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Network Automation

BSCI v3.0—2-1

Automation Overview

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The Increase in Automation

The Increase in Automation

These are some of the benefits of automation:
• Machines can work 24 hours a day without breaks, which results in greater
output.
• Machines provide a more uniform product.
• Automation allows the collection of vast amounts of data that can be
quickly analyzed to provide information which can help guide an event or
process.
• Robots are used in dangerous conditions such as mining, firefighting, and
cleaning up industrial accidents. This reduces the risk to humans.
• Under certain circumstances, smart devices can alter their behavior to
reduce energy usage, make a medical diagnosis, and improve automobile
driving safety.

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Thinking Devices
• Many devices now incorporate smart technology to help to govern their
behavior. This can be as simple as a smart appliance lowering its power
consumption during periods of peak demand or as complex as a self-driving
car.
• Whenever a device takes a course of action based on an outside piece of
information, then that device is referred to as a smart device. Many devices
that we interact with now have the word smart in their names. This indicates
that the device has the ability to alter its behavior depending on its
environment.
• In order for devices to “think”, they need to be programmed using network
automation tools.

IBN and Cisco DNA Center

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Software-Defined Networking (SDN) Overview

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) Overview

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Intent-Based Networking Overview

• IBN is the emerging industry model for the next generation of networking. IBN builds
on Software-Defined Networking (SDN), transforming a hardware-centric and manual
approach to designing and operating networks to one that is software-centric and fully
automated.
• Business objectives for the network are expressed as intent. IBN captures business
intent and uses analytics, machine learning, and automation to align the network
continuously and dynamically as business needs change.
• IBN captures and translates business intent into network policies that can be
automated and applied consistently across the network.

Cisco views IBN as having three essential functions: translation, activation, and
assurance. These functions interact with the underlying physical and virtual infrastructure,
as shown in the figure.
Translation - The translation function enables the
network administrator to express the expected
networking behavior that will best support the
business intent.
Activation - The captured intent then needs to be
interpreted into policies that can be applied across
the network. The activation function installs these
policies into the physical and virtual network
infrastructure using networkwide automation.
Assurance - In order to continuously check that the
expressed intent is honored by the network at any
point in time, the assurance function maintains a
continuous validation-and-verification loop.

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Network Infrastructure as Fabric

The underlay network is the
physical topology that includes all
hardware required to meet business
objectives. The underlay reveals
additional devices and specifies
how these devices are connected.
End points, such as the servers in
the figure, access the network
through the Layer 2 devices. The
underlay control plane is
responsible for simple forwarding
tasks.

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Network Infrastructure as Fabric

• From the perspective of IBN, the physical and
virtual network infrastructure is a fabric; an overlay
that represents the logical topology used to virtually
connect to devices. The overlay limits the number of
devices the network administrator must program
and provides services and alternative forwarding
methods not controlled by the underlying physical
devices.
• The overlay is where encapsulation protocols like
IPsec and CAPWAP occur. Using an IBN solution,
the network administrator can use policies to
specify exactly what happens in the overlay control
plane. Notice that how the switches are physically
connected is not a concern of the overlay.

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Cisco Digital Network Architecture (DNA)

Cisco implements the IBN fabric using
Cisco DNA. The business intent is securely
deployed into the network infrastructure (the
fabric). Cisco DNA then continuously
gathers data from a multitude of sources
(devices and applications) to provide a rich
context of information. This information can
then be analyzed to make sure the network
is performing securely at its optimal level
and in accordance with business intent and
network policies.

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Cisco Digital Network Architecture (DNA) (Cont.)

Cisco DNA
Description Benefits
Solution
•First intent-based enterprise networking solution built using
Cisco DNA.
Enables network access in minutes
•It uses a single network fabric across LAN and WLAN to
for any user or device to any
SD-Access create a consistent, highly secure user experience.
application without compromising
•It segments user, device, and application traffic and
security.
automates user-access policies to establish the right policy for
any user or device, with any application, across a network.
•Delivers better user experiences for
•It uses a secure cloud-delivered architecture to centrally
applications residing on-premise or in
manage WAN connections.
the cloud.
SD-WAN •It simplifies and accelerates delivery of secure, flexible and
•Achieve greater agility and cost
rich WAN services to connect data centers, branches,
savings through easier deployments
campuses, and colocation facilities.
and transport independence.

