ae Zero conditional (if/when/whenev + present tense, present tense) General or scientfic facts and definitions | you burn fossi fuels, carbon dioxide is produced. First conditional {if + present tense, will + bare infinitive / imperative) Real conditions in the present or future and | if we continue to pollute our planet, future generations will suffer. their results in the present or future To give conditional instructions If the people from Greenpeace call, tell them IV call thom back lator. 86 Other modals and semimodals can be used instead of win the result clause in ist conitionals. These include be going to, can, could, may, might, shal, should have to and ought fo. 7 We might prevent csasterifwe change the way we live now: Tea ee ee) Hypothetical conditions in the present or | What would the local government do if there was an earthquake in the area? future and their hypothetical results in the present or future lb ther modals can be used instead of would in the result clause in second conditionals. These include might and could. 7 Ifthe weather was better, we could have a picnic. vs EE Grammar — In British Engish, we can use both was and were aftr if with fist and third person singular. Were is more common in 2 formal style. In American English, its usial to use were. UK: If] was/wore a gambler, Id put money on Jim being late US: FI were a gambler, Fa put maney on Jim being ate. | + Inboth British and American English, were is usvally used in the phrase if] were you, | Third conditional (if + past perfect, would have + past participle) Hypothetical conditions in the past and their | A lot more people would have been trapped by the food if there hadn't results in the past been a warning ther modals can be used instead of wouldin the resut clause in third conditional, These include might, coud and should | Ifyou hadnt hada lot of ck, you could have lst all your mane. | | Mixed conditionals — Hypothetical conditions in the past and You might not be in so much trouble if you hadn't started gambling. their results in the present Hypothetical conditions in the present and the past If} were you, | would have made Paula buy her own lottery ticket(wath shoul | (ifthe drought should continue ../ the drought continues.) More formal form of the second conditional | Were we to stop using fossil fuels tomorrow, it would stil take decades forthe planet o recover. (= we were to stop. / we stoped More formal form ofthe thir contonal | Had Chares Darwin not visited the Galapagos bands, he might never have developed his theory of evolution. (=I Charles Darwin had wsted ..) More formal form ofthe fist conditional | Should the drought continue, many people willbe forced to leave their villages. © When the verb to be inverted isnegatve, we put not after the subject. 7 Had we not attended the meeting. we would have had no idea ofthe councis plans. + When the if clause comes before the result clause, we usually separate the two clauses with a comma, When the result clause comes frst, we do nat use a comma. Re er eaie as Provided/Providing (that) You can have a pet provided that you promise to look after it properly. On condition (that) Appications for membership are accepted on condition that applicants are over 18. ‘Suppose/Supposing ‘Supposing the price of oil tripled tomorrow. What do you ‘hink would happen? if it wasn't/weren't for + noun | thirk I'd be quite lonely if it wasn’t/weren't for my dog, Buster. If... (should) happen to If ycu (should) happen to see Davina, ask her whether she would look after Unlless Unless governments act now, the environment is really going to suffer. “To mean if itis tre that i you were atthe meeting. why dict you raise the issue of recycling? To mean yeu are wiling to’ | Ifyou follow me, show you inta the park manager's ofice. | To mean tim saying tis in case’_| Hf you lke zo0s, the one in Singapore is fantastic. 87Ce Unit 11. Grammar A. Match to make sentences. If you stay with us for three days If you decide not to vote in the election, Ifyou didn't eat your lunch so fast, If there were a few more people working, If you forget to take your passport, If the hire car isn't there when you arrive, Ir the city continues to expand, the police didn't fine people, Hf you did decide to leave the conpany, MPs wish to resign, we might get served a bit more quickly. give us a call and we'll come to pick you up. very few people would obey the law. you wouldn't get hiccups, would you? they have to go through a complicated procedure. we'd be happy to give you a good reference. im pretty sure they won't let you check in. niore areas of natural beauty wil be destroyed. ‘we'll have enough time to see a few sights ‘you can't really complain about the government. onmooe Seevd)]|ssene 1 B_ Rewrite using an appropriate conditional form, starting with the words given. 