Deccan College Of Engineering

Compiled by Rehana Sultana

and Technology
Subject : English

CONTENT
UNIT -1
READING : R.K. Narayan’s “A Horse and Two Goats”

VOCABUALRY : Word Formation –Prefix, suffix and root word

GRAMMA R : Articles, Preposition and determiners

WRITING : Guided Writing

 English Unit -1 Notes (AICTE)

UNIT -1

Reading
PROSE: A HORSE AND TWO GOATS
- R.K NARAYAN

SUMMARY

The story takes place in Kritam, one of the smallest of India’s seven hundred thousand villages. Despite
its small size, the village has a grandiose name: Kritam means “crown” or “coronet” in the Indian
language of Tamil. There are only thirty houses in the village, most of them simple thatched huts. The
only sophisticated residence in the village is the Big House, a brick and cement building from whose
well the local villagers get their water. Muni, an old goat herder, lives with his wife in one of the huts.
He is the poorest resident of the village. Every day, he herds his two goats to the highway on the
outskirts of the village and lets them graze as he sits and watches them.

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Muni and his wife have not always been so poor. Once, when he considered himself prosperous, he
had a flock of forty sheep and goats which he would lead out to graze every day. But life has not been
kind to him or to his flocks: years of drought, a great famine, and an epidemic that ran through Muni’s
flock have taken their toll and now he is left with two goats .

One day, Muni picks some “drumsticks,” or seed pods, from the tree in front of his home and asks his
wife to cook them in a sauce for him to eat. Because of the couple’s poverty, Muni’s daily meals
usually consist of only millet and an onion at lunch. Muni’s wife agrees to make the sauce if he can get
all of the necessary ingredients from the village shop: dhal, chili, curry leaves, mustard, coriander,
gingelly oil, and a potato. Muni has no money to pay for the items, but tries to convince the shop
owner to give them to him on credit by engaging in conversation and laughing at his jokes. However,
the shop owner shows Muni a ledger of past debts that he owes, and says he must pay them off before
he can apply for credit. Muni tells him that his daughter will give him some money for his fiftieth
birthday, although he does not actually have a daughter. The shop owner does not believe him and
says that he looks at least seventy.Muni goes home and tells his wife to sell the drumsticks, since he
could not get the ingredients for the sauce

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He and his wife have no children to help them in their old age, so their only income is from the
odd jobs his wife occasionally takes on at the Big House. Muni has exhausted his credit at
every shop in town, and today, when he asks a local shop man to give him the items his wife
requires to cook the drumsticks, he is sent away humiliated .

He then takes his flock of goats and goes to the highway to let them graze as usual. While he is
there, he sits on a pedestal at the base of a clay statue depicting a majestic horse and warrior.
The statue had been there since Muni was a young child, and his grandfather had explained to
him that the horse in the statue was a reference to the mythical horse Kalki, who according to
Tamil legend will come to life when the world ends and trample all bad men. While Muni is
sitting there, he sees a yellow station wagon coming towards him down the highway.

The car runs out of gas and comes to a stop on the road in front of the statue. A white
foreigner gets out of the car and asks Muni in English whether there is a gas station nearby.
However, Muni cannot communicate with him because he does not speak English and the
foreigner does not speak Tamil. The foreigner, who tells Muni he is a coffee trader from New
York, takes an interest in the statue and wants to buy it. He offers to pay Muni for the statue,
thinking that it belongs to him. Muni does not understand what the foreigner wants, and
initially mistakes him for a police officer, because he is dressed in khaki. Muni believes the
man had arrived to investigate a dead body that was found on the border between Kritam and
a neighboring village a few weeks before. He tells him that he does not know anything about
the incident and that the murderer probably lives in the other village.

The foreigner does not understand. He offers Muni some cigarettes, and explains that he and
his wife, Ruth, decided to travel to India on vacation after a power failure in the Empire State
Building forced him to work four hours without air conditioning on a hot summer day. Muni
eventually realizes that the foreigner is interested in the statue, and starts explaining the

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 English Unit -1 Notes (AICTE)

statue’s history and the legend of Kalki to him. He talks about the Hindi religion and asks the
foreigner about his family while the latter tries to negotiate a price for the statue and says
that it would look good in his living room. The conversation continues for a while before the
foreigner gives Muni a hundred-rupee note and asks him to help move the statue to his car.
Muni believes at first that the foreigner is asking him for change, and suggests that he go to
the village money-lender. When the foreigner stoops down to pet some of his goats, however,
Muni mistakenly believes that the man is giving him a hundred rupees to buy his flock. Elated,
Muni accepts the man’s money and leaves the goats behind for him.

Thinking Muni had agreed to sell him the statue, the foreigner flags down a passing truck and
pays the men to help him detach the statue from the pedestal and move it to his car. He also
pays to siphon off some of their gas so he can restart his engine. Muni goes home and shows
his wife the hundred-rupee note, telling her that he received it from a foreign man who
stopped to buy his goats. At that moment, however, the couple hears bleating outside their
door and discover two of Muni’s goats standing there. Muni is confused, while his wife
suspects him of stealing the money, and says she will go to her parents’ home because she
does not want to be there when the police apprehend him.

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ANALYSIS OF THE STORY

A horse and two goats summary, one of the well-known works of R.K. Narayan. He has thrown
lights on the important issues prevailing in society by the use of humour instead of using a
serious tone. The story is focused on a villager ‘Muni’ who has two goats. He eventually
enters into a miscommunication with an American. American thinks Muni as the owner of the
horse statue and buys it for a hundred rupee note. Muni thinks it as a deal for his goats. He
tells his wife the same. She accuses him of theft. R. K. Narayan in his short story “A Horse and
Two Goats” has addressed many important social issues through the use of humour, instead
of seriousness.

The title of the story draws attention. By the title “A Horse and Two Goats”, it seems like the
horse was also a pet of Muni just like the two goats. But actually it was a clay horse statue. It
didn’t even belong to Muni. But due to the miscommunication, it happened so that the
American bought the horse statue from Muni thinking him to be the owner. So, the horse
statue served Muni more than his goats. Again, it was the horse statue which the man wanted
to buy, but Muni thought that he was selling his goats. So the most amusing part of the story
lies there in the confusion between the horse and the goats. So, from both the angles the title
serves the purpose well.

The characterization of Muni, his wife and the American has been great. The
greatest themes in the story have been the theme of cultural clash between the East and the
West, the theme of poverty and wealth, and finally the theme of knowledge and wisdom.
Moreover, it has been a vivid portrayal of rural life in India with hunger and poverty, social
classes and caste system, prejudices and superstitions.

The story depicts the cultural differences between the East and the West. Also, it throws light
on poverty and wealth, a theme of knowledge and wisdom. Furthermore, it portrays the rural
life in India, social classes, prevailing of the caste system, prejudices and superstitious beliefs.

The main theme of the story are culture clash, miscommunication, money, wealth, and
poverty. Narayan contrasts Muni’s impoverished (poor) but culturally rich lifestyle with the
foreigner’s materialistic (money oriented) worldview, in which everything may be bought and
paid for. While the horse statue carries great cultural and religious importance for Muni’s
village, to the foreigner it is just a decorative item to serve as a talking piece during house
parties.

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 English Unit -1 Notes (AICTE)

CHARACTER SKETCH OF MUNI:

In R. K. Narayan’s short story “A Horse and Two Goats”, Muni and the clay horse both are
important figures but Muni is undoubtedly the central character of the story.Of course, the
horse statue constitutes a considerable part of the story and even makes it to the title of the
story. Moreover, the statue was the thing of prime interest to the American visitor.

The story “A Horse and Two Goats” is all about Muni and his distressed life with all his
ignorance, prejudices, grudges, desires and hopes.Muni is the main character of A Horse and
Two Goats, and he’s described to be very poor and very old farmer. Muni and his wife lead
very poor lives. Although Muni is initially described as poor, the author then goes on to say
that he was wasn’t always as poor as he is. He had been at one time rather well in relative
terms being the proud owner of a flock of forty sheep but some disease had killed all of them
and now he is left with just two scraggly goats.

Muni is so used to seeing the terracotta horse on the road side, he could not have imagined
anyone wanting to buy it. The only thing of value for him were his two goats so when the
American offers money, he believes it is for the goats.

CHARACTER SKETCH OF MUNI’S WIFE

Muni’s wife has spent some sixty years with him (neither of them is sure about their ages),

through prosperity and poverty. Muni's wife was supportive as she never questioned or

blamed Muni for his failures. Although she appeared to be a little rude from outside ,

sometimes she was really a kind-hearted wife. She loved her husband a lot and cared for him

too. She is willing to cook for him the special meal but doesn’t have ingredients to cook. She

works as hard as he does, or harder, getting up at dawn to fix his morning meal, and taking

odd jobs at the Big House when their stores are low. But poverty has worn her down: her first

reaction when she sees the hundred rupees is to accuse Muni of stealing.

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CHARACTER SKETCH OF FOREIGNER

An American tourist who lives in the suburbs of Connecticut and travels to work in the Empire
State Building each day, where he works as a prosperous coffee trader. He decides to visit
India with his wife after working for four hours without air conditioning during a brownout in
New York City. He is dressed in the khaki clothing worn by American tourists in the tropics.

He comes upon Muni after running out of gas along the highway. he speaks only English, but is
surprised and a little annoyed to find that Muni can speak only Tamil, and although he is in the
tiniest village in India, he expects to find a gas station. He spends quite a bit of time
conversing with Muni, but the men are unable to understand one another due to their
language barrier. The foreigner represents American culture; This middle-class businessman
views “time as money” and understands the world in terms of financial transactions and
amassing material possessions. When he sees the grandiose horse and warrior statue at the
foot of which Muni sits, he immediately sees it as an object he must possess and assumes, that
Muni must be a salesman desperate to sell the statue to a rich Westerner.

With his assumption that he can buy anything for a price—even an invaluable statue with
enormous sentimental, religious and cultural significance—The foreigner represents the
greedy, emotionless, and mindless person who wants to buy anything with the money.

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 English Unit -1 Notes (AICTE)

VOCABULARY

ROOT WORD, SUFFIX, PREFIX

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I .Do As Directed
1. We watched a preview of the new Pixar movie.
Root: ____________
Prefix: ____________
2. The dancing cat was seen by more than two-million YouTube viewers.
Root: ____________
Suffix: ____________
3. The teacher handed out paper hearts to the students who had done extra work.
Root: ____________
Suffix: ____________
4. The magician made the rabbit disappear.
Root: ____________
Prefix: ____________
5. At the end of his performance, the magician made a graceful bow to the audience.
Root: ____________
Suffix: ____________
6. Shyla asked the magician for his autograph.
Root: ____________
Prefix: ____________
7. Because of the lightness of the breeze, the sailboat moved quite slowly.
Root: ____________
Suffix: ____________
8. Despite the heaviness of his backpack, Jack raced up the hill.
Root: ____________
Suffix: ____________
9. Some dogs are shy or unfriendly, and they might bark or snap if you try to pet them.
Root: ____________
Prefix: ____________
Suffix: ____________

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10. Esther quickly reopened the door and called for her cat.
Root: ____________
Prefix: ____________
Suffix: ____________
11. We stood on a bluff overlooking the ocean.
Root: ____________
Prefix: ____________
Suffix: ____________
12. In today's world, no part of the globe is unreachable.
Root: ____________
Prefix: ____________
Suffix: ____________
13. My father never let anyone see him dressed informally.
Root: ____________
Prefix: ____________
Suffix: ____________
14. Everyone thought that Mr. Darcy was the proudest, most disagreeable man in the
world.
Root: ____________
Prefix: ____________
Suffix: ____________
15. The speaker pointed out the unfairness of blaming high schools for the poor
preparation of college freshmen in reading, writing, and math.
Root: ____________
Prefix: ____________
Suffix: ____________
The speaker pointed out the unfairness of blaming high schools for the poor
preparation of college freshmen in reading, writing, and math.
Root: ____________
Prefix: ____________
Suffix: ____________

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II. FILL IN THE BLANKS BY ADDING APPROPRIATE AFFIXES

1. It's always __________to carry some cash on you, in case of an emergency. (USE)

2 - Planning a holiday can be just as __________ as going on holiday. (EXCITE)

3 - I found that this medicine is the most _________for colds. (EFFECT)

4 - She speaks French __________.(FLUENT)

5 - I do not want to get into an ____________with you about this. (ARGUE)

6. It can be ______________ to cross the train line so be very careful. (DANGER)

7. I really like this sofa. It is extremely ______________. (COMFORT)

8. We have decided to have our lessons in the garden, as it was a lovely __________________ day.
(SUN)

9. John's toothache was quite______________________ and he had to go to the dentist.(PAIN)

10. The shop assistant was so ________________or children under 10. There is far too much
violence. (SUITABLE)

11. Many people often make a_____________ between London and New York.(COMPARE)

12. This book ___________ as a series of lectures about shipwrecks, which were given two
decades ago. (ORIGIN)

13. There are power stations across Europe that use the___________ rise and fall of the ocean
tides. (DAY)

14. If you weren't so __________ of Ben, he would be happier to spend time with you. (CRITIC)

15. Don't you find it _________ how Jeremy always comes to work looking so untidy? (INTRIGUE)

16. Doctors say a glass of warm milk before bedtime can result in amore ___________ night's
sleep. (REST)

17. Tim-Berners Lee has received many awards as the _______ of the world wide web.(INVENT)

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18. I've lost all __________ for this concert, I'm finding it boring. Can we go? (ENTHUSE)

19. The ______________ of the Rubik's Cube peaked in the early 1980s. (POPULAR)

20. The Age Of Enlightenment was one of great inventions an revolutionary____ .(discover)

III Put the word in brackets into the correct form. You will have to use
prefixes and/or suffixes.