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Cisco DNA
Description Benefits
Solution
•Used to troubleshoot and increase IT
•Allows you to identify root causes and provides
productivity.
suggested remediation for faster troubleshooting.
•It applies advanced analytics and machine
•The Cisco DNA Center provides an easy-to-use
Cisco DNA learning to improve performance and issue
single dashboard with insights and drill-down
Assurance resolution, and predict to assure network
capabilities.
performance.
•Machine learning continually improves network
•It provides real-time notification for network
intelligence to predict problems before they occur.
conditions that require attention.
•Used to provide visibility by using the network
•Reduce risk and protect your organization
as a sensor for real-time analysis and
against threats - even in encrypted traffic.
Cisco DNA intelligence.
•Gain 360-degree visibility through real-time
Security •It provides increased granular control to
analytics for deep intelligence across the network.
enforce policy and contain threats across the
•Lower complexity with end-to-end security.
network.

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Cisco DNA Center

• Cisco DNA Center is the foundational controller and analytics platform at the
heart of Cisco DNA. It supports the expression of intent for multiple use
cases, including basic automation capabilities, fabric provisioning, and
policy-based segmentation in the enterprise network. Cisco DNA Center is a
network management and command center for provisioning and configuring
network devices. It is a hardware and software platform providing a ‘single-
pane-of-glass’ (single interface) that focuses on assurance, analytics, and
automation.
• The DNA Center interface launch page gives you an overall health summary
and network snapshot. From here, the network administrator can quickly drill
down into areas of interest.

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At the top, menus provide you access to DNA Center’s five main areas. As shown in the
figure, these are:
• Design - Model your entire network, from sites and buildings to devices and links, both physical
and virtual, across campus, branch, WAN, and cloud.
• Policy - Use policies to automate and simplify network management, reducing cost and risk while
speeding rollout of new and enhanced services.
• Provision - Provide new services to users with ease, speed, and security across your enterprise
network, regardless of network size and complexity.
• Assurance - Use proactive monitoring and insights from the network, devices, and applications to
predict problems faster and ensure that policy and configuration changes achieve the business
intent and the user experience you want.
• Platform - Use APIs to integrate with your preferred IT systems to create end-to-end solutions and
add support for multi-vendor devices.

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Data Formats

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The Data Formats Concept

• Data formats are simply a way to store and exchange data in a structured format.
One such format is called Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). HTML is a
standard markup language for describing the structure of web pages.
• These are some common data formats that are used in many applications
including network automation and programmability:
• JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)
• eXtensible Markup Language (XML)
• YAML Ain’t Markup Language (YAML)
• The data format that is selected will depend on the format that is used by the
application, tool, or script that you are using. Many systems will be able to support
more than one data format, which allows the user to choose their preferred one.

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Data Format Rules

Data formats have rules and structure similar to what we have with
programming and written languages. Each data format will have specific
characteristics:
• Syntax, which includes the types of brackets used, such as [ ], ( ), { }, the
use of white space, or indentation, quotes, commas, and more.
• How objects are represented, such as characters, strings, lists, and arrays.
• How key/value pairs are represented. The key is usually on the left side and
it identifies or describes the data. The value on the right is the data itself and
can be a character, string, number, list or another type of data.

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Compare Data Formats message: success

timestamp: 1560789260
iss_position:
{
latitude: '25.9990’
"message": "success",
longitude: '-132.6992'
"timestamp": 1560789260,
"iss_position": { YAML Format
"latitude": "25.9990",
"longitude": "-132.6992" <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
} <root>
} <message>success</message>
<timestamp>1560789260</timestamp>
JSON Format <iss_position>
<latitude>25.9990</latitude>
<longitude>-132.6992</longitude>
</iss_position>
</root>

XML Format

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JSON Data Format

• JSON is a human readable data format used by applications for storing,
transferring and reading data.
• JSON is a very popular format used by web services and APIs to provide
public data. This is because it is easy to parse and can be used with most
modern programming languages, including Python.

