2

UNIT
OLYMPIC VALUE EDUCATION

Content

Olympism – Concept and Olympics Values (Excellence, Friendship

& Respect)

Olympic Value Education – Joy of Effort, Fair Play, Respect for

Others, Pursuit of Excellence, Balance Among Body, Will & Mind
Physical EDUCATION-XI

Ancient and Modern Olympics

Olympics - Symbols, Motto, Flag, Oath, and Anthem

Olympic Movement Structure - IOC, NOC, IFS, Other members

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 Learning Outcomes

At the end of this unit, you will be able to:

WW incorporate values of Olympism in your life.
WW differentiate between Modern and Ancient Olympic
Games, Paralympics and Special Olympic games
WW identify the Olympic Symbol and Ideals
WW describe the structure of Olympic movement struc-
ture
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 Discussion

The Olympic Symbols are icons, flags, and symbols used by the International
Olympic Committee (IOC) for the Olympic Games.

1. The Olympic flag was created under the guidance of Baron Coubertin in 1913
and was released in 1914. But it was first hoisted in 1920 in Antwerp, Belgium
at the 1920 Summer Olympics in the main stadium. How many rings does the
Olympics flag have? What do these rings represent? What are the colours of the
rings? What do these colours represent? What values do the rings represent?
2. The Olympic motto is Citius, Altius, Fortius. What does it mean?
3. What values do the Modern Olympic Games embody? Look at the word cloud
given below. List as many values as you think are embodied by the Olympic
Games.

Create your own Olympics word cloud.

2.1.1 THE OLYMPISM

“Olympism is a philosophy of life, exalting and combining in a balanced whole the

qualities of body, will and mind. Blending sport with culture and education, Olympism
seeks to create a way of life based on the joy found in effort, the educational value
of good example and respect for universal fundamental ethical principles.”

The Olympic Movement or Olympism is a philosophy of Olympic Games which is

developed and endorsed by the International Olympic Committee. It promotes
friendship, respect, fair play and sportsmanship through sports activities and stands
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against discrimination on the basis of gender, race, religion or nationality. It also

expands the area of Olympism from sports activities to promoting peace and brother
hood. “The goal of the Olympic Movement is to contribute to building a peaceful
and better world by educating youth through sport without discrimination of any
kind and in the Olympic spirit, which requires mutual understanding with a spirit of
friendship, solidarity and fair play.”

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 Fundamental Principles of Olympism

In the Olympic Charter following Fundamental Principal of Olympism are described.

1. Olympism is a philosophy of life, exalting and combining in a balanced

whole the qualities of body, will and mind. Blending sport with culture and
education, Olympism seeks to create a way of life based on the joy of effort,
the educational value of good example, social responsibility and respect for
universal fundamental ethical principles.
2. The goal of Olympism is to place sport at the service of the harmonious
development of human kind, with a view to promoting a peaceful society
concerned with the preservation of human dignity.
3. The Olympic Movement is the concerted, organised, universal and permanent
action, carried out under the supreme authority of the IOC, of all individuals
and entities who are inspired by the values of Olympism. It covers the five
continents. It reaches its peak with the bringing together of the world’s athletes
at the great sports festival, the Olympic Games. Its symbol is five interlaced
rings.
4. The practice of sport is a human right. Every individual must have the possibility
of practicing sport, without discrimination of any kind and in the Olympic spirit,
which requires mutual understanding with a spirit of friendship, solidarity and
fair play.
5. Recognising that sport occurs within the framework of society, sports
organisations within the Olympic Movement shall apply political neutrality. They
have the rights and obligations of autonomy, which include freely establishing
and controlling the rules of sport, determining the structure and governance
of their organisations, enjoying the right of elections free from any outside
influence and the responsibility for ensuring that principles of good governance
be applied.
6. The enjoyment of the rights and freedoms set forth in this Olympic Charter
shall be secured without discrimination of any kind, such as race, colour, sex,
sexual orientation, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or
social origin, property, birth or other status.
7. Belonging to the Olympic Movement requires compliance with the Olympic
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Charter and recognition by the IOC.

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 2.1.2 OLYMPIC VALUES

The Olympic Games have established themselves as a global celebration of sport

and peace. Through a combination of sport, culture and education, the Olympic
Movement uses sport as a tool to promote fundamental ethical principles and
support harmonious development for all. The Paralympic movement promotes
universal values: courage, determination, inspiration, equality. The three important
core values of Olympism central to Olympic Games are Excellence, Respect and
Friendship. These core values are considered important in life to make it worth
living and helps in decision-making on moral terms.

Olympic Values Friendship

Friendship is at the core of the Olympic Movement. It encourages us to see sport as

an instrument for mutual understanding between individuals, and between peoples
all over the world. Friendship brings Olympic and Paralympic athletes and people
from around the world together in sport, play and competition. It breaks down
barriers – encouraging individuals to look beyond the differences such as gender,
ability, culture, race or religion. By welcoming everyone’s differences we are able
to establish stronger bonds. Friendships can be the basis of connections within
community for working together and supporting each other.

Respect

Respect lies at the heart of Olympism – respect for yourself and your body, for
other people, for rules and regulations, for sports and for the environment. In fact,
respect is the key to strong friendships, fair play and sportsmanship. Understanding
the impact of our actions, positive or negative, is an important part of playing a
participative role in our communities. Respecting yourself and others goes beyond
sport.

Respect includes

hh knowing that we can offend or hurt someone by not letting them join in
our game (respect of others).
hh listening to and asking for the ideas, opinions and beliefs of everyone–
boys, girls, people living with a disability (respect for others).
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hh helping others to feel safe from violence–teasing, bullying, and verbal,

physical and sexual violence (respect for others).
hh taking care of ourselves by choosing to eat healthy food, while getting
enough rest and exercise (self-respect).
hh being confident in ourselves to share and defend our ideas and opinions
(self- respect).
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 Excellence

Excellence means doing the best we can, on the field of play or in our professional
life. The important thing is not winning, but taking part, making progress and
enjoying the healthy combination of body, will and mind. It is about having an
ambition in life, and through determination, effort and perseverance reaching that
goal. Excellence is not only on the sporting field; it is also in the classroom, where
all children have the right to an education (Article 28), and also by helping children
pursue excellence by chasing their dreams.

I. Tick the correct option.

1. IOC stands against discrimination on the basis of:

a. Gender
b. Race
c. Religion
d. Education

2. Which is NOT an Olympic core value?

a. Excellence
b. Commitment
c. Respect
d. Friendship

3. “Helping others to feel safe from violence” is an example of which of the

following Olympic value?
a. Friendship
b. Respect
c. Excellence
d. Trust

4. In which of the following Olympics values “Mutual understanding between

two persons” took place?
a. Friendship
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b. Respect
c. Excellence
d. Trust

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II. Answer the following questions briefly.

