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EE2319. Introduction To Transformer

Transformers are needed for the following key reasons: 1. To change the voltage levels - Transformers are used to step up or step down voltages for efficient transmission and usage. Higher voltages allow efficient long distance transmission over power lines with lower current and less power loss. Lower voltages make it safer for domestic and industrial usage. 2. Isolation of circuits - The primary and secondary coils of a transformer are electrically isolated from each other due to electromagnetic induction. This provides protection and safety in applications like welding machines, UPS systems, etc. 3. Parallel operation of generators - Transformers allow generators working at different voltages to be connected in parallel for increased power output. The voltages are matched using appropriate transformation ratios. 4.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
47 views

EE2319. Introduction To Transformer

Transformers are needed for the following key reasons: 1. To change the voltage levels - Transformers are used to step up or step down voltages for efficient transmission and usage. Higher voltages allow efficient long distance transmission over power lines with lower current and less power loss. Lower voltages make it safer for domestic and industrial usage. 2. Isolation of circuits - The primary and secondary coils of a transformer are electrically isolated from each other due to electromagnetic induction. This provides protection and safety in applications like welding machines, UPS systems, etc. 3. Parallel operation of generators - Transformers allow generators working at different voltages to be connected in parallel for increased power output. The voltages are matched using appropriate transformation ratios. 4.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE 2319

EE 2319

ELECTRICAL
APPARATUS
and DEVICES
AY 2 0 2 3 - 2 0 2 4 Te r m 2
1 COURSE DESCRIPTION
A brief summary that outlines the purpose and objectives of the course.

2 RESOURCES & REFERENCES


A list of required textbooks, readings, and any other resources that
students need for the course.

3 COURSE CONTENT
Clear statements describing what students are expected to learn or achieve
by the end of the course.

4 COURSE REQUIREMENT & GRADING SYSTEM


Information about how students will be evaluated, including details about
assignments, quizzes, exams, and grading criteria.
Course: EE2319: Electrical Apparatus and Devices
Credit: 2-units lecture
Co-req: EE2312
Schedule:

3EE-A S 07:00 AM – 9:00 AM


3EE-B S 10:30:00 AM – 12:30 PM

Course Description:

This course covers the characteristics, operational principles, and applications of


both single-phase and three-phase transformers. Additionally, it explores
protective devices like fuses and circuit breakers. The content encompasses
various types of transformers based on different criteria, types of fuses and
circuit breakers, parallel operation of transformers, and standard ratings.
1. Gieras, J. (2016). Electrical Machines: Fundamentals of
Electromechanical Energy Conversion 1st Ed. CRC Press

2. Zorbas, D. (2014). Electric Machines: Principles, Applications, and


Control Schematics 2nd Ed. Cencage Learning

3. Siskind, C. (1959). Electric Machines 2nd Ed. McGraw-Hill

4. Guru, B. & Hiziroglu, (2000). Electric Machinery and Transformers 3rd


Ed. Oxford University Press

5. Heathcote, M. (2007). J & P Transformer Book: A Practical Technology


of the Power Transformer 13th Ed. Newnes Books.
1. Transformer Theory
2. Characteristic of the practical transformer
3. Standard Ratings of transformer
4. Transformer tests and principle of operation
5. Calculations of power losses and efficiency
6. Three phase transformers
7. Parallel operation of transformers
8. Various types of transformer and their applications
9. Protective devices: characteristic, principle of operation and applications
a. Fuses
b. Breakers
c. Lightning Arresters
10. Standard ratings of protective devices
20% 1. Quizzes
• Assessment designed to test or measure a person's knowledge,

10%
understanding, or skills on each chapters.
• Quizzes can take various forms.

2. Group Presentations/Report
• A schedule will be set for the presentation.

35%
• Classmates and the instructors may ask questions after the presentation.

3. Preliminary Examinations (PE)

35% 4. Final Examinations (FE)


• Scheduled assessment will always be announced in BB course site.

100%
• It can be a comprehensive exam and/or practical exam
• For missed exams:
- Requires parent’s letter
- Make-up exam: Special Comprehensive Exam or Special
- Project or BOTH
BS Electrical Engineering, University of Santo Tomas, 2013
Master of Business Administration, University of the Philippines
Diliman, 2019

Supervising Project Engineer, Electro-Mechanical Construction,


MERALCO

[email protected]
Any questions?
TRANSFORMER
is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to
another by electromagnetic induction (transformer action). The
electrical energy is always transferred without a change in
frequency but may involve changes in magnitudes of voltage and
current.

