Chapter 8: Manufacture Substance in Industry

8.1 Alloy and its Important

8.1.1 Pure metals
1. Pure metals are made up of one type of atoms, thus all atoms have the same size.

2. The atoms in metal are orderly arranged in layers to form a three-dimensional crystal lattice.
3. Force of attraction between the atom are very strong, thus a large amount of energy is required to
overcome the forces.
4. Thus pure metal have high melting and boiling point.

5. Properties of pure metals

a) Ductile
o Although the forces of attraction between the metal atoms are strong, they are not rigid.
o In a pure metal, atoms are of the same size and packed regularly in layers.
o When a force is apply, the layers of atom can slide over one another easily.
o Thus metals are ductile or can be stretched.

b)Malleable
There are some empty spaces in between the atoms. When a metal is knocked or presses,
groups of atoms may slide and then settle into new positions.

8.1.2 Alloy
1) Mixture of two or more elements with a certain fixed composition in which the major component
is a metal.
2) The aim of making alloys are:
a) To increase the strength and hardness of a pure metal
b) To increase the resistance to corrosion of a pure metal
c) To improve the appearance of a pure metal

Why alloy (example steel) is harder than pure metal (example iron)?
The atomic sizes of iron atom and carbon atom in steel are not the same. The present of these different
atoms disrupts the orderly arrangement of pure iron metal. So layers of atom will not slide over one
9
another easily when a force is applied. Thus alloy is harder than pure metal.
To Compare The Hardness of a Pure Metal and Its Alloy

The copper wire in an electric cable can be easily bent by hand. A one-cent coin made of an alloy of
copper with zinc cannot be bent easily.

Referring to the above situation, plan a laboratory experiment to investigate the effect of alloy formation on
the hardness of a metal. Your planning must include the

i. Statement of problem
ii. All the variable
iii. List of substances and apparatus
iv. Hypothesis
v. Procedure
vi. Tabulation of data

Answer:

Ruler
Weight
Retort stand
Steel ball bearing
Brass/Copper block
Statement of the problem : Is brass harder than copper?
Manipulated variable : Copper block and brass block
Responding variable : The size/diameter of the dent
Constant variable : Mass of weight, height of weight
Materials and apparatus : Brass block and copper block, ruler, 1 kg weight, retort stand and clamp,
thread, steel ball bearing and cellophane tape.
Hypothesis : The copper block will has a bigger diameter of dent than brass block when a
weight is hit on the steel ball bearing on it. // Brass is harder than Copper.
Procedure:
1. A steel ball bearing is attached to the surface of the brass block using a cellophane tape.
2. Using thread, the 1 kg weight is held 1 metre from the surface of the brass block.
3. Released the weight to hit the steel ball.
4. Measure the diameter of dent formed on the surface of brass block by using a ruler.
5. Repeated this activity 3 times to get the average diameter of dent.
6. Repeat step 1 to 5 by replacing brass block with copper block.
7. The diameter of dent on each block are observed and recorded in a table.

Observation:
Type of block Diameter of the dent (cm)
1 2 3 Average
Brass
Copper

Conclusion: The smaller the diameter of the dent, the harder and stronger is the material. Hypothesis is
accepted.

CEW / Manufacture of substances in industry / 2023

10
Composition, properties and uses of alloys

Alloy Composition Properties Uses

Bronze 90% copper, 10% tin Harder, stronger, does not Medals, statues,
corrode easily and shiny monuments, art
surface objects
Brass 70% copper, 30% zinc Harder than copper Musical instruments,
kitchenware
Cupro-nickel 75% copper, 25% nickel Beautiful surface, shiny, Coins
harder, does not corrode
easily
Steel 99% iron, 1% carbon Harder, stronger Buildings, bridges,
body of cars, railway
tracks
Stainless steel74% iron, 8% carbon, 18% Shiny, stronger, does not Surgical instruments,
chromium rust pipes, cutlery
Duralumin 93% aluminium, 3% copper, 3% Light, stronger Body of aircraft and
magnesium, 1% manganese bullet trains
Pewter 96% tin, 3% copper, 1% Shiny, stronger, does not Art objects, souvenirs
antimony corrode
Superconductor Magnesium, calcium, barium, - Do not have electrical Maglev train (very
beryllium, strontium resistance at very low high speed train)
temperature.
- This alloy use to make
magnet that can leviate
the train and move at very
high speed.