1. What do you the understand by Olympism

2. Describe any one of Olympic core Value.

III. Answer the following questions in 150-200words.

1. Write a note on the principle of Olympism.

2. Discuss the components of Olympic Movement.

2.2.1 OLYMPIC VALUE EDUCATION

The Olympic Values Education is based on the Olympic philosophy that learning takes
place through the balanced development of body and mind. The core values also
include five educational values which have been incorporated from three domains
of learning: Mental, Emotional, and Physical.

hh Joy of effort
hh Fairplay
hh Respect for others
hh Pursuit of excellence, and
hh Balance in life between body, will and mind.

Joy of Effort

According to the UNESCO Charter “every human being has a fundamental right to
access to physical education and sport, which are essential for the full development
of his/her personality. The freedom to develop physical, intellectual and moral
powers through physical education and sport must be guaranteed both within the
educational system and in other aspects of social life…”.Thus, the child needs to
enjoy and have fun with sports and physical activities he/she is engaged in.

Otherwise, an individual, if forced to over-exert while playing without being given

good experiences to remember or cherish, may develop bad memories. Sports or
physical activities should be promoted with appropriate opportunity to enjoy the
energy and effort with relative outcomes.
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 Do you know?
An example of joy of effort with running was published in a newsletter of the
IOC, where in Kipchoge Keino, a 5-year - old boy from a small village Kenya, who
lived four miles from his school with no public transport available, walked or ran
to school and back. He enjoyed the running, and, in two to three years he would
come home for lunch and go back to school for his remaining classes. At the same
time, he developed an incredible aerobic system and soon he competed in national
events and went on to become an international player. He got a job with the
Kenyan police as a fitness train errand became an example to other cadets.

Fair Play

Although fair play is a concept of sports, it can be applied in many different ways and
contexts beyond the sports field. Fair play refers to playing by the rules. Learning
fair play behaviour in sport can lead to the development and reinforcement of
similar behaviour in one’s everyday life. After participating in sports an individual
develops the habit of fair play that is reflected in his/her attitude and behaviour in
life and towards the community he/she lives in. In sports, an individual follows the
rules. Referees and officials enforce rules through penalties and punishments. There
are many ways through which the concept of fair play can be reflected like shaking
hands with the opponent at the end of the game, appreciating the opponent’s
extraordinary performance etc.

Do you know?
Eugenio Monti made Olympic fair play history in the town of Innsbruck, Austria,
during the Winter Games of 1964. One of the world’s best bobsleighers, Monti had
already won a bronze medal in the four-man bobsleigh. He really wanted to win an
Olympic gold medal in the two-man bobsleigh. As he waited with his partner at the
top of the run for his turn, he realised his main rivals, Robin Dixon and Tony Nash of
Great Britain, had lost a bolt that held the runner to their sled. Without that bolt,
they could not participate in the race.Without giving it any second thought, Monti
lent the pair the bolt from his own sled. Nash and Dixon raced down the track to
capture the gold medal. Monti had to settle for third place, but he was awarded
a special Fair Play Trophy by CIFP for his act of generosity. Four years later, Monti
won gold medals in both the two-manand the four-man bobsleigh events.
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Respect for others

As per the Olympic Charter “The goal contribute to building a peaceful and better
world by educating youth through sport practised in accordance with Olympism
and its values.” Living in a multicultural world, we need to accept and respect
diversity and promote peace. We should appreciate the worth of all peoples and
all cultures, irrespective of race, age, gender and ability. Violence is not the best
way to solve conflicts. This acceptance can be achieved through sport, because
a sports team may consist of people from different cultures, all focussed on one
goal,thatis, victory for the team. The task of bringing peace to societies becomes
even more challenging for sports leaders and educators in societies where there are
ancient hatreds, conflicting values or great economic differences among people. For
example, since the end of Apartheid, South Africans have worked to gether to create
a new society, one in which there is acceptance and respect for people of all races.
Sport spersons and educators have an important role in this process as acceptance
and respect for cultural difference has to be taught. Racism and intolerance are
often a result of ignorance and fear. Understanding and acceptance of difference
develops when people live, work and play together.

Do you know?
At Nazi-hosted 1936 Berlin Olympic Games, it was virtually demanded that white,
Aryan supreme acy and athletic prowess was to dominate. Jesse Owens, a black
man from USA won four gold medals, and he was aided to one of those victories
by a blond, muscular German athlete, Luz Long. Long, the European long- jump
record holder, advised Owens, his competitor at the Games, when he was having
difficulty qualifying for the final of the long jump. Owens had failed twice in his bid
to qualify for the long jump final, and was on his final attempt when Long suggested
Owens adjust his starting point to avoid overstepping the take-offboard. Owens
followed Long’s advice, and he qualified. In the finals, with Hitler, Goebbelsand
Himmler looking on, Owens set about his final attempt. In the frenzied atmosphere,
Longlooked to the crowd, raised his arms and then lowered them to quell the noise,
before castinga“furtive”glance at the Fuhrer. The stadium quietened, Owens was
able to concentrate, and he leapt to victory, leaving Longwith the silver medal.

Pursuit of Excellence
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In today’s competitive and demanding world, an individual’s focus is to become

the best. Focusing on excellence can help young people to make positive, healthy
choices and strive to become the best that they can be in whatever they do. Sports
provide an opportunity to players to become the best or to make healthy choices
in safe social and physical surroundings. A healthy, clean and safe community
makes the welfare of young people its numberone priority. Sport sharpens skills

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 and attends to the needs of all children and youth—girls and boys, children with
learning disabilities, and children with hearing, vision and other physical disabilities.
It provides an environment free from discrimination, harassment and fear. Sport
also provides daily opportunities for children and youth of all ages to participate
in physical activity in an environment free from discrimination, harassment and
intimidation. It is also a place in which individual differences andcultural traditions
are valued and respected.

Balance Between Body, Will and Mind

Do you know?
Deng Yaping of China, a hugely talented table tennis player, started when she was
five. By the time she was nine she had won her provincial junior championship. At
the age of 13, she had won her first national championship. But being less than1.
5 metre stall, she was initially rejected for the national team, despite her talent.
However, it was her talent, her confidence and her perseverance that finally sawher
selected in 1988. She won her first international doubles title in 1989 when she
was only 16, and her first singles title two years later. “Even from an early age, I
dreamed of being world champion,”shesaid. In 1989, she won the Asian Cup and in
1991 she captured the world singles title.

