealand
https://anzasw.nz/wp-content/uploads/Code-of- Association of
Ethics-Adopted-30-Aug-2019.pdf Social Workers,
2019).

Nursing Council of New Zealand. (2012, June). Code of (Nursing Council of For referencing, use the 'Code of
conduct for nurses. New Zealand, Conduct (printer version)' link
https://online.flippingbook.com/view/359694379/ 2012). and URL on the Nursing Council
website.

Leaflet, Pamphlet Learning Services. (n.d.). How to learn [Learning (Learning Services,
or Handout
resource]. Ara Institute of Canterbury. n.d.).
https://tekete.ara.ac.nz/file/5b8da286-1aa7-
4d1b-871b-fd20632fc1ab/2/How_to_Learn.pdf

Ministry of Health & Health Promotion Agency. (n.d.). (Ministry of Health

Alcohol and pregnancy – What you might not & Health Promotion
know [Pamphlet]. Agency, n.d.).
https://www.healthed.govt.nz/system/files/resour
cefiles/HE2523_Alcohol%20and%20Pregnancy_
0.pdf

59
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Guideline Ministry of Health. (2019, May 8). National SUDI (Ministry of Health,
prevention programme: National safe sleep 2019).
device quality specification guidelines.
https://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documen
ts/publications/national-sudi-prevention-national-
safe-sleep-device-quality-spec-guidelines.pdf

Datasheet Baxter Healthcare. (2017, April 6). 5% glucose (AVIVA) (Baxter-Healthcare,

data sheet. New Zealand Medicines and Medical 2017).
Devices Safety Authority.
https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/Datasheet/B
axter5percentGlucoseAvivaInf.pdf

Fact sheet Regional Public Health. (2016). Whooping cough (Regional Public
(pertussis) [Fact sheet]. Health, 2016).
http://www.rph.org.nz/public-healthtopics/early-
childhood-centres/fact-sheets/whooping-cough-
pertussis.pdf

60
 Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Booklet or Department of Applied Sciences and Social Practice. (Department of
Course Book
(2021, January 20). Bachelor of Social Work Applied Sciences
BSWI701 placement workbook: First placement. and Social
Ara Institute of Canterbury Ltd. Practice, 2021).
https://tekete.ara.ac.nz/file/30f56e3f-6e99-4058-
a175-
65163c138909/1/BSW%20Year%203%20Place
ment%20Workbook%202021.pdf

Nursing Council of New Zealand. (2016, September). (Nursing Council of

Competencies for registered nurses [Booklet]. New Zealand,
https://www.nursingcouncil.org.nz/Public/Nursin 2016).
g/Scopes_of_practice/Registered_Nurse/NCNZ/
nursing-section/Registered_nurse.aspx

Conference Sessions and Presentations

Conference sessions and presentations include presentations of academic papers and posters, keynote addresses, and symposium contributions.
If a work of this type has been published as a journal article, or as a chapter in an edited book, reference them in that format, not as a conference
session or presentation.
• Type of contribution: If the type of contribution, or its format, is not clear from the title, describe it in square brackets after the title to help
your reader find the document you have used. e.g. [Poster presentation]. If the format of the contribution is obvious, do not add a
description after the title.
• Location: Conferences and symposiums are held in or associated with specific locations. Include the location in the source element of your
reference list entry to help retrieval. See the “Rules for Works Associated With Specific Locations” on p. 64 in Part 2 of this Guide.

61
Reference Examples: Conference Sessions and Presentations
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Paper Presenter, A. A., Presenter B. B., Presenter C. C., (Presenter, A. A., See “Books” on p. 26 in Part 2 of this
presentation or Guide for examples of how to format
Presenter D. D., & Presenter E. E. (Year, Month Presenter B. B., &
poster reference list entries and in-text citations
presentation and date). Title of contribution – in italics [Type Presenter C. C.,
for works with two authors, and 3-20
of contribution]. Conference name, Location. Year). authors.
DOI or URL if available If the work you are referencing has a DOI
or URL, see “Including URLs and DOIs in
Reference List Entries” and “Providing
Retrieval Dates With URLs” on pp. 10-11
of this Guide.

Paper Wong, W. C., Ng, H. T., Chan, R., Evain, & Ang, H. (Wong et al., See “Rules for Works Associated With
presentation Specific Locations” on p. 64 in Part 2 of
(2019, September 18-20). Going real time in 2019).
this Guide.
water conservation: Our experience [Paper
presentation]. Water New Zealand Conference &
Expo 2019. Hamilton, New Zealand.
https://www.waternz.org.nz/Attachment?Action=
Download&Attachment_id=4082

62
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Poster Busby, H. R., Chidlow, R., & Richardson, E. (2019, (Busby et al., See “Rules for Works Associated With
presentation Specific Locations” on p. 64 in Part 2 of
September 5-6). Research support, or there and 2019).
this Guide.
back again: Changes in the provision of support
to Researchers resulting from a review of Te
Tumu Herenga [Poster presentation]. University
Research Offices New Zealand Conference
2019. Auckland, New Zealand.
https://auckland.figshare.com/articles/poster/UR
ONZ_2019_Poster/9789311/1

Symposium Contributor, A. A. & Contributor, B. B. (Year, Month, and See “Rules for Works Associated With
contribution Specific Locations” on p. 64 in Part 2 of
date). Title of contribution. Title of symposium –
this Guide.
in italics, main words capitalised. Symposium
name, Location. DOI or URL if available.

Shallard, G. (2019, October 24). Shaken baby

(Shallard, 2019).
syndrome. Well Child Symposium. Dunedin,
New Zealand.
https://www.immune.org.nz/sites/default/files/Co
nferences/3%20Grace%20Shallard%20Dunedin
%2024.10.2019_.pdf

63
Rules for Works Associated With Specific Locations
Conference sessions and presentations, and artworks in museums, are associated with specific locations. Include the location in the source
element of your reference list entry. This helps your reader retrieve the work.
In the source element of the reference list entry, name the city; state, province or territory if applicable; and country. Use the official state, province
or territory abbreviation if available (use Google or another search engine to find the abbreviation).
For example:
Wellington, New Zealand Sydney, NSW, Australia London, United Kingdom Lincolnwood, IL, United States

Theses and Dissertations

Published dissertations and theses can be retrieved from subscription databases, institutional repositories, and personal websites.
Reference Examples: Theses and Dissertations
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Thesis or Danielowski, L. (2018). A content analysis of public (Danielowski, Reference entry: Provide the publication
Dissertation from number, if available, as it allows a thesis
discourses on maternal health inequalities in the 2018).
a subscription to be quickly located.
database U.S (Publication No. 13884979) [Master’s thesis,
If the work you are referencing has a DOI
The George Washington University]. ProQuest
or URL, see “Including URLs and DOIs in
Dissertations and Theses. Reference List Entries” and “Providing
Retrieval Dates With URLs” on pp. 10-11
of this Guide.

