Relational Database Management

System
Includes school QB answers+ Textbook

QNA
(blue text -definitions) (star marked, imp. Ones ⭐
)(red text- mcq,
violet- both mcq and def.) (thumbs down means read once nicely, no need
to rote 👎🏿) (nothing means more imp than thumbs down, less than star)

1) What is a database? ⭐⭐
- A database is an organised collection of data. It is an integrated collection of data
records,files, and other objects.
- Various database programs are Oracle, Microsoft Access, OpenOffice.org Base,
and MySQL.
- The database concept has evolved since the 1960’s to provide ease for data
storing.

2) What is a Database Management System or DBMS? ⭐⭐

- A database management system is a software package with computer programs
that controls the creation, maintenance, and use of a database.
- It allows organisations to conveniently develop databases for various applications.
- A DBMS allows different user application programs to access the same database
simultaneously.

3) Explain how data can be organised in a database.

The data in a database can be organised into:
⭐
Flat file: Data is stored in a single table. Usually suitable for less amt. Of data
Relational: Data is stored in multiple tables which are linked using a common field. This
is suitable for medium to large amts. Of data
 4) What are database servers? ⭐
- Database servers are dedicated computers that hold the actual databases, and run
only the DBMS and related software.
- Typically, databases available on these servers are accessed through GUI/
command line tools which are called frontends. Database servers themselves are
called backends.
- Such type of data access is called a client server model

⭐
5) Explain some advantages of databases. (If list comes, just write points b4 colon).
(for explain 3-4 are enough, for list write all of the starting points)
Advantages of using Database are as follows:
i. Reduces data redundancy: The DBMS’s contain many files, to be stored in many
different locations in many systems. Due to this, sometimes multiple copies of the same
file were made causing data redundancy. This is prevented in a database as there is 1
database and any change in it is reflected immediately. So no chance of duplicate data.

ii. Enables Sharing of data: Database users can share data with other people, and there
are various levels of authorisation to access the data with the data only being shared to
authorised users.

iii. Data Integrity and Security: Data integrity means that the data is accurate and
consistent. It is very important because of multiple databases in a DBMS, which all
contain data. Therefore it is necessary to ensure that the data is correct and consistent.

iv. Data Consistency: Due to no redundancy, data is consistent. Data consistency means
that there should be multiple mismatching copies of the same data. All data appears
consistently across the databases and should be same for all the users

v. Data Backup and Recovery: DBMS takes care of data backup and recovery, and the
users don't need to backup data. DBMS also restore the data after a crash/system failure.

6) List and explain the different components of databases. ⭐

- The common element in a database, on which the entire database is based on, is
called an item. For eg: if there is a database which contains a students name, their
birthday, gr no. and marks, the item of this database will be the student
 - A table is a set of data elements (values) that is organised using a model of
vertical Columns and horizontal rows. A table has a defined number of columns,
but can have any number of rows.
- A column is a set of data values of a particular simple type, one for each row of
the table. The columns provide the structure according to which the rows are
composed. It is also called a field or attribute. For example, FirstName, or
LastName are fields in a row.
- A row represents a single, data item in a table. Each row in a table represents a set
of related data, and every row in the table has the same structure. It is also called
a record or tuple.
- A value is the actual text or numerical amount you put in as data in the database.

7) What are the features of a database? 👎🏿

(i) A database can have more than one table. (give any example. Like a company with one
database for its products, another for suppliers, one for orders etc.)
(ii) Each table contains information about one type of item. So a database can be called a
container holding tables and other objects, managing how they're used.
(iii) Record uniqueness is an important feature in every table, as it helps to avoid
accidental duplication of records caused by a computer or human error. This is achieved
by using a value which uniquely identifies a row. Thus every database contains a key field
which ensures 100% unique values in a database. (names can be same, so sale no. used)

8) What is RDBMS? ⭐
- When data is to be stored, maintained, and retrieved from multiple tables then
special database software is required known as Relational Database Management
System.
- A relational database is a type of database. It uses a structure that allows us to
identify and access data in relation to another piece of data in the database.
- Often, data in a relational database is organised into tables / relations.