Pierre de Coubertin understood that an international revival of the Olympic Games

would stimulate interest in sports and physical activity among young people.
This remains as relevant today, as it was over 100 years ago. The focus of the
modern Olympic Movement extends beyond sports, embracing cultures, artistic
works, environmental awareness and education. All of these can play their part
in helping young people to build a balanced approach to life. Pierre de Coubertin
maintained, “Modern education… has allowed itself to be carried away by extreme
compartmentalisation. Each strength works in isolation, without any link or contact
with its neighbour. If the topic is muscles, they only want to see animal function.
The brain is furnished as though it were made up of tiny, air-tight compartments.”
He believed in the concept that learning happened in the whole body, not just in the
mind. Physical learning, too, took place in both body and mind but it could not be
done without will. Sport is a medium of balancing body, will and mind.
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 Do you know?
At Montreal 1976, a young Japanese gymnast performed his routine on the rings. He
twisted, turned and balanced, before performing his landing—a double somersault
with a full twist— landing perfectly with both feet. He stood for the required
three seconds, but then collapsed in agony because he had been performing with
a broken knee, injured during the floor exercises. “I didn’t want to worry my
team-mates,” explained Fujimoto. He couldn’t take painkillers because of doping
regulations. “I made myself for get what might happen when I landed,” he said
later. So, he endured his pain and kept it to himself. Though Fujimoto wanted to
carry on inspite of his injuries, his coach and his team- mates, now aware of his
pain, would not allow him to continue with such a severe injury. However, inspired
by Fujimoto’s pride and courage, they all did their very best and won the gold
medal defeating the team from USSR.

Extension Activity
You read about some athletes who embody Olympic values.
Working in groups find out about other such athletes and make a presentation in
class.

I. Tick the correct option.

1. “Playing beyond the rules of the game” is violation of which of the

following educational value?
a. Pursuit of Excellence
b. Balance Between Body, Will and Mind
c. Joy of Effort
d. Fair Play
II. Answer the following questions briefly.

1. Explain “Balance Between Body, Will and Mind” as Olympic Educational

Value.

2. Illustrate the concept of fair play with sports examples

III. Answer the following questions in 150-200words.
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1. Describe Olympic Educational Values with suitable examples.

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 2.3.1 ANCIENT OLYMPIC GAMES

The ancient Olympic Games were organized

in honour of Zeus, the ruler of Greek gods
and goddesses, as a part of a religious
festival. Olympic Games or Olympics get
their name from Mount Olympus, the
highest mountain in Greece or Olympia, a
town in Elis in ancient Greece. The festival
and games began in 776 BCE at Olympia.
At first, the only event at Olympia was the
foot race. Later, sprints wearing full arm
our, and longer races, were added. Chariot racing and combat sports such as boxing
and wrestling were soon regular features too. The open-air track for horse racing
was called ahippodrome. The participants were free male citizens of different city
states within Greece. All participants had to receive 10-month training prior to the
Olympic Games. Women were not allowed to participate in the games. In fact,
they were not even allowed to attend or witness the games. There was, however, a
loophole to this rule – chariot owners, not riders, were declared Olympic champions
and anyone could own a chariot. Kyniska, daughter of a Spartan king, took advantage
of this, claiming victory wreaths in 396BCE and 392BCE.

The games were conducted every four years and the period between two games was
known as Olympiad. The month when the Olympic Games were held was considered
a scared month and all disputes and wars would be stopped and peace would be
declared to facilitate the movement of spectators and athletes.

Do you know?
It is said that when the Persians invaded Greece in the summer of 480BCE, a lot
of the Greek city states agreed that they would put to gether an allied army but
they had a very hard time getting one together because so many people wanted
to go to the Olympics. So, they actually had to delay putting the army together to
defend the country against the Persians.

Initially, the truce lasted for one month butin later centuries it was extended to
Physical EDUCATION-XI

three. No wars were permitted, no arms could be carried in the territory of Elis
and no hindrance was to be given to any spectator, athlete or theoriai- (the official
missions representing particular cities) travelling to the games wherever they came
from and whichever territory they had to cross.

For the first 12 Olympics the stadion foot race was the only event and it remained
the most prestigious event throughout the history of the Games. The race was run

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over one length (a stadion) of the stadium track, 600 ancient feet or 192 m and
preliminary heats were held with the winners of the heats going into the finals.

Do you know?
The ancient Olympic Games were initially a one-day event until 684BCE, when they
were extended to three days. In the 5thcentury BCE, the Games were extended
again to cover five days. The ancient Games included running, long jump, shot put,
javelin, boxing, pankration and equestrian events.

Over time other events were added to the Games to bring the total Programme to
18 events spread over five days. Sports which were included in the ancient Olympic
Games included foot race, chariot race, horse race, Pentathlon (running, long jump,
discuss throw, javelin throw, and wrestling), boxing, wrestling, Pancratium etc.
Athletes were grouped by lot, and in the interest of fairness, this was also the way
pairings were matched in the other events. The eventual winner of the stadion
would even give his name to that particular Games and so be remembered for all
time. Koroibos a Greek cook, baker and athlete from Elis, won the stadion race in
the first recorded Ancient Olympic Games in 776BCE.

Do you know?
The Olympic Games included

hh diaulos- the two stadium lengths foot race, added in 724 BCE.
hh dolichos- longer foot races 7 to 20 stadium lengths, added in 720 BCE.
hh wrestling- added in 708 BCE. Competitors had to throw the opponent to
the ground three times to gain victory.
hh pentathlon- also added in 708 BCE. All done in a single day, the event
order was: jumping (in a soft soil pit using hand-weights or halteres and
accompanied music), discuss (instone, ironorbronze), stadion, javelin
(in wood and thrown using a leather thong), and wrestling. Just how an
athlete won the over all event is unclear, three event victories may have
guaranteed overall victory.
hh boxing- added in 688 BCE. Athletes wore straps of leather (himantes)
around their hands, initially as protection but they evolved in to
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destructive weapons with metal pieces added. Rules were limited to no

low-blows and noholding. Serious injuries were common and deaths not
unknown.
hh Tethrippon - the four - horse chariotrace add edin 680 BCE was run over
ten or twelve circuits of the hippodrome. A version using of also ver8
circuits was added in 384 BCE.

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 hh keles- a horse race adde din 648 BCE and run over 6 circuits. A version
for foals was added in 256 BCE.
hh pankration- a mix of boxing and wrestling also added in 648 BCE. The
pankration was abruta levent and the only moves not allowed were bit
in and gouging, although competitors did not wear the damaging leather
thongs of the boxers.
hh Hoplitodromos- the race in hoplite arm our (helmet, shield and spear)
between 2 and 4 stadium lengths was added in 520 BCE and was usually
the last event of the Games.
hh apene- a race with chariots pulled by two mules, added in 500 BCE
(dropped from 444 BCE).
hh kalpe- a trotting horse race for mares, added in 496 BCE (dropped from
444 BCE).
hh synoris- the two-horse chariot race run over eight circuits of the hippo
drome, adde din 408 BCE. A version using of three circuits was added in
268 BCE.

The opening ceremony of Ancient Olympic Games started with assembly of the
competitors, their coaches, their fathers, their brothers and the judges in the council
house in front of the statue of Zeus to take the oath. The competitors took an oath
that they would not use unfair means and would participate in the games as per
rules and regulations. The Judges pledged that they would be fair and honest in the
judgments during the games. During the march past, the announcer/ commentator
announced the name, father’s name and city of the competitor in public and asked
whether anyone from the spectators had any kind of objection as regards to their
eligibility.