1. He was sitting __________________ in his seat on the train. (comfort)

2. There was a __________________ light coming from the window. (green)

3. He was acting in a very __________________ way. (child)

4. This word is very difficult to spell, and even worse, it's __________________. (pronounce)

5. He's lost his book again. I don't know where he has __________________ it this time.
(place)

6. You shouldn't have done that! It was very __________________ of you. (grace)

7. He didn't pass his exam. He was __________________ for the second time. (succeed)

8. Some of the shanty towns are dreadfully __________________ . (crowd)

9. The team that he supported were able to win the__________________ . (champion)

10. There is a very high __________________ that they will be late. (likely)

11. I couldn't find any __________________ in his theory. (weak)

12. He wants to be a __________________ when he grows up. (mathematics)

13. You need to be a highly trained __________________ to understand this report. (economy)

14. There were only a __________________ of people at the match. (hand)

15. She arrived late at work because she had__________________ . (sleep)

16. The road was too narrow, so they had to __________________ it. (wide)

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17. He was accused of __________________ documents. (false)

18. They had to __________________ the lion before they could catch it. (tranquil)

19. He needed to __________________ the temperature. (regular)

20. I think that you should __________________ . It may not be the best thing to do.
(consider)

21. There was a three-hour __________________ because of the strike. (stop)

22. You need a _______________of motivation, organization and revision to learn

English.(combine)

23. You must not be ____________to your boss.(polite)

24. It is very __________________ to run air-conditioning with the door open. (economy)

25. His __________________ has been expected for the last half an hour. (arrive)

26. I’m _________ to work on weekends.(able)

27. I told him my plan but he wasn't very __________________ . (appreciate )

28. She had no __________________ of going to see him. (intend)

29. He spent half an hour __________________ himself with the building. (familiar)

30. Failing her driving test was a great __________________ to her. (appoint)

31. He decided to study __________________ at university. (journal)

32. The film was __________________ good. (surprise)

33. There was the need for __________________ construction when the fighting stopped.
(war)

34. I don't like him at all. He's so __________________ . (pessimist)

35. The company has over 500 __________________ . (employ)

36. The new manager was very efficient and a good __________________ . (business)

37. It is ______________ to hire children as maid.(legal)

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 English Unit -1 Notes (AICTE)

38. The rate of __________________ in Brazil has been rising steadily. (employ)

39. With the real plan, the rate of __________________ in Brazil has fallen. (inflate)

40. She looked at him __________________ , and started to cry. (happy)

41. The party was __________________ , everything went wrong. (disaster)

42. The film was so __________________ that we left before the end. (bore)

43. The film was terrible, I felt really __________________ . (bore)

44. I think that there has been a __________________ , I didn't order this. (understand)

45. The bacteria are so small that you need a __________________ to see them. (scope)

46. Have you seen that new __________________ ? He's very funny. (comedy)

47. The event was totally __________________ . It was terrible. (organise)

48. There is a small __________________ explaining the new traffic code. (book)

49. Eating junk food is _________(health)

50. He was __________________ . He wouldn't change his mind. (compromise)

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 English Unit -1 Notes (AICTE)

GRAMMAR
ARTICLES, PREPOSITION AND DETERMINERS
ARTICLES :
Rules Of Articles:

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Fill in the blanks with appropriate articles

1. ………………….. man is mortal.
2. I am …………………. university student.
3. She goes to the temple in ……………….. mornings.
3. Kiran is …………………. best student in the class.
4. ………………….. camel is the ship of the desert.
5. This book has won ………………….. Booker prize.
6. Harishchandra was …………………. honest king.
7. I am fond of ………………. classical music.
8. I met ..................... boy in the store.
9. Gold is ....................... precious metal.
10. She returned after ………………….. hour.
11. There is ..................... institution for ....................... blind in this city.
12. On our trip, we visited ……………………. Lake Victoria.
13. Have you ever visited ……………………….. United Kingdom?
14. ………………… pets are not allowed in this hotel.
15. Rabbits are …………………. small wild furry animals with long ears.
16. New York is in ………………………….United States of America.
17. Ariane has got ……………………. German car.
18. Lisa is ……………… English teacher.
19. Where's …………….. electric heater? I can't find it.
20. . ………………….. old person sometimes feels lonely.
21. Mike's mother bought him ………………. guitar for his birthday .
22. I'm thinking of buying …………………… new pair of trousers.
23. In the end there was ………………….. war between the two countries.
24. Jim plays …………………..piano very well.
25. Bradley gave his teacher _________ apple.
26. I like ………. blue T-shirt over there better than ………….. red one.
27. Their car does 150 miles …………… hour.
28. Where's ……………… USB drive I lent you last week?
29. Do you still live in …………. Bristol?

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30. Is your mother working in ………………….. old office building?

31. Carol's father works as ………………… electrician.
32. The tomatoes are 99 pence ………………kilo.
33. What do you usually have for ……………….. breakfast?
34. Ben has …………………….. terrible headache.
35. …………….. cover of my English book is red.

Fill In The Blanks With Appropriate Articles :

1. I opened ______ door and found ______ old man wearing ______ hat standing on
_____ doorstep.
2. All of them went to ______ picnic near ______ waterfall at ______ Green Valley on
______ Saturday.
3. ______ boy came cycling down ______ street and banged into ______ tree in front of
______ house opposite ours.
4. What ______ pity ______ Eric could not go to _______ football match that was held on
______ school field. It was really ______ exciting game.
5. ______ price of ______ eggs has been on ______ increase for ______ long time. Now,
______ egg costs much more.
6. I found _______ empty tin by ______ roadside just now. This is not ______ unusual
thing, but _______ point is that ______ tin can cause ______ serious accident.
7. ______ author of this book came to our school yesterday and gave us ______ lecture
on ______ importance of reading good books for ______ education.
8. When I woke up early in ______ morning, I saw _______ fine mist covering ______ hills
and trees. But ______ hour later, ______ mist had disappeared, and ______ sun was
shining brightly.
9. As he was going to ______ school, he met with ______ accident. He received _______
bad bump on _______ head and was taken to ______ hospital in _______ ambulance.
10. _______ bus stopped at _______ bus-station. _______ old woman wearing _______
faded skirt and ______ old blouse got off _______ bus.
11. Mary suddenly let out _______ frightened scream. She had felt _______ cold object
brush past her face. We told her that it was probably ______ owl or ______ bat, and
warned her to look out for potholes along _______ path.
12. _______ old shopkeeper works too hard in _______ shop. He is on his feet _______
whole day long, serving _______ customers, and climbing up and down ______
stepladder to get _______ things they want. What he needs is _______ long rest and
_______ assistant to help him in _______ shop.

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PREPOSITION

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I . FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH APPROPRIATE PERPOSITIONS :

1. Where do you come …………..?
2. My cousin lives ……………… Norway.
3. They are walking ………….. the bridge.
4. I don't like flying, so I went to Paris …………….. bus.
5. You can stay ………………….me tonight.
6. My birthday is …………………29th February.
7. I'll see you ………………..Christmas.
8. Put the books …………………the table, please.
9. I haven't seen you ………….. ages.
10. I like this house………………… the river.
11. She was born ……………. 2004.
12. They are waiting …………….. the bus.
13. Don't forget to bring some flowers ………………. you.
14. I haven't smoked …………………. ages.
15. You can look up the word …………………a dictionary.
16. She is allergic ……………………. insect stings.
17. I'm looking ……………………. my keys. Have you found them?
18. The song was written ………………………. Madonna.
19. He likes to travel ……………………… Spain in summer.
20. The police car chased the robbers ………………….. the streets.

II. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER :

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1. Do you live (at, on) Bay Street (in, on) Newport?

2. I hung the picture (above, on) the fireplace.
3. She walked (in, into) the kitchen and put her packages (on, over) the table.
4. Is Jane (at, in) home? No, she is (on, at) the library.
5. Mary is sitting (in, on) the sofa (at, in) the living room.
6. Michigan is situated (in, between) Lake Michigan and Lake Huron.
7. While waiting for my train, I took a walk (around, across) the station.
8. A formation of twelve airplanes flew (over, on top of) our house.
9. The artist spends many hours (in, on) his studio (on, at) 50 Charles Street.
10. John found a note pinned (in, on) his door which said: “Meet me (at, in) the corner of
Pine and Fifth Streets.”
11. The Blake family lives (at, on) Third Street (in, on) Cleveland, Ohio.
12. Don’t forget to put your return address (in, on) the envelope.
13. He sat (near, against) the camp fire.
14. Mr. Flanagan, who is (from, of) Ireland, is staying (at, to) his sister’s home in Boston.
15. Someone has spilled ink (in, on) this rug and has burned a hole (in, on) that one.
16. The door was locked; so I shoved the letter (under, around) the door.
17. He piled the books (above, on top of) the table.
18. He arrived (in, at) Switzerland last week.
19. You are ahead of me. Your name is (above, at the top of) the list.
20. Your score on the examination is well (above, over) average.

III. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate Preposition in the following Paragraph.
__________June 13 the Circle Players will open__________Star Theater________a
revival_________George Bernard Shaw’s play, Major Barbara. When the play
opened_________Philadelphia a week ago, the critics gave the Circle Players enthusiastic
reviews. Good reviews are not unusual for the Circle Players, who have thrilled
audiences________ their performances__________the past decade. In fact, they were so
loudly acclaimed_________London for their performance of Major Barbara that the play
ran_________three years. Tickets are now on sale_________the box office__________the Star
Theatre__________the three week engagement. There will be a performance every night,
except Sunday,___________8:30p.m., and a matinee________Wednesday and
Saturday_________2:30 p.m. Reservations may be made__________mail or telephone.

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 English Unit -1 Notes (AICTE)

DETERMINERS
Determiners are words that are used before nouns to identify them
Determiners may be divided into:

1. Articles: a/an, the

The words ‘a’ and ‘an’ are called indefinite articles. They are used with
singular countable nouns.
Example: Have you a pencil?
The word ‘the’ is called the definite article. It is used before a noun which
refers to something or someone definite.
Example: You may keep the change.

2. Demonstrative adjectives: this, that, these, those

These adjectives indicate the noun that is being referred to.

Examples: This book is mine. Those books are yours.

3. Adjectives of quantity:

some, much, less They tell us how much of a thing is being referred to

Examples: I ate some rice.

I did not eat any rice.

I ate much rice.

4. Adjectives of number: many, few, several, each

They tell us how many things or persons are being referred to.
Examples: Several books were stolen from the library.
This cell phone has many useful features.
December is the twelfth month of the year.
Listen to every word I say.

Rehana Sultana ,DCET Page 23

 English Unit -1 Notes (AICTE)

5. Possessive pronouns: my, our, your, their, his, her, its

These pronouns are used to show possession or belonging.

Examples: This is my family.

What is your address?

DETERMINERS IN ENGLISH
1. Definite article : the
2. Indefinite articles : a, an
3. Demonstratives: this, that, these, those
4. Pronouns and possessive determiners : my, your, his, her, its, our, their
5. Quantifiers : a few, a little, much, many, a lot of, most, some, any, enough
6. Numbers : one, ten, thirty
7. Distributives : all, both, half, either, neither, each, every
8. Difference words : other, another
9. Pre-determiners : such, what, rather, quite

I .FILL IN THE BLANK WITH APPROPRIATE WORD

1. ........................... people do not trust politicians.(most/most of )
2. Neither ......................... open the door.(keys/key)
3. Our garden looks awful this summer. There are too ……………. Weeds.(much/many)
4. They say …………………. knowledge is a dangerous thing.(little/a little/ the little )
5. I am having ……………….. trouble passing my driving exam.(lot of /a lot of)
6. ...................... people can afford a home these days.(few/little)
7. She earns ..................... money than I do.(less/fewer/lesser)
8. Neither of …………………. valid.)this argument is/these arguments is /these arguments
are)
9. …………………………………. are closed on Sundays.(most of the shops /most shops)
10. They spend ……………………. their income on movies.(half /half of )
11. ………………………………my friends wished me on my birthday.(no one of /none of /none )
12. ……………………… was given a present.(each child/each of the child)

Rehana Sultana ,DCET Page 24

 English Unit -1 Notes (AICTE)

13. ………………….. his ideas are quite interesting.(all of his /all his )
14. ……………………… my children are engineers.(both /both of )
15. His ideas are ………………… different from those of his parents.(little /less/least )
16. The new job isn’t …………. different from the old one.(many/much /most )
17. He is an expert on languages, but he knows ---- ---------------------------------- about
mathematics.(several/few/little/a lot of )
18. Both players in the tennis match have been warned by the referee but ------------------ of
them seems to take it seriously. (None/ either/ every/ neither)
19. I had to live in Paris and Madrid for many years because of my business but I don't like
---- --------------------------- city much.( all/ whole/ either/ neither)
20. In my country, ---- universities offer a wide range of courses. That's why they are
preferred by foreign students as well.( every/ each/ a great deal of/ most)

II. Choose the appropriate determiners from the box and fill in
the blanks in the following sentences.
this these those my our their your several many both each some
either-or neither-nor latter
1. I have a book. I will write ____________ name on ____________ book.
2. We will write ____________ names on ____________ books.
3. The children are walking with ____________ parents.
4. I rang him up ____________ times but there was no reply.
5. ____________ reward ____________ punishment has any effect on these boys.
6. ____________ animals are in danger of becoming extinct.
7. ____________ her parents are doctors.
8. The gardener put ____________ soil into ____________ flower pot.
9. Of the three, opera, movies and music, the ………………………. is his favourite.
10. _________________ days of lockdown are indeed memorable.