11
 8.2 Composition of Glass and Its Uses
Glass
1. Glass is normally referred to a transparent, shiny substance that breaks rather easily.
2. Major component of glass is silica or silicon dioxide, SiO2 which can be found in sand.
3. Common properties: Transparent, hard but brittle, impermeable to liquid, heat insulator, electrical
insulator, chemically inert.

4. Four types of glasses

Type of glass Composition Properties Uses
Fused silica glass Silicon dioxide •High melting point (≈ 1800ºC) • Laboratory glassware
(expensive) (Silica) only •High temperature and chemical • Arc tubes in lamps
durability • Optical fibres
• Does not expand nor contract when • Telescope lens
there is a large change in
temperature (resistant to thermal
shock)
•Transparent to uv and infrared light
Soda-lime glass •Silicon dioxide • Low melting point (≈ 1000ºC) • bottles, jars and tumblers
(most common •Sodium • High thermal expansion coefficient • Flat glass
and early used carbonate • Does not withstand heat • Windowpanes
glass) (Soda) • Cracks easily with sudden change • Mirrors
•Limestone in temperature • Light bulbs
(CaCO3) • Good chemical durability • Art objects
• Easy to mould and shape
• Transparent to visible light
Borosilicate glass •Silicon dioxide • Transparent to visible light • Cookware
•Boron oxide • Resistant to chemicals • Laboratory glassware
•Sodium • Lower thermal expansion • Automobile headlights
carbonate coefficient • Electrical tubes
(Soda) • Resistant to thermal shock
•Limestone • Can withstand wide range of
(CaCO3) temperature changes
•Aluminium
oxide
Lead crystal glass •Silicon dioxide •Soft and easy to melt •Tableware
•Lead (II) oxide •Transparent to visible light •Art objects
•Sodium •High density •Crystals
carbonate •High refractive index •Prism lenses
(Soda)

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8.3 Composition of Ceramics and its Uses

1. Ceramic is a solid made up of inorganic and non-metallic substances.

2. Ceramic is produced through the process the process of sharping and by using heating technique at a
high temperature.

3. General properties: hard and strong, brittle (break easily), chemically inert, does not corrode, heat
insulator, electrical insulator, has high thermal resistant.

4. The atoms in ceramics are bonded by strong covalent bonds and ionic bonds. Hence, ceramics only
melts at very high temperatures, are hard and resistant to compression.
5. When force is applied, the atoms in ceramics cannot slide over each other because these atoms are
strongly bonded in indefinite arrangement.
6. The energy from the force will be used to break the bonds between the atoms.
7. Hence, ceramic is brittle and weak towards stretching
8. Electrons in ceramics cannot move freely to conduct electricity or heat.

9. Traditional ceramics are made from clay such as kaolin which is rich in kaolinite (hydrated
aluminium silicate, Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O).
10. Traditional ceramics used to make bricks, pottery, bowl and crockery.

11. Advanced ceramics are made from inorganic compounds such as oxides, carbides and nitrides.
12. Advanced ceramics have higher resistance to heat and abrasion, more chemically inert and have
superconductivity properties.
13. Advanced ceramic is used to make cutting disc, tungsten carbides ring and break disc.

14. Used of ceramic in the making of

Property Uses Examples
Hard and strong Building materials Tiles, bricks, roofs, cement,
cutting disc
Attractive, easily moulded and glazed Decorative pieces and Vases, porcelain ware, sinks,
household items bathtubs, tungsten carbides
ring
Chemically inert and non-corrosive Kitchenware Cooking pots, plates, bowls
Very high melting point and good Insulation Lining of furnace, engine
insulator of heat parts in jet planes, break disc

Electrical insulators Insulating parts in electrical Spark plug, insulators in

appliances ovens and electric cables,
power station
Inert and non-compressible Medical and dental apparatus Zirconia - Artificial teeth
Alumina – Knee bone
MRI machines because it has
superconductivity properties.