In the times of the ancient Olympic Games, there was only one winner. The
Olympionic (the winner of the Olympic Games) was immediately rewarded after
the competition. A herald announced the name of the winner, then he was awarded
olive leaves plucked from the temple of Zeus and that was the

highest honour. They tied a ribbon of red wool, a taenia, around his head and hands
in the sign of victory. The official prize ceremony took place on the last day of the
Physical EDUCATION-XI

Games in the raised hall in the Temple of Zeus. In a loud voice, the herald announced
the name of the Olympic victor, his father and his city. Then a Hellanodikos placed a
crown made of an olive branch, the kotinos, on the winner’s head. Returning to his
hometown, the athlete was welcomed as a hero and was given numerous advantages
for the rest of his life. To show that he had become famous, the athlete had the right
to have his own statue erected, among other things.

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The Olympiad was named after the name of the winner of 200 yards race. The
winner’s names and figure were engraved on stone by sculptors and poems were
written in their name to honour them.

The Roman Emperor Theodosius I legally abolished the games in 393or 394 A.D. It was
found that the games had lost their original values due to corruption, professionalism
and foul play.

The”Discobolus”isacopyo faGreekstatue5th century

BC. Itrepresents an ancient Olympic discusthrower

2.3.2 MODERN OLYMPIC GAMES

1503 years after Emperor Theodosius I ordered the closure of the

Ancient Olympic games, once again Olympic games took place in
1896 in Athens, Greece. The idea behind restarting Olympic games
came from French nobleman Baron Pierre de Coubertin. Coubertin
was greatly interested in education, and he firmly believed that
the best way to develop the minds of young people was to develop
their bodies as well; he realised learning and athletics should go
together. After he visited the ruins of ancient Olympia, it occurred
to Coubertin that perhaps the best way to develop an interest in BaronPierrede
sports and games was to restart the Olympic Games. He hoped the
new Games would bring back the ideals of physical, mental, and spiritual excellence
displayed in the ancient Games, as well as build courage, endurance, and a sense
of fair play in all who participated. In addition, he hoped the Games would turn the
Physical EDUCATION-XI

tide he saw world wide of the growing commercialism of sports. He also wanted an
event that brought all nations together on one platform without barriers of race,
creed, language and colour. In 1892, Coubertin first introduced the idea of starting
the Olympic Games again. Few people were ready to accept his idea. But in 1894
Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and began planning
the first modern Olympiad.

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 Do you know?
Due to its historical significance, the Greek hosts wanted to win the marathon
above all else. Spyridon Louis set off from the city of Marathon and took the lead
four kilometers from the finish line and, to the joy of the 100,000 spectators, won
the race by more than seven minutes.

As a result of Coubertin’s efforts, the first modern Olympic Games were held in 1896
in Athens, Greece. The Games attracted athletes from 14 nations, with the largest
delegations coming from Greece, Germany, France and Great Britain. Coubertin
remained president of the International Olympic Committee until 1925. In this office
he directed the course the Games were to take. He wrote the Olympic Charter,
protocol, and athletes’ oath, and he also planned the ceremonies.

Extension Activity
The Olympic Games have an interesting, and sometimes controversial history –
from cancelled Games during World Wars to boycotts during international conflicts.
Select one of the following Olympic Games and working in groups, research to find
out more about it.
hh 1920
hh 1936
hh 1948
hh 1972
hh 1976
hh 1980
Present your ideas to the class in the form of a Power Point Presentation.

The Olympic games are a competition between sportspersons and not between
countries. The selection of athletes is done by the National Olympic Committees of
the respective nations.
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Art Integration – RECREATING THE ANCIENT OLYMPICS
Each group must represent a Team from an ancient Greek city of their choice. They
have to
hh choose a different Greek god who will be the mascot of their team,
research the god and make a clay statue of the god.
hh Create their own banner for the opening parade.
hh light the Olympic flame.
hh sign the Olympic truce.
hh take the Olympic oath at the start of the games.
hh research and cook a Greek dish
On the day of the “Olympic Games” the Groups will come dressed in traditional
Greek dress,

Although the modern Olympic Games are patterned after the ancient Greek Games,
there are important differences. Unlike ancient Greece, modern nations have not
stopped wars for peaceful athletic competitions. Because of World War I, Games were
not held in 1916. Nor were they held in 1940 and 1944, during World War II. While at
the ancient Games, athletes competed in individual sporting events, modern games
also have lots of team events. Unlike the ancient Olympics, the modern games
are not a religious festival. The earlier Games were open only to Greek males who
participated in the games without wearing any clothes. The modern Games encourage
athletes from all nations who have a National Olympic Committee (NOC) that is
recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to compete. In modern
Olympics man and women are equally encouraged and honoured. All participants at
the modern Olympics must wear proper sports kit during the competition.

In the first Olympic Games held in Athens in 1896, 241 athletes from 14 countries
participated in 43 events in the Panathenaic Stadium. In 1900, in the Paris Olympics,
about 997 athletes from 24 countries competed. The 1900 Olympic Games are of
great significance as this was the first one when 22 women competing in select
sports. As the games became popular, lots of countries joined up. In 2016, 11,238
athletes from 207 Nations participated in 28 sports at the Summer Rio Olympics.
Physical EDUCATION-XI

Do you know?
In 1904 the Olympic was hosted in St. Louis, but the number of nations and athletes
competing fell to 12 countries and about 651 athletes. This decrease
in participant numbers was due to the lengthy transatlantic boat ride needed to
be made by the European competitors to attend the Games. However, ever since
the 1908 London games, which attracted about 2,000 athletes, more than the first
three Olympics combined, there has generally been a rise in participation.
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 Due to two World Wars, three times games were cancelled in1916, 1940, 1944.The
First Winter Olympics was held in 1924 in Chamonix, France, in connection with
the Paris Games held three months later to feature snow and ice sports that were
impossible to hold during the Summer Games. Although figure skating (in 1908 and
1920) and ice hockey (in 1920) were featured as Olympic events at the Summer
Olympics, the IOC desired to expand this list of sports to encompass other winter
activities. At the 1921 Olympic Congress in Lausanne, it was decided to hold a winter
version of the Olympic Games. The 1924 Olympics in Chamonix were the first Winter
Olympic Games. Although at first it was intended that the same country host both
the Winter and Summer Games in a given year, this idea was quickly abandoned.
The IOC mandated that the Winter Games be celebrated every four years on the
same year as their summer counterpart. This tradition was up held until the 1992
Games in Albertville, France; after that, beginning with the 1994 Games, the Winter
Olympics were held every four years, two years after each Summer Olympics.

