EE2319. Introduction To Transformer
EE2319. Introduction To Transformer
EE 2319
ELECTRICAL
APPARATUS
and DEVICES
AY 2 0 2 3 - 2 0 2 4 Te r m 2
1 COURSE DESCRIPTION
A brief summary that outlines the purpose and objectives of the course.
3 COURSE CONTENT
Clear statements describing what students are expected to learn or achieve
by the end of the course.
Course Description:
10%
understanding, or skills on each chapters.
• Quizzes can take various forms.
2. Group Presentations/Report
• A schedule will be set for the presentation.
35%
• Classmates and the instructors may ask questions after the presentation.
100%
• It can be a comprehensive exam and/or practical exam
• For missed exams:
- Requires parent’s letter
- Make-up exam: Special Comprehensive Exam or Special
- Project or BOTH
BS Electrical Engineering, University of Santo Tomas, 2013
Master of Business Administration, University of the Philippines
Diliman, 2019
[email protected]
Any questions?
TRANSFORMER
is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to
another by electromagnetic induction (transformer action). The
electrical energy is always transferred without a change in
frequency but may involve changes in magnitudes of voltage and
current.
No matter how the change is produced, the voltage will be generated. The change could be
produced by changing the magnetic field strength, moving a magnet toward or away from
the coil, moving the coil into or out of the magnetic field, rotating the coil relative to the
magnet, etc.
The symbols in these equations have the following values:
𝑑𝛷 •V is the instantaneous voltage.
𝐸𝑀𝐹 = −𝑁 •N the number of turns in the winding.
𝑑𝑡
•dɸ / dt is the change in magnetic flux (ɸ) through the windings
over time
To fix this, a core or ferromagnetic material such as iron, in a loop between the primary and
secondary coils. Now this loop guides the magnetic field along a path to the secondary coil so
that they will share the magnetic field and this makes the transformer much more efficient.
𝑃
𝐼=
𝑉
10,000𝑊
𝐼=
240𝑉
I = 41.67A
P = I2R
P = (41.67A)25Ω
P = 8.68kW
Resistance = 5Ω
Energy Loss = 87% Load = 10kW
𝑃
𝐼=
𝑉
10,000𝑊
𝐼=
400,000𝑉
I = 0.025A
P = I2R
P = (0.025A)25Ω
P = 0.0031W
Resistance = 5Ω
Energy Loss = Load = 10kW
0.00003%
• Has a common center, forming circles in each • The high voltage and low voltage windings
cross-section alternate along the leg height
• Usually employed in core type transformers • Almost exclusively used in shell type
• Placed the low-voltage winding closer to the transformers
core • Placed the low-voltage winding outside
Higher the permeability, lesser the mmf required for flux establishment. That
means, if permeability is high, less magnetizing current is required to magnetize
the transformer core.
Leakage flux is a part of magnetic flux which does not get linked with secondary
winding. In an ideal transformer, it is assumed that entire amount of flux get linked
with secondary winding (that is, no leakage flux).
An ideal transformer does not have any losses like hysteresis loss, eddy current
loss etc. So, the output power of an ideal transformer is exactly equal to the input
power. Hence, 100% efficiency.
Ideal Transformer
IDEAL TRANSFORMER
if an alternating voltage V1 is applied to the primary winding of an ideal transformer, counter emf E1 will be induced in the primary winding. As windings
are purely inductive, this induced emf E1 will be exactly equal to the apply voltage but in 180° phase opposition. Current drawn from the source
produces required magnetic flux. Due to primary winding being purely inductive, this current lags 90° behind induced emf E1. This current is called
magnetizing current of the transformer Iμ. This magnetizing current Iμ produces alternating magnetic flux Φ. This flux Φ gets linked with the secondary
winding and emf E2 gets induced by mutual induction. (Read Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction.) This mutually induced emf E2 is in phase with
E2. If closed circuit is provided at secondary winding, E2 causes current I2 to flow in the circuit.
Ideal Transformer
EMF EQUATION OF
TRANSFORMER Consider a transformer as shown in the figure.
Φ= Φm sin ωt
𝑑 (Φm sin ωt )
e1= −𝑁1 𝑑𝑡
Φm
e1 = -N1Φm cos ωt (ω)
N1Φm 2π𝑓
e1 =
2
2π ωt
E2 = 4.44 N2Φm𝑓
or
π
E2 = 4.44 N2Bm A𝑓
In an ideal transformer on no-load, V1=E1 and E2=V2
where V2 is the terminal voltage.
Φm
Average ra𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 = 1
4
𝑓
= 4 𝑓 Φm Wb/s or volt
Now, rate of change of flux per turn means induced e.m.f. in volts
V1 I2 N1
= =
V2 I1 N2
Current Ratio
EXERCISE
1. The maximum flux density in the core of a 250/3000-volts, 50Hz single-phase transformer is 1.2 Wb/m2. If the
e.m.f. per turn is 8 volts, determine:
a. Primary and secondary turns
b. Area of the core
Exercises
EXERCISE
1. The maximum flux density in the core of a 250/3000-volts, 50Hz single-phase transformer is 1.2 Wb/m2. If the
e.m.f. per turn is 8 volts, determine:
a. Primary and secondary turns
b. Area of the core
SOLUTION:
Given the data: E1 = 250V and E2 = 3000V
𝑓 = 50 Hz ; Bm= 1.2 Wb/m2
a. E1 = N1 x e.m.f. induced/turns
N1 = 250/8 = 32
N2 = 3000/8 = 375
Exercises
EXERCISE
2. The core of a 100-kVA, 1100/550V, 50-Hz, 1-ph, core type transformer has a cross –section of 20cmx20cm. Find:
a. The number of H.V. and L.V. turns per phase
b. The E.M.F. per turn if the maximum core density is not to exceed 1.3 Tesla. Assume a stacking factor of 0.9.
What will happen if its primary voltage is increase by 10% on no-load?
Exercises
ASSIGNMENT
1. A single-phase transformer has 400 primary and 1000 secondary turns. The net cross-sectional area of the core
is 60cm2. If the primary winding be connected to a 50-Hz supply at 520V, calculate:
a. The peak value of flux density in the core
b. The voltage induced in the secondary winding
2. A 25-kVA transformer has 500 turns on the primary and 50 turns on the secondary winding. The primary is connected
to 3000-V, 50-Hz supply. Find the full-load primary and secondary currents, the secondary E.M.F. and the maximum flux
in the core. Neglect leakage drops and no-load primary current.
3. The core of a three phase, 50 Hz, 11000/550 V delta/star, 300kVA, core-type transformer operates with a flux of
0.05Wb. Find
a. Number of H.V. and L.V. turns per phase
b. E.M.F. per turn
c. Full load H.V. and L.V. phase-currents.
Exercises