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8.4 Composite Materials and its Importance
1. A composite material is a structural material that is formed by combining two or more non-
homogenous substances, that is matrix substance and strengthening substance.
Cellulose fibres

Lignin
Lignin Cellulose fibres Wood

Example of matrix substance, strengthening substance and composite materials

2. Both components of a composite material have different physical and chemical properties which will has
better properties than the original components.
3. Examples: Reinforced concrete, optical fibre, superconductors and fibreglass and photochromic glass.

Reinforced concrete
1. Concrete is a composite material which consists of a mixture of stones, chips and sand bound
together by cement. It is strong but brittle and weak in tensile strength.
2. Steel is strong in tensile strength.
3. Concrete: matrix substance, Steel: strengthening substance
4. When concrete is reinforced with steel wire netting or steel rods, the resulting combination is a very
tough (harder) material with high tensile strength. This material is known as reinforced concrete.
5. Uses: bridges, dams and buildings.
Concrete alone is not strong enough

Metal rods reinforce the concrete

Reinforce concrete

Superconductors
1. Superconductor is capable of conducting electricity without any electrical resistance when they are
cooled to an extremely low temperature.
2. Ceramic superconductor – substances that can conduct electricity with zero resistance.
3. Example is yttrium barium copper oxide, YBCO.
4. Most of the superconductors are alloys of metal compounds or ceramics of metal oxides.
5. Characteristics: zero electrical resistance, light, strong magnetic force.
6. Used in Maglev train, computer parts, generators, transformers, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
(NMR), Magnetic Resonance Imagine (MRI), particle accelerator.

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Optical Fibre
1. Fibre optic cable consists of three layers.
2. Innermost layer core: silica glass fibre (strengthening substance), second layer: glass or plastic
(matrix substance), outermost layer: plastic as protective coating (matrix substance)
3. It transmits data, voice and images in a form of light and in digital format over long distances
without distortion and loss of signal, using light waves that pass through the fibre.
4. It used to replace copper wire in long distance telephone lines, in mobile phones, video cameras and
to link computers within local area network (LAN).

Fibre glass
1. Glass is hard, strong and has relatively high density but is relatively brittle.
2. Plastic is elastic, flexible with low density but not that strong
3. Fibreglass is produced when plastic (matrix substance) is strengthened with glass fibres
(strengthening substance).
4. Fibreglass has high tensile strength can be easily coloured, moulded and shaped, inert to chemical
and is low in density. It can be made into thin layers, yet very strong.
5. Used to make water storage tanks, badminton rackets, helmets, printed circuit board, car bodies such
as bumper or F1 car bodies.

Photochromic Glass
1. Photochromic glass is formed when glass (matrix substance) is combined with silver chloride, AgCl,
and copper (I) chloride, CuCl (strengthening substance).
2. When exposed to light, photochromic glass darkens and clears up when the rays are removed.
3. Silver atom will form when exposed to sunlight and so Ag atom prevents the passage of light.
4. In dim light, copper (I) chloride, CuCl in photochromic glass catalyses the reverse process so that
glass become transparent again.
5. Photochromic glass will absorb ultraviolet ray thus protects users from ultraviolet ray.
6. Used in vehicle windows, building windows, camera lenses, spectacles and eyes glasses.

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Chapter 8: Manufacture Of Substances In Industry
1) Diagram below shows the arrangement of atoms in two types of copper alloy.

Zinc atom Atom M

Copper
atom

Alloy X
Bronze
a) State the meaning of alloy.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
b) State the name of alloy X
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
c) State the name of atom M.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
d) i) What is the difference in terms of hardness between bronze and pure copper?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
ii) Complete table below to show the differences in terms of size and arrangement of atoms in bronze
and pure copper.
Difference Bronze Pure copper
Size of atoms
Arrangement of atoms
[2 marks]
i) Describe what happens to the atoms when a force is applied to a bronze and pure copper.
Bronze : ………………………………………………………………………………
Pure copper : ………………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks]
e) Pewter is also an example of an alloy. State one use of pewter.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
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 f) Table below three manufactured substances in industry A, B and C and their uses.
Manufactured substances in uses
industry
A To make glass cooking ware

B To make water storage

C To make airplanes body

i) State the name of the following substances:

A: …………………………………………………………………………………………
B: …………………………………………………………………………………………..
C: ………………………………………………………………………………………….
[3 marks]
ii) Explain how substance B can cause environmental pollution.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….
[2 marks]
2) a) Borosilicate glass is one type of glass that is widely use.