Do you know?
Host Cities
Summer Olympics Winter Olympics
Year City Year City
1896 Athens, Greece 1924 Chamonix, France
1900 Paris, France 1928 Saint Switzerland
1904 Saint Louis, USA 1932 Garmisch Partenkirchen, Germany
1908 London, Great Britain 1936 Garmisch Partenkirchen, Germany
1912 Stock holm, Sweden 1948 Saint Switzerland
1916* not held becauseofwar 1952 Oslo, Norway
1920 Antwerp, Belgium 1956 Cortinad’ Ampezzo, Italy
1924 Paris, France 1960 Squaw Valley, USA
1928 Amsterdam, Netherlands 1964 Innsbruck, Austria
1932 Los Angeles, USA 1968 Grenoble, France
1936 Berlin, Germany 1972 Sapporo, Japan
1940* notheld because of war 1976 Innsbruck, Austria
1944* no the ld because of war 1980 Lake Placid, USA
1948 London, Great Britain 1984 Sarajevo, Yugoslavia
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1952 Helsinki, Finland 1988 Calgary, Canada

1956 Melbourne, Australia 1992 Albertville, France
& Stockholm, Sweden
(equestrian events)
1960 Rome, Italy 1994 Lille hammer, Norway
1964 Tokyo, Japan 1998 Nagano, Japan

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 1968 Mexico City, Mexico 2002 Salt Lake City, USA
1972 Munich, Germany 2006 Turin, Italy
1976 Montreal, Canada 2010 Vancouver, Canada
1980 Moscow, USSR 2014 Sochi, Russia
1984 Los Angeles, USA 2018 Pyeong Chang, KoreaSouth
1988 Seoul, Korea
1992 Barcelona, Spain
1996 Atlanta, USA
2000 Sydney, Australia
2004 Athens, Greece
2008 Beijing, China
2012 London, Great Britain
2016 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
2020 Tokyo, Japan

I. Tick the correct option.

1. The Ancient Olympic Games started in

i. 776 BCE
ii. 394 AD
iii. 1896
iv. 1986

2. The idea for reviving the Olympic Games came from

i. Eunice Kennedy Shriver.
ii. Baron Pierre de Coubertin
iii. Dion Nash
iv. Ludwig Guttmann

3. The first Modern Olympic games started in .

i. 1894
ii. 1996
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iii. 1896
iv. 1898

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 II. Answer the following questions briefly.

1. Write down the eligibility conditions of a competitor in ancient Olympics.

2. Explain preliminary development to start modern Olympic games.

III. Answer the following questions in 150-200words.

1. Write a brief note on the origin and conduct of Ancient Olympics.

2. How did the Modern Olympic games originate?

2.4.1 THE OLYMPIC CREED

The creed, or guiding principle, of the modern Olympic Games is a quote by Baron
de Coubertin: “The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not to win but
to take part, just as the most important thing in life is not the triumph but the
struggle. The essential thing is not to have conquered but to have fought well.”

2.4.2 THE OLYMPIC SYMBOL

The Olympic symbol is five interlocked rings of equal proportions of five different
colours. The colour sequence of the rings from left to right is, blue, yellow, black,
green and red, where blue, black and red rings are placed at the top, the yellow
and green rings are placed at the bottom. The five rings reflect the union of the five
continents namely North and South America, Africa, Asia, Australia, and Europe and
this is a symbol of the unity of sportspersons from all continents at Olympic Games.

2.4.3 THE OLYMPIC FLAG

The Olympic flag was created by Baron Coubertin in 1913 and was released in
1914. It has a white background without any border. The Olympic symbol of the
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five interlocked rings is placed in the centre. In the words of Pierre de Coubertin,
“The Olympic flag has a white background, with five interlaced rings in the centre:
blue, yellow, black, green and red. This design is symbolic; it represents the five
continents of the world, united by Olympism, while the six colours are those that
appear on all the national flags of the world at the present time (1931).”. The flag
was hoisted for the first time in 1920 in Antwerp, Belgium.

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 2.4.4 THE OLYMPIC MOTTO

The motto of the Olympic Games is “Citius – Altius – Fortius”

which is Latin for “Faster- Higher- Stronger”. It expresses
the aspirations of the Olympic Movement. It was proposed
by Pierre de Coubertin upon the creation of the International
Olympic Committee in 1894. Coubertin borrowed it from his
friend Henri Didon, a Dominicanpriest, who was an athletics
enthusiast. The Olympic motto was first announced in 1924
held at the Olympic Games in Paris, France.

2.4.5 THE OLYMPIC EMBLEMS

Each Olympic Games hasits own Olympic emblem, which is a

design integrating the Olympic rings with one or more distinctive
elements. They are created and proposed by the Organising
Committee of the Olympic Games (OCOG) or the National Olympic
Committee (NOC) of the host country. It is the responsibility of
the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to approve Olympic
emblems for the Olympic Games. Olympic emblems are used in
promotional materials, by sponsors of the Olympics, on
the uniforms of every Olympic competitor. All emblems are the
property of the IOC.

2.4.6 THE OLYMPIC ANTHEM

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The Olympic Hymn, also known as the Olympic anthem, is a musical workcomposed
by Spiro Samara, and is played when Olympic flag is raised in the opening of Olympic
Games.

The Olympic anthem

“Immortal spirit of antiquity,

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 Father of the true, beautiful and good, Descend, appear, shed over us thy light
Upon this ground and under this sky
Which has first witnessed thy unperishable fame
Give life and animation to those noble games! Throw wreaths of fadeless flowers
to the victors In the race and in the strife!
Create in our breasts, hearts of steel!
In thy light, plains, mountains andseas Shine in a roseate hue and form a vast temple
To which all nations throng to adore thee, Oh immortal spirit of antiquity!”

2.4.7 THE OLYMPIC FLAME, OLYMPIC TORCHES

The Olympic flame was first lit in 1928 at Amsterdam, Netherlands

Olympic Games. It is a continuity symbol of ancient and modern
Olympic Games. The Olympic flame is lit in front of the ruins of the
Temple of Hera in Olympia by focussing the rays of the sun using a
parabolic mirror to ignite a flame. A long relay of runners carries the
torches to the site of the Games, where the final torch is used to
light a cauldron. The games are declared open officially by kindling
the torch and the flame remains lit until it is extinguished in the
Closing Ceremony. Remember, the runners do not pass the same
torch; only the flame is passed on to the next torchbearer. Each runner is allowed
to keep their torch.

The first such relay took place for the 1936 Berlin Games when 3,331 runners carried
the flame through Greece, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Austria,

Czechoslovakia, and Germany. Similar relays have taken place for every Summer
Games since. The flame travels by plane between cities, and is relayed by foot
within cities. Being a torchbearer is considered an honour, and is often given to local
residents with a record of community service, in addition to athletes and celebrities.
Since 1964, the Winter Games have also had a torch relay starting in Olympia.

2.4.8 RELEASE OF DOVES

In 2014, one leg of the torch relay took place in space as two Russian cosmonauts
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carried the torch outside the International Space Station, some 200 miles above
Earth.