1. Sue didn't get me a birthday present, which is why I didn't get her one. tf Sue a 2. We didn't pay them on time because they made a mistake with our order. Ir they 7 a 3 The climate is undergoing such radical changes that scientists are worried. I 4 Did California become an important area because they found gold there? WoUIE ass — 5 a , 5 Its the sunset that attracts tourists to that place. Kit... ee ae 6 There was a traffic jam on the motorway so | was late for my interview. If there 7 I suggest you use a sunblock, and then you won't go red. Hiwere 8 The accident happened as a result of the driver's not paying attention to the road. lithe driver C Complete using the correct form of the verbs in bold. Add any other words you need. 174 March | So, today marks one year since became a Park Ranger. If! (1) (do) that then, never | (2) 1 (have) sc many fantastic experiences. ff you (3) ~ (ask) me now, | would say that | knew nothing when | started, huit ve learnt a huge amnunt. In a typical day, I'l deal with complaints, check on the running of the park and lead guided tours, if any (4) ... (book). If it's low season, | (5) (have) time to check on forest management and fire control measures. It.can get stressful at times, especially if visitors to the park (6) .» (get) lost or injured. We had a case last week, which wouldn't (7) (happen) if the woman involved (8) (be) a bit more careful. You see, if you (9) snuesmnemnes (Wander) around a large National Park like this without a map, you're bound to get lost. This particular case might (10) (be) so bad if it (ay _-ou (Start) raining, She was only wearing light clothes, so she was wet through and freezing when we found her. | dread to think what might (12) a (happen) if we hadn't! 88LL”, es Conditionals. Unit 11 D Circle the correct word or phrase. IF we hadn't taken a wrong turning back there, we wouldn't be / have beon in this mess now. Should / Would you need any further assistance, please don't hesitate to ask. Had they not / Hadn't they warned people in time, a lot more lives could have been lost. It you worked / had worked last weekend when the boss asked you, then you wouldn't have to work this weekend, 5. Were all the members of staffto attend the conference, would the hotel have / have had enough rooms for everyone? 6 Had the government acted sooner, the gcneral public wouldn't be worrying / have worried so much about the current situation. 7 Tom Cruise wouldn't be the star he is today had he not / should he not have made a good impression in his early films, 8 Weren't we / Were we not to build more roads, the tratfic system would collapse by 2020. 9 It would be hard enough to pass the exam tomorrow even if you went / had gone to all the lectures this year. 10 You can contact the hotel manager on extension 142 should / could you need to. 11 Shouldn't you / Should you not ccccive confirmation of your fight by e mail, please click the link below. 12 | would have asked the persor for ID before | let him in, if| were / have been you E Complete using the words in the box. case * condition * long * otherwise * provided * so * suppose * unless 1 Do you want a highly-paid career, ad, if nnn @F@ YOU Prepared to retrain? Contact us. 2 tim quite happy to lend you money, as as you make sure | get it back. 3. The village fair should be a great SUCCESS, -onnuminnnnsnnn WE don't have the Same problems with the weather as last year 4 Id be great to see you on Saturday evening, you've already got other plans. 5 Could you go to the shop for me? Ihave to stay in in the courier comes. 6 Your idea sounds fine in theory, but just... something goes wong. What then? 7. Write your name at the top of your essay, | won't knnow which one’s yours, 8 The judge allowed the accused to stay at home on she reported to the police every morning F Write one word in each gap. 1 would never be able to afford a new HOUSE if... Wasnt for all the cvertime Ive been doing. 2 Withadn't for the fact that his uncle was a partner in the business, Angus would never have got the jab. 3 How do you think you'd feel if someone happened damage your car fike that? for the kindness of a complete stranger, | would never have found the hotel 5 I dont think I'd be surprised in the slightest Paul were to suddenly announce that he was moving abroad. 