64
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Thesis or King, J. (2019). The experiences of Filipino-qualified (King, 2019).
Dissertation from
registered nurses transitioning to acute nursing
an institutional
repository practice within New Zealand [Master’s thesis,
Ara Institute of Canterbury]. Ara Institute of
Canterbury Thesis Collection.
https://ara.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/coll
ectionDiscovery?vid=64ARA_INST:64ARA&inst
=64ARA_INST&collectionId=813112071000443
1

Pan, S. (2019). Business clustering in New Zealand: (Pan, 2019).

The creation of competitiveness in a regional
cluster and the influences of intermediaries on
the cluster competitiveness [Doctoral thesis,
Auckland University of Technology, Auckland,
New Zealand]. Tuwhera Open Access Theses &
Dissertations.
https://openrepository.aut.ac.nz/bitstream/handle
/10292/13042/PanS2.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowe
d=y

65
 New Zealand Legislation and Standards
Legislation is a law or body of laws. New Zealand legislation includes Acts, Regulations, and Bills. Acts are laws made by Parliament, while Bills
are proposed Acts.

Acts, Regulations, and Bills

Reference Examples: Acts, Regulations, and Bills
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Acts Harmful Digital Communications Act 2015, No. 63. (Harmful Digital Give the full name of the Act (i.e., name,
(2015). Communications date, and number) and the date the Act
commenced or was enacted (you will find
http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2015/00 Act, 2015).
that date on the Act itself). Follow this
63/latest/whole.html with the URL. See “Including URLs and
DOIs in Reference List Entries” and
Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act 2003, (Health
“Providing Retrieval Dates With URLs” on
No. 48. (2003). Practitioners pp. 10-11 of this Guide.
http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2003/00 Competence If necessary, refer to an Act’s section
48/latest/DLM203312.html Assurance Act, number(s) in your assignment text, NOT
in your citations.
2003).

Parliamentary Education (School Donations) Amendment Bill 147-3. (Education [School Parliamentary bills are proposals to either
bills pass new laws (acts) or amend existing
(2019). Donations]
laws.
http://legislation.govt.nz/bill/government/2019/01 Amendment Bill,
47/latest/whole.html 2019).

Regulations Food Regulations 2015, LI 2015/310. (2015). (Food Regulations,

http://legislation.govt.nz/regulation/public/2015/0 2015).
310/24.0/DLM6684211.html

66
Court Cases
Specify the parties’ exact names as they appear on the first page of the case. For individuals, provide the surname only.
Reference Examples: Court Cases
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Court cases Name v. name, Court name Volume number (Year). The case name or title is in standard type
URL in the reference list. However, note that it
is in italics in the citation.
Garrison v. Fitzgibbon, NZFC 116 (2019). (Garrison v.
https://www.districtcourts.govt.nz/assets/secure/ Fitzgibbon, 2019).
2019-12-03/a9b9cb3e63/2019-NZFC-
or
116_Garrison-v-Fitzgibbon.pdf

Garrison v.
Fitzgibbon (2019)
______

67
New Zealand Standards
Standards are agreed specifications and regulations for products, processes, services or performance, and used by a diverse range of
organisations. New Zealand Standards can be accessed free through the Ara library databases.
Reference Examples: New Zealand Standards
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
New Zealand Title/subtitle of standard, number. (Date). URL if any (Title, year). If the work you are referencing has a
Standards URL, see “Including URLs and DOIs in
Electrical installations: Known as the Australian/New (Electrical Reference List Entries” and “Providing
Zealand Wiring Rules, AS/NZS 3000:2018. Installations, 2020). Retrieval Dates With URLs” on pp. 10-11
(2020, January). of this Guide.

https://shop.standards.govt.nz/catalog/3000%3A In-text citation: Give the shortened title

only.
2018%28AS%7CNZS%29/view

Land development and subdivision infrastructure, NZS (Land

4404:2010. (2010, July 5). Development and
https://shop.standards.govt.nz/catalog/4404%3A Subdivision
2010%28NZS%29/view Infrastructure,
2010).

68
Te Tiriti o Waitangi / Treaty of Waitangi
Reference Examples: Te Tiriti o Waitangi / Treaty of Waitangi
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Text of the Treaty Ministry for Culture and Heritage. (2020, June 18). According to the You are most likely to find the Treaty of
of Waitangi / Te Waitangi reproduced in a book or website
Read the Treaty: Page 1: Introduction. New English text of the
Tiriti o Waitangi that reprints, or refers to, details of the
Zealand History. Retrieved October 20, 2020, Treaty of Waitangi
Treaty. Therefore, the format of your
from https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/treaty/read- (Ministry for reference entry will depend on the source
the-treaty/english-text Culture and you are using. For example, the first
example provided here is a website, the
Heritage,
second is a booklet, and the third is a
2020), …. PDF downloaded from a website
(referenced in the format for grey
State Services Commission. (2005). All about the According to the
literature).
Treaty [Booklet]. The Treaty of Waitangi English translation
In your writing, identify the text of the
Information Programme. of the Māori text Treaty (English, Māori, or English
https://nzhistory.govt.nz/files/documents/All_abo (State Services translation of Māori version).
ut_the_Treaty.pdf Commission, 2005, In the in-text citation, include the article
Article the first), …. number if applicable. If referring to the
text that precedes the articles, write
Te Titiri o Waitangi: The Treaty of Waitangi [Te Tiriti (Te Titiri o “Preamble”.
with English translation]. (n.d.). Ministry for Waitangi: The
Culture and Heritage. Treaty of Waitangi,
https://nzhistory.govt.nz/files/documents/treaty- n.d., Preamble).
kawharu-footnotes.pdf

69
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Waitangi Tribunal Waitangi Tribunal. (1992). The Ngāi Tahu sea fisheries (Waitangi Tribunal,
report
report 1992 (Wai 27). Brooker and Friend. 1992).
https://forms.justice.govt.nz/search/Documents/
WT/wt_DOC_68472628/NT%20Sea%20Fisherie
s%20W.pdf

70
71
 Social Media
Take care when citing social media such as Facebook posts and tweets. They are generally not peer reviewed, not scholarly, and not archived for
a significant time.
Cite only original content from social media sites. For example, if you found information on Twitter, cite that tweet. If you found information on a
Facebook page, cite that page or post. However, if you found information through social media, you do not need to mention the social media link –
cite only the original source of the content. For example, if you found information in a blog post that you found through a link on Twitter, cite only
the blog post – you do not need to mention that you found it through Twitter.

The Elements of a Reference Entry for Social Media

SOCIAL Author, A. A. or Name of Organisation. (Year, Month Day). Title of

MEDIA post [Description]. Site name. URL
Note. Adapted from Reference Guide for Journal Articles, Books, and Edited Book Chapters, by The American Psychological Association, 2020
(https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf). Copyright 2020 by The American Psychological Association.

Author, A. A. or Name of Organisation.

• Write the last name first, followed by a comma and the initials. Leave a space between the initials. If the author is an organisation, write the
full name of the most specific department involved.
• If only a screen name is available, use the screen name. Do not alter any nonstandard spelling or capitalisation.
• For platforms like Instagram and Twitter, include the screen name in square brackets after the author or organisational name.
(Year, Month Day).
• Use numbers for the year and day, and words for the month. An example of this element is:

2021 September 17.

• When information is missing, use the abbreviation n.d. for “no date”.
Title [description].
• Capitalise the first word of the title and include up to the first 20 words of the post (if there is no title). Italicise the title.