After the cauldron is lit, doves are released into the air, as a symbol of peace. This
was first done in the 1896 Olympics, and then in the 1920 Olympics. Since 1920, this
has been an official part of the Opening Ceremony of the Summer Games. They are

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generally not released during the Winter Games, because it’s too cold for the birds,
but symbolic substitutions, like white balloons, are some times used.

The order—first lighting the cauldron, then releasing the doves—is important. In
the 1988 Seoul Games, when it was tried the other way around, many of the doves
were in the area of the cauldron just before it burst into flames, leading to their
unexpected demise.

2.4.9 THE ATHLETES’ OATH

The Olympic Oath is taken by one athlete and one judge from the home nation,
during the Opening Ceremony, on behalf of all the competitors and judges. Since
1984, this has been taken while holding a corner of the Olympic flag. Before that,
the national flag of the home nation was used.

The oath was first taken by an athlete in 1920. Originally, this was primarily a
declaration that all the athletes were amateurs. The wording has been revised
over the years, as being an amateur is no longer a general requirement. In 2000, a
specific reference to doping was added. The current oath is “In the name of all the
competitors I promise that we shall take part in these Olympic Games, respecting
and abiding by the rules which govern them, committing ourselves to a sport without
doping and without drugs, in the true spirit of sportsmanship, for the glory of sport
and the honour of our teams.”

First time the Olympic oath was taken in 1920 at Antwerp, Belgium by Victor Bo in
on behalf of all the athletes who participated in the Olympic Games. The Official’s
oath was introduced in 1972 and the coach’s oath was added in 2010. It is a promise
made by an athlete, judge or official in each of the Olympic Games and is usually
said in the language of host country.

2.4.10 OLYMPIC AWARDS

The winners at the Olympic Games are awarded medals. The winner gets a gold
medal, the runner up receives a silver medal and the second runner up receives
a bronze medal in the awards ceremony on the podium. Participants from first to
eighth receive a diploma and all participants receive commemorative medals. The
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National Anthem of the country of the winner is played during the ceremony.

When Modern Olympic Games began in 1896, the winners were given a silver medal
and an olive branch, while runners- up received a laurel branch and a copper or
bronze medal. In 1900, most winners received cups or trophies instead of medals.
The custom of the sequence of gold, silver, and bronze for the first three places
dates from the 1904 Summer

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 Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri in the United States. The International Olympic
Committee(IOC)retroactively assigned gold, silver and bronze medals to the three
best placed athletes in each event of the 1896 and 1900 Games.

Extension Activity
Each Olympic Games has its own medal design. From 1928-2004, the front side
of every Olympic Games medal carried an image of Nike, the Greek goddess of
victory, the Olympic Rings, the Coliseum of ancient Athens, a Greek vase known
as an amphora, a horse-drawn chariot, and the year, number of the Olympiad,
and host city. However, a new design was created for the 2004 Games, which
featured the Greek Panathenaic Stadium and a new image of Nike. Each host city
has allowed to add special details to the other side that is to the Games.
Design a medal for the Olympic Games if they were to be held in your town.

Medal designs have varied considerably since the first Olympic Games in
1896, particularly in size and weight. However, the IOC has laid down the physical
properties of the medals and has the final decision about the finished design though
the medals are developed by the National Olympic Committee (NOC) of the country
hosting the Games.

Recipients: The top three competitors receive medals

Shape: Usually circular, featuring an attachment for a chain or ribbon Diameter: A

minimum of 60mm

Thickness: A minimum of 3mm

Material: First place (Gold medal): It is composed at least 92.5% of silver, plated
with 6 grams of gold.

Second place (Silver medal): 92.5 % silver.

Third place (Bronze medal): It is 97.0% copper with 0.5% tin and 2.5% zinc.

Event details: The sport for which the medal has been awarded should be written
on the medal.
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I. Tick the correct option.

1. Which of the following is the Olympic symbol?

a. b.

c. d.

2. The word “Altius” in the Olympic motto means

i. Faster
ii. Higher
iii. Heavier
iv. Stronger

3. The logo of Olympic Games was created by

i. Eunice Kennedy Shriver.
ii. Deion Nash
iii. Guttmann
iv. Baron Coubertin

4. The first Olympic torch was litin

i. 1896, Athens, Greece
ii. 1920, Antwerp, Belgium
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iii. 1924, Paris, France

iv. 1928, Amsterdam, Netherlands

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 5. The Olympic flag was used for the first time
i. 1896, Athens, Greece
ii. 1920, Antwerp, Belgium
iii. 1924, Paris, France
iv. 1928, Amsterdam, Netherlands
II. Answer the following questions briefly.
a. write a short note on Olympic creed.
b. What is the motto of the Olympic Games? What does it mean?
c. Write a short note on the Olympic flag.
d. Describe the Olympic oath.
III. Answer the following questions in 150-200words.

1. Write a note on the symbols and ideals of the Olympic Games.

2.5.1 OLYMPIC MOVEMENT STRUCTURE

Under the supreme authority and leadership of the International Olympic Committee,
the Olympic Movement encompasses organisations, athletes and other persons who
agree to be guided by the Olympic Charter. The goal of the Olympic Movement is to
contribute to building a peaceful and better world by educating youth through sport
practised in accordance with Olympism and its values. The three main constituents
of the Olympic Movement are:

the International Olympic Committee (“IOC”),

the International Sports Federations (“IFs”)
the National Olympic Committees (“NOCs”).

In addition to its three main constituents, the Olympic Movement also encompasses the
Organising Committees for the Olympic Games (“OCOGs”), the national associations,
clubs and persons belonging to the IFs and NOCs, particularly the athletes, whose
interests constitute a fundamental element of the Olympic Movement’s action, as
well as the judges, referees, coaches and the other sports officials and technicians.
It also includes other organisations and institutions as recognised by the IOC.
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Any person or organisation belonging in any capacity whatsoever to the Olympic

Movement is bound by the provisions of the Olympic Charter and shall abide by the
decisions of the IOC.

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 2.5.2 INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE

The International Olympic Committee (IOC) was constituted by Pierre de Coubertin

on 23 June 1894 with Demetrios Vikelas as its first president. It is a non-governmental
and non-profitable organization situated in Lausanne, Switzerland. The object of the
IOC is to fulfil the mission, role and responsibilities as assigned to it by the Olympic
Charter. English and French are the official languages of the IOC. It is an official and
supreme authority to spread Olympic movement worldwide through International
Sports Federations, National Olympic Committees, Organising Committees for the
Olympic Games, United Nations etc. It reserves the right on Olympic Games, the
symbols and other elements which are related with the Olympic Movement.

The Committee organizes Summer and Winter Olympic Games that were started
in Athens, Greece in 1896 and Chamonix, France in 1924 respectively. Before 1992
Winter and Summer Olympics were conducted the same year, but after 1992, IOC
changed the schedule of the Olympics Games. Now, while Summer Olympics take
place every leap year, Winter Olympics take place two years later, in even years. For
example, while Summer Olympic Games were held in 2000, Sydney, Australia and
in 2004, Athens, Greece, Winter Olympic Games were held in 2002, Salt Lake City,
USA and 2006 Turin, Italy. IOC also organizes the Youth Olympic Games (YOG), held
in summer and winter, every four years. The first Summer YOG were in Singapore in
2010 and the first Winter YOG in Innsbruck in 2012.

