LESSON 1.

EVOLUTION OF MOTOR VEHICLES

Concept

Motorized transportation is one of the greatest inventions that appeared for the
last three hundred years. The inventions in transportation came along with the numerous
inventions during the period of "Industrial Revolution”.

This lesson traces the historical development of motorized transportation with the
view of understanding the present day problems in roadway transport system.

A. STEAM ENGINE was perfected in the 1760's by James Watt. The invention
provided power for many industries and factories in England. (Grolier)

B. By the end of 18th century, French, Scottish, and American inventors attempted to
apply the steam engine in water navigation. (Grolier)

1. Frenchman Jacques Perier built an steamboat in 1775

2. Robert Fulton launched the steamboat Clermont on the Hudson River in 1807

3. The steamer Savannah crossed the Atlantic in 1819 and by the 19" century,
steam navigation replaced the sailing vessels

C. RAILROADS - Horse-drawn wagons with wooden wheels and rails had been used in
English and European mines during the 17th century. (Grolier)

1. Richard Trevithick and some other inventors adapted the primitive steam
locomotives to the mine railway between 1797 and 1813.

2. George Stephenson built and equipped the 32-km Stockton and Darlington
railway, the first public railway in the world powered by steam locomotive which
eventually began railroad building in England

3. United States, although railroad began in England, it was in the US where

tremendous growth in rail transport system occurred that by 1840 more than 4,800 kms
(3,000 mi) railroads were already operating in the eastern states

D. SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENT OF ROAD VEHICLE began with the

adaptation of COACH SPRING about 1650.

E. IN THE MID-18TH CENTURY, ENGLISH ROADS were so bad that the coaches
could average only about 4 mph (6.4 km/h) and the mail was usually carried by boys on
horses.

F. JOHN PALMER introduced his first fast mail coach in March of 1785 and by 1800,
the English coach system was in full swing.

G. THE INVENTION OF BICYCLE in the early 19th century served as a nursery of

automobile builders. One of the modern ancestors of the modern bicycle was the HOBBY
HORSE, or dan horse. The wheels were made of wood, with tires of iron, and the riders
pushed themselves along with their feet on the ground.

1. The German Baron Karl Von Drais in 1817 introduced a steerable wheel, creating the
"draisienne," or "dandy horse."
2. In 1838, Kirkpatrick Macmillan, a Scottish blacksmith made the first machine with
pedals, which were attached to and drove the rear wheel by means of cranks.

H. MOTOR VEHICLE - the first mode of transportation to challenge the railroads. The
following are some of the notable events leading to the invention of motorized vehicles
for road traffic. (Grolier)

1. Ferdinand Verbiest, a Jesuit Missionary in China, built the first steam-powered

vehicle around 1672 as a toy for the Chinese Emperor. (Wikipedia)

2. In 1870-71, Nicolas Joseph Cugnot demonstrated his fardier à vapeur ("steam dray"),
an experimenta steam-driven artillery tractor.

3. By 1784, William Murdoch had built a working model of a steam carriage in Redruth.

4. In 1801, Richard Trevithick ran a full-sized vehicle on the road in Camborne.

5. In 1789, Oliver Evans was granted the first automobile patent in the United States.

6. In 1806, Swiss engineer Francoiz Isaa de Rivaz built and engine powered by internal
combustion of a hydrogen and oxygen mixture.

7. In 1815, Josef Bozek, Professor at Prague Polytechnic built an oil-fired steam car.

8. In 1826, Englishman Samuel Brown tested his hydrogen- fuelled internal combustion
engine by using it to propel a vehicle up Shooter's Hill in south-east London.

9. In 1838, Walter Hancock, built and operated steam buses in London

10. In 1838, Christian Friedrich Schontein discovered in principle the hydrogen fuel
cell (diesel), one of the technologies hailed as a replacement for gasoline as an energy
source for cars

11. Around 1844, Charles Goodyear invented the vulcanized rubber for tires.

12. Around 1845-46, the Scottish Robert William Thomson, invented the first
vulcanized rubber tire. His invention worked well but was costly to produce.

13. In 1858, Jean Joseph Étienne Lenoir also known as Jean J. Lenoir, a Belgian
engineer developed the internal combustion engine. It was Lenoir's invention which is
considered to be the first commercially successful of its kind.