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GigabitEthernet0/0/0 is up, line protocol is up (connected)

Description: Wide Area Network
Internet address is 172.16.0.2/24
{
Compare the IOS "ietf-interfaces:interface": {
output above to the "name": "GigabitEthernet0/0/0",
"description": "Wide Area Network”,
output in JSON format. "enabled": true,
Notice that each object "ietf-ip:ipv4": {
(each key/value pair) is "address": [
a different piece of data {
"ip": "172.16.0.2",
about the interface "netmask": "255.255.255.0"
including its name, a }
description, and ]
}
whether the interface is }
enabled. }

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JSON Syntax Rules

These are some of the characteristics of JSON:
• It uses a hierarchical structure and contains nested values.
• It uses braces { } to hold objects and square brackets [ ] hold arrays.
• Its data is written as key/value pairs.
With JSON, the data known as an object is one or more key/value pairs enclosed in
braces { }. The syntax for a JSON object includes:
• Keys must be strings within double quotation marks " ".
• Values must be a valid JSON data type (string, number, array, Boolean, null, or
another object).

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• Keys and values are separated by a colon.

• Multiple key/value pairs within an object are separated by commas.
• White space is not significant.
At times a key may contain more than one value. This is known as an array. An
array in JSON is an ordered list of values. Characteristics of arrays in JSON
include:
• The key followed by a colon and a list of values enclosed in square
brackets [ ].
• The array is an ordered list of values.
• The array can contain multiple value types including a string, number,
Boolean, object or another array inside the array.
• Each value in the array is separated by a comma.

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JSON EXAMPLE
{
For example, a list of IPv4 "addresses": [
addresses might look like the {
following output. The key is "ip": "172.16.0.2",
“addresses”. Each item in the "netmask": "255.255.255.0"
list is a separate object, },
separated by braces { }. The {
"ip": "172.16.0.3",
objects are two key/value
"netmask": "255.255.255.0"
pairs: an IPv4 address (“ip”) },
and a subnet mask (“netmask”) {
separated by a comma. The "ip": "172.16.0.4",
array of objects in the list is "netmask": "255.255.255.0"
also separated by a comma }
following the closing brace for ]
}
each object.

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YAML Data Format

YAML is another type of human readable data format used by applications for
storing, transferring, and reading data. Some of the characteristic of YAML
include:
• It is like JSON and is considered a superset of JSON.
• It has a minimalist format making it easy to both read and write.
• It uses indentation to define its structure, without the use of brackets or
commas.

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{
"ietf-interfaces:interface": { • IOS output in JSON is to the left. The same data
"name": "GigabitEthernet2", in YAML format is below. It is easier to read.
"description": "Wide Area Network",
"enabled": true, • Similar to JSON, a YAML object is one or more
"ietf-ip:ipv4": { key value pairs. Key value pairs are separated
"address": [ by a colon without the use of quotation marks. In
{ YAML, a hyphen is used to separate each
"ip": "172.16.0.2",
element in a list.
"netmask": "255.255.255.0"
}, ietf-interfaces:interface:
{ name: GigabitEthernet2
"ip": "172.16.0.3", description: Wide Area Network
"netmask": "255.255.255.0" enabled: true
}, ietf-ip:ipv4:
{ address:
"ip": "172.16.0.4", - ip: 172.16.0.2
"netmask": "255.255.255.0" netmask: 255.255.255.0
} - ip: 172.16.0.3
] netmask: 255.255.255.0
} - ip: 172.16.0.4
} netmask: 255.255.255.0
}

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XML Data Format

XML is one more type of human readable data format used to store, transfer,
and read data by applications. Some of the characteristics of XML include:
• It is like HTML , which is the standardized markup language for creating web
pages and web applications.
• It is self-descriptive. It encloses data within a related set of
tags: <tag>data</tag>
• Unlike HTML, XML uses no predefined tags or document structure.