72
 • If the type of grey literature, or its format, is not clear from the title, describe it in square brackets after the title to help your reader find the
document you have used. e.g. [Booklet]. If the format of the document is obvious, do not add a description after the title.
Site Name.
• Name the site where the content was posted.

URL

• If the item has a DOI or URL, include the link in the reference after the site name. See “Including URLs and DOIs in Reference List Entries”
and “Providing Retrieval Dates With URLs” on pp. 10-11 of this Guide for more information.
Reference Examples: Social Media
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Facebook page Environment and Conservation Organisations of NZ. (Environment and State the full name of an organisational
(n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Conservation author. Use the Facebook page title, in
this case Home, in the reference.
Retrieved September 25, 2020, from Organisations of
Provide a retrieval date to show this is a
https://www.facebook.com/econz/ NZ, n.d.).
snapshot of the content at a particular
time. Group page content is likely to be
added to, so by including this date, you
indicate to readers that the version of the
Facebook page they retrieve may be
different from the version you used.

73
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Facebook post World Health Organization. (2020, September 25). Stop (World Health Use or adapt this format when
tobacco use. Reduce the harmful use of alcohol. Organization, referencing other platform or profile
pages from Instagram, Tumblr, LinkedIn,
Cut salt intake. Consume less sugar. Increase 2020).
and so forth.
physical activity. Let's beat [Video attached]
In the title, provide the content of the post
[Status update]. Facebook. up to the first 20 words. Include a
https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=361365511 description of any audiovisuals in
brackets.
722793&extid=M5duiFVkjV6zSulj
Note: Information from private or friends-
only Facebook, Twitter or Instagram
pages is NOT publicly retrievable. Thus
cite it only as personal communication
(see “Citing Personal Communications
(e.g., Email, Interviews, and Guest
Speakers)“ on p. 17 of this Guide). No
reference list entry is required.

Instagram photo Christchurch City Council [@christchurchcc]. (2020, (Christchurch City State the full name of the organisation
or video that posted the photo or video.
August 11). Want a sticker to pop on the lids of Council, 2020).
your three bins so you can double check what
goes in [Photograph]. Instagram.
https://www.instagram.com/p/CDu5SP8pTIK/

74
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Instagram Auckland Museum [@aucklandmuseum]. (n.d.). Sir Ed (Auckland As a highlight can change at any time,
highlight the retrieval date is needed (see
photos [Highlight]. Instagram. Retrieved Museum, n.d.).
“Providing Retrieval Dates With URLs” on
September 25, 2020, from
p. 11 of this Guide.
https://www.instagram.com/aucklandmuseum/ta
gged/

Tweet Gates, B. [@BillGates]. (2020, September 4). Clinical (Gates, 2020). State the full name of the organisational
trials are critical to helping researchers better author.

understand Alzheimer's. Improving how we

identify and enroll participants in those trials
[Tweet]. Twitter.
https://twitter.com/BillGates/status/13016042667
38507777

SPCA New Zealand [@RNZSPCA]. (2020, September (SPCA New

17). SPCA has joined with SAFE in sending a Zealand, 2020).
letter to Jacinda Ardern asking her to show the
world just how [Tweet]. Twitter.
https://twitter.com/RNZSPCA/status/130634349
4496088064

75
 Webpages and Websites

Using the “Webpages and Websites” Reference Category

• Important: Only use the “Webpages and Websites” category when the work you are referencing does not fit within another reference
category. It can be confusing, as many types of works can be retrieved through a website or webpage, including journal articles,
newspaper articles, blog posts, and booklets. However, these works are not webpages and need to be referenced under their own
category.
• Before writing your reference, ask yourself, “what type of work is on this website?” Then choose the reference category that is most similar
to the work you want to reference and follow the most relevant example in this Guide. Check the index or table of contents to find the
correct section in this Guide.

Citing an Entire Website

If you are generally mentioning a website, that is, not citing specific information from that website, you do not need a reference list entry or in-text
citation. Provide the name of the website in text and include the URL in brackets. For example:

Kidspsych is a wonderful interactive website for children (http://www.kidspsych.org).

The Elements of a Reference Entry for Webpages and Websites

WEB Author, A. A. or Name of Organisation. (Year, Month Day). Title.

SITES Website name. Retrieval date (if needed) URL

Note. Adapted from Reference Guide for Journal Articles, Books, and Edited Book Chapters, by The American Psychological Association, 2020
(https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf). Copyright 2020 by The American Psychological Association.

Author, A. A. or Name of Organisation.

• If the author is an individual, write the last name first, followed by a comma and the initials. Leave a space between the initials.
• If only a screen name is available, use the screen name. Do not alter any nonstandard spelling or capitalisation.
• If the author is an organisation, write the full name of the most specific department involved. For a webpage from a government agency or
an organisation, the organisation or agency is classed as the author, unless otherwise specified.

76
 • The author of a webpage may be found on an “about us” or acknowledgements page.
• If you cannot determine who the author is, see “Citing a Work With no Author” on p. 16 of this Guide before writing your reference.
(Year, Month Day).
• Provide the most specific publication date possible—for example, year, month, day; year, month; or year only.
• Use numbers for the year and day, and words for the month. An example of this element is:
2021, September 17.
• Use only the date that applies to the content you are using. If an updated date is available and is clearly attributable to the specific content
you are citing rather than to the overall website, use that updated date in the reference.
• If there is no separate date of publication on the webpage, reference the source as having no date of publication.
• Do not use a copyright date from the footer of the website, as this may not be the date of publication of your specific webpage.
Title.
• Capitalise the first word of the title and any subtitle. Italicise the title.
Website Name.
• Name the site where the content was posted.

Retrieval Date

• When referencing a webpage with frequently updated content, include a retrieval date in the source element. By including this retrieval
date, you indicate to readers that the webpage they retrieve may be different from the version you used. (For example, see U. S Census
Bureau (n.d.) example below. This reference entry requires a retrieval date as the World Population Clock is changing constantly.)
• An example of this element is:
Retrieved May 29, 2021, from
• If you are not sure if the webpage you have used is frequently updated, add a retrieval date into your reference entry. See “Including URLs
and DOIs in Reference List Entries” and “Providing Retrieval Dates With URLs” on pp. 10-11 of this Guide.
URL

• If the item has a DOI or URL, include the link in the reference after the site name. See “Including URLs and DOIs in Reference List Entries”
and “Providing Retrieval Dates With URLs” on pp. 10-11 of this Guide for more information.
• See also the information on copying and pasting hyperlinks in “Including URLs and DOIs in Reference List Entries“ on p. 10 of this Guide.
Reference Examples: Webpages and Websites