Rehana Sultana ,DCET Page 25

 English Unit -1 Notes (AICTE)

III . Choose the correct answer.

Determiners : the ,a, all, each, every, few, little, a little, a few , most , ,many of ,many
,my friends , my friend , no ,any ,some ,etc.

1. They were bored because there was ________ to do.

2. We invited _______friends over to our house for a barbecue.

3. of the cakes had been baked the day before.

4. Sally didn't take photos when she went on holiday.

5. The teacher gave of the students a piece of paper.

6. Every one of sent me a birthday card, but none of them bought me a

present.

7. Henry had idea what the answer to the question was.

8. I like many of her songs, but not of them are good.

10. There are books in the library.

11. I often go to _____ bed late.

12. Have you ever had high fever?

13. National Health Service was set up in Britain in 1946.

14. Do you often have headaches?

15. In countries,you have to pay for the medical treatment.

16. The patient takes prescription to the chemist's.

17. My brother is dentist.

18. people think that development is modernization.

Rehana Sultana ,DCET Page 26

 English Unit -1 Notes (AICTE)

19. Only houses were spared by earthquake.

20. You must learn little English every day to improve your language

21. I drink glass of milk.

22. patience and advice help more than medecine.

23. My father has just bought new car.

24. Can I have bar of chocolate?

25. There isn't bread in that tin.

26. Is there ink in the bottle?

27. Are there eggs in the basket?

28. the students must attend the seminar.

29. One of my stays in Mumbai.

30. of the schools are using zoom app for online classes.

Rehana Sultana ,DCET Page 27

 English Unit -1 Notes (AICTE)

WRITING :
(GUIDED WRITING)
Sample#1 Importance of moral values at work place
Honest-kind-sense of control –everyone equally- imbibing good qualities-good moral character
– looked down by the society-conviction to follow- strong willed- interviewers – job interviews
–employee bears- ethical code conduct- disciplined employees –respected –less corruption –
fair chance –employers –special attention-selecting employee-unfortunately –not much
importance –moral values-growing competition –degradation of moral values –people – do
not –hesitate to lie-deceive-spoil work environment - deserving employees lead a lifetime on
the same position- immoral practices reach on the top.

Moral values include being honest, kind, showing respect to others, helping others, having a
sense of self control, treating everyone equally and imbibing other such good qualities. A
person possessing such qualities is known to bear a good moral character. On the other hand,
those who do not possess such qualities are looked down upon by the society.It requires
conviction to follow good habits and imbibe moral values. Not every individual is as strong
willed to follow these habits. However, we must try to imbibe these.

People look forward to individuals with good moral values. One of the things that the
interviewer examines during a job interview is whether the prospective employee bears good
moral values. Besides the basic moral values, every organization has a defined ethical code of
conduct that the employees are expected to follow. An organization with disciplined
employees who possess good moral values are respected and regarded . There is less
corruption and everyone gets a fair chance to learn and grow in such an environment. This is
the reason why employers give special attention to this quality while selecting an employee.

However, unfortunately, the youth today does not give much importance to the moral values.
The growing competition these days is one of the reasons for the degradation of these values.
In an attempt to grow professionally, people do not hesitate to lie, deceive and use other
unethical and immoral practices. Finally,i would say that Our society needs more individuals
that possess good moral values in order to grow and develop the right way.

Rehana Sultana ,DCET Page 28

 English Unit -1 Notes (AICTE)

Sample#2 IMPORTANCE OF PARENTS IN ONE’S LIFE

Parents-biggest role-career development – precious gift-overcome negative attributes and

insufficiency unconditional love - train – pillar of strength- future challenges -education-
respect-sacrifice-reduce cost of living- work hard-guidance and support-Difficult times-
motivate-inspire –guidance and support –help us to live -! Life is beautiful- Live happily

*******************************************************************

Parents play the biggest role in our life. Father & Mother play important role in our mental,
physical, social, financial and career development. They help us in every step of our life.
Parents are the most precious gift of God for humans. They are the ones who help the child
overcome negative attributes and insufficiency. We are blessed to have their unconditional
love and support . When we are happy then they are happy. During our tough times , they are
like pillar of strength teacher. They train us very hard to face future challenges of life.

Parents do almost all the things to make us educate and be well respected in the society. They
sacrifice and reduce their own cost of living for the future of their children. They provide each
and everything to us. Parents work hard day and night for their children’s education. Indeed ,
they feel proud of us when we are successful in our life. Their guidance and support help us to
live the life we always wanted. Respect your parents and live happily! Life is beautiful when
you are living along with your parents. Live happily and keep others happy.

Rehana Sultana ,DCET Page 29

 English Unit -1 Notes (AICTE)

Sample#3 BRAIN DRAIN IN INDIA

Experts- scientists, engineers, doctors- migrate from under-developed countries- settle down-
called “Brain Drain- problem- India- being faced by almost all- Brain drain results- direct loss-
underdeveloped and poor countries- train these experts at a great cost- these experts migrate-
get the services of the experts- without having- spend anything- According to a U.N.O-
thousands of experts- U.S.A., U.K., Canada, Germany- number of factors-lacks job
opportunities- do not get any employment in India- do not recognise talent- offered lucrative
jobs
**********************************************************************
When highly qualified experts like scientists, engineers, doctors and often trained persons
migrate from under-developed countries and settle down in advanced countries, their
migration is called “Brain Drain“. This problem is not peculiar to India alone. It is being faced
by almost all the developing country of the world.

Brain drain results in direct loss to the underdeveloped and poor countries who train these
experts at a great cost. When these experts migrate to advance countries, such countries
stand to gain because they get the services of the experts without having had to spend
anything on their training- do not recognise talent- lacks facilities for advanced research- lacks
facilities for advanced research- go abroad for higher research do not return to India-

According to a U.N.O. report, thousands of experts migrate from backward countries like India
to highly advanced countries like the U.S.A., U.K., Canada, Germany, etc. U.S.A. has been the
biggest gainer from the brain drain in India.

There are a number of factors responsible for brain drain in India. First of all, India lacks job
opportunities. When, after completing higher studies, people do not get any employment in
India, they start looking forward to advance countries for jobs. Secondly, we do not recognise
talent in our people; Thirdly, India lacks facilities for advanced research. Most of the students
who go abroad for higher research do not return to India. They are offered lucrative jobs so
that they may stay on in advanced countries and give these countries the benefit of their
research.

All the doctors, scientists and engineers should realise that they owe some duty to their
country. Our country spends lakhs of rupees on their training. On becoming experts, they
should not betray their country by serving foreign countries. They should have a feeling of
gratitude to their country.

Rehana Sultana ,DCET Page 30

 English Unit -1 Notes (AICTE)

Sample#4
A rich farmer - lot of land - cattle and servants - two sons - happy life - After some years
younger son unhappy - asked for his share of the property - wouldn't listen to father's advice -
got his share - sold them all - went away to another country - fell into bad ways - soon all
money gone - poor - no one to help him - understood his mistake.
***********************************************************************
Once there was a rich farmer in a Village. He had a lot of land, cattle and many servants. He
had two sons. He led a happy life with them. After some years the younger son became
unhappy.

He asked his father for his share of the property. His father advised him not to demand like
that. But he would not listen to his father's advice. He got his share and sold them. He had a
huge amount with him.

With this amount he travelled to a distant country. He had bad company there and fell into
evil ways. All the money was gone. He became poor and no one helped him. Then he
understood his mistake and returned to his country. His father and brother took him into their
fold and supported him forever. We should obey our parents .

Rehana Sultana ,DCET Page 31

 English Unit -1 Notes (AICTE)

Sample#5

The illiterate boy……… caught for pick pocketing…….sent to juvenile prison………forced to do

lessons………becomes sullen rebellious ……..watches French comic film on T.V. during
recreation hour……..fascinated with the language……….requested coaching classes………a
French tourist guide today
***************************************************************************
Raju was a little boy who was born in a poor family. He wanted to get education but his
financial condition did not allow him to do so. He remained illiterate and so did not have any
means of earning. He took to pickpocketing and small thievery.

One day, he was caught red-handed for pick-pocketing. Since he was only thirteen, he was
sent to juvenile prison where he was forced to do lessons. He had no interest in them and the
compelling behaviour of the prison-people made him sullen and rebellious. It was only during
the recreation hour that he seemed to be his normal self.

One day he watched a French comic film on T.V. He was fascinated with the French language
and wanted to learn it. He requested the prison authorities for coaching classes in French.
They agreed to his proposal as they were themselves interested to make him learn something
so as to be self-dependent. Raju showed a keen interest in learning the language and in a very
short period, had acquired a mastery over the language. Raju was set free after two years. He
had already decided to use the French language as his means of earning.

He became a French tourist guide and started leading an honourable life. He forgot all about
his past and is happy these days for the sudden but positive turn in his life. He has set an
example for others that man is a master of his own destiny.

----------The end ------

Rehana Sultana ,DCET Page 32

 CONTENT
UNI
T-2
READI
NG :Poem “I
f”byRudy
ard
Kipl
ing

VOCABUALRY :Compoundi
ng,
Blendi
ng
andCont
ract
ions

GRAMMAR :Transi
ti
onsand
Connect
ives
 Engl
ishUni
t-2Not
es(
AICTE)

READI
NG

Poem “
If”byRudy
ardKi
pli
ng

Ifyoucankeepy ourheadwhenal labouty ou

Arelosingtheirsandbl ami ngitony ou,
I
fyoucant r
usty ourselfwhenal lmendoubty ou,
Butmakeal l
owancef ortheirdoubtingtoo;
I
fyoucanwai tandnotbet iredbywai ti
ng,
Orbeingliedabout ,don’tdealinlies,
Orbei nghated, don’tgi
v ewayt ohat i
ng,
Andy etdon’tl
ookt oogood, nortalktoowi se:

I
fy oucandr eam—andnotmakedr eamsy ourmaster;
Ifyoucant hi
nk—andnotmaket hought syouraim;
Ify
oucanmeetwi thTri
umphandDi saster
Andt r
eatthosetwoimpostorsjustthesame;
Ifyoucanbeart ohearthetr
uthy ou’vespoken
Twistedbyknavestomakeat r
apf orfools,
Orwat chthet hi
ngsyougaveyourl i
feto,broken,
Andst oopandbui l
d’em upwithwor n-outtools:

Ify oucanmakeoneheapofal lyourwi nnings

Andr i
skitononet urnofpi tch-and-toss,
Andl ose,andst artagainaty ourbegi nnings
Andnev erbreat heawor dabouty ourl oss;
I
fy oucanfor ceyourhear tandner veandsi new
Toservey ourtur nl
ongaf tertheyar egone,
Andsohol donwhent her eisnot hinginy ou
Exceptt heWi llwhichsay stot hem:‘ Holdon!’

Ify oucant alkwit

hcr owdsandkeepy ourvir
tue,
Orwal kwi thKings—norl oset hecommont ouch,
I
fnei therf oesnorlovi
ngf ri
endscanhur tyou,
Ifallmencountwi thy ou, butnonet oomuch;
I
fy oucanf il
ltheunf orgivi
ngmi nute
Withsi xtyseconds’wor thofdi st
ancer un,
Yoursi st heEart
handev erythingthat’sinit
,
And—whi chismore—y ou’llbeaMan, myson!

RehanaSul
tana,
DCETPage2
 Engl
ishUni
t-2Not
es(
AICTE)

Summar
y:
Thepoeti sadvisi
nghissononhowt ol eadani dealli
fe.Helay
sdownsetof
guidel
inestoleadasuccessfulandmeani ngfulli
fe.Thepoetwantedt o
showhi ssonther i
ghtwaytobeaf utur
el eader .Thepoem dealsthe
chall
engesofl i
feandhowt odealwit
ht hem. Thispoem givesanindicat
ion
ofthethingsonecanst r
ivetoaccomplishandmai ntai
ninmaturi
ngand
becomi nganadultwithi
ntegri
ty.
Ult
imat elythepoem i sabluepri
ntfor
personalint
egri
ty,behav
iourandself
-dev elopment .

STANZA1:
1.Tobeagoodhumanbei ngandt osucceedi nlife,Weshouldnotl oseourt emperament
.
Losi
ngt hetemperdoesnotsol v eapr obl
em, r
atherint
ensifi
esthat.Keepi ngourhead
coolmakesust hinkwi selyt ofacet hoset oughsituati
ons,andulti
mat elyasol uti
on
comesout .Weshoul dhav et hef ait
hi nour sel
ves,evenwhenot hersdoubtus.Weshoul d
workhar dandwaitfort her esultpatientl
y.Weshoul dnotgettir
edbywai ting.Peoplemay
l
ieaboutust oothers,butweshoul dnoti ndulgeourselvesinli
es.I
not herwor ds,we
shoul
dal waysremai ntruthful.Itisimportantt ospeakthetrutheveni fthathur t
s.Peopl
e
mayshowt hei
rhatredt owar dsus, yetweshoul dnothat et
hem.Weshoul dshowourl ove
andrespecttoothers.