United Nations General Assembly declared IOC as a permanent observer in 2009.

The decision enables the IOC to be directly involved in the UN Agenda and to attend
UN General Assembly meetings where it can take the floor. In 1993, the General
Assembly approved a Resolution to further solidify IOC–UN cooperation by reviving
the Olympic Truce.

2.5.2.1 MISSION AND ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC

COMMITTEE

As per Olympic Charter, the mission of the IOC is to promote Olympism throughout
the world and to lead the Olympic Movement.

The IOC’s role is:

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1. To encourage and support the promotion of ethics and good governance in

sport as well as education of youth through sport and to dedicate its efforts to
ensuring that, in sport, the spirit of fair play prevails and violence is banned.
2. To encourage and support the organisation, development and coordination of
sport and sports competitions.

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 3. To ensure the regular celebration of the Olympic Games.
4. To cooperate with the competent public or private organisations and authorities
in the endeavour to place sport at the service of humanity and thereby to
promote peace.
5. To take action to strengthen the unity of the Olympic movement, to protect its
independence, to maintain and promote its political neutrality and to preserve
the autonomy of sport.
6. To act against any form of discrimination affecting the Olympic movement
7. To encourage and support elected representative so athletes with in the
Olympic movement, with the IOC athletes’ commission acting as their supreme
representative on all Olympic games and related matters.
8. To encourage and support the promotion of women in sport at all levels and
in all structures with a view to implementing the principle of equality of men
and women;
9. To protect clean athletes and the integrity of sport, by leading the fight against
doping, and by taking action against all forms of manipulation of competitions
and related corruption.
10. To encourage and support measures relating to the medical care and health of
athletes.
11. To oppose any political or commercial abuse of sport and athletes.
12. To encourage and support the efforts of sports organisations and public
authorities to provide for the social and professional future of athletes.
13. To encourage and support the development of sport for all.
14. To encourage and support a responsible concern for environmental issues, to
promote sustainable development in sport and to require that the Olympic
games are held accordingly.
15. To promote a positive legacy from the Olympic games to the host cities and
host countries.
16. To encourage and support initiatives blending sport with culture and education
17. To encourage and support the activities of the International Olympic Academy
(IOA) and other institutions which dedicate themselves to Olympic education.
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2.5.2.2 ORGANIZATION AND SETUP OF INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC

COMMITTEE

The powers of the International Olympic Committee are exercised through the
following three organs:

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The Session

The IOC Executive Board

The President

The Session: The Session is the general meeting of the members of the IOC. It is
the IOC’s supreme organ. Its decisions are final. An ordinary Session is held once a
year. Extraordinary Sessions may be convened by the President or upon the written
request of at least one third of the members. Every member has right of one vote.
The main decisions like choosing city for Olympic games sports Programmes, electing
new members etc. are taken in the session and its decisions are final.

Powers of the session are:

1. to adopt or amend the Olympic Charter;

2. to elect the members of the IOC, the Honorary President, honorary members
and honour members;
3. to elect the President, the Vice-Presidents and all other members of the IOC
Executive Board;
4. to elect the host city of the Olympic Games;
5. to elect the city in which an ordinary Session is held, the President having the
authority to determine the city in which an extraordinary Session is held;
6. to approve the annual report and financial statements of the IOC;
7. to appoint the independent auditor of the IOC;
8. to decide on the awarding or withdrawal by the IOC of full recognition to or from
NOCs, associations of NOCs, IFs, associations of IFs and other organisations;
9. to expel IOC members and to withdraw the status of Honorary President,
honorary members and honour members;
10. to adopt or amend the Athletes’ Rights and Responsibilities Declaration upon
recommendation of the Athletes’ Commission and to promote respect for this
Declaration within the Olympic Movement;
11. to resolve and decide upon all other matters assigned to it by law or by the
Olympic Charter.
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The Quorum required for a Session is half the total membership of the IOC plus
one. Decisions of the Session are taken by a majority of the votes cast; however,
a majority of two-third soft he votes cast is required for any modification of the
Fundamental Principles of Olympism, of the Rules of the Olympic Charter, or if
elsewhere provided in the Olympic Charter.

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 Each member has one vote. Abstentions and blank or spoiled votes are not taken
into consideration in the calculation of the required majority. Voting by proxy is not
allowed. Voting is held by secret ballot when so required by the Olympic Charter, or
if the Chairman so decides or upon the request of at least a quarter of the members
present. In the event of a tie, the Chairman shall decide.

The Session may delegate powers to the IOC Executive Board.

The IOC Executive Board: The Executive board was founded in 1921 to manage
the affairs of IOC. The Board consist of the President, four Vice-Presidents and ten
members who are elected by the IOC members in the session by secret ballot by a
majority of votes cast. The Executive Board undertakes overall responsibility for the
administration and management affairs of IOC.

As per Olympic charter it performs following duties:

1. it monitors the observance of the Olympic Charter;

2. it approves all internal governance regulations relating to its organisation;
3. it establishes an annual report and the financial statements of the IOC in
accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards and Swiss law,
which it submits to the Session for approval together with the report of the
auditor;
4. it submits a report to the Session on any proposed change of Rule or Byelaw;
5. it submits to the Session the names of the persons whom it recommends for
election to the IOC;
6. it establishes and supervises the procedure for accepting and selecting
candidatures to organise the Olympic Games;
7. it establishes the agenda for the Sessions;
8. upon the proposal of the President, it appoints – or dismisses – the Director
General. The President decides on his compensation and may take sanctions;
9. it provides for the safe keeping of all minutes, financial statements and other
records of the IOC in compliance with the law, including minutes of all Sessions,
IOC Executive Board and other commission or working group meetings;
10. it takes all decisions, and issues regulations of the IOC, which are legally
Physical EDUCATION-XI

binding, in the form it deems most appropriate, such as, for instance, codes,
rulings, norms, guidelines, guides, manuals, instructions, requirements and
other decisions, including, in particular, but not limited to, all regulations
necessary to ensure the proper implementation of the Olympic Charter and
the organisation of the Olympic Games;

66
11. it organises periodic meetings with the IFs and with the NOCs at least once every
two years. Such meetings are chaired by the IOC President, who determines
the procedure and the agenda after consultation with the relevant bodies;
12. it creates and confers the honorary distinctions of the IOC;
13. it exercises all powers and performs all duties not attributed by law or by the
Olympic Charter to the Session or to the President.

The President:

The President is elected by the IOC members in the session through secret ballot for
a period of four years, which can be renewed for further four years. The President is
the representative of IOC and is responsible for organization and preparation of all
Executive meetings. He may give his power to the Director General. He can execute
any action or decision on behalf of IOC. If the President is unable to fulfil his work,
the senior Vice President can replace him.