77
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Webpage with Murad, A. L. (2020, August 14). 5 key habits of healthy (Murad, 2020). If you cannot determine who the author
individual is, see “Citing a Work With no Author” on
eaters. Mayo Clinic.
author(s) p. 16 of this Guide before writing your
https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy- reference.
lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/5-
key-habits-of-healthy-eaters/art-20270182

Webpage with Ministry of Health. (2018, December 5). Māori health. (Ministry of Health, With organisational or government
organisation or agency websites, the organisation or
https://www.health.govt.nz/our- 2018).
agency as author agency itself is the author, unless
work/populations/maori-health otherwise specified. If the author is an
organisation or agency, see
University of Auckland Business School. (n.d.). (University of “Abbreviating Organisational Authors” on
p. 16 of this Guide.
Reflective experience. Learning Hub. Auckland Business
When the author’s name and the website
https://www.learninghub.ac.nz/writing/reflective- School, n.d.).
name are the same, omit the website
writing/ name from the source element. See the
Ministry of Health and World Health
U.S. Census Bureau. (n.d.). U.S. and world population (U.S. Census Organization examples.
clock. U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved Bureau, n.d.).
January 9, 2020, from
https://www.census.gov/popclock/

World Health Organization. (n.d.). The 1st international (World Health

conference on health promotion, Ottawa, 1986. Organization
http://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/ [WHO], n.d.).
previous/ottawa/en/

78
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Multiple World Health Organization. (2019a). 7 million people (World Health If you have used more than one webpage
webpages from from a website, create a separate
receive record levels of lifesaving TB treatment Organization,
the same website, reference entry for each webpage. Add
same year but 3 million still miss out. 2019a).
suffixes a, b, c etc. to the date e.g.,
https://www.who.int/tb/en/ 2019a, 2019b, n.d.-a, n.d.-b.

World Health Organization. (2019b). Strategies for oral (World Health Use the alphabetical order of the titles in
the reference list to assign the suffixes.
disease prevention and health promotion. Organization,
Double the letters when the series goes
https://www.who.int/oral_health/strategies/en/ 2019b).
beyond z. e.g., 2019aa or n.d.-aa).
(World Health See also “Citing Works With the Same
Organization, n.d.- Author and Same Date” on p. 16 of this
a). Guide.

(World Health
Organization, n.d.-
b).

79
 Audio-Visual (AV) Media

Two Formats for AV Media References: Stand-Alone Works and Part-of-a-Whole Works
There are two different formats for AV media references: one format for if the work stands alone (e.g., films, whole TV series, music albums,
artwork, YouTube videos), and another format if the work is part of a greater whole (e.g., a TV series episode, a podcast episode, a song from an
album). Follow the examples below for the type of item you are referencing.

The Elements of a Reference Entry for Audio Visual Media

AV Author, A. A. or Name of Organisation. (Year, Month Day). Title

MEDIA [Description]. Source. URL

Note. Adapted from Reference Guide for Journal Articles, Books, and Edited Book Chapters, by The American Psychological Association, 2020
(https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf). Copyright 2020 by The American Psychological Association.

Author, A. A. or Name of Organisation.

• If the author is an individual, write the last name first, followed by a comma and the initials. Leave a space between the initials.
• If the author is an organisation, write the full name of the most specific department involved.
• The author of an AV work is determined by the type of work, as in the table below. Add their contribution in brackets immediately after their
name, e.g. (Director).
Type of work Include as author
Film Director

TV series Executive producer(s)

TV series episode Write and director of episode

YouTube or other online streaming video Person or group who uploaded the video

Webinar Instructor

80
 Type of work Include as author
Podcast Host or executive producer

Podcast episode Host of episode

Classical music album or song Composer

Modern music album or song Recording artist

Artwork Artist

Photograph Photographer

(Year, Month Day).

• Provide the most specific publication date possible—for example, year, month, day; year, month; or year only.
• Use numbers for the year and day, and words for the month. An example of this element is:
2021, September 17.
• If a series is still airing, replace the second year with the word “present”, e.g. (2017-present).
Title [Description].
• Capitalise the first word of the title and any subtitle. Italicise the title.
• Describe the AV work in square brackets immediately after the title—e. g. [Film], [DVD], [TV series], [TV series episode], [Podcast].
Source.

• Name the publisher. If the publisher is the same as the author, omit the publisher name.
• The publisher of a stand-alone work may be a production company, label, museum name and location, or university department and name.
• The source details for a part-of-a-whole work begin with “In” or “On”, and provides the details of the complete work that the part is found in.
URL
• If the item has a DOI or URL, include the link in the reference after the site name. See “Including URLs and DOIs in Reference List Entries”
and “Providing Retrieval Dates With URLs” on pp. 10-11 of this Guide for more information.
• See also the information on copying and pasting hyperlinks in “Including URLs and DOIs in Reference List Entries“ on p. 10 of this Guide.

81
Audio Visual Works
*Important note about audiovisual works: Use the guidelines below only if you are referring to an AV work. If you are reproducing (reprinting or
adapting) an AV work in your paper or assignment (e.g., a photograph or art work), do not use the guidelines below. Instead, you must provide a
copyright attribution (see “Tables and Figures” on p. 92 in Part 2 of this Guide).
Reference Examples: Audio Visual Works
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Film or video Peele, J. (Director). (2017). Get out [Film]. Blumhouse. (Peele, 2017). If the film’s director is unknown, credit
https://www.amazon.com/Get-Out-Daniel- someone in a similar role and name their
role in the author description.
Kaluuya/dp/B06Y1H48K7
If a film is in another language, include a
translation of the title in square brackets.
You do not need to state how you
watched a film (e.g., on DVD, streamed
online).

Streaming Video Mayo Clinic. (2020, January 9). Mayo Clinic minute: (Mayo Clinic, The person who uploaded the video is
(Including Vimeo credited as the author, even if they did
How 3D printing helps lung surgery [Video]. 2020).
and Youtube) not create the work. In your writing, note
YouTube.
the contributions of those who appear in
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zH5NswR1x the video.
Vw Integrate the speaker’s name into your
writing, e.g. “Dr Blackmon explained how
Plowden, A. (2015, December 4). The filmmaking (Plowden, 2015).
3D models can help surgeons describe a
masterclass 2015 [Video]. Vimeo. procedure to the patient (Mayo Clinic,
https://vimeo.com/147839766 2020).”

82
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Video available Bock, L. (2019, November 10). IT security foundations: (Bock, 2019). If the work is available only from a
from only a specific database or source, name the
Core concepts [Video]. LinkedIn Learning.
specific database database in the source element, and
(including https://www.linkedin.com/learning/it-security-
provide the URL of the work. See
LinkedIn Learning
foundations-core-concepts-2/prepare-for-mta- “Including URLs and DOIs in Reference
& Khan Academy)
exam-98-367?u=75768826 List Entries” and “Including Database
Sources in Reference List Entries“ on pp.
van Nieuwenhuizen, P. (n.d.). Thermoregulation in the (van 10-11 of this Guide.
lungs [Video]. Khan Academy. Nieuwenhuizen,
https://www.khanacademy.org/test- n.d.).
prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-respiratory-
system/v/thermoregulation-in-the-lungs

TV series Iannucci, A., Godsick, C., & Rich, F. (Executive (Iannucci et al., Provide the beginning and end dates of
Producers). (2012-2019). Veep [TV series]. 2012-2019). the series if it spans multiple years. If the
series is still airing, in the date element
HBO.
replace the second year with the word
“present”, e.g. (2017-present).