A transformer makes use of Faraday's law and the ferromagnetic


properties of an iron core to efficiently raise or lower AC voltages.
It of course cannot increase power so that if the voltage is raised,
the current is proportionally lowered and vice versa.
https://assetlibrary.kompanions.com/learn/3d-models/transformer/

Transformer – Working Principle


FARADAY’S LAW
Any change in the magnetic environment of a coil of wire will cause a voltage (emf) to be
"induced" in the coil.

No matter how the change is produced, the voltage will be generated. The change could be
produced by changing the magnetic field strength, moving a magnet toward or away from
the coil, moving the coil into or out of the magnetic field, rotating the coil relative to the
magnet, etc.
The symbols in these equations have the following values:
𝑑𝛷 •V is the instantaneous voltage.
𝐸𝑀𝐹 = −𝑁 •N the number of turns in the winding.
𝑑𝑡
•dɸ / dt is the change in magnetic flux (ɸ) through the windings
over time

Transformer – Working Principle


When a magnetic field is passed across a coil of If we place a second coil in close proximity to the
wire, it will induce a voltage into the wire caused by first coil and then pass AC alternating current
an induced electromotive force which is pushing the through the first coil, then the magnetic field it
electrons in a certain direction. If the coil is creates will induce a current into the second coil
connected to a circuit this will cause a current to and this magnetic force will push and pull on the
flow. free electrons forcing them to move.

Transformer – Working Principle


While the diagram of the transformer above is theoretically possible in an ideal transformer – it
is not very practical. This is because in the open air only a very tiny portion of the flux produced
from the first coil will link with the second coil. So the current that flows through the closed
circuit connected to the secondary winding will be extremely small (and difficult to measure).

To fix this, a core or ferromagnetic material such as iron, in a loop between the primary and
secondary coils. Now this loop guides the magnetic field along a path to the secondary coil so
that they will share the magnetic field and this makes the transformer much more efficient.

Transformer – Working Principle


A soft iron core is used to magnetically link the
primary and secondary coils. The magnetic
permeability of iron is much higher than that of
air. This means that the magnetic field lines
prefer to flow through the iron core instead of
air, and are thus directed into the secondary
coil.

Iron is also a ferromagnetic material, producing


its own magnetic field which aligns with that of
the primary coils. As such, the magnetic field is
also strengthened.

Transformer – Working Principle


In short, a transformer carries the operations
shown below:

o Transfer of electric power from one circuit to


another.
o Transfer of electric power without any change
in frequency.
o Transfer with the principle of electromagnetic
induction.
o The two electrical circuits are linked by
mutual induction.

Transformer – Working Principle


Group 1:
Why won’t transformers DO NOT
operate on steady state DC voltages?
The items below summarizes the principles of operation of a transformer: Ip
IS
1. A voltage is applied in the primary side of the transformer which results
to a current flowing in the primary winding since it is a close circuit. ~
AC Np Ns
2. The current Ip produces a magnetic field in the primary coil. vs
vp
3. The magnetic flux produced in the primary coil minus the leakage
flux (which is called the mutual flux) will flow through the core and
then links through the secondary coil which wrapped on the same
core and in close proximity with the primary coil.
4. The magnetic flux produced in the primary coil minus the leakage
flux (which is called the mutual flux) will flow through the core and
then links through the secondary coil which wrapped on the same
core and in close proximity with the primary coil.
5. And lastly, the magnitude of the voltages and currents in the
secondary depends on the turns ratio of the transformer or the ratio of
the number of turns in the primary winding to the number of turns in
the secondary winding.