Stanza1deal swit
hbeingconfidentaboutthedecisi
onsy oumakeandt aking
responsi
bil
ityfort
hosedecisi
ons.Ifother
s,whocannott akethatresponsi
bil
it
yfor
themselvesreactnegat
ivel
y,y
ouhav et obepatientwiththem andnotreduceyour
sel
f
totheirl
evelbytel
li
ngli
esordeal i
nginhate.Howev er
,don’tevert
hinkyouareabove

RehanaSul
tana,
DCETPage3
 Engl
ishUni
t-2Not
es(
AICTE)

STANZA2:
1.Todosomet hingbigger,weshoul ddream f
irst.Iti
sgoodtodream, butdonotletyour
dreamscontrolyourl
ife.Wecanhav elongi
ngs, butweshouldnevertakecrookedpaths
toachiev
ethem.Weshoul dthink—butmer ethinkingshoul
dnotbeourai m.Ourai mis
toactandachieve.Puty ourthoughtsi
ntoacti
onbymaki ngyourdream areali
tyandfor
that,
yourequir
epassion, dedicati
onandhardwor k.

2.Li
feisacombi nat
ionofsuccessandfailur
e;j
oyandsor
row;goodt
imesandbadtimes.
Weshoul dacceptbothandfacebot hsi
tuati
onswi
thsimi
lart
reat
ment.Her
ethepoet
personi
fi
esTriumphandDi sasteras(pr
etender
sorcheat
ers)
.

3.Wecommonl yf
aceasi t
uati
onwher eweseethatpeopl
emi si
nter
pretorev
en
del
iber
atel
ydi
stor
t(manipulat
e)ourwords.Weshouldnotloseourtemperhear
ingt
hat
.
Rat
herweshouldtol
erat
et hat
,ensur
ingwehavespokenthetruth

4.Wehav etoholdourner vesev

enafterseei
ngt hatourhardworkandpassiondidnot
gi
vethedesir
edr esul
ts.Thepoetsaysnevermi nd;f
ail
uresarest
eppingstoneofsuccess,
weshouldgatherourwi l
lpowertodothatagain.Tokeepourcoolisnoteasyinsucha
si
tuat
ion.However,pati
enceandt hementalt
oughnesswoul dhel
pust oturnourfai
lur
es
i
ntosuccessagain.

Stanza2stat esthatitisgoodt odream,butdon’ tletyourdreamscontrolyourl

ife.I
tis
goodtot hi
nk, butdon’tjustt
hinkinfactputt hoset houghtsint
oacti
on.Youwi l
l
experi
encetriumphanddi sastersi
ny ourli
fe,butdon’ tt
akethem ser
iouslybecause
theyarenott hesubstanceofl if
e,t
heyar etheext r
emes.I fyouhearthingsyousaid
misusedort hingsyouhav edonedestroyed,youneedt obeabletopicky our
sel
fupand
rebui
ldthem wi theverythi
ngthatyouhav eleftinyou.

RehanaSul
tana,
DCETPage4
 Engl
ishUni
t-2Not
es(
AICTE)

STANZA3:
1.Weshoul dbeablet
oaccumulat
eallwehaveandtakear i
skinoneturnofthegameof
pit
ch-and-t
oss.Wemayloset
hegameandal lourpossessi
ons.However,wehavetost
ay
calm wit
hoututt
eri
ngawordaboutthatl
ossandrebui
lditf
rom thebegi
nning.

2.Herethepoett
alksaboutt
hecapabili
tyoftaki
ngbigriskstoachievemuchgr
eater
successandkeepi
ngquieteveni
fwef acefai
lure.I
nthef ourl
inesabovet
hepoet
conti
nuesthesamethemeofment alstr
engthandt hepowerofWi l
l.

Stanza3counsel sdon’tbeafr
aidtot aker i
sksandpossiblyloseeveryt
hing.I
fyoudolose
everyt
hing,don’tt
alkaboutit
,juststartalloveragai
natt hebeginni
ng. Wheny ouar
etir
ed
andexhaust edandy ourbodyjustfeelslikei
tcan’tconti
nueon, useyourmindandyour
willt
otelly
our sel
fto“Holdon”andper sever
e.Pusht hr
oughi .
t

RehanaSul
tana,
DCETPage5
 Engl
ishUni
t-2Not
es(
AICTE)

STANZA4:
1.Weshouldstayintouchwit
hpeopl efr
om everyclassofthesociety.Youneedt obe
abletowalkwit
hmenofpowerandi nfl
uenceandy etnotforgetthecommonmanandhi s
needs.Thepoetadvi
sesthatweneedt omai nt
aingoodrappor twit
hdi f
ferentt
ypesof
peoplei
nsociet
y.Weshouldnotdiscriminat
eandbehav edifferent
lyseeingthei
rstat
us.

2.Weshoul dbuil
doursel
vesstrongenough, mental
lyandphysi
call
y,sot
hatneither
enemiesnorlov
ingfr
iendscanhur tus.Moreover
,weshoulddevelopheal
thyrelati
onshi
p
wit
hev er
yonearoundus,andshoul dnotal
lowanyonet ohar
m us.Wehav etodev el
opour
personal
it
ytheri
ghtway,sothatev er
yonesupportsusandgivesusimportance.

3.Ti
meispreciousandWeshoul duti
li
zeev er
ymi nuteofourli
feinproducti
vewor k.
Wasti
ngtimeisnotsomet hingwecanaf fordinourli
fe.Fi
nal
lytheachievementthatwe
cangeti
fwef ul
filal
lthecondit
ionsment i
onedsof arispri
cel
ess.Wecanwi nthi
sear t
h
andever
ythi
ngini t
.Wecangot otopofthewor l
dandr uleoverever
ything.Andwhati s
more,wewouldbeacompl eteandperfecthumanbei ng.

Stanza4dealswithaperson’sreacti
ont oother
s.Youneedt obeabl etotalktolarge
groupsofpeopleandyetnotletthem infl
uenceyourbeli
efinwhati sright,
wr ong,mor al
,or
i
mmor al
.Youneedt obeabletowal kwi t
hmenofpowerandi nf
luenceandy etnotforget
thecommonmanandhi sneeds.Youneedt oknowy ourselfandy ourbeli
efssowel lthat
neit
heryourf
riendsnoryourenemi escanhur ty
oubecausey ouknowwhoy ouareandwhat
youstandfor
.Peopl ecandependony ou,butdon’tl
etothersbecomet oodependenton
you.Youneedt oli
veeverysi
nglemi nuteofyourli
fetothefull
est.Ifyoudot hesethings,

VOCABULARY

RehanaSul
tana,
DCETPage6
 Engl
ishUni
t-2Not
es(
AICTE)

COMPOUNDI
NG,
BLENDI
NGANDCONTRACTI
ONS
BLENDI
NGWORDS
Bl
endingi
sthewor
dformat
ionprocessi
nwhi
chpart
softwoormorewor dscombi
nest
o
cr
eateanewwordwhosemeaningisoft
enacombi
nati
onoft
heori
ginalwords.

1.bl
og(
web+l
og)

2.br
unch(
breakf
ast+l
unch)

3.cyborg(cyberneti
c+organi
sm) :ahy
pot
hetical
humanbei
ngwithphysi
cal
abil
i
tiesthatarebeyondanormal
humanbecausemechani
cal
elementshavebeen
buil
tint
ot hebody .

4.emot
icon(
emot
ion+i
con)

5.humongous(
huge+monst
rous)

6.I
nter
net(
int
ernat
ional
+net
wor
k)

7.mockt
ail
(mock+cockt
ail
)

8.mot
el(
mot
or+hot
el)

9.smog(
smoke+f
og)

10.Spangl
i
sh(
Spani
sh+Engl
i
sh)

11.spor
k(spoon+f
ork)

12.al
phanumer
ic=al
phabet
ic+numer
ic

13.adv
ert
ori
al=adv
ert
isement+‎ edi
tor
ial
)

14.bi
t=bi
nar
y+di
git(
onl
yincomput
ing

15.br
eat
hal
yzer=br
eat
h+anal
yzer

16.camcor
der=camer
a+r
ecor
der

17.emai
l=el
ect
roni
c+mai
l

18.f
orex=f
orei
gn+exchange

RehanaSul
tana,
DCETPage7
 Engl
ishUni
t-2Not
es(
AICTE)

19.mechat r
oni
cs=mechanics+‎ el
ect
roni
cs
31.sheeple=sheep+peopl
e
20.Oxbridge=Oxfor
d+Cambr i
dge
32.Modem=modulator+demodulat
or
21.newscast=news+broadcast
33.medi
care=medical+care
22.tr
ansi
stor=t
ransconductanceort
ransf
er+r
esi
stor
34.Keytar
==keyboard+guit
ar
23.vlog=v i
deo+blog(i
tsel
fashor
teni
ngofweb+l
og)
35.hi
-t
ech=high+t
echnol
ogy
24.webinar=web+seminar
36.edut
ainment=educat
ion+ent
ertai
nment
25.wor kahol
i
c=wor k+-a-+al
coholi
c
37.Amerind=American+I
ndi
an
26.inf
otainment(
infor
mat
ion+ent
ert
ainment
)
38.Br
exit=Br
it
ain+exit
27.docudrama(document
ary+dr
ama)
39.f
antabul
ous=fant
astic+fabul
ous
28.Int
erpol
=int
ernat
ional+poli
ce
40.chi
l
lax(ver
b)=chi
l
l/r
elax
29.Advert
ainment = adv
ert
isement/ent
ert
ainment
41.Bi
opic=bi
ogr
aphical
/pi
cture
30.tr
avelogue-
tr
avel+cat
alogue
42.f
act
ion(
fact+f
ict
ion)

43.hangr
y(noun)
=hungr
y/anger

44.hel
i
por
t=hel
i
copt
er+ai
rpor
t

45.t
echno-
wizar=wi
zar
d+t
echnol
ogy

COMPOUNDI
NG
Acompoundwor
dismadef
rom t
wosmal
lerwor
ds.
bath+r
obe=bathr
obe
cow+boy=cowboy

1.OpenCompoundWor
ds:hav
espacebet
weent
hem ,
theyar
ereadt
oget
herandhav
ea
newmeani
ng.
Exampl
e:l
i
vingr
oom,
ful
lmoon,
real
est
ate,
dinnert
abl
e,cof
feemug….

2.Cl osedCompoundWords:Theyoccurwhentwouniquewor
dsar
ejoi
nedt
oget
her
.
Theydonothavespacebetweenthem
Exampl e:
not
ebook,
Superman,waist
coat
,bookst
ore,
fir
eman

RehanaSul
tana,
DCETPage8
 Engl
ishUni
t-2Not
es(
AICTE)

3.Hy
phenat
edCompoundWor
ds:connect
edbyahy
phen

Exampl
e:i
ce-
cream ,
bar
e-f
oot
.

WORKSHEET-
1
1.i
ce+ber g=_ __
_________
2.milk+shake=_ ______
_____
3.new+bor n=_ _______
____
4.ear t
h+wor m =________
____
5.grand+mot her=___________
_
6.sout h+west=_ ___
________
7.fl
ag+pole=_ _______
____
8.after+noon=_ _______
____
9.ov er+gr
own=_ ____
_______
10.but t
on+hole=_ _______
____
11.ship+yard=_ __
_________
12.wash+cloth=_ ________
___
13.foot+bri
dge=_ _________
__
14.hay+stack=_ ______
_____
15.sea+weed=_ _____
______

WORKSHEET-
2
Readeachsent
encebel
owandci
rcl
ethecompoundwor
dorwor
ds.

1.I
ntheaf
ter
noonIwi
lli
mmedi
atel
yar
rangeameet
ingwi
thmyf
ri
end.

2.Iagr
eet
hatwat
chi
ngt
oomucht
elev
isi
onmayhur
tyourey
ebal
ls.

3.Thet
hunder
stor
m ar
ri
vedear
lyi
nthemor
ning.

4.Meanwhi
le,
cany
ouwai
tformei
nthef
rontoft
heschool
?

5.Doesany
onehav
eat
elephoneIcanuse?

RehanaSul
tana,
DCETPage9
 Engl
ishUni
t-2Not
es(
AICTE)

6.Ihadbut
ter
fl
iesi
nmyst
omachwhenIwentt
othehospi
tal
.

7.Ihav
eaconcer
nbecauset
hezi
pperonmybackpackgotst
uck.

8.Thest
udent
sfel
ttheear
thquakedur
ingschool
.

9.Ihadt
oappl
ytowor
katt
hehambur
gerr
est
aur
ant
.

10.Icl
imbedt
hemount
ainev
ent
houghmybackbonehur
t.

11.Wi
thoutt
hepr
esi
dentourcount
rywoul
dst
ruggl
eforl
eader
shi
p.

12.Iusedat
oot
hpi
ckt
ocl
eanmyt
eet
h.

13.Myf
avor
it
efoot
bal
lpl
ayerscor
edat
ouchdowni
nthef
our
thquar
ter
.