XML objects are one or more key/value pairs, with the beginning tag used as
the name of the key: <key>value</key>

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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>

The output shows the same data for <ietf-interfaces:interface>
<name>GigabitEthernet2</name>
GigabitEthernet2 formatted as an <description>Wide Area Network</description>
XML data structure. Notice how the <enabled>true</enabled>
<ietf-ip:ipv4>
values are enclosed within the object <address>
tags. In this example, each key/value <ip>172.16.0.2</ip>
<netmask>255.255.255.0</netmask>
pair is on a separate line and some </address>
lines are indented. This is not <address>
<ip>172.16.0.3</ip>
required but is done for readability. <netmask>255.255.255.0</netmask>
The list uses repeated instances </address>
<address>
of <tag></tag> for each element in <ip>172.16.0.4</ip>
the list. The elements within these <netmask>255.255.255.0</netmask>
</address>
repeated instances represent one or </ietf-ip:ipv4>
more key/value pairs. </ietf-interfaces:interface>

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APIs

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• An API is software that allows other applications to access its data or services.
It is a set of rules describing how one application can interact with another, and
the instructions to allow the interaction to occur. The user sends an API request
to a server asking for specific information and receives an API response in
return from the server along with the requested information.
• An API is similar to a waiter in a restaurant, as shown in the following figure.

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An API Example
To really understand how APIs can
be used to provide data and
services, we will look at two options
for booking airline reservations. The
first option uses the web site of a
specific airline. Using the airline’s
web site, the user enters the
information to make a reservation
request. The web site interacts
directly with the airline’s own
database and provides the user
with information matching the user’s
request.

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A travel site can access this same information,

not only from a specific airline but a variety of
airlines. In this case, the user enters in similar
reservation information. The travel service web
site interacts with the various airline databases
using APIs provided by each airline. The travel
service uses each airline API to request
information from that specific airline, and then
it displays the information from all the airlines
on the its web page.
The API acts as a kind of messenger between
the requesting application and the application
on the server that provides the data or service.
The message from the requesting application
to the server where the data resides is known
as an API call.

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Open, Internal, and Partner APIs

An important consideration when developing an API is the distinction between open,
internal, and partner APIs:
• Open APIs or Public APIs - These APIs are publicly available and can be used with
no restrictions. Because these APIs are public, many API providers require the user to
get a free key, or token, prior to using the API. This is to help control the number of
API requests they receive and process.
• Internal or Private APIs - These are APIs that are used by an organization or
company to access data and services for internal use only. An example of an internal
API is allowing authorized salespeople access to internal sales data on their mobile
devices.
• Partner APIs - These are APIs that are used between a company and its business
partners or contractors to facilitate business between them. The business partner
must have a license or other form of permission to use the API. A travel service using
an airline’s API is an example of a partner API.

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Types of Web Service APIs

A web service is a service that is available over the internet, using the World Wide Web. There
are four types of web service APIs:
• Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP)
• Representational State Transfer (REST)
• eXtensible Markup Language-Remote Procedure Call (XML-RPC)
• JavaScript Object Notation-Remote Procedure Call (JSON-RPC)
Characteristic SOAP REST XML-RPC JSON-RPC

Data Format XML JSON, XML, YAML, and others XML JSON

First released 1998 2000 1998 2005

Flexible formatting and most Well-established,
Strengths Well-established Simplicity
widely used simplicity

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REST

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REST and RESTful API

• Web browsers use HTTP or HTTPS to request (GET) a web page. If successfully
requested (HTTP status code 200), web servers respond to GET requests with an
HTML coded web page.
• Simply stated, a REST API is an API that works on top of the HTTP protocol. It defines
a set of functions developers can use to perform requests and receive responses via
HTTP protocol such as GET and POST.
• Conforming to the constraints of the REST architecture is generally referred to as
being “RESTful”. An API can be considered “RESTful” if it has the following features:
• Client-Server - The client handles the front end and the server handles
the back end. Either can be replaced independently of the other.
• Stateless - No client data is stored on the server between requests.
The session state is stored on the client.
• Cacheable - Clients can cache responses to improve performance.