9) What are primary keys, composite primary keys and foreign keys?
In RDBMS’s data can be integrated using the following keys:
⭐
- A primary key is a unique field that identifies a row/record in a table.
- When primary key constraint is applied on one or more columns in a table then it
is known as Composite Primary Key.
 - A Foreign key identifies a column or set of columns in one (referencing) table that
refers to a column or set of columns in another (referenced) table.

10) What is a data type? List and explain the various data types present in a

⭐
RDBMS. (if only list then only list, don't explain)(Examples of each data type at
end of the doc)
Datatypes are used to identify which type of value we are going to store in the database.
Fields (columns) can be of different types depending on the data they contain. The 5 data
types are:
- Numeric Types: Used for describing numeric values for fields in a table. It can be
used for storing mobile no. etc.
- Alphanumeric Types: Used for storing characters and symbols.
- Binary Types: used for storing data in binary formats, like for storing images,
music files etc. basically files of any type can be stored in this data type
- Date time: Used for describing date and time values for the field. (DOB etc.)
- Other Variable types: Used for storing serialised java objects.

11) What does sorting data in a table mean?

Sorting means to arrange the data in either ascending or descending order.

⭐
12)What is referential integrity and state its types.
Referential integrity is used to maintain accuracy and consistency of data in a
relationship. In Database, data can be linked between two or more tables with the help of
primary key and foreign key constraints.
Types of Relationship:
1. One to One : This relationship tells us that one data in Table A is related to a single
data in Table B. And vice versa.
Eg, An employee can belong to only one department in the organisation.

2. One to Many : This relationship entails one data in Table A to have links to multiple
data in Table B. However, a single data in Table B, will have a link to a single data in
Table A.
Eg, One individual may have multiple bank accounts, but each bank account will be
linked to one specific owner or account holder only.
3. Many to Many : Consider two table A and B. Each data in Table A is linked to all the
data in Table B and vice versa. A great example would be linking a student table to the
courses table. Table A has the name of all the students while Table B has the name of all
the courses. A particular student may enroll oneself to more than one course whilst a
courses may have more than one student. Hence, it becomes a many to many relationship.

13)What are the uses of referential integrity?

Referential integrity helps to:
⭐
- Avoid adding records to a related table if there isn't any associated record in the
primary key table
- Changing values in a primary key table if any dependent records are present in
associated table (s)
- Deleting records from a primary key table if there are any matching related
records available in associates table (s)

14)What are relationships and why are they useful?

A relationship refers to an association or connection between 2 or more tables. When you
relate 2 tables, you don't need to enter the same data in separate tables.
Relationship between tables helps to:
- Save time as there isn't any need to enter the same data again.
- Reduce data entry errors.
- Summarise data from related tables.

15)What is a query, and what is filtering?

- Querying is collecting specific info. from a pool of data. It helps us to join info.
from diff. Tables and filter that info.
- Filtering means that the query uses criteria provided by you to hide some data and
present the one you wish to see.

16)What is SQL? ⭐
- Structured query language or SQL is one of the query languages used to make
queries into databases and information systems.
- Queries are commands that are used to define the data structure and also to
manipulate the data in a database
 17)Differentiate between DDL and DML ⭐⭐
- DDL (Data definition language) – Data definition language is used to design and
modify the structure of a database.
Common DDL commands are
a. Create – This command is used to create database
b. Alter – This command is used to modify the database.
c. Drop – This command is used to delete database tables.

- DML (Data manipulation language) – Data manipulation language provides

commands for manipulating data in databases.
Common DML commands are
a. Select – This command is used to display information from the database.
b. Insert – This command is used to insert new records in the database.
c. Delete – This command is used to delete records from the database.
d. Update – This command is used to modify records in the database.

18)What are forms?

A form is a systematic way of storing info. Into the database, and is an interface in a
layout (specified by the user) that lets us view, enter and change data directly in tables.

19)What is a report?
A report helps display the data in a summarised manner. It is used to generate the overall
work outcome in a clear format.
⬇⬇⬇⬇
⬇ go down there is the examples of

data type of q.10 go fast. v . imp⭐⭐⭐⭐

1) Numeric data types: for this just rote 5 out of all, but you need to have a basic
idea cuz mcq

2) Alphanumeric data types: for this rote all

3) Binary data types: rote all

4) date and time data types: rote all

5) Other data types: useless idk what it is