6 Dont forget to mention the new schedule to Veronica if you happen to see her this evening 7. Football matches would be ideal family outings it not for the danger of violence. 8 lfithadn't been the children, m sure Trisha would have left Toma long time ago. 9 I would have lost the game . it not been for some quick thinking, 10 IFYOU soma find the Book Iwas asking you about, give me a call 89OOo Unit 11. Grammer G Rewrite the sentences, starting with the words given, 1 The only reason we won the contract was Debbie's fantastic presentation. We wouldn't have : 2 The eventual arrival of the ferry prevented a fight from breaking out amongst the passengers. ‘fit hadn't been for is 3. None of the passengers was injured because of the driver's quick reaction. But 4 Wellhave to cancel the meeting if Wendy doesnt turn up soon, Uniess 5 Mr Jones would be quite lonely fhe didn't have his daughters visits, Were it 6 Here's my phone number, because you might need it. Incase — 7 Agree to be back by midnight and you can go. Providing 8 Officer Hughes prevented the robbers from escaping. Had it H_ Choose the correct answer. 1 Ifyou saw another student cheating in an exam, 6 if you hadn't taken the money, you somebody? in prison now. ‘Adi you tell would you tel! Avwouldnt have been C haven't been B do you tell Dhave you told B hadn't been Dwould't be 2 Make sure you mix the ingredients well, 7 Do you think that if we wo» earlier we Yyou might get lunps in your cake. ‘might not have missed the coach? Aunless C provided Ahave been leaving Chad left B otherwise D supposing Bleft D have left 3 Were iy 02d, | would never nave 8 Unless Ray here soon, 'm going to started playing tennis inthe frst place. leave because I'm getting bored. Aitfor Cito be for ‘Adoesn't get C wont get Bit hadn't been for Ditnot for Beets D will got ait hear from Nigel, Hl tellhim you «9 What if you that there's a good were asking after him, chance | can get tickets for the concert? ‘Ahappened C should to Awere to tell C have told B should happen to D will happen to Buwere teling D would to tell 5 The book would have been perfect... 10 I there - happen to be any reason the ending {or late delivery, please inform our ‘had itnot been for Cit hadn't been for ‘Accounts Departmert. Bithad not been for DO hada'tit been for Armight would B could D should 90OO Conditionals. Unit 11 | Write one word in each gap. Had (2) not been for the invention of CFCs (chlorofluoracarbons' in the 1920s, at least one environmental problem mighthave been avoided. In fact, (2) they to be invented today, they (3) no doubt be immediately banned. For fifty years, though, if you bought an air conditioner or a spray, there (4)... ‘@ good chance that it contained CFCs ~ and those CFCs are stil around inthe atmosphere. If you (5) able to travel into the upper layers of the atmosptere, you (6) see the chlorine and fluorine from CFCs breaking down the ozone (a form of oxygen). Ozone could damage your lungs (7) ee... ‘you were to breathe it, but high in the atmosphere it performs the function of blocking ultraviole: rays from the sun, rays which can cause skin carcer if you (8) exposed to them. We might (9) have known about the process (10) it not been for the work of two American scientists, Frank Rowland and Mario Molina. A number of industries fought against their conclusions, and might have won (11) the evidence not been so clear. Rowland and Molina received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1995 for their work on the ozone layer, but (a2) which we might today be facing an even greater problem. ae J Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three aiid vight words, including the word given. 1 Without this new diet, Henry would never have lost so much weight. it Had this new det, Henry would never have lost so ‘much weight. 2. Unless the plans change, well see you on the 194". no Provided the plans, well see you on the 19", 3 you apled now, here's a good chance you woud get the job. apy Were 1 theres good chance you would get the job. 4 didn't know about your problem so | did't offer to help. have IF fd known about your problem, tohelp. 5 It could get cold at night, so take some warm clothes. in Take some warm clothes... cold at night. 6 dove to travel the world if! didn't have to pay off my mortgage. having Were - to pay off my mortgage, Id lve to travel the world 7. Ten years aga, people woule have complained at seeing this fm. sean Had , they would have complained 8 Drivers are allowed to park here if they display a local resident permit, condition Drivers are allowed to park here they display a local resident permit.