2019
i) State the main component of the glass.
Johor
.........………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]
ii) State one main characteristics of the borosilicate glass.
.........………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]
iii) State one use of the borosilicate glass in daily life.
.........………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]

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 b) Diagram below shows a helmet that is wear by motorist for their safety.

Material Y

Material Y is made up from the mixture of glass and plastic.

i) State the name of material Y.
.........………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]
ii) State one advantage of material Y compared to borosilicate glass.
.........………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]
c) Table 3 state the type of glass, composition and its uses. Fill in the blanks.

Type of glass Composition Uses

Laboratory glassware,
telescope
Fused glass mirrors, optical fibres
and lenses

Light bulbs, window

Silicon dioxide,
glass, drinking
sodium carbonate
glass, mirrors
calcium carbonate
[2 marks]

d) Composite material is a mixture of two or more different substances. Reinforced

concrete is one of the examples of composite materials.

i) State one use of reinforced concrete.

………............................................................................................................
[1M]
(ii) State one advantage of reinforced concrete.
………............................................................................................................
[1M]

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 3) The table below shows the manufactured substances in industry A and B and their respective
2021 uses.
MRSM
Substances Uses
A To make bricks and potteries
B To make brake disc and cutting disc

a) Main component in substance A and B are the same.

Name the component.
.………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]
b) State two basic properties of A and B.
……………………………………………….………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………….………………………………………………………..
[2 marks]
c) State one difference for both substances A and B.
……………………………………………….………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………….………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]
d) State another usage of substance A.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....
[1 mark]
4) Aurum is the main element consists on gold. Table below shows information related to the two types of
gold bar available in the market.

2021
SBP

Gold bar 50 g 50 g

916 999

Silver

Arrangement
of atoms

Aurum Aurum

i) State the meaning of alloy.

.........………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]
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 ii) Which gold bar is more suitable to make jewelry?
.........………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]
iii) Based on your answer above, compare the two types of gold in terms of the arrangement of
atoms to explain your choice.
.........………………………………………………………………………………………..
........…………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks]
5) a) The diagram below shows two pairs of spectacles made from two different type of lenses.
2021
Kelantan

Lens for spectacle A is made from fused silica glass while lens for spectacle B is made from
photochromic glass which turns dark when exposed to sunlight.
i) State two photochromic material used in spectacle lenses B.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks]
ii) State the advantage of the photochromic glass.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]
b) The diagram below shows a Maglev train. This electric train can reach speeds of up to 581 km/h.

i) State the appropriate alloy used in this transport.

………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]
ii) Why alloy in (b) (i) is suitable to use?
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]

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 6) The table below shows two types of glass and their composition.

2021 Glass X Glass Y

Selangor Its composition are silica, sodium carbonate, boron Its composition are silica, sodium carbonate
oxide and aluminium oxide. and calcium carbonate.

a) The diagram below shows a pot. The cover of the pot is made from a type of glass.

State the glass in table above which can be used to make the cover of the pot. Explain your
answer.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[2 marks]
b) The table below shows the particulars of two different types of manufactured substances in the
industries.
Manufactured substances Name of the products Components
M Reinforced concrete Cement, sand, small pebbles
and steel
N Silicon carbide Silicone and carbon

Based in the table above,

i) State the type of manufactured substances M and N.
M: ………………………………………………………………………………………….
N:……………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks]
ii) What is the advantage of using reinforced concrete compared to concrete?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

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 7) The table below shows two types of glass and their composition

2021 Glass X Glass Y

Selangor
Its composition are silica, sodium carbonate, Its composition are silica, sodium carbonate and
boron oxide and aluminium oxide. calcium carbonate.

a) The diagram above shows a pot. The cover of the pot is made from a type of glass.