Transformer – Working Principle


Why do we need
transformers?
If the Voltage used is 240V:

𝑃
𝐼=
𝑉
10,000𝑊
𝐼=
240𝑉
I = 41.67A

P = I2R
P = (41.67A)25Ω
P = 8.68kW
Resistance = 5Ω
Energy Loss = 87% Load = 10kW

Transformer – Importance to Real World


If the Voltage used is 400kV:

𝑃
𝐼=
𝑉
10,000𝑊
𝐼=
400,000𝑉
I = 0.025A

P = I2R
P = (0.025A)25Ω
P = 0.0031W
Resistance = 5Ω
Energy Loss = Load = 10kW
0.00003%

Transformer – Importance to Real World


CONSTRUCTION OF A
TRANSFORMER
There are two basic parts of a transformer:
1. Magnetic core
2. Winding or coils

Transformer – Types and Construction


MAGNETIC CORE
The core, which provides the magnetic path to channel
the flux, consists of thin strips of high-grade steel,
called laminations , which are electrically separated by
a thin coating of insulating material. The strips can be
stacked or wound, with the windings either built
integrally around the core or built separately and
Laminated cores are preferred
assembled around the core sections. because a thin layer of oxide forms
on the area of each lamination and
It is further divided in two parts. The vertical portion on acts as an insulator to minimize
the buildup of eddy currents inside
which the coils are bound is called limb, while the top the core material.
and bottom horizontal portion is called yoke of the core.

The transformer core ensures efficient magnetic


coupling between the windings, facilitating the transfer
of electrical energy from the primary side to
the secondary side.
The yoke is the horizontal section of the The limbs of the core are the vertical sections which
core which joins the limbs together. The the coils are formed around. The limbs can also be
yoke and limbs form a pathway for located on the exterior of the outermost coils in the
magnetic flux to flow freely. case of some core designs. The limbs on a
transformer core can also be referred to as legs.

Transformer – Types and Construction


Why Lamination Matters
Reduction of Eddy Current Losses
The thin layers in laminated cores reduce eddy current losses,
as they limit the circular currents induced within the core
material.

Mitigation of Hysteresis Losses


Laminations help in minimizing hysteresis losses, which occur
due to the repeated magnetization and demagnetization of the
core material during each cycle of the alternating current.

Transformer – Types and Construction


Why Lamination Matters
Improvement in Overall Transformer Efficiency
By minimizing energy losses, laminated cores contribute to the
overall efficiency of transformers, making them more reliable
and cost-effective.

Types of Material Used for Producing Magnetic Core


• Amorphous Steel
• Solid Iron Core
• Amorphous Metals
• Ferrite Ceramics
• Laminated Magnetic Cores
• Carbonyl Iron Cores
• Silicon Steel

Transformer – Types and Construction


Group 2:
What is the difference between a
core type and a shell type
transformer? Provide the advantage
and disadvantage of each type.
CORE CONSTRUCTION
• Has a metal core piece • Constructed by tightly
• The core surrounds the through the middle of the • Surrounds the windings on 4 winding one long constant
windings of the transformer. window sides instead of two silicon steel tape into a
• The flux is equally distributed • Primary and secondary • Extra metal helps minimize spiral.
to the side limb of the windings are wound around stray leakage flux and • This sort of center does not
transformer the center core piece with the enhances the efficiency of require steel knock outs
• Equal flux setup in all limbs low-voltage winding being the transformer laminated together. Because
• Rate of heat dissipation is closest to the metal center • Commonly discovered on the center is one constant
high • Double flux setup in central high-voltage distribution length of metal, flux leakage
limb to side limbs transformers is kept to a minimum.
• Rate of heat dissipation is low

Core Shell H Tape-wound

Transformer – Types and Construction


CORE CONSTRUCTION
• Has a metal core piece • Constructed by tightly
• The core surrounds the through the middle of the • Surrounds the windings on 4 winding one long constant
windings of the transformer. window sides instead of two silicon steel tape into a
• The flux is equally distributed • Primary and secondary • Extra metal helps minimize spiral.
to the side limb of the windings are wound around stray leakage flux and • This sort of center does not
transformer the center core piece with the enhances the efficiency of require steel knock outs
• Equal flux setup in all limbs low-voltage winding being the transformer laminated together. Because
• Rate of heat dissipation is closest to the metal center • Commonly discovered on the center is one constant
high • Double flux setup in central high-voltage distribution length of metal, flux leakage
limb to side limbs transformers is kept to a minimum.
• Rate of heat dissipation is low

Core Shell H Tape-wound

Transformer – Types and Construction


The windings consist of the current-carrying
WINDINGS
conductors wound around the section of the core,
and these must be properly insulated, supported
and cooled to withstand operation and test
conditions.

Copper and aluminum are the primary materials


used as conductors in power-transformer windings.
While aluminum is lighter and generally less
expensive than copper, a larger cross section of
aluminum conductor must be used to carry a current
with similar performance as copper. Copper has
higher mechanical strength and is used almost
exclusively in all but the smaller size ranges, where
aluminum conductors may be perfectly acceptable.