83
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
TV episode or Morton, L. (Writer) & Mandel, D. (Director). (2019, (Morton & Mandel, An episode is a part-of-a-whole work.
webisode Name the episode’s writer and director;
March 31). Iowa (Season 7, Episode 1) [TV 2019).
executive director or other role
series episode]. In A. Iannucci, C. Godsick, F.
descriptions can also be used.
Rich (Executive Producers), Veep. HBO.
In the source element the publisher
Dolbel, A. (Series Producer). (2019, August 1). Design (Dolbel, 2019). details begin with “In”. Provide the details
of the complete series that the episode is
junkies (Season 2, Episode 5) [TV series
found in.
episode]. In G. Heathcote & E. White (Executive
If the work is available only from a
Producers), Design junkies. NZ On Air. eTV. specific database (here, eTV), name the
https://ara.etv.org.nz/tv/vod/view/166354 database in the source element, and
provide the URL of the work. See
“Including Database Sources in
Reference List Entries” on p. 11 of this
Guide.

Webinar Thiel, M. (2020, October 6). Messages from New (Thiel, 2020). Only reference recorded, retrievable
Zealand: Culture [Webinar]. Tourism New webinars. Cite unrecorded webinars as
Personal Communication (see “Citing
Zealand.
Personal Communications (e.g., Email,
https://traveltrade.newzealand.com/en/training/w Interviews, and Guest Speakers)” on p.
ebinar-recordings/ 17 of this Guide).

84
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
TED Talk Hill, K., & Mattu, S. (2018, April). What your smart (Hill & Mattu, When the TED Talk comes from the TED
devices know (and share) about you [Video]. 2018). website, the speaker is the author.

TED Conferences. When the TED Talk is on YouTube, the

owner of the YouTube account is listed
https://www.ted.com/talks/kashmir_hill_and_sury
as the author (here, TED).
a_mattu_what_your_smart_devices_know_and_
Integrate the speaker’s name into your
share_about_you?referrer=playlist- writing, e.g. “Monica Araya discussed
the_most_popular_ted_talks_of_2018#t-5436 how cities are working towards clean air
(TED, 2020).”
TED. (2020, October 13). How cities are detoxing (TED, 2020).
transportation [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x1Efv_wF5L
E

Audio Works
Reference Examples: Audio Works
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Radio episode Ballance, A. (Senior Producer). (2020, September 17). (Ballance, 2020). A radio episode is a part-of-a-whole
Genetic recipe book for natural products from work. List the host or executive producer
as the author. Include their role in
fungi [Radio programme episode]. In Our
brackets. The source element begins
changing world. RNZ. with “In”. Provide the details of the
https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/ourc complete radio series.

hangingworld/audio/2018764404/genetic-recipe-
book-for-natural-products-from-fungi

85
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Radio interview Rangihaeata, T. D (2021, April 3). Tuteri Dal (Rangihaeata, The interviewee is classed as the author
Rangihaeata on Poi E's IMNZ Classic Record 2021). for published audio or video interviews.

award [Radio interview]. Radio New Zealand.

https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/musi
c101/audio/2018790178/interview-tuteri-dal-
rangihaeata-on-poi-e-s-imnz-classic-record-
award

Podcast Espiner, E. (Host). (2020). Getting better: A year in the (Espiner, 2020). A podcast is a stand-alone work. List the
life of a Māori medical student [Audio podcast]. host or executive producer as the author.
Include their role in brackets.
Bird of Paradise Productions.
Omit the URL of the podcast if it is
https://www.rnz.co.nz/programmes/getting-better
unknown (e.g., accessed through an
app).

Podcast episode Anderson, D. (Host). (2019, November 13). Time to (Anderson, 2019). A podcast episode is a part-of-a-whole
unplug? How screen time impacts the ADHD work. Name the episode’s host as the
author.
brain (no. 271) [Audio podcast episode]. In
The source element begins with “In”
ADDitude’s ADHD experts podcast. Liberated
Provide the details of the complete
Syndication. podcast series.
https://additudemag.libsyn.com/271-time-to-
unplug-how-screen-time-impacts-the-adhd-brain

86
 Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Single song or Dion, C. (2019). Imperfections [Song]. On Courage. (Dion, 2019). In-text citation: Include track numbers.
track from an
Columbia. A song from an album is a part-of-a-
album
whole work.
The source element begins with “On”.
Provide the details of the complete album
that the song is found in. Include a URL
only if that location is the one place the
song can be retrieved.

Visual Works
*Important note: Use the guidelines below only if you are referring to a visual work (e.g., photograph, artwork, infographic), that is, just citing it.
Do not use the formats below if you are reproducing (reprinting or adapting) a visual work. Instead, see “Tables and Figures” on p. 92 in Part 2 of
this Guide.
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Infographic Statistics New Zealand. (2019, September 23). New (Statistics New Use this format to cite (but not
Zealand population in 2018: Key data Zealand, 2019). reproduce) infographics. If you are
reproducing (reprinting or adapting) these
[Infographic].
images. See “Tables and Figures” on p.
https://www.stats.govt.nz/infographics/new- 92 in Part 2 of this Guide.
zealand-as-a-village-of-100-people-2018-
census-data

Clip art or stock GDJ. (2018). Cybernetic brain line art inverted [Clip art]. (GDJ, 2018). Use this format to cite (but not
image reproduce) clip art or stock images. If you
Openclipart.
are reproducing (reprinting or adapting)
https://openclipart.org/detail/307465/cybernetic-
these images, see “Tables and Figures”
brain-line-art-inverted on p. 92 in Part 2 of this Guide.

87
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Artwork in Brake, B. (1960). Monsoon girl [Photograph]. Te Papa (Brake, 1960). Use this format to cite (but not
museums or on a reproduce) artworks. If you are
Tongarewa, Museum of New Zealand,
museum website reproducing (reprinting or adapting)
Wellington, New Zealand.
“Artwork” includes artworks, see “Tables and Figures” on p.
paintings, https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/object/574919 92 in Part 2 of this Guide.
sculptures,
photographs, Wyeth, A. (1948). Christina’s world [Painting]. Museum (Wyeth, 1948). For artworks in specific locations, include
prints, drawings, the location in the source element of your
of Modern Art, New York, NY, United States.
and installations reference list entry to help retrieval. See
https://www.moma.org/collection/works/78455 “Rules for Works Associated With
Specific Locations” on p. 64 in Part 2 of
this Guide.

Artwork not Nadlinger, D. (n.d.) Single atom in an ion trap (Nadlinger, n.d.). Use this format to cite (but not
connected to a reproduce) artworks. If you are
[Photograph]. National Geographic.
museum reproducing (reprinting or adapting)
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2018/
“Artwork” includes artworks, see “Tables and Figures” on p.
paintings, 02/trapped-atom-photograph-long-exposure- 92 in Part 2 of this Guide.
sculptures,
competition-spd/ Name the artist or photographer as the
photographs,
prints, drawings, author. The source is the name of the
and installations site where the artwork was retrieved
from.