2.5.3 THE NATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEES (NOCs)

National Olympic committee (NOC) is a unit at national level of Olympic movement.

There are 206 NOCs. The IOC is the sole authority to recognize a NOC. Together with
the International Sport Federations, the NOCs are a constituent of the Olympic
Movement under the leadership of the IOC. The mission of the NOCs is to develop,
promote and protect the Olympic Movement in their respective countries, in
accordance with the Olympic Charter. NOCs mission is to develop, promote and
protect the Olympic Movement in their respective countries in accordance with
Olympic charter. It was to promote fundamental principles, values of Olympism,
Olympic educational programmes in their countries. It works to promote athlete to
participate at apex level and give high performance by providing training and other
logistics. NOCs also hold responsibility to send athletes in Olympic Games and may
nominate their country cities to organize Olympic games.

In India, The Indian Olympic Association act as NOC which is a non-profit organization
under the Societies Registration Act of 1860 founded by Sir Dorabji Tata as President
and Dr A.G. Noehren as Secretary General in 1927. In the same year the association

was recognized by the International Olympic Committee.

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The prime objective of the Association was to promote and

develop Olympic movement in India. In the early years,
IOA selected sportspersons to represent India, but after
1947 they gave the responsibility of selection and training
to the National Sports Federations. Now they only arrange
Sir Dorabji Tata
transport, board and accommodation for officials and sports
persons.
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 The Indian Olympic Association is the governing body for the Olympic Movement
and the Commonwealth Games in India. It is also an affiliated member of the
International Olympic Committee (IOC), Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF),
Olympic Council of Asia (OCA) and Association of National Olympic Committees
(ANOC). IOA is recognized by Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports.

The IOA looks after several aspects of sports and sportspersons which includes
sending athletes or teams to represent India in the Olympic Games, Common wealth
Games, Asian Games and other international multi-sport competitions of IOC, CGF,
OCA and ANOC.

The members of the IOA include

hh National Sports Federations affiliated to International Sports Federations

whose sport is included in the Programme of the Summer and Winter
Olympic Games.
hh National Sports Federations affiliated to International Sports Federations
whose sport is not included in the Programme of the Summer and Winter
Olympic Games but is included in the Programme of all Asian and/or
Common wealth Games.
hh Indian citizens who are member/s of the International Olympic Committee.
hh Two (one male and one female) active athletes or retired athletes having
taking part in the Olympic Games; subject to the condition that the
retired athletes must retire from their post latest by the end of the third
Olympiad after the last Olympic Games in which they took part.
hh State Olympic Associations
hh Union Territories’ Olympic Associations
hh Services Sports Control Board
hh The National Federation of the Indian game Kho-Kho.

Extension Activity
Interview a member of the IOA or any Sports Federation of your State for your
school Magazine.
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2.5.4 THE INTERNATIONAL FEDERATIONS (IFS)

The International Sports Federations (IFs) are responsible for the integrity of
their sport on the international level. The International Sports Federations are
international non-governmental organisations recognised by the International
Olympic Committee (IOC) as administering one or more sports at world level.

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The national federations administering those sports are affiliated to them. While
conserving their independence and autonomy in the administration of their sports,
International Sports Federations seeking IOC recognition must ensure that their
statutes, practice and activities conform with the Olympic Charter.

The IFs have the responsibility and duty to manage and to monitor the everyday running
of the world’s various sports disciplines, including for those on the programme, the
practical organisation of events during the Games. The IFs must also supervise the
development of athletes practising these sports at every level. Each IF governs its
sport at world level and ensures its promotion and development. They monitor the
everyday administration of their sports and guarantee the regular organisation of
competitions as well as respect for the rules of fair play.

The IFs may formulate proposals addressed to the IOC concerning the Olympic Charter
and the Olympic Movement in general, including the organising and holding of the
Olympic Games; give their opinions concerning the candidatures for organising the
Olympic Games, particularly concerning the technical capabilities of the candidate
cities; collaborate in the preparation of the Olympic Congresses; and participate in
the activities of the IOC commissions.

Association of Federations

In order to discuss common problems and decide on their events calendars, the
summer federations, the winter federations and the recognised federations have
formed associations: the Association of Summer Olympic International Federations
(ASOIF), the Association of International Olympic Winter Sports Federations (AIOWF),
and the Association of IOC Recognised International Sports Federations (ARISF).

I. Tick the correctoption.

1. The IOA was established in

i. 1926
ii. 1927
iii. 1928
iv. 1930

2. What do you mean by NOC ?

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i. National Olympic Committee

ii. National Olympic Congress
iii. National Olympic Course
iv. National Olympic Community

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 3. The IOC Executive Board has _members.
i. 1
ii. 2
iii. 8
iv. 10

4. Which is not a member of Association of Federations?

i. the Association of Summer Olympic International Federations (ASOIF)
ii. the Association of International Olympic Winter Sports Federations
(AIOWF)
iii. the Association of Paralympic Sports Federations (APSF)
iv. the Association of IOC Recognised International Sports Federations
(ARISF)
II. Answer the following questions briefly.

1. Write a short note on the Olympic Flag.

2. From where and how is the Olympic torch brought to the host city?

3. List the office bearers of the IOC.

4. Describe the Olympic oath.

5. Describe the formation of the IOA.

III. Answer the following questions in 150-200 words.

1. Describe the organizational step-up of International Olympic Committee.

2. Differentiate between Modern and Ancient Olympic Games.

IV. Complete the Venn Diagram given below listing the similarities and
differences between Ancient and Modern Olympic Games.

Ancient Olympics Modern Olympics

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Differences Similarities Differences

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V. Case Study

Olympism

While introducing the chapter Olympism in physical Education class Mr Davis

found that children were not familiar with the term and were clueless about
the various committees working in this field.So he explained in detail about
IOC and various information related to it were discussed. On the basis of ur
knowledge about IOC answer the following questions

a. What is the full form of IOC?

b. When was the IOC established?
c. Where is the headquarter of IOC?
d. How many active members are there of IOC?
e. List down any three functions of IOC?
VI. Art Integration

ART INTEGRATION
Olympic mascots have been a key part of the Games since 1968. They’re tasked
with giving concrete form to the Olympic spirit, spreading the values highlighted at
each edition of the Games, promoting the history and culture of the host city and
giving the event a festive atmosphere.
Imagine India is hosting the 2032 Olympic Games.
Design a mascot for the Games. In a brief presentation, explain your choice of
mascot.
Physical EDUCATION-XI

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 Weblinks

Topic Weblinks QR Code

Olympic Value Education: IOC https://olympics.com/ioc/

education/olympic-values-education-
programme#:~:text=What%20is%20
OVEP%3F,the%20core%20principles%20
of%20Olympism.
Olympic Movement https://olympics.com/ioc/olympic-
movement

Olympic History https://olympics.com/ioc/overview

Physical EDUCATION-XI

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