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RESTful Implementation
A RESTful web service is implemented using HTTP. It is a collection of resources with four
defined aspects:
• The base Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) for the web service, such
as http://example.com/resources.
• The data format supported by the web service. This is often JSON, YAML, or
XML but could be any other data format that is a valid hypertext standard.
• The set of operations supported by the web service using HTTP methods.
• The API must be hypertext driven.
RESTful APIs use common HTTP methods including POST, GET, PUT, PATCH and
DELETE. As shown in the following table, these correspond to RESTful operations:
Create, Read, Update, and Delete (or CRUD).
HTTP Method POST GET PUT/PATCH DELETE
RESTful Operation Create Read Update Delete

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URI, URN, and URL

Web resources and web services such as RESTful APIs are identified using a URI. A URI
is a string of characters that identifies a specific network resource. A URI has two
specializations:
• Uniform Resource Name (URN) - identifies only the namespace of the resource
(web page, document, image, etc.) without reference to the protocol.
• Uniform Resource Locator (URL) - defines the network location of a specific
resource. HTTP or HTTPS URLs are typically used with web browsers. Protocols such
as FTP, SFTP, SSH, and others can use a URL. A URL using SFTP might look like:
sftp://sftp.example.com.
These are the parts of the URI https://www.example.com/author/book.html#page155 :
• Protocol/scheme – HTTPS or other protocols such as FTP, SFTP, mailto, and NNTP
• Hostname - www.example.com
• Path and file name - /author/book.html
• Fragment - #page155

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Anatomy of a RESTful Request

• In a RESTful Web service, a request made to a resource's URI will elicit a
response. The response will be a payload typically formatted in JSON, but
could be HTML, XML, or some other format.
• The figure shows the URI for the MapQuest directions API. The API request
is for directions from San Jose, California to Monterey, California.

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These are the different parts of the API request:

• API Server - This is the URL for the server that answers REST requests. In this example it is
the MapQuest API server.
• Resources - Specifies the API that is being requested. In this example it is the MapQuest
directions API.
• Query - Specifies the data format and information the client is requesting from the API service.
Queries can include:
• Format – This is usually JSON but can be YAML or XML. In this example JSON is requested.
• Key - The key is for authorization, if required. MapQuest requires a key for their directions API.
In the above URI, you would need to replace “KEY” with a valid key to submit a valid request.
• Parameters - Parameters are used to send information pertaining to the request. In this
example, the query parameters include information about the directions that the API needs so
it knows what directions to return: "from=San+Jose,Ca" and "to=Monterey,Ca".

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Many RESTful APIs, including public APIs, require a key. The key is used to identify
the source of the request. Here are some reasons why an API provider may require a
key:
• To authenticate the source to make sure they are authorized to use the API.
• To limit the number of people using the API.
• To limit the number of requests per user.
• To better capture and track the data being requested by users.
• To gather information on the people using the API.
Note: The MapQuest API does require a key. Search the internet for the URL to
obtain a MapQuest key. Use the search parameters: developer.mapquest. You can
also search the internet for the current URL that outlines the MapQuest privacy policy.

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RESTful API Applications

• Many web sites and applications use APIs to access information and provide
service for their customers.
• Some RESTful API requests can be made by typing in the URI from within a
web browser. The MapQuest directions API is an example of this. A RESTful
API request can also be made in other ways.
• Developer Web Site: Developers often maintain web sites that include
information about the API, parameter information, and usage examples.
These sites may also allow the user to perform the API request within the
developer web page by entering in the parameters and other information.
•

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RESTful API Applications

• Postman: Postman is an application for testing and using REST APIs. It
contains everything required for constructing and sending REST API
requests, including entering query parameters and keys.
• Python: APIs can also be called from within a Python program. This allows
for possible automation, customization, and App integration of the API.
• Network Operating Systems: Using protocols such as NETCONF (NET
CONFiguration) and RESTCONF, network operating systems are beginning
to provide an alternative method for configuration, monitoring, and
management.