88
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Map Google. (n.d.). [Google Maps directions for driving from (Google, n.d.). There are no titles for dynamically
Rome, Italy, to Zurich, Switzerland]. Retrieved created maps (like Google Maps).
Therefore, describe the map in square
October 13, 2020, from
brackets, and include a retrieval date.
https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Rome,+Metro
politan+City+of+Rome,+Italy/Z%C3%BCrich,+S
witzerland/@44.6220013,8.2783098,7z/data=!3
m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x132f6196f99
28ebb:0xb90f770693656e38!2m2!1d12.496365
5!2d41.9027835!1m5!1m1!1s0x47900b9749bea
219:0xe66e8df1e71fdc03!2m2!1d8.541694!2d47
.3768866!3e0

Gore District Council. (n.d.). Gore street map [Map]. (Gore District
https://goredc.govt.nz/assets/documents/maps/s Council, n.d.).
treet-map-gore.pdf

89
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
PowerPoint slides Jones, J. (2016, March 23). Guided reading: Making the (Jones, 2016). When the slides are open access
or lecture notes (available online to anyone, e.g., through
most of it [PowerPoint slides]. SlideShare.
retrieved from an SlideShare or an open-access course
open-access https://www.slideshare.net/hellojenjones/guided-
website), provide the site name on which
source
reading-making-the-most-of-it they are hosted in the source element of
the reference, followed by the URL of the
Reinhart, C. (2018, Fall). 4.401/4.464 Environmental (Reinhart, 2018). slides.
technologies in buildings [PowerPoint slides].
If quoting from a PowerPoint slide, add
MIT OpenCourseWare. the slide number to the citation, e.g.
https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/architecture/4-401- (Jones, 2016, Slide 2).
environmental-technologies-in-buildings-fall-
2018/lecture-slides-1/MIT4_401F18_lec14.pdf

90
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
PowerPoint slides Booth, D. (2018). The MEN system [NZ2387 Electrical (Booth, 2018). If the slides or lecture notes come from
or lecture notes a classroom website (e.g., OneNote), a
Pretrade 2020 PowerPoint slides]. Ara OneNote.
from a classroom learning management system (e.g.,
website, learning https://www.onenote.com/hrd?wdorigin=ondcaut
Moodle), or a company intranet, and
management
h2&wdorigin=poc you are writing for an audience with
system, or
company intranet access to that resource, provide the
Borrie, L. (n.d.). Lecture 5: Classical antiquity: The (Borrie, n.d.). name of the site and its URL. For sites
Greeks [Contextual Studies 500 lecture notes]. requiring login use the homepage or
Ara Moodle. login page URL. However, if the
audience for which are you writing does
https://moodle.ara.ac.nz/course/view.php?id=91
not have access to the slides, cite them
51 as a personal communication (see
“Citing Personal Communications (e.g.,
Department of Health Practice. (2020). Nervous system: (Department of
Email, Interviews, and Guest Speakers)”
Spinal cord and peripheral nervous system Health Practice, on p. 17 of this Guide.)
[BNNS501 PowerPoint slides]. Ara Moodle. 2020). If quoting from a PowerPoint slide, add
https://moodle.ara.ac.nz/mod/folder/view.php?id the slide number to the citation, e.g.
=389871 (Borrie, 2018, Slide 6).
Only materials written by a tutor must
Skills Organisation Incorporated. (2018). Learning (Skills Organisation name the tutor as author.
resource: Demonstrate knowledge of earthing Incorporated, 2018). Reference printed course materials
(level 3, credits 2) [NZ2387 Electrical Pretrade (e.g., a course booklet) as grey
literature. See “Reports and Other Grey
2020 US1204 lecture notes]. Ara OneNote. Literature” on p. 56 in Part 2 of the
https://www.onenote.com/hrd?wdorigin=ondcaut Guide.

h2&wdorigin=poc

91
 Tables and Figures
Tables present information in columns and rows. They usually contain numeric data, but sometimes tables can present textual information, such
as lists of words.
Figures are any type of illustrations that are not tables. They can be graphs, diagrams, charts, posters, maps, infographics, artworks, pictures, and
photographs.
Are You Presenting Your Own Data?
• If you are using tables/figures to present your own data, refer to Chapter 7 (pp. 195-250) of the APA Publication Manual for general guidelines
for tables and figures. Also refer to “Table Tips” on APA’s blog http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/11/table-tips.html (search the page for
“table”).
• The guidelines and examples below relate to the reproduction (reprinting or adaptation) of tables/figures from a published source.
Are You Reproducing or Just Referring to a Table or Figure?
Important note: Use the guidelines below if you are reproducing (reprinting or adapting) a table or figure. If you are just referring to a visual work
you have seen (e.g. photograph, artwork), do not use the guidelines below. Instead, see the guidelines for citing visual works, under “Visual
Works” on p. 87 in Part 2 of this Guide.

Reproducing (Reprinting or Adapting) Tables or Figures From a Published Source

• Reprinted material appears exactly as produced in the original source, without any modifications.
• Adapted material is where the original source has been changed to suit a new purpose.
Copyright Permission for Reproducing Tables or Figures
In general, no copyright permission is needed to reprint or adapt a copyrighted table/figure for educational purposes (e.g., if you are reprinting or
adapting tables/figures in a student assignment), as long as you include a copyright attribution (see the copyright attribution guidelines below).
Clip art and commercial stock photographs are special cases: see below for their copyright requirements.
If you are writing for publication, you may need to ask copyright permission from the copyright holder to reproduce a table or figure. Only include a
permission statement (“Reprinted with permission.” or “Adapted with permission.”) if permission has been sought and obtained from the copyright
holder.
Copyright Requirements for Clip Art and Commercial Stock Photographs
You do not need permission to reproduce most clip art, but usually need to provide a copyright attribution. If you have used a free clip art website,
the image’s copyright status will tell you if you need to provide a copyright attribution or citation. However, no citation, permission or copyright
attribution is required when you use clip art from programmes like Microsoft Word or PowerPoint, as you or Ara have purchased that computer
program.