14.Weusedal
if
eboatt
otakeust
osaf
ety
.

15.Ihadt
ohav
eaconv
ersat
ioni
nmybedr
oom.

16.Wer
eachedourhundr
edt
hmi
l
est
onewhenwewont
hegame.

17.Ournei
ghbor
hoodi
sver
ysaf
e.

18.Idon’
twantt
oseemanyl
it
ter
bugsonmyst
reet
.

WORKSHEET-
3
Chooset
hecor
rectcompoundwor
dfr
om t
hef
oll
owi
ngwor
dbox:

babysi
tter
,forecast
,homesick,for
eword,j
ackpot,mast
ermi
nd,ki
ck-
start,
recor
d
breaki
ng,red-handed,hear
tfel
t,br
eat
htaki
ng,breaki
ngnews,f
ar–fetched.

1.Mynei
ghbor
shi
reda_
___
___
___
___
___
_tol
ookaf
tert
het
oddl
er.

2.Theweat
her_
___
___
___
___
__ont
elev
isi
onwascal
li
ngf
orsnowf
alli
nShi
mla.

3.Heexpr
essedhi
sgr
ati
tudef
orhi
sfat
heri
nthe_
___
___
___
___
___
ofhi
snov
el.

4.Indi
ancri
ckethashi
tthe_
___
___
___
___
___
__si
ncet
heygotVi
ratKohl
iast
hei
r
captai
n.

5.Thev
iewf
rom t
hehi
llt
opwas_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_.

6.Thest
udent
sli
vi
ngi
nhost
elof
tenf
eel_
___
___
___
___
___
___
_ast
heymi
sst
hei
r

RehanaSul
tana,
DCETPage10
 Engl
ishUni
t-2Not
es(
AICTE)

homes.

7.Wel
ookf
orwar
dforanot
her_
___
___
___
___
___
___
__y
eari
nter
msofsal
es.

8.The_
___
___
___
___
___
___
_oft
het
err
ori
stat
tackl
eftev
ery
onesadanddepr
essed.

9.Thethi
efwascaught___
___
___
___
___
___
_att
heshoppi
ngmal
l.Hewashandedt
o
thepol
icei
mmediatel
y.

10.
My_ _
___
___
___
__wi
shesandgoodl
uckt
oal
lthest
udent
swhoaar
ewr
it
ingboar
ds
thi
syear
.

11.
Yourst
ori
esaboutsuperher
oesandUFOsar
e__
___
___
___
___
___
.

12.
Thepl
ayneedsagood_
___
___
___
___
__t
ogetgoodr
evi
ews.

13.
The_
___
___
___
___oft
hebankr
obber
ywasDani
el.

14.Wi
tht
hiswor
k,heear
nedt
he_
___
___
___
__gr
ati
tudeofhi
scount
rymen.

15.Thecabl
ecarjourneytot
hetopisthel
ongesti
ntheAl
psandt
hewhol
ejour
neyi
s
f
il
ledwi
th__
___
_ _
______
___scener
y.

CONTRACTI
ONS
Contr
act
ionsinEngli
shar
ewordsorphrasesthatar
eshort
enedbydr
oppi
ngoneormor
e
l
ett
ersandreplaci
ngthel
ett
erorl
ett
erswith'
(anapost
rophe).

Exampl
es:
hei s=he'
s, Weremovetheiandrepl
acei
twithanapostr
ophe.
Ihav e=I'
ve,Wer emovet
hehandaandr epl
acethem wi
thanapostrophe.
didnot=di dn'
tWer
, emovetheoandrepl
aceitwi
thanapostrophe.
willnot=won't,Weremovethei
llandnandrepl
acethem wi
thanapostrophe

CommonCont
ract
ionsi
nEngl
ish

ar
enot ar
en'
t

cannot can'
t

coul
dnot coul
dn'
t

di
dnot di
dn'
t

RehanaSul
tana,
DCETPage11
 Engl
ishUni
t-2Not
es(
AICTE)
doesnot doesn'
t

hadnot hadn'
t

hasnot hasn'
t

hav
enot hav
en'
t

hewi
l
l;heshal
l he'
l
l

hei
s;hehas he'
s

Ihad;
Iwoul
d I
'
d

Iwi
l
l;Ishal
l I
'
ll

Iam I
'
m

Ihav
e I
'
ve

i
snot i
sn'
t

l
etus l
et'
s

mi
ghtnot mi
ght
n't

shal
lnot shan'
t

shehad;
shewoul
d she'
d

shei
s;shehas she'
s

shoul
dnot shoul
dn'
t

t
hati
s;t
hathas t
hat
's

t
her
eis;
ther
ehas t
her
e's

WORKSHEET-
1
Rewr
it
ethesent
encebychangi
ngt
hev
erbi
ncont
ract
edf
orm:

1.Hedoesnotpl
ay.
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_.

2.Shehasnotgotapet.
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
.

3.Whoi
sthatman.
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__.

4.Thati
smybook.
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
.

RehanaSul
tana,
DCETPage12
 Engl
ishUni
t-2Not
es(
AICTE)

5.Ther
ewi
llbemanypeopl
eher
etomor
row.
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__.

6.Youshoul
dnott
alksomuch.
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__.

7.Theyhav
ewr
it
tent
het
ext
.__
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__.

8.Letusgohome.
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__.

9.Icoul
dnotf
indmypen.
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__.

10.
Theyhadf
orgot
tent
hei
rhomewor
k._
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__.

11.
Sheismysi ster .____
__ _
_____________
____________
____________
_________.
12.
Heisfift
eeny ear sold.______
_____________
____________
____________
_____.
13.
Thatisanext rasl i
ceofpi zza.__
____________
____________
____________
_____.
14.
Isnotthi
saf r
iendlydog? ____________
____________
____________
__________.
15.
Donotknockt hegl assov er!
___________
____________
____________
_________.
16.
Jennycannotdr iv
ey et._
____________
____________
____________
___________.
17.
Itdi
dnotr ai
nl astnight .
________
____________
____________
____________
___.
18.
Iwil
lgowi thyout othepar k.
____________
____________
____________
_______.
19.
Hewi l
lli
ket hi
spr esent .
_________
____________
____________
____________
___.
20.
Shewi l
lneedawi ntercoat .
___________
____________
____________
__________.
21.
Wewi l
lkeepy oucompany .
________
____________
____________
____________
_.
22.
Youwi l
lenjoyt hebook. _______
____________
____________
____________
_____.
23.
Iam veryhappy .
____________
____________
____________
____________
______.
24.
Shecannotwr i
tet hi
sr eportinFrench._______
____________
____________
______.

WORKSHEET-
2
Rewr
it
ethesent
encebychangi
ngt
hecont
ract
edf
orm ofv
erbi
nlongf
orm:

1.Idon’tunderstandwhaty oumean. ___

_________
_________
_________
_________
.
2.She’l
lcomeov ert omorrow.__________
_________
_________
_________
________.
3.Icould’
vegonet othefootballgame.________
_________
_________
_________
__.
4.Youshoul dn’ttalkwithyourmout hfull
.__
_________
_________
_________
______.
5.Iwon’tbehomeunt i
lThursday.____
_________
_________
_________
_________
__.
6.She’sgonet ot hebankal ready.__
__________
_________
_________
_________
____.
7.Theywer en’tint hekit
chen._________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_.
8.Bil
lywasn’teat inganyoft hecake. _
_________
_________
_________
_________
____.
9. I
’
veal r
eadycl eanedt hedishes.________
_________
_________
_________
_________
.

RehanaSul
tana,
DCETPage13
 Engl
ishUni
t-2Not
es(
AICTE)

10.We’dbet
ternotmaketoomuchnoise._
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
_.
11.I
t’
sbeenagl oomyday.
___
___
_____
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
____.
12.I
t’
llbeasunnydaytomorr
ow.__
_____
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
__.

GRAMMAR
TRANSI
TIONSANDCONNECTI
VES

RehanaSul
tana,
DCETPage14
 Engl
ishUni
t-2Not
es(
AICTE)

RehanaSul
tana,
DCETPage15
 Engl
ishUni
t-2Not
es(
AICTE)

RehanaSul
tana,
DCETPage16
 Engl
ishUni
t-2Not
es(
AICTE)

RehanaSul
tana,
DCETPage17
 Engl
ishUni
t-2Not
es(
AICTE)

RehanaSul
tana,
DCETPage18
 Engl
ishUni
t-2Not
es(
AICTE)

WORKSHEET_
1
I
.ADDI
TION
1.Hor
rormov
iesar
eourf
avor
it
ety
pe;
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_,weal
soenj
oy
psy
chol
ogi
calt
hri
ll
ers.
2.Mybr
otherbr
okehi
slegand_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___heal
sobr
uisedt
hreer
ibs.
3.Myf
ri
endspeaksKor
eanandEngl
ish._
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
,shei
slear
ning
Chi
nese.
4.Cheat
ingi
sdi
shonest
.__
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__,
itdef
eat
sthepur
poseoft
aki
ng
cour
sest
oobt
ainknowl
edge.
5.St
udent
sshoul
dbeont
ime.Theyshoul
dbepr
epar
edf
orcl
ass_
___
___
___
___
___
___
.

I
I.
EXEMPLI
FICATI
ON
1.Ihav
ebeent
omanycount
ri
es._
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
,Ihav
ebeent
oChi
le,
Russi
a,Mexi
co,
andSout
hAf
ri
ca.
2.Heof
teneat
sst
rangef
oods.Heonceat
ecowbr
ains_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
.
3.Il
iket
otr
avel
.__
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__,
Ienj
oypl
aceswi
thnat
uralbeachesand
beaut
if
ulr
ainf
orest
s.
4.Il
ovef
rui
t._
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
,Il
ikebananas,
pineappl
e,andst
rawber
ri
es
t
hemost
.
5.Myf
ri
endhat
esski
ingf
orsev
eralr
easons._
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
,shedi
sli
kes
bei
ngcol
dandsheof
tenf
all
s.

I
II
.CONTRAST
1.Bi
ll
year
neda4.
0onhi
sessay
.__
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__,
Susi
egota3.
0.
2.Wewant
edt
oleav
eat8:
00a.
m._
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
,ourdr
iverdi
dnotar
ri
ve
unt
il9:
30a.
m.
3.St
udent
scanenr
olli
ntr
adi
ti
onalcl
asses._
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
,theycanal
so

RehanaSul
tana,
DCETPage19
 Engl
ishUni
t-2Not
es(
AICTE)

enr
olli
nonl
inecl
asses.
4.Iam notgoi
ngoutt
oni
ght
.__
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__,
Iwi
llst
ayhomeandwat
cha
mov
ie.
5.Womenusual
lyenj
oyshoppi
ng._
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
,menof
tendi
sli
ke
shoppi
ng.

I
V.EXCEPTI
ON
1.Heknowst
hatheshoul
ddohi
shomewor
k;_
___
___
___
___
___
__st
udy
ingf
ort
est
s,he
doesnotdohi
swor
k.
2.Ineedt
owearr
eadi
nggl
asses._
___
___
___
___
___
__Ihat
ehowIl
ooki
nthem.
3.Iknowy
oudon’
tli
ket
ost
udymostsubj
ect
s._
___
___
___
___Engl
ishcl
ass,
youdet
estal
l
ot
hersubj
ect
s.
4.Sam enj
oysexer
cisi
ngr
egul
arl
y._
___
___
___
___
__j
oggi
ng,
shel
ovesal
lot
herphy
sical
act
ivi
ti
es.
5.Myhi
stor
ybooksar
edi
ff
icul
ttor
ead._
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___t
hememoi
rNi
ght
,I
f
indt
heot
her
sbor
ingaswel
l.

V.SI
MILARI
TY
1.Mat
hwashar
dformei
nhi
ghschool
.__
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__,
Ihadadi
ff
icul
t
t
imewi
thmat
hincol
lege.
2.Jonat
hondi
dwel
lonhi
sexam._
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
,hi
sst
udypar
tner
sal
so
gotexcel
lentscor
es.
3.Housepl
ant
srequi
real
otofcar
eandat
tent
ion._
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
,out
door
pl
ant
sal
sor
equi
repr
opercar
e.
4.Pot
ter
ytakesmuchpr
act
iceandski
ll
.__
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__,
lear
ningt
owr
it
e
wel
lrequi
resal
otofpr
act
ice.
5.Regul
arexer
cise_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___goodnut
ri
ti
onwi
llensur
eal
ongand
heal
thyl
if
e.

RehanaSul
tana,
DCETPage20
 Engl
ishUni
t-2Not
es(
AICTE)

VI
.RESULTS/
CONSEQUENCE
1.Janetpassedt
het
est
;__
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_,shei
sver
yhappyandwant
sto
cel
ebr
ate.
2.Ti
m wast
ool
atet
ocat
cht
het
rai
n._
___
___
___
___
__,
hecoul
dnotgot
otheconcer
twi
th
us.
3.Jamesi
snotf
eel
ingwel
l;
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_,hewi
llnotbeatwor
ktoday
.
4.If
orgott
hatt
hecakewasi
ntheov
enf
ort
ool
ong._
___
___
___
___
___
,itbur
ned.
5.Ti
nal
osthercarkey
s._
___
___
__,
shecoul
dnotdr
ivehomeandhadt
otaket
hebus
i
nst
ead.