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Configuration Management
Tools

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Traditional Network Configuration

Network devices have traditionally
been configured by a network
administrator using the CLI.
Whenever there is a change or new
feature, the necessary configuration
commands must be manually entered
on all of the appropriate devices.
This becomes a major issue on larger
networks or with more complex
configurations.

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Traditional Network Configuration

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
lets administrators manage nodes on an IP
network. With a network management station
(NMS), network administrators use SNMP to
monitor and manage network performance, find
and solve network problems, and perform queries
for statistics.
SNMP is not typically used for configuration due to
security concerns and difficulty in implementation.
You can also use APIs to automate the
deployment and management of network
resources. Instead of manually configuring ports,
access lists, QoS, and load balancing policies, you
can use tools to automate configurations.

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Network Automation
We are rapidly moving away from a world where
a network administrator manages a few dozen
network devices, to one where they are
deploying and managing a great number of
complex network devices (both physical and
virtual) with the help of software. This
transformation is quickly spreading to all places
in the network.
There are new and different methods for
network administrators to automatically monitor,
manage, and configure the network. These
include protocols and technologies such as
REST, Ansible, Puppet, Chef, Python, JSON,
XML, and more.

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Configuration Management Tools

Configuration management tools make use of RESTful API requests to
automate tasks and can scale across thousands of devices. These are some
characteristics of the network that administrators benefit from automating:
• Software and version control
• Device attributes such as names, addressing, and security
• Protocol configurations
• ACL configurations
Configuration management tools typically include automation and orchestration.
Automation is when a tool automatically performs a task on a system.
Orchestration is the arranging of the automated tasks that results in a
coordinate process or workflow.

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Configuration Management Tools (Cont.)

There are several tools available to make configuration management easier:
• Ansible
• Chef
• Puppet
• SaltStack
The goal of all of these tools is to reduce the complexity and time involved in
configuring and maintaining a large-scale network infrastructure with hundreds, even
thousands of devices. These same tools can benefit smaller networks as well.

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Ansible, Chef, Puppet, and SaltStack all come with API documentation for configuring RESTful API
requests. All of them support JSON and YAML as well as other data formats. The following table
shows a summary of a comparison of major characteristics of Ansible, Puppet, Chef, and SaltStack
configuration management tools.
Characteristic Ansible Chef Puppet SaltStack

What programming
Python + YAML Ruby Ruby Python
language?

Agent-based or
Agentless Agent-based Supports both Supports both
agentless?
How are devices
Any device can be “controller” Chef Master Puppet Master Salt Master
managed?
What is created by
Playbook Cookbook Manifest Pillar
the tool?

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Question

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 53

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Question 1
Which plane is centralized by an SDN controller?
A. data plane
B. management plane
C. control plane
D. services plane

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Question 2
Where is the interface between the control plane
and data plane within the software-defined
architecture?
A. application layer and the management layer
B. application layer and the infrastructure layer
C. control layer and the application layer
D. control layer and the infrastructure layer

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Question 3
Which interface enables communication between
a program on the controller and a program on the
networking devices?
A. northbound interface
B. software virtual interface
C. southbound interface
D. tunnel interface

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Question 4
Which communication interaction takes place
when a southbound API is used?
A. between the SDN controller and PCs on the
network
B. between the SDN controller and switches and
routers on the network
C. between the SDN controller and services and
applications on the network
D. between network applications and switches
and routers on the network

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Question 5
What is a function of a southbound API?
A. Automate configuration changes between a
server and a switching fabric.
B. Manage flow control between an SDN
controller and a switching fabric.
C. Use orchestration to provision a virtual server
configuration from a web server.
D. Facilitate the information exchange between
an SDN controller and application.

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59

30