State the glass in table above which can be used to make the cover of the pot. Explain your
answer.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks]
b) The table below shows the particulars of two different types of manufactured substances in the
industries.
Manufactured substances Name of the products Components
M Reinforced concrete Cement, sand, small pebbles
and steel
N Silicon carbide Silicone and carbon

i) State the types of manufactured substances M and N.

M: ………………………………………………………………………………………
N: ………………………………………………………………………………………..
[2 marks]
ii) What is the advantage of using reinforced concrete compared to concrete?
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]

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 8) a) The diagram below shows two types of substances that are frequently used in the construction
of high-rise building.
SPM
2021

Based on diagram above,

i) What is substance X?
………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark]
ii) In the construction of high-rise buildings, substance B is sued more in construction
industry. Give your reason.
………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark]
iii) A jetty pillar was hit by a ferry and cause it to break. As an engineer, choose one of the
substances in diagram above and what should be done with the substance to strengthen
the jetty pillar? Give your reasons.
………………………………………………………………………………………….…
……………………………………………………………………………………….……
……………………………………………………………………………………………
[3 marks]
b) The table below shows information about two types of glasses P and Q.
Type of glass Composition Uses
P Silica, Sodium carbonate, Calcium carbonate Window glass
Q Silica, Silver chloride, Calcium carbonate Window glass

i) State two similarities of the properties of glass P and glass Q.

…………………………………………………………………………………………….….
[1 mark]
ii) If you wish to install a glass window at your house that is able to prevent the ultraviolet rays,
which type of glass will be chosen? Give your reason.
………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………….
[2 marks]
iii) State one other uses of the glass that is stated in (b) (ii).
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark]
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 Essay:
1. a) Diagram below shows the arrangement of atoms in two types of materials, A and B. Material B is
more suitable than material A to make railway tracks.
Atom X

Material A Material B
i) State the types of material A and material B. [2 marks]
ii) Explain, in terms of arrangement of atoms, why material B is more suitable to make railway
tracks. [4 marks]

b) Table below shows five different manufactured substances in industry, V, W, X, Y and Z and their
uses.
Manufactured substances in industry Uses
V To make glass cookware and boiling tubes
W To make internal wall of the furnace
X To make helmets and water storage tanks
Y To make medals and statues
Z To make the body of aero planes
Based on above table, state the names of V, W, X, Y and Z. Give the specific properties of each of
the substances to support your answers. [10 marks]

2. Table 7 shows three types of manufactured substances in industry.

PAHANG Types of manufactured substances Example uses
JUJ 2015 P Porcelain bricks Flower pot, construction materials
Composite material Fibre glass Q
Glass R Laboratory apparatus, kitchen utensil

From table above, state

(i) Types of manufactured substance P
(ii) One uses of composite material, Q
(iii) Name glass R.
(iv) State two advantages of fibre glass compare to glass R.
[5 marks]

24
 b) Table below shows three manufactured substances in industries, X, Y and Z with their uses.
Manufacture substances Use
X To make fork and spoon
Y To make boiling tube
Z To make racket frame
Based on the table above, determine the substances X, Y and Z. Give the specific properties of
each of the substances to support your answers
[6 marks]
3. a) Reinforced concrete is a composite material which is more suitable to be used in the construction
MRSM of high rise buildings, bridges and oil rigs compared to concrete.
2015
Explain why reinforced concrete is more suitable to be used in those constructions.
[4 marks]
JUJ SET 1
2022

4. The diagram below shows three basic layers composite material X and basic properties for material Y
and material Z.

Composite
material X

Material Y

25
Material Z

Based on Diagram 11.1, state the meaning of composite material.

Name composite material X and identify the types of material Y and material Z.
[4 marks]

(b) The diagram 11.2 shows gold bracelets and gold bar produced from two different types of gold.

Gold bracelet 24 g Gold bar 24 g

Gold 22K Gold 24K
Diagram 11.2

The purity of gold is measured in carats (K). 24 carat gold is pure gold without the addition of any other
metal with 99.99% purity whereas 22K gold is a mixture comprising of 22 units by mass of gold with 2 units
by mass of other metal such as copper.