Transformer – Types and Construction


WINDINGS
Transformer Winding Assembly
Transformer winding coils are almost always wound onto
forms, dipped in insulating varnish, baked into a rigid mass,
and then assembled with the core. The coils are most
economical to wind on rectangular forms since it is easiest to
build the core with rectangular legs.

Transformer – Types and Construction


WINDINGS
Concentric vs. Sandwich Windings

• Has a common center, forming circles in each • The high voltage and low voltage windings
cross-section alternate along the leg height
• Usually employed in core type transformers • Almost exclusively used in shell type
• Placed the low-voltage winding closer to the transformers
core • Placed the low-voltage winding outside

Transformer – Types and Construction


IDEAL TRANSFORMER
It is assumed that, resistance of primary as well as secondary winding of an ideal
transformer is zero. That is, both the coils are purely inductive in nature.

Higher the permeability, lesser the mmf required for flux establishment. That
means, if permeability is high, less magnetizing current is required to magnetize
the transformer core.

Leakage flux is a part of magnetic flux which does not get linked with secondary
winding. In an ideal transformer, it is assumed that entire amount of flux get linked
with secondary winding (that is, no leakage flux).

An ideal transformer does not have any losses like hysteresis loss, eddy current
loss etc. So, the output power of an ideal transformer is exactly equal to the input
power. Hence, 100% efficiency.

Ideal Transformer
IDEAL TRANSFORMER

if an alternating voltage V1 is applied to the primary winding of an ideal transformer, counter emf E1 will be induced in the primary winding. As windings
are purely inductive, this induced emf E1 will be exactly equal to the apply voltage but in 180° phase opposition. Current drawn from the source
produces required magnetic flux. Due to primary winding being purely inductive, this current lags 90° behind induced emf E1. This current is called
magnetizing current of the transformer Iμ. This magnetizing current Iμ produces alternating magnetic flux Φ. This flux Φ gets linked with the secondary
winding and emf E2 gets induced by mutual induction. (Read Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction.) This mutually induced emf E2 is in phase with
E2. If closed circuit is provided at secondary winding, E2 causes current I2 to flow in the circuit.

Ideal Transformer
EMF EQUATION OF
TRANSFORMER Consider a transformer as shown in the figure.

If N1 and N2 are the number of turns in primary and


secondary windings. When we apply an alternating
voltage V1 of frequency f to the primary winding, an
alternating magnetic flux ϕ is produced by the
primary winding in the core.

If we assume sinusoidal AC voltage, then the


magnetic flux can be given by,

Φ= Φm sin ωt

E.M.F. Equation of Transformer


EMF EQUATION OF
TRANSFORMER Φ= Φm sin ωt

Since this flux is changing with respect to time…

Φm By Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, the


instantaneous value of EMF e1 induced in the
primary winding is given by,
𝑑𝛷
𝐸𝑀𝐹 = 𝑁
2π ωt
𝑑𝑡
π By Lenz’ law..
𝑑𝛷
𝐸𝑀𝐹 = −𝑁
𝑑𝑡

If E.M.F. is induced at the primary side…


𝑑𝛷
e1= −𝑁1 𝑑𝑡

E.M.F. Equation of Transformer


EMF EQUATION OF
TRANSFORMER
𝑑𝛷
Φ= Φm sin ωt e1= −𝑁1
𝑑𝑡

𝑑 (Φm sin ωt )
e1= −𝑁1 𝑑𝑡

Φm
e1 = -N1Φm cos ωt (ω)

e1 = N1Φm ω [-cos ωt] Where, ω = 2π𝑓

2π ωt e1 = N1Φm 2π𝑓 sin (ωt-900)


π

N1Φm 2π𝑓
e1 =
2

E.M.F. Equation of Transformer


EMF EQUATION OF
TRANSFORMER E1 = 4.44 N1Φm𝑓
or
Φm E1 = 4.44 N1Bm A𝑓
Similarly, R.M.S. value of E.M.F. induced in
secondary is,

2π ωt
E2 = 4.44 N2Φm𝑓
or
π
E2 = 4.44 N2Bm A𝑓
In an ideal transformer on no-load, V1=E1 and E2=V2
where V2 is the terminal voltage.