VI
I.SEQUENCE/
TIME
1.It
hinkt
hatusi
ngav
ari
etyofst
udyhabi
tsi
simpor
tant
.__
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__,
I
r
eadi
nst
ruct
ionsv
erycar
eful
ly
.
2.Ibel
iev
ethatshei
sav
erygoodst
udent
.Shewasn’
tthegr
eat
estst
udent_
___
___
_
t
hough.
3.Iwasqui
zzi
ngmyf
ri
endonv
ocabul
arywor
ds._
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
,Iwasal
so
l
ear
ningt
hewor
ds.
4.Shet
rul
ydeser
vedt
heschol
arshi
p.Weshoul
dhav
eawar
dedmor
ethanschol
arshi
p
_
___
__.
5.Mydaught
erl
ostherj
obl
astmont
h._
___
___
___
___
___
,Ibeganhel
pingherf
inanci
all
y
asmuchasIcoul
d.

VI
II
.EMPHASI
ZING
1.Thebookst
oresel
lsgr
eet
ingcar
ds._
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
,thesel
lbi
rt
hday
car
ds. 2.Jamesi
sthef
ir
stper
sonIhav
eknownwhohasbeent
oAf
ri
ca.He
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___l
ovedSout
hAf
ri
ca.
3.Hei
sal
way
slat
eforcl
assf
ormanyr
easons._
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
,heof
ten
f
orget
stosethi
sal
arm.

RehanaSul
tana,
DCETPage21
 Engl
ishUni
t-2Not
es(
AICTE)

4.Thepl
anneededonl
ytwot
hingst
osucceed,
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_ti
meand
money
.
5._
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___det
ail
s,shehasbecomeaski
ll
edwr
it
erwhocancr
eat
e
beaut
if
uli
mageswi
thherwor
ds.

RehanaSul
tana,
DCETPage22
 Engl
ishUni
t-2Not
es(
AICTE)

Wor
ksheet-
2
(
otherwise,i
nfact,
unless,inaddi
ti
on
t
o,moreov er
,hence,
although,
whereas,
fur
thermore,
despi
te,
nonethel
ess,t
heref
ore
,
instead,however,meanwhi l
e,other
wise,bef
ore,nev
ert
heless,
consequent
ly,
incase)

1.Shegott
hej
ob_
___
___
___
___
__t
hef
actt
hatshehadv
eryl
it
tl
eexper
ience.
1.Mysi
ster
'shand-
wri
ti
ngi
sal
way
ssoneat
,__
___
___
___
___
_mi
nei
sat
otalmess.
2.Il
ostt
hegame,
butIt
oldmy
sel
fthatIhadi
mpr
ovedal
ot_
___
___
___
___
__.
3.You'
dbet
terwearahel
metwheny
ougor
oll
er-
bladi
ng._
___
___
___
___
__,
youcoul
dhur
t
y
our
sel
f.
4.Readi
ngi
sanexcel
lentwayt
oincr
easey
ourv
ocabul
ary
.__
___
___
___
___
_,i
tcanal
so
hel
pyoui
mpr
ovey
ourgr
ammar
.
5.Thest
udent
'sessaywasbadl
ywr
it
ten._
___
___
___
___
__,
itwast
ooshor
t.
6.Wi
newi
llspoi
lifexposedt
oli
ght
;__
___
___
___
___
_,wi
nebot
tl
esar
eusual
lygr
eenor
y
ell
ow.
7.Al
coholcandel
ayy
ourr
eact
iont
imes;
___
___
___
___
___
,youshoul
dnev
erdr
inkand
dr
ive.
8._
___
___
___
___
__wehav
etal
kedaboutt
hedanger
sofsmoki
ngt
othest
udent
sbef
ore,
It
hinkt
hei
nfor
mat
ionbear
sbei
ngr
epeat
ed.
9.Hewasanabsol
utef
ail
urei
nmedi
calschool
,sohedeci
dedt
otr
ylaw_
___
___
___
__.
10.
Mar
gar
etMeadonceobser
ved,
"Nev
erdoubtt
hatasmal
lgr
oupoft
hought
ful
,
commi
tt
edci
ti
zenscanchanget
hewor
ld._
___
___
___
__,
it'
stheonl
ythi
ngt
hatev
er
has.
"
11.
Youar
enotel
igi
blef
orasubsi
dizedbuspass_
___
___
___
__y
ouar
eaf
ull
-t
imest
udent
.
12.
Stephani
ecookedt
hecar
rot
sandwashedt
hel
ett
uce._
___
___
___
,herbr
other
pr
epar
edt
hebr
occol
i.
13.
Janewant
edt
odr
iveTany
aandMi
chaelt
othemal
l;
___
___
___
_,sheonl
yhadt
wo
seat
sinhercar
.
14.
Rodgerwasachocol
atef
anat
ic,
andheat
etwoser
vingsofdesser
tev
eryni
ght
.
_
___
___
___
,hebegant
ogr
owi
ncr
edi
blyov
erwei
ght
.

RehanaSul
tana,
DCETPage23
 Engl
ishUni
t-2Not
es(
AICTE)

15.
Jul
iawasal
mostr
eadyt
oper
for
mtheexper
iment
.__
___
___
__,
shewoul
dneedt
orun
t
est
sont
hecont
rolgr
oup.

16.
Mot
hersai
dIneededt
ofi
nishal
lofmychor
es._
___
___
___
,Iwoul
dnotbeabl
etogo
t
othemov
ieswi
thmyf
ri
ends.

17.Kat
y’smot
her
,fat
her
,andbr
otherar
eal
lveget
ari
ans;
___
___
___
_,Kat
yeat
smeat
ev
eryday

18.
Kar
eni
sri
ch;
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__,
hercousi
nKat
eispoor
.
19.
You'
dbet
tert
akeat
axi
.__
___
___
___
___
___
_,y
ou'
l
lar
ri
vel
ate.
20.
___
___
___
_thei
nvent
ionoft
elev
isi
on,
peopl
epr
obabl
yspentmor
eoft
hei
rlei
sur
eti
me
r
eadi
ng.
21.
Eat
ingwel
lisi
mpor
tantf
orgoodheal
th._
___
___
___
___
__,
ithel
pst
omakey
oumor
e
i
ntel
li
gent
.
22.
Theapar
tmenti
sver
ypr
ett
yand,
___
___
___
___
___
,ther
enti
squi
tel
ow.
23.
JohnnyPachecohasacr
eat
ivet
alentasacomposer
;__
___
___
_hei
sasuccessf
ul
manager
.
24.
Allt
hesol
dier
shadt
otaket
hei
rmaskswi
tht
hem -
--
-ther
ewasagasat
tack.
25.
Theki
dsdi
dn'
tst
udy
.__
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
,theyf
ail
edt
hecour
se.
26.
Essay
smustbehandedi
nbyt
heduedat
e._
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
,theywi
llnot
beaccept
ed.
27.
Theweat
herwast
err
ibl
e._
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__wedeci
dedt
odel
ayourt
ri
p.
28.
Thathousei
sn'
tbi
genoughf
orus,
and_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_,i
t'
stooexpensi
ve.
29.
She'
sext
remel
yri
ch;
___
___
___
___
___
___
__,
she'
snotsnobbi
sh.

RehanaSul
tana,
DCETPage24
 Engl
ishUni
t-2Not
es(
AICTE)

WRI
TING
PARAGRAPHWRI
TING

RehanaSul
tana,
DCETPage25
 Engl
ishUni
t-2Not
es(
AICTE)

RehanaSul
tana,
DCETPage26
 Engl
ishUni
t-2Not
es(
AICTE)

RehanaSul
tana,
DCETPage27
 Engl
ishUni
t-2Not
es(
AICTE)

RehanaSul
tana,
DCETPage28
 Engl
ishUni
t-2Not
es(
AICTE)

HowToWr
it
eAPer
fectPar
agr
aph

I
.TOPI
CSENTENCE
1.Whati
sthet
opi
csent
ence?-
--
-Thet
opi
csent
encei
sthef
ir
stsent
encei
napar
agr
aph.

2.Whatdoesi
tdo?-
--
--
--
-I
tint
roducest
hemai
nideaoft
hepar
agr
aph.

3.HowdoIwr i
teone?-
Summar
izet
hemai
nideaofy
ourpar
agr
aph.Makecl
earwhaty
our
paragr
aphwi
llbeabout
.

Exampl e:Canadai soneoft hebestcount ri

esintheworl
dt oliv
ei n.Fi
rst,Canadahasan
excell
entheal t
hcaresy st
em.Al lCanadianshaveaccesstomedi calserv
icesata
reasonablepr i
ce.Second,Canadahasahi ghstandardofeducat i
on.Studentsar etaught
bywel l
‐t
rainedteachersandar eencour agedtoconti
nuestudyingatuni versi
ty.Fi
nally
,
Canada'sci t
iesarecleanandef fi
cientl
ymanaged.Canadianci t
ieshav emanypar ksand
l
ot sofspacef orpeopletoli
v e.Asar esult
,Canadaisadesirableplacetolive.

RehanaSul
tana,
DCETPage29
 Engl
ishUni
t-2Not
es(
AICTE)

I
I.SUPPORTI
NGDETAI
LS
1.Whatar
esupporti
ngsent
ences?-
--
Theycomeaf
tert
het
opi
csent
ence,
maki
ngupt
he
bodyofapar
agraph.

2.Whatdotheydo?-
--
--
Theygi
vedet
ail
stodev
elopandsuppor
tthemai
nideaoft
he
par
agraph.

3.HowdoIwr
it
ethem?-
--
-Youshoul
dgi
vesuppor
ti
ngf
act
s,det
ail
s,andexampl
es.

Exampl e:Canadai soneoft hebestcount ri

esintheworl
dt olivein.Fir
st,Canadahasan
excell
entheal t
hcaresy st
em.Al lCanadianshaveaccesstomedi calservi
cesata
reasonablepr i
ce.Second,Canadahasahi ghstandardofeducat i
on.Studentsar etaught
bywel l
‐t
rainedteachersandar eencour agedtoconti
nuestudyingatuni versi
ty.Fi
nally
,
Canada'sci t
iesarecleanandef fi
cientl
ymanaged.Canadianci t
ieshav emanypar ksand
l
ot sofspacef orpeopletoli
v e.Asar esult
,Canadaisadesirableplacetolive.

I
II
.CLOSI
NGSENTENCE
1.Whatist
hecl
osi
ngsent
ence?-
--
Thecl
osi
ngsent
encei
sthel
astsent
encei
na
par
agraph.

2.Whatdoesi
tdo?
---
-I
trest
atest
hemai
nideaofy
ourpar
agr
aph.

3.HowdoIwr
it
eone?-
--
-Rest
atet
hemai
nideaoft
hepar
agr
aphusi
ngdi
ff
erentwor
ds.

Exampl e:Canadai soneoft hebestcount ri

esintheworl
dt oliv
ei n.Fi
rst,Canadahasan
excell
entheal t
hcaresy st
em.Al lCanadianshaveaccesstomedi calserv
icesata
reasonablepr i
ce.Second,Canadahasahi ghstandardofeducat i
on.Studentsar etaught
bywel l
‐t
rainedteachersandar eencour agedtoconti
nuestudyingatuni versi
ty.Fi
nally
,
Canada'sci t
iesarecleanandef fi
cientl
ymanaged.Canadianci t
ieshav emanypar ksand
l
ot sofspacef orpeopletoli
v e.Asar esult
,Canadaisadesirableplacetolive.

RehanaSul
tana,
DCETPage30
 Engl
ishUni
t-2Not
es(
AICTE)

Al
lthebest

RehanaSul
tana,
DCETPage31
DECCAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
CONTENT
UNIT -2
CONTENT
READING : Poem “If” by Rudyard Kipling

VOCABUALRY : Compounding, Blending and Contractions

UNIT -3
GRAMMAR : Transitions and Connectives
READING : I Have a Dream by Martin Luther King Jr
WRITING : Paragraph Writing
VOCABULARY : Synonyms ,Antonyms And One Word
Substitute
Compiled
: Activeby
GRAMMAR voiceRehana sultana
and Passive Voice

Compiled
WRITING
by Rehana sultana
: Letters

Compiled by Rehana Sultana

 Compiled by Rehana sultana

UNIT -3
I HAVE A DREAM
-MARTIN LUTHER KING
Speech Summary :
1. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his famous “I Have a Dream” speech on August 28, 1963,
at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom at the Lincoln Memorial. The March
(demonstration) on Washington was a monumental day in the civil rights movement and, at
the time, was one of the largest peaceful protests in the world. The goals of the March
(demonstration)were to create greater economic equality for people of color, especially Black
Americans, and to protect the right to vote. These topics—economic equality and voting
rights protection—feature heavily in King’s speech. His speech urges the protesters present to
have hope for the future of the United States and to continue fighting for social justice. One
of its most powerful lines reads, "I have a dream that my four little children will one day live
in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their
character.”

Rehana Sultana ,DCET Page 2

 Compiled by Rehana sultana

2. King begins his speech by acknowledging his surroundings. Standing before the Lincoln
Memorial, he discusses President Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation (liberation) Proclamation
(public statement), issued one century prior. King states that, despite the great promise of
the proclamation, Black Americans are still not free: They face heavy discrimination and
segregation (isolation). They cannot fully participate in society. They remain poorer than
White Americans. King’s speech drew attention on two important topics called inequality
and oppression. He also discusses the poverty endured by black Americans. Black Americans
live on a “lonely island of poverty” in the middle of a vast ocean of prosperity. They are
ostracized (disliked) even in their own country. America has given the Negro people only
discrimination.