14. In 1859, Gaston Plante invented the lead-acid battery and Anyos Jedlik invented the
electric motor in 1828 - both inventions were contributory to the invention of electric-
powered cars

15. In 1860, Lenoir's Hippomobile with a hydrogen-gas- fuelled one-cylindered internal

combustion engine made a test drive from Paris to Joinville-le-Pont, covering some nine
kilometres in about three hours.

16. In 1867, Canadian Henry Seth Taylor demonstrated his 4-wheeled "steam buggy" at
the Stanstead Fairin Stanstead, Quebec. The basis of the buggy, which he began building
in 1865, was a high-wheeled carriage with bracing to support a two-cylinder steam
engine mounted on the floor.
17.In 1870, the Austrian inventor Siegfried Marcus put a liquid-fuelled internal
combustion engine on a simple handcart which made him the first man to propel a
vehicle by means of gasoline - known as "the first Marcus car"

18. In 1871, Dr. J.W.Carhatrt, invented the first steam powered carriage-sized
automobile suitable for use on existing wagon roads in the United States.

19. In 1873, French Amedee Bollee produced the first "real" automobile self-propelled
steam road vehicles to transport groups of passengers.

20. On May 8, 1879, American George B. Selden filed for a patent which included not
only the engine but its use in a 4-wheeled car. He was finally granted on November 5,
1895.

21. In 1882, Italy's Enrico Bernardi patented a 0.024 horsepower 122 cc one-cylinder
petrol motor, fitting it into his son's tricycle, making it at least a candidate for the first
automobile, and first motorcycle; in 1892, he enlarged the tricycle to carry two adults.

22. In 1883, Marcus secured a German patent for a low- voltage ignition system of the
magneto type; this was his only automotive patent.

23. In 1884, a Edouard Delamare-Deboutteville vehice was patented and trialled.

24. In 1885, Karl Benz built his first automobile in Mannheim and he was granted a
patent for his automobile on 29 January 1886, He began the first production of
automobiles in 1888, after Berta Benz, his wife, had proved - with the first long- distance
trip in August 1888, from Mannheim to Pforzheim and back.

25. In 1885, Daimler built the first high speed internal combustion engine.

26. In 1887 ( late 19" century), John Boyd Dunlop, developed the first practical
pneumatic tire ( inflated with air) for bicycle and was granted patent in 1888.

27. In 1888, marked the first production of automobiles in Germany by Karl Benz, and
in France by Emile Roger.

28. In 1889, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach designed a vehicle from scratch
to be an automobile, rather than a horse-drawn carriage fitted with an engine. They are
also credited for the first motorcycle in 1866.

29. In 1889, Panhard et Lavassor of France was the first company formed exclusively
to build automobiles, which also introduced the first four-cylinder engine.

30. In 1890's, the first horseless-carriage appeared in the U.S.

31. In 1893, brothers Charles and Frank Duryea founded the Duryea Motor Wagon
Company, becoming the first American automobile manufacturing company.

32. In 1893, German inventor Rudolf Diesel developed the diesel engine also known as a
compression-ignition engine is an internal combustion engine that uses the heat
compression to initiate ignition to burn the fuel.

33. In 1895, Andrea Michelin was the first person to use pneumatic tires on automobile
tires but not successfully
34. In 1897, Czech company Nesselsdorfer Wagenbau later named Tatra, produced
the first motor car in central Europe and one of the first factory-made cars in world, the
Prasident automobil.

35. In 1908, Henry Ford introduced the MODEL T, which was proved so popular that
by 1914, Ford had adopted mass production methods to meet the demand.

36. In 1911, Philip Strauss invented the first successful automobile tire with with an air-
filled inner tube (interior).

37.In 1956, Felix Wankel, a German mathematician, developed an advanced-type of

engine, named after him, that operates very differently from gas and diesel engines.

To date, man continuously manufacture large cargo trucks and buses for mass
transportation. Presently, the introduction of the Light Trail Transit (LRT), the Metro
Rail Transit (MRT), flyovers, pedestrian and vehicle culverts, rock sheds and other
modern traffic ways contributed to the expeditious movement of traffic users.