Calculate the percentage by mass to find out the alloy composition in a 22K gold bracelet weighing 24 g.
Justify why 22K gold is more suitable as a bracelet than 24K gold.
[4 marks]

26
(c) Based on the bulletin excerpt in Diagram 11.3, write the chemical equation for the production of
polyvinyl chloride in industry. State two characteristics of polyvinyl chloride that make it suitable to be used
as a water pipe and electrical cable casing. Suggest two ways to reduce environmental pollution from the
polymer.
[6 marks]

(d) The diagram 11.4 shows information for the historical monuments of the National Monument and a list
of materials and apparatus to carry out an experiment.

National Monument Information List of materials and apparatus

Stainless steel strip 100 cm3 beaker

copper strip 100 cm3 measuring

cylinder
iron strip
steel ball bearing
brass strip

rubber strip iron ball

bronze block 1 kg weight

The National Monument was built in
1966. The National Monument made of pewter block retort stand with
clamp
bronze is still standing strong and not copper block
corroded despite being exposed to meter ruler
tin block
weather changes for over 50 years. sandpaper
distilled water
cellophane tape

sodium chloride
solution

Diagram 11.4

By using your chemistry knowledge, describe briefly the experiment to study one of the properties of alloy
stated above compared to it’s pure metal by using suitable materials and apparatus given in Diagram 11.4.
State the observations and conclusion of the experiment chosen.
[6 marks]

27
Objective A. The arrangement of atoms is more
compact in bronze
1. Material Y has the following properties.
B. There are no empty space between atoms
- Low coefficient of thermal in bronze
expansion. C. Layers of atoms are not easily to slide in
- Very high resistance to bronze
chemical substances. D. Strong bonds are formed between copper
atoms and tin atoms in bronze

What is material Y?
A. Brass
5. Diagram below a racing car. The body of
B. Steel the car is made of substance X.
C. Borosilicate glass
D. Photochromic glass Substance X

2. Which composite material contains a

mixture of cement and steel?
A. Fibre glass
B. Superconductor
Substance X has the following properties:
C. Reinforce concrete
- Strong
D. Photochromic glass
- Light
- Withstand high temperature
3. Ceramic is suitable for making the exterior
Which of the following is substance X?
of space shuttle because ceramic
A. Steel C. Ceramic
A. Can store charges
B. Perspex D. Fibre glass
B. Has high melting point
C. Can resist to chemical corrosion
D. Can withstand high pressure and heat 6. Diagram below shows a type of material
used to make buildings.

4. Diagram below shows the arrangement of Cement

atoms in bronze.
Copper atom Steel wires

Tin atom
What are the characteristics of the material?
A. High tensile strength
B. Hard and brittle
Which statement explains why bronze is C. High boiling point and melting point
D. Capable to conduct electricity
harder than pure copper?

28
7. Diagram below shows the arrangement of 12. The diagram below shows the diameters of
atoms in three substances the dents which are produced in an
experiment to investigate the hardness of
three different substances P, Q and R.

P Q R
Arrange the substances from the most
ductile to the least ductile.
A. R, P, Q C. Q, P, R
B. P, R, Q D. Q, R, P What are P, Q and R the correct
arrangement of hardness of the substances
8. What is the type of glass used to make glass
containers? in ascending order?
A. Borosilicate glass C. Fused glass P Q R Arrangement
B. Soda lime glass D. Lead crystal glass
A Steel Copper Brass R, P, Q
9. Statue or monuments are made of bronze. B Brass Steel Copper R, P, Q
What is the main metal in bronze?
A. Iron C. Magnesium C Steel Brass Copper Q, P, R
B. Aluminium D. Copper
D Brass Copper Steel Q, P, R
10. Fibre glass are used to make helmet
because it
A. Can withstand heat
B. Is hard
C. Does not rust easily
D. Is strong and light

11. Diagram below shows a musical instrument.

Which alloy is used to make this instrument?

A. Brass
B. Pewter
C. Bronze
D. Duralumin

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 CEW / Manufacture of substances in industry / 2021

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