3. Dr Martin Luther King recalls an important point of American history, he emphasizes about
the Declaration of Independence .It had a promissory note to all the Americans, guaranteeing
them the right to 'life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.’ However the African –Americans
have been fooled, they have been never given equal rights and freedom in fact they were
cheated and ill-treated. All the promissory notes were for whites. Dr. King refuses to accept
this. He believes there is room for everyone to receive and enjoy these rights in America. He,
and all the Negro people, are ready to finally cash in on their check and enjoy the freedom
and justice that is due to them.

Rehana Sultana ,DCET Page 3

 Compiled by Rehana sultana

4. Dr. King emphasizes the importance of the present. He warns against assuming racial
justice will happen eventually(ultimately). This is the moment to affect real change. He warns
the nation not to underestimate the urgency of the cause. King then states that there is no
more time to wait or to make gradual changes. Rather, the United States needs to make
change immediately and swiftly. African-Americans will not be quiet now. The movement
will not die down until blacks are finally granted equal rights. However, Dr. King insists this
revolution must not ever devolve(give rise to) into bitterness, hatred, and violence. He urges
his fellow African-Americans to have a peaceful demonstration and avoid physical violence in
their struggle against injustice. He also recognized and thanked that many white people have
stood united with blacks in the fight for civil rights. After King encourages his audience to
continue to protest peacefully, he validates (acknowledge and certify ) ) their cause and
emotions. He states that Black Americans “can never be satisfied” until their full rights are
granted and protected.

Rehana Sultana ,DCET Page 4

 Compiled by Rehana sultana

5. Then comes the most famous part of this speech, for which it is titled. King says his dream
is “deeply rooted in the American dream.” This reinforces (highlights ) the Black American’s
equality in America. He says he dreams that “the sons of former slaves and the sons of former
slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.” This emphasizes
the need for black and white Americans to work together. He says that “I have a dream that
my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color
of their skin but by the content of their character.”

6. King closes the speech with another iconic line: “When all of God’s children, black men and
white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing
the words of the old Negro spiritual: ‘Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty, we are
free at last!’”

Rehana Sultana ,DCET Page 5

 Compiled by Rehana sultana

Impact of the speech

1. Although he did not know it at the time, King had delivered the greatest speech of his life.
His words conveyed, to a television audience of millions, the moral power of the great
crusade (campaign) for civil rights in the 1960’s. The large crowd was charged with emotion
and enthusiasm as King took the podium. The three major television networks were to
provide live television coverage of the speech, so King had carefully prepared a formal text. In
an interview a few months after giving the speech, he recalled he was so moved by the
emotion of the crowd spread out before him on that August afternoon in the nation’s capital
that he abandoned the prepared text and began to preach from the heart, using the phrase,
“I have a dream.

2. No longer could the country ignore the injustices of poverty, segregation, and violence
against African Americans in the United States. King’s eloquent (effective and fluent speech )
is a powerful reminder that much still needed to be done. His conclusion powerfully
summarized his dream for the United States and his hope for the future.

Rehana Sultana ,DCET Page 6

 Compiled by Rehana sultana

VOCABULARY:
Synonyms, Antonyms And One Word Substitute

Rehana Sultana ,DCET Page 7

 Compiled by Rehana sultana

Rehana Sultana ,DCET Page 8

 Compiled by Rehana sultana

Synonyms And Antonyms

TICK with suitable synonym from the options:

1. The engine has been subjected to exhaustive tests.

a) Complicated b) thorough c) exclusive d) compulsory
2. We must prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons.
a) Complicated b) increase c) expansion d)m extension
3. I told him that he was a very erudite person.
a) Boring b) pleasant c) learned d) demanding
4. He didn’t unearth his secret to the last.
a) Suppress b) dig c) disclose d) simplify
5. They are carrying a charade of negotiations with the government.
a) Series b) charter c) pretence d) serious
6. He gave her his pristine white handkerchief.

Rehana Sultana ,DCET Page 9

 Compiled by Rehana sultana

a) Pure b) position c) primary d)priestly

7. Researchers say they have made a major breakthrough in cancer treatment .
a) Advancement b) setback c) discovery d) improvement
8. The play looses momentum towards the end .
a) Encouragement b) interest c) energy d) drive
9. Kamal is a renowned actor.
a) Important b) famous c) notorious d) interesting
10. One should take necessary steps to accomplish one’s goal
a) Perform b) complete c) perfect d) achieve
11. Akbar is known for his fortitude.
a) Audacity b) cunning c) timidity d) courage
12. He made a cogent argument at the meeting
a) Powerful b) logical c) appealing d) convincing
13. The incident blemished his reputation .
a) Fix b) mend c) darken d) spoil
14. The waiter was chastised for forgetting the customer’s order.
a) Criticized b) punished c) pardon d) spare
15. He was selfish and callous man.
a) Hard b) heartless c) humane d) kind
16. The article was full of lies and defamation.
a) False information b) truth c) confidential information d) improper
17. The job requires manual dexterity.
a) Cleverness b) skill c) easily movable d) finesse
18. She spoke with eloquence on the need of better society .
a) Poetry b) oratory c) finery of speech d) inability
19. I’m not gullible enough to believe what you say.
a) Easy b) fooled c) cheated d)wide eyed
20. His pragmatic opinion of public education comes from his long experience.
a) Logical view b) busy c) practical d) realistic

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 Compiled by Rehana sultana

21. He was kind but eccentric man .

a) Crazy b) strange c) hilarious d) abnormal
22. They gave all their children fanciful name
a) Foolish b) fantastic c) imaginative d) unreal
23. She was always scrupulous about her work
a) Careful b) honest c) immoral d) dishonest
24. He was conscientious about following doctor’s orders
a) Very careful b) immoral c) dishonorable d) honest
25. Please donate magnanimously for orphanage
a) Gallant b) noble c) huge d) degenerate
26.The rules are made to be enforced .

a) replied b) applied c) supplied d) engraved

27. The post master looked at me suspiciously .

a) carefully b) doubtfully c) affectionately d) untruthfully

28. Lakshmibai is the most famous Indian woman to have defied the British.

a) opposed b) accepted c) considered d) jopined

29. Michael is bored with his daily Chores.

a) plans b) obstacles c) lessons d) tasks

30. Mary felt elated and decided to give her best.

a) sorrow b) victorious c) happy d) happy and excited

31. We should always try to maintain and promote communal amity

a) bondage b) peace c) hatred d) understanding
32. He was told to take his shoes off of the couch.
a) chair b) stool c) sofa d) seat
33. He was dismayed when he saw the smoke coming out from under the hood of his car.
a) confused b) scared c) worried d) frightened

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34. They lived an austere life in the village

a) simple b) harsh c) strict d) lavish
35. She wrote indignant letter to the letter.
a) anger b) fearless c) delighted d) pleased

TICK with suitable ANTONYM from the options:

1. Rainfall is more abundant this year .

a) minimal b)plentiful c) generous d) bare
2. They watched the ballons slowly ascend the sky.
a) arise b) awake c) lift d) descend
3. He received a medal for bravery.
a) best b) finery c) cowardice d) bold
4. The prisoners were released from captivity .
a) liberty b) prison c) refuge d) arrest
5. The camera has many attractive features.
a) appealing b) fascinating c) repulsive d) revolting
6. My acquaintance with that person saved me from a danger which would have killed me.
a) Friendship b) information c) enmity d) knowledge
7. The invaded forces were annihilated by Our Army.
a) destroy b) suppress c) support d) extinguish
8. His benevolence made it possible for many poor boys to attend college.
a) kindness b) charity c) humanity d) inhumanity
9. That is the ship that was crippled in a storm in 1987.
a) disable b) impair c)ease d) weaken
10. A surface is made of coarse material.
a) unpolished b) indelicate c) rude d) elegant
11. He works long hours every day to the detrimental of his health.
a) adverse b) damaging c)beneficial d) destructive
12. It is only because of his invincible determination, he succeeded.
a) inseperable b) indestructible c) powerless d) defenceless

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13. He took voluntary retirement at the zenith of his career.

a) apex b)peak c) pinnacle d) nadir
14. The army consolidated its position.
a) raised b) injured c) weakened d) degraded
15. His pain worsened day by day.
a) infected b) lessened c) aggravated d) increased
16. He took voluntary retirement.
a) compulsory b) essential c) necessary d) natural
17. He has elegant manners.
a) crude b) primitive c) uncivilized d) indecent
18. Make a prudent use of time.
a)foolish b) poor c) proper d) unwise
19. This is a barbarous act.
a) civilized b) inhuman c)savage d) cruel
20. The result of DNA fingerprinting finally exonerated the man.
a) clear b) acquitted c) freed d) arrested
21. Medicines are given to mitigate the patients’ pain.
a) ease b) help c) relieve d) aggravate
22. The soldiers couldn’t impede the enemy advances.
a) assist b) hold back c) interfere d) stop
23. We were reluctant to go the party.
a) hesitant b) inclined c) unwilling d) willing
24. Destiny plays a crucial role in one’s life .
a) deciding b) meaningful c) trivial d) general .
25. The movie is full of obscure reference, we didn’t understand.
a) mysterious b) unclear c) clear d) confusion.
26. These photos give ever lasting memories .
a) temporary b) permanent c) eternal d) changing

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ONE WORD SUBSTITUTE

1. A place where horses kept – stable
2. One who leaves his own country to settle in another- emigrant
3. One who odes something for pleasure but not as profession – amateur
4. A person who says one thing and does another – hypocrite
5. One who looks at the brighter side of life- optimist
6. One who looks at the negative side of life- pessimist
7. One who works for the betterment of the underprivileged people through money
– philanthropist
8. A person who helps someone to do wrong or a crime is called – accomplice
9. Never making a mistake – infallible
10. One who spends lavishly- spendthrift
11. Something that cannot be ignored –inevitable
12. A remedy for all diseases – panacea
13. One who abstain himself from alcoholic drinks and other harmful drugs –

Tee-totaller

14. One who has long experience in a particular field- veteran

15. One who ahs noble ideas- idealist
16. Impossible to forget- indelible
17. Longing for past – nostalgia
18. Remove completely- obliterate
19. One who believes in peace- pacifist
20. One who gets pleasure hurting someone – sadist.
21. One, who considers the happiness and well-being of others first – Altruist
22. A person appointed by two parties to solve a dispute- Arbitrator

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23. A critical judge/expert of any art and craft - Connoisseur

24. One, who offers one's services - Volunteer
25. One who is all powerful - Omnipotent
26. Literary theft or passing off an author's original work as one's own - Plagiarism
27. One who is present all over - Omnipresent
28. One, who is devoted to the pleasure of eating and drinking - Epicure
29. One who easily believes others - Credulous
30. Mysterious personality - Enigma
31. One with unlimited power –autocrat
32. One who knows everything – omniscient
33. A speech delivered without previous preparation - Extempore
34. One who loves mankind – Philanthropist
35. A book published after the death of the author- Posthumous
36. One who knows many languages –Polyglot
37. One who looks at the dark side of the things in life- Pessimist
38. One who looks at the dark brighter side of the things in life- Optimist
39. A person who loves above 100 years – centenarian
40. A book lover –Bibliophile

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GRAMMAR
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

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RULES OF ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Rule 1 :
• Simple Present Tense

Active Sentences Passive Sentences

He writes an essay An essay is written by him

Sheena does the housework The housework is done by Sheena

She cares for the rabbit The rabbit is being cared for by her

Jacob always plays the guitar The guitar is always played by Jacob

Rule 2 :
• Present Continuous Tense
Active Sentences Passive Sentences

They are eating bananas The bananas are being eaten by them

Bob is drawing a diagram A diagram is being drawn by Bob

Samta is playing the piano A piano is being played by Samta

She is waiting for Reema Reema is being waited for by her

Rule 3:
• Simple Past Tense

Active Voice Passive Voice

Ria paid the bills The bills were paid by Ria

The teacher called the student The student was called by the teacher

She did not buy the fruits The fruits were not bought by her

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Rule 4:
• Past Progressive/Continuous Tense

Active Voice Passive Voice

They were waiting for him He was being waited for by them

Astha was learning French French was being learnt by Astha

She was playing kabaddi Kabaddi was being played by her

Rule 5:
• Past Perfect Tense

Active Voice Passive Voice

She won the match The match had been won by her

I had finished her work Her work had been finished by me

He had missed the last metro The last metro had been missed by

Rule 6:
• Simple Future Tense

Active Voice Passive Voice

He will write a letter A letter will be written by him

He will repair her cycle Her cycle will be repaired by him

He shall start the meeting The meeting will be started by him

Rule 7:
• Future Perfect Tense

Active Voice Passive Voice

Meena will not have changed the The bed sheet will not have been changed by
bedsheet Meena

They will have won the match The match will have been won by them

Reena will have washed the skirt The skirt will have been washed by Reena

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ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

CHANGE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE:
1. He teaches English.