92
You can reproduce a commercial stock photographic image if it has a Creative Commons licence.
Creative Commons licenses give everyone from individual creators to large institutions a standardized way to grant the public
permission to use their creative work under copyright law. From the reuser’s perspective, the presence of a Creative Commons
license on a copyrighted work answers the question, “What can I do with this work?” (Creative Commons, n.d., para. 1)
You can also reproduce a commercial stock photographic image if it is in the public domain (that is, the copyright for the image has expired and it
can be used and adapted by anyone).
Otherwise, you are only permitted to reproduce commercial stock images if you buy a licence from the vendor (e.g., Getty Images, iStock).
Copyright Attribution when Reproducing Tables or Figures
When reproducing (reprinting or adapting) a table/figure from a published source, you must provide a copyright attribution below the table/figure,
instead of an in-text citation. A copyright attribution is a brief statement providing details of the source and the copyright holder and provides more
comprehensive acknowledgement of the copyright status than an author-date in-text citation. A copyright attribution is required for any type of
visual material that is reprinted or adapted from sources such as books, journal articles, reports and webpages. In addition, you need to provide a
reference entry for that source in the reference list.
A copyright attribution for the original material is written in a “Note.” (italicised) underneath the table or figure. The copyright attribution is written in
a different order to a reference entry – title, author, date of publication, source of material and copyright status. The copyright attribution comes
after any other required notes. For more information on the use of notes, refer to the APA Publication Manual (APA, 2020), p. 203 (Table Notes)
and p. 229 (Figure Notes).
• When reprinting tables/figures, use “From” in your copyright attribution.
• When adapting tables/figures, use “Adapted from” in your copyright attribution.
Formatting Reference List Entries and Copyright Attributions for Tables and Figures
Reference list entry: Provide a reference list entry for the book, journal article, report, webpage etc. where you found the table/figure you have
reprinted or adapted. In the examples below, the Table is reprinted from a report (grey literature), and the Figure is from a website.
Copyright attribution: A copyright attribution is used instead of an in-text citation. The copyright attribution is placed below the table or figure and
starts with Note. See Table 1 below for specific information on formatting your copyright attribution, depending on your source.
Layout Information for Reproducing Tables and Figures
• Insert the table/figure at the end of the paragraph (or as close as possible) to where it is first referenced in the text.
• Each table/figure should have the accompanying copyright attribution and full reference. (See ‘Reference Examples: Tables and Figures’
below.)

93
 • Each table/figure number should be bold and numbered separately in the order in which they occur in the assignment (Table 1, Table 2
etc.).
• A title or brief description of the contents (exactly copied, or shortened, from what is written in the source) is written in italics and placed
one double-spaced line below the table/figure number.
• Use numbers to refer to tables and figures in your assignment. For example, “as shown in Table 1” or “___ (see Figure 1).”
Table 1

Copyright Attribution Templates

Source Reprinted or adapted status Source information Copyright status
Journal, “Title of Article,” by A. A. Author and B. B. Author, year, Title of
magazine, or
Journal or Magazine, volume(issue), p. xx (DOI or
newspaper
URL). Copyright year by
Name of Copyright
Book or report Title of Book or Report (p. xx), by A. A. Author and B. B. Holder (e.g.,
Author, year, Publisher (DOI or URL). Copyright 2020 by
Ara Institute of
Canterbury, Ltd.)
Book chapter Note. From “Title of Chapter,” by A. A. Author and B. B. Author, in E. E.
Editor and F. F. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (edition or or
or
volume number, p. xx), year, Publisher (DOI or URL). In the public
Note. Adapted from
domain.
Webpage Title of Webpage, by A. A. Author and B. B. Author, year, Site or
Name (DOI or URL). Creative commons
attribution (e.g., CC
or
BY-NC 4.0).
Title of Webpage, by Group Author the Same as Site Name,
year (DOI or URL).

Note. Adapted from Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th Edition (p. 390), by American Psychological Association, 2020,
(https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000). Copyright 2020, American Psychological Association.

94
Reference Examples: Tables and Figures
Item Full reference (in reference list) and notes Copyright attribution
Tables and Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. (2018). Table 2
Figures
Manufacturing sector report: Key facts and findings.
Data on Total Manufacturing Sector in New Zealand
https://www.mbie.govt.nz/assets/dc900a28f7/manufactu
Total 2017
ring-report-2018-a3.pdf
Manufacturing
GDP value $23 billion (12%
of total)

Number of firms 21,366 (4% of

How to refer to a table or figure in your text: total)
“In 2017, even though manufacturing firms were only 4% of Number of 241,100 (11% of
New Zealand companies, they contributed to 12% of the employees total)
country’s GDP value (see Table 1).”
or Exports $36 billion (52%
of total)
“As can be seen in Figure 1, in the five years to 2018, _____”
Revenue $102 billion
(2016)

Tables comprised of data from multiple sources: Research & $671 million
If you have combined data from multiple sources to create a development (2016)
table, construct your note as follows: expenditure
Note. Collated and adapted from source 1; source 2; etc.
Note. Adapted from Manufacturing sector report: Key facts and
findings, by Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, 2018
(https://www.mbie.govt.nz/assets/dc900a28f7/manufacturing-report-
2018-a3.pdf). CC BY 4.0.

95
Item Full reference (in reference list) and notes Copyright attribution
Tables and Feo, R., Conroy, T., Alderman, J., & Kitson, A. (2021). Figure 4
Figures
Engaging patients and keeping them safe. In J. Crisp,
Patients’ Personal Safety
C. Douglas, G. Rebeiro, & D. Waters (Eds.),
Fundamentals of nursing (6th ed., pp. 34-48). Elsevier
Australia.

Note. From “Engaging patients and keeping them safe,” by R. Feo, T.

Conroy, J. Alderman, & A. Kitson, in J. Crisp, C. Douglas, G. Rebeiro,
& D. Waters (Eds.), Fundamentals of nursing (6th ed., p. 37), 2021,
Elsevier Australia. Copyright 2021 by Elsevier Australia.

96
 References

American Psychological Association. (n.d.-a). APA style blog. https://apastyle.apa.org/blog

American Psychological Association. (n.d.-b). Reference examples. Retrieved November 20, 2020,

from https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological

Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

Creative Commons. (n.d.). About CC licenses. https://creativecommons.org/about/cclicenses/

Elder, H. (2020). Aroha: Māori wisdom for a contented life lived in harmony with our planet.

Penguin Random House New Zealand.

97
 Index

Abbreviations ............................................. 23 Cochrane Review....................................... 48