E.M.F. Equation of Transformer


EMF EQUATION OF
TRANSFORMER
As shown, flux increases from its zero
value to maximum value Φm in one
quarter of the cycle (1/4 f second)
Let:
N1 = No. of turns in primary
N2 = No. of turns in secondary
Φm = Maximum flux in core in webers
= Bm x A
f = Frequency of A.C. input in Hz

Φm
Average ra𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 = 1
4
𝑓
= 4 𝑓 Φm Wb/s or volt

Now, rate of change of flux per turn means induced e.m.f. in volts

Average e.m.f./turn = 4 𝑓 Φm volt

E.M.F. Equation of Transformer


EMF EQUATION OF
TRANSFORMER
As shown, flux increases from its zero
value to maximum value Φm in one
quarter of the cycle (1/4 f second)
If flux Φ varies sinusoidally, then r.m.s. value of induced e.m.f.
is obtained by multiplying the average value with form factor.
r.m.s. value
Form factor = average value = 1.11

R.M.S. Value of e.m.f./turn = 1.11 x 4 𝑓 Φm = 4.44 𝑓 Φm volt

Now, r.m.s. value of the induced e.m.f. in the whole of primary


winding
induced e. 𝑚. 𝑓.
𝐸1 = 𝑥 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
turns
E1 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒 N1Φm𝑓
E1 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒 N1Bm A𝑓

E.M.F. Equation of Transformer


VOLTAGE TRANSFORMATION
RATIO (K)
E1 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒 N1Φm𝑓 E2 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒 N2Φm𝑓
E1 E2
= = 4.44 Φm𝑓
N1 N2
E1 N1
= =𝑲
E2 N2 This constant K is known as voltage
transformation ratio

(i) If N2>N1 i.e. K>1, then the transformer is


called step-up transformer

(ii) If N2<N1 i.e. K<1, then the transformer is


called step-down transformer

Voltage Transformation Ratio (K)


CURRENT RATIO
Because the losses are zero in the ideal transformer, the
apparent power in and out of the transformer must be the
same:

P1 = I1V1 = I2V2 = P2.


Rearranging terms gives

V1 I2 N1
= =
V2 I1 N2

Current Ratio
EXERCISE
1. The maximum flux density in the core of a 250/3000-volts, 50Hz single-phase transformer is 1.2 Wb/m2. If the
e.m.f. per turn is 8 volts, determine:
a. Primary and secondary turns
b. Area of the core

Exercises
EXERCISE
1. The maximum flux density in the core of a 250/3000-volts, 50Hz single-phase transformer is 1.2 Wb/m2. If the
e.m.f. per turn is 8 volts, determine:
a. Primary and secondary turns
b. Area of the core

SOLUTION:
Given the data: E1 = 250V and E2 = 3000V
𝑓 = 50 Hz ; Bm= 1.2 Wb/m2

a. E1 = N1 x e.m.f. induced/turns
N1 = 250/8 = 32
N2 = 3000/8 = 375

b. We may use formula: E2 = 4.44 N2Bm A𝑓


3000 = 4.44 x 375 x 1.2 x A x 50
A = 0.03m2

Exercises
EXERCISE
2. The core of a 100-kVA, 1100/550V, 50-Hz, 1-ph, core type transformer has a cross –section of 20cmx20cm. Find:
a. The number of H.V. and L.V. turns per phase
b. The E.M.F. per turn if the maximum core density is not to exceed 1.3 Tesla. Assume a stacking factor of 0.9.
What will happen if its primary voltage is increase by 10% on no-load?

Exercises
ASSIGNMENT
1. A single-phase transformer has 400 primary and 1000 secondary turns. The net cross-sectional area of the core
is 60cm2. If the primary winding be connected to a 50-Hz supply at 520V, calculate:
a. The peak value of flux density in the core
b. The voltage induced in the secondary winding

2. A 25-kVA transformer has 500 turns on the primary and 50 turns on the secondary winding. The primary is connected
to 3000-V, 50-Hz supply. Find the full-load primary and secondary currents, the secondary E.M.F. and the maximum flux
in the core. Neglect leakage drops and no-load primary current.

3. The core of a three phase, 50 Hz, 11000/550 V delta/star, 300kVA, core-type transformer operates with a flux of
0.05Wb. Find
a. Number of H.V. and L.V. turns per phase
b. E.M.F. per turn
c. Full load H.V. and L.V. phase-currents.

Exercises

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