2. The child is eating bananas.

3. She is writing a letter.

4. The master punished the servant.

5. He was writing a book.

6. Who wrote this letter?

7. Somebody cooks meal every day.

8. He wore a blue shirt.

9. May God bless you with happiness!

10. They are building a house.

11. I have finished the job.

12. I sent the report yesterday.

13. She bought a diamond necklace.

14. Somebody had stolen my purse.

15. The librarian arranged the books in the shelf.

16. John collects money.

17. Anna opened the window

18. We have done our homework.

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19.The Government is planning a new road near my house

20. My grandfather built this house in 1943.

21. Picasso was painting Guernica at that time.

22. The cleaner has cleaned the office.

23. He had written three books before 1867.

24. By this time tomorrow we will have signed the deal.

25. People speak Portuguese in Brazil.

26. Everybody loves Mr Brown.

27. The wolf ate the princess in the story .

28. Somebody has drunk all the milk!

29. A workman will repair the computer tomorrow.

30. Somebody must have taken my wallet.

31. Mother made a cake yesterday.

32. I will never forget this experience.

33. Did she do her duty?

34. Have you finished the report?

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CHANGE INTO ACTIVE VOICE:

1. The jar is filled with sand.

2. The thief is being interrogated by the police.

3. Reading is enjoyed by Mary.

4. The house has been decorated by my mother.

5. The town was destroyed by fire.

6. The matches have been cancelled by the board.

7. The airplane was flown to Bermuda by the pilot

8. You are requested to be quiet.

8. Crackers were eaten by the puppy.

9. The clothes are designed by the famous designer.

10. The thief had been caught by the police .

11. The cheese was eaten by Sara .

12. I have been invited to their party.

13. The dog was beaten by its master.

14. The flowers have been plucked by the children.

15. Short stories are written by her.

SOME ADDITIONAL SENTENCES:

1. Active: Carry it home. 4. Active: Throw the ball.
Passive: Let it be carried home Passive: Let the ball be thrown.
2. Active: Do it at once. 5. Active: Help me.
Passive: Let it be done at once. Passive: You are requested to help me.
3. Active: Open the door. 6. Active voice: Who wrote this book?
Passive: Let the door be opened. Passive voice: By whom was this book written?

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LETTER WRITING
SAMPLE : 1 COMPLAINT LETTER
BLOCKED FORMAT
Xxxx
House no 2-87/8/9/1
Road no 12 Sender’s Address
Xyz colony
Himayathnagar
Hyderabad -500024

6/02/2019 Date

The Manager
Xyz enterprises
Road no 12 Receiver’s Address
ABC Nagar
Nampally
Hyderabad -500024

Sir Salutation

Sub: Complaint regarding defective XXXX washing machine purchased at

Electronics world on 15 June 2018. Subject line

I bought an XXX washing machine of capacity 6.5 kg with top load from an
authorized dealer, Electronics World on 15 June 2018. After about
06 months, it stopped working. When I inform this to the dealer, he got First Para
it checked and told me that motor unit is completely burnt out beyond repair.
Since the machine has a guarantee of 05 years, I asked him to replace it.
But no action has been taken after several remainders from me.

Hence I bring this situation to your attention as you have good reputation in
Indian markets. I believe I would get a quick response from you and get it Second Para
replaced through the local dealer. I have enclosed the copies of cash memo
and guarantee card.

Thank you in advance. Closing line

Sincerely Yours complementary close

Signature
Name
Encl:. 1. Copy of cash memo
2. Copy of guarantee card

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SAMPLE : 2 ADJUSTMENT LETTER

The Manager
Xyz enterprises
Road no 12
Nampally
Hyderabad -500024

11/02/2019

Xxxx
House no 2-87/8/9/1
Road no 12
Xyz colony
Himayathnagar
Hyderabad -500024

Sir

Sub: Response to the complaint letter regarding the defective XXXX washing machine.

Ref: Letter no 00000123/2/45/2019 Dated 6 /2 /2019.

We are sorry to hear from you about the inconvenience caused you have faced with the recently
purchased XXXX washing machine. We are thankful to you for bringing this matter to our notice.

We have contacted our dealer and got the details of your washing machine. We will rectify the error,
in case if the machine needs to be replaced. Our executive would do the needful within 48 hours.

We are extremely sorry about this delay. We assure you our best services and guarantee to the
customer.

Thank you in advance

Faithfully Yours
Signature
Name
Designation

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SAMPLE 3: COMPLAINT LETTER

Write a letter to M/s. Oxford Publishing House, Himayathnagar complaining that the books
sent by them were not those you had ordered for. Ask for replacement. You are Varun Joshi,
Librarian of MSD Engineering College , Sector-20, Shamirpet .

MSD Engineering college

Sector -20 Shamirpet
Ranga Reddy District
02-02-20

The Publisher
M/s. Oxford Publishing House
Consumer Complaint Division
Himayathnagar
Hyderabad -500002.

Sir,
Sub: Complaint regarding receipt of wrong set of books.

On December 1, 2019 the college had ordered 50 books of Engineering Mechanics of BE –

Second Year books common to CIVIL ,MECHANICAL,PRODUCTION AND INSTRUMENATTION
from your publishing company (Order No. 000154) to be delivered to MSD Engineering
College , Sector-20.
To our dismay, the college has not received the set ordered and instead, received the
wrong books set that is Market Management of MBA second year .To resolve the problem, I
would appreciate it if you could replace the wrong books set with the one originally ordered.
Please let me know as soon as possible. I look forward to hearing from you within the next
ten days.
Enclosed are copies of the transaction document and the receipt. I look forward to your
reply and a resolution to my problem.
Sincerely,

Varun Joshi

Enclosure: Copy of receipt and transaction docs.

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➢ Adjustment letter to sample complaint letter #3

M/s. Oxford Publishing House

Consumer Complaint Division
Himayathnagar
Hyderabad -500002.
______________________________________________________________________

12-02-20
The Librarian
c/o Principal
MSD Engineering college
Sector -20 Shamirpet
Ranga Reddy District

Sir,
Sub: Response to the complaint letter regarding dispatch of wrong consignment .
Ref: Complaint dated 02 February 2020.

We thank you for your letter Dated 02-02-20 and feel sorry to learn that you have received
wrong items. We really regret the inconvenience.

Kindly accept our sincere apologies for the delivery of incorrect consignment .We started a
formal inquiry in this regard and discovered that the error happened at our end and the
wrong order was recorded in your name. We have instantly taken steps to correct the error
and have set up counter measures which will prevent the occurrence of such an error in
future.

We have put your order on priority so the consignment of 50 sets of Engineering Mechanics
of BE – Second Year books common to CIVIL, MECHANICAL, PRODUCTION AND
INSTRUMENATTION will be delivered within two days .

Sincerely,

Sampath Batra

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SAMPLE : 3 ENQUIRY LETTER

Xxxx
House no 2-87/8/9/1
Road no 12
Xyz colony
Himayathnagar
Hyderabad -500024

11/02/2019

Manager
Hari travels limited
Lane 25
ooty -585

Sir

Sub: Enquiry of details about the Ooty tour

I happened to go through your travel website and I am quite impressed with the wide range of travel
and tourism services which your company is offering.

I am planning to go on a holiday with my family later this year to Ooty for a week. It would be great
if you could send me a detailed information regarding the holiday package to Assam. If there are any
specialist tours included, please send me their details too.

Please include in the itinerary, the transportation charges, hotel reservations and tour guide charges.

I look forward to hear from you

Thank you

Faithfully Yours
Signature
Name

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SAMPLE 4 : Response to the enquiry letter

ABC Public School
2-87/8/9/1 Road no 12
XYZ colony
Himayathnagar
Hyderabad -500024

Sir

Sub: Response to Enquiry of Ooty Tour Package -Reg

Ref: Letter no 00000123/2/45/2019 Dated 11 /2 /2020.

I am pleased you selected ABC travels limited Travel Agency for your upcoming vacation in Ooty. Our
company offers the best packages for hassle-free (comforatble) vacations at the most reasonable
prices. We are a reputed travel agency offering a wide range of travel related services for the last 10
years in the industry. All our services aim to meet all kinds of travel needs of our clients that range
from tickets to accommodation reservations.

Please find the brochure of all our services enclosed with the letter which also contains complete
information on the travel packages offered by us and their prices for domestic and international
traveling. Our services also include delivery of tickets at your doorstep without any extra payment.

I hope you will find the information I have provided useful. I would be happy to have one of our
account managers contact you with a view to establishing an account with us, or if you have any
further questions about our services, you may call me directly on 2255 4423 ext 001.

We hope to serve you with our travel services soon.

Thank you

Fiathfylly Yours
Signature
Name

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SAMPLE 5: ENQUIRY LETTER

Xxxx
House no 2-87/8/9/1
Road no 12
Xyz colony
Himayathnagar
Hyderabad -500024

11/02/2019

The Manager
ABC coachng center
Lane 25
New Delhi -585

Sir
Sub: Enquiry of GATE coaching classes-Reg

This is with reference to your adversitement in the Indian Express for GATE coaching classes.
I have appeared for my final year examinations of B.E ( branch ) from Osmania University and I am
awaiting the result.I am interested top join your coaching classes for appearing in GATE-2019.

Kindly let me know the procedure of applying for screening test and also the date of the test.I would
like to know the duration of the coaching classes and frequency per week.Information about fee
structure and mode of paynebt if given would be apprecaited .

I look forward to hear from you

Thank you

Faithfully Yours
Signature
Name

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SAMPLE 6 : RESPONSE TO THIS ENQUIRY LETTER

ABC coachng center
Lane 25
New Delhi -585
__________________________________________________________________________________
28-02-20

Xxxx
House no 2-87/8/9/1
Road no 12
Xyz colony
Himayathnagar
Hyderabad -500024

Sir

Sub: Response to Enquiry of GATE coaching classes-Reg

Ref: Letter no 00000123/2/45/2019 Dated 11 /2 /2019.

Thank you for your interest in taking coaching for GATE 2019. The application is available online on
our website www.gatecoaching.com .you may download the form from the mentioned website.
You are requested to fill in the form online and send it along with a scanned photograph and B.E
1,2,3, 4 Year Marks Memo .The date of entrance examination is tentatively 20th march. The duration
of the programme is seven weeks and fee payable is 15000/-.

A copy of our prospectus is enclosed along with the letter.

I look forward to hear from you

Thank you

Faithfully Yours
Signature
Name

ENCL: A copy of the prospectus .

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SAMPLE : 4 OFFICIAL LETTER TO PRINCIPAL.

NAME: xxxxxx
BRANCH: XXXXX
ROLL NO-xxxx

2 FEBRUARY,2016

The principal
Deccan college of engineering and technology
Hyderabad

Sir,

Sub: Report on the Two-Day workshop on Personality Development for the

professionals conducted on 25 and 26 January 2016.

A two-day international conference on personality development for professionals as successfully

organized during 25 &26 January 2016 by Amazon. It had attracted 150 participants from different
colleges. It was very informative and knowledge orientated.

The workshop emphasized the importance of communication skills, non-verbal cues and soft
skills.10 invited speakers delivered talks on relevance of impressive personality in business
organizations. The speakers stressed on importance of quality education in building personality.

This workshop served as a platform to widen our knowledge on various aspects of personality
development for professionals to work in cooperate world and meet its challenges.

Thank you,
Yours sincerely,
Xxxxxxx

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SAMPLE : 5 OFFICIAL LETTER TO POLICE

Xxxx
House no 2-87/8/9/1
Road no 12
Xyz colony
Himayathnagar
Hyderabad -500024.

11/02/2019

The Superintendent of Police

Hyderabad district
Hyderabad -5000024.

Sir,

Sub: Request for traffic signal near Aghapura road connecting to XYZ college.-Reg.

I am a student of B.E First Year of XYZ college, Nampally, Hyderabad .I would like to draw your kind
attention towards the danger that our college students face every day. Our college is situated on one
of the busiest roads of Nampally –Aghapura road. .Almost at every hour of the day, one can see
endless stream of vehicles and huge traffic jam on this road connecting our college from Nampally
Railway Station.

The students are facing lot of difficulties while reaching the college .I would like to mention that
during last two months there have been 12 cases of minor accidents on this road. Vehicles do not stop
for the students to cross the road.

I humbly request you to draw your kind attention towards this problem and install a traffic signal post
at Aghapura road so that students will have feasibility in crossing the road. Moreover, this would be
safe for everyone.

Thank you,

Sincerely yours,
Signature
Name

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SAMPLE : 6 OFFICIAL LETTER TO GHMC COMMISSIONER

Hallmark School
53, Link Road
Moti Nagar
Hyderabad -500009.

31/7/2021

The Municipal Commissioner

GHMC Office
Moti Nagar
Hyderabad-5000009.

Sir,
Subject: Bad condition of Roads in Moti Nagar -complaint –Reg.

I would like to bring to your notice the bad condition of the roads in our area Moti Nagar
through this letter. For the last four months, the road has been almost impassable(blocked).
We have made several complaints. However, the problem is being neglected for a long time.
The surface of the road is broken by the heavy rains and . due to this the motorists are facing
lot of difficulty while riding on the roads of our area. There are heaps of road materials on
both sides of the road. Thus, They leave only little room in the middle for the vehicles to pass
by . The side drains are blocked and the water flows out. Therefore, the road gets flooded
even after a slight rain. There are pot-holes on the road and the broken culvert is also a
danger for vehicles.
The residents are facing a lot of problems. Kindly look into the matter and do the needful.

Sincerely Yours
Name: XXXXXX.
Signature :

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