Diseases, Disorders, Therapies, Comment on a Blog Post ........................... 54
Theories, and Related Terms ......... 22 Conference Paper ...................................... 62
Job Titles.............................................. 22 Copyright
Organisational Authors ......................... 16 Clip Art ................................................. 92
Time ..................................................... 23 Permission ........................................... 92
Units of Measurement .......................... 23 Stock Images ....................................... 92
Academic Journals..................................... 44 Copyright Attribution .................................. 93
Acts (Laws) ................................................ 66 Course Book .............................................. 61
Appendix/Appendices ................................ 24 Course Materials ........................................ 90
Articles Court Cases ............................................... 67
Journal ................................................. 44 Diagnostic Manuals.................................... 30
Magazine ............................................. 49 Chapter ................................................ 31
Artworks..................................................... 88 Diagrams ................................................... 92
Audio Works .............................................. 85 Dictionaries ................................................ 36
Podcast ................................................ 86 Dissertation
Podcast Episode .................................. 86 From a Subscription Database ............. 64
Radio Episode ...................................... 85 From an Institutional Repository ........... 65
Song .................................................... 87 DOI ............................................................ 10
Track .................................................... 87 DOIs and URLs .......................................... 10
Audio-Visual Media .................................... 80 Retrieval Dates .................................... 11
Film ...................................................... 82 Drawings .................................................... 88
Khan Academy ..................................... 83 DSM-V ....................................................... 30
LinkedIn Learning................................. 83 DVDs ......................................................... 82
Part-of-a-Whole Works ......................... 80 Edited Book ............................................... 34
Stand-Alone Works .............................. 80 Editorial in a Journal .................................. 48
Streaming Video................................... 82 Email.......................................................... 17
TED Talk .............................................. 85 Encyclopedias ............................................ 36
TV Episode .......................................... 84 Wikipedia ............................................. 40
TV Series ............................................. 83 Facebook
Video Available From Single Database 83 Page .................................................... 73
Webisode ............................................. 84 Post...................................................... 74
Bible........................................................... 30 Film ............................................................ 82
Bills (Proposed Acts/Laws) ........................ 66 Graphs ....................................................... 92
Blogs Gray Literature ........................................... 56
Blog Post.............................................. 53 Conference Paper ................................ 62
Blog Post With No Author ..................... 53 Conference Sessions and Presentations
Comment ............................................. 54 ....................................................... 61
Books......................................................... 26 Poster Presentation.............................. 63
Chapter in an Edited Book ................... 34 Symposium Contribution ...................... 63
Diagnostic Manuals .............................. 30 Guest Speakers ......................................... 17
Diagnostic Manuals, Chapter ............... 31 Headings Within Works .............................. 22
One Author........................................... 27 Infographic ................................................. 87
Organisation as Author......................... 29 Instagram
Religious Works ................................... 30 Highlight ............................................... 75
Three or More Authors ......................... 28 Post...................................................... 74
Two Authors ......................................... 28 Interviews .................................................. 17
Capitalisation ............................................. 22 In-Text Citations ......................................... 14
Chapter in an Edited Book ......................... 34 Format ................................................. 14
Charts ........................................................ 92 How Many to Use ................................. 15
Classroom Resources ................................ 91 No Author ............................................. 16
Clip Art ....................................................... 87 Same Author and Same Date............... 16
Copyright.............................................. 92 Single Source in a Paragraph............... 15

98
JBI PowerPoint ................................................ 90
Evidence Based Practice Database ..... 41 Prints ......................................................... 88
Joanna Briggs Institute .............................. 41 Quotations ................................................. 20
Journal Articles .......................................... 44 Accuracy of .......................................... 20
Journals Length .................................................. 20
Editorial ................................................ 48 Without Page Numbers ........................ 21
Systematic Review ............................... 48 Quran......................................................... 30
Twenty One or More Authors ............... 47 Radio ......................................................... 85
Khan Academy .......................................... 83 Reference List .............................................. 8
Koran ......................................................... 30 Database Sources................................ 11
Laws (Acts) ................................................ 66 DOIs and URLs .................................... 10
Legislation.................................................. 66 Elements of .................................... 8, 102
Letter to the Editor ..................................... 52 Format of.............................................. 12
LinkedIn Learning ...................................... 83 How to Present .................................... 12
Lippincott Procedures ................................ 42 Reference Materials ................................... 36
Locations Organisation as Author......................... 39
Rules for Specific ................................. 64 Wikis .................................................... 40
Magazine Articles....................................... 49 Regulations ................................................ 66
Magazines Religious Works ......................................... 30
No Author ............................................. 50 Reports ...................................................... 56
Maps .......................................................... 89 Individual Author .................................. 58
Moodle PowerPoint Slides ......................... 90 Organistional Author ............................ 58
Multiple Authors Retrieval Dates .......................................... 11
Books ................................................... 28 Rules for Specific Locations ....................... 64
Same Fact or Opinion .......................... 15 Sculpture ................................................... 88
Music Recordings ...................................... 80 Secondary Sources.................................... 17
New Zealand Formulary ............................. 42 Single Source in A Paragraph .................... 15
New Zealand Legislation ............................ 66 Social Media
Acts ...................................................... 66 Facebook Page .................................... 73
Parliamentary Bills ............................... 66 Facebook Post ..................................... 74
Regulations .......................................... 66 Instagram Highlight .............................. 75
New Zealand Standards............................. 68 Instagram Post ..................................... 74
Newspapers Tweet ................................................... 75
Article ................................................... 51 Song .......................................................... 87
Article from News Website ................... 51 Speakers (Guest) ....................................... 17
Editorial ................................................ 52 Standards .................................................. 68
Letter to the Editor................................ 52 Stock Images ............................................. 87
No Author ............................................. 52 Copyright.............................................. 92
Special Issue or Section ....................... 52 Streaming Video ........................................ 82
Numbers .................................................... 23 Symposium Contribution ............................ 63
Use Numerals When ............................ 23 Systematic Review..................................... 48
Use Words When ................................. 23 Tables and Figures .................................... 92
Online News Article.................................... 51 Adapting ............................................... 92
Organisational Author Copyright Attribution ............................. 93
Books ................................................... 29 Copyright Permission ........................... 92
Webpage.............................................. 78 Reproducing v. Referring ..................... 92
Painting ...................................................... 88 Te Tiriti o Waitangi ..................................... 69
Paraphrasing ............................................. 19 TED Talk .................................................... 85
Examples ............................................. 19 Television .................................................. 83
PDF ........................................................... 56 Theses
Peer-Reviewed Journals ............................ 44 From a Subscription Database ............. 64
Personal Communications ......................... 17 From an Institutional Repository ........... 65
Photographs .............................................. 88 Titles of Works ........................................... 22
Pictures...................................................... 87 Traditional Knowledge or Oral Traditions ... 18
Podcast...................................................... 86 Treaty of Waitangi ...................................... 69
Poster Presentation ................................... 63 Tweet ......................................................... 75

99
UpToDate .................................................. 42 Tables .................................................. 95
URL ........................................................... 10 Waitangi Tribunal Reports.......................... 70
Vimeo ........................................................ 82 Webpages.................................................. 76
Visual Works .............................................. 87 Individual Author(s) .............................. 78
Artwork................................................. 88 Multiple From Same Year ..................... 79
Classroom Resources .......................... 91 Organisational Author .......................... 78
Clip Art ................................................. 87 Website (Citing an Entire Website) ............ 76
Figures ................................................. 96 Whakataukī and Whakatauākī ................... 18
Infographic ........................................... 87 Wikipedia ................................................... 40
Maps .................................................... 89 Wikis .......................................................... 40
PowerPoint........................................... 90 YouTube .................................................... 82
Stock Images ....................................... 87

100
101
 The Four Elements of a Reference List Entry
The four elements of a reference list entry are: author, date, title and source.
Base your reference list entry on these four elements. If you can answer these four questions, you will be able to write a reference list entry and
in-text citation for any type of print or online work!

Figure 5 Figure 6
The Four Elements of an APA Reference Where to Find Reference Information

Note. From Publication Manual of the American Psychological Note. From Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association (7th ed.) (p. 283) by The American Psychological Association (7th ed.) (p. 283) by The American Psychological
Association, 2020. Copyright 2020 by The American Psychological Association, 2020. Copyright 2020 by The American Psychological
Association. Association.

102