L’Hospital rule

Dr. V. V. Acharya
March 13, 2024

Problem 1 n
(1 − x) − 1
lim
x→0 x
0
Solution. This is in the form. Using L’Hospital rule, we get (i.e.
0
Differentiating numerator and denominator)

(1 − x)n − 1 −n(1 − x)n−1

lim = lim = −n.
x→0 x x→0 1

Problemax2 −ax
e −e 2a
lim = .
x→0 log(1 + bx) b
0
Solution. This is in the form. Using L’Hospital rule, we get (i.e.
0
Differentiating numerator and denominator)

eax − e−ax aeax + ae−ax 2a

lim = lim = .
x→0 log(1 + bx) x→0 log(1 + bx) b

Problemx3
xe − log(1 + x)
lim = 32 .
x→0 x2
0
Solution. This is in the form. Using L’Hospital rule, we get (i.e.
0
Differentiating numerator and denominator)

1 1
ex + xex − xex + 2ex +
1+x (1 + x)2 3
lim = lim = .
x→0 2x x→0 2 2

1
Problem 4
ex − 2 cos x + e−x
lim = 2.
x→0 x sin x
0
Solution. This is in the form. Using L’Hospital rule, we get (i.e.
0
Differentiating numerator and denominator)

ex − 2 cos x + e−x ex + 2 sin x − e−x

lim = lim
x→0 x sin x x→0 sin x + x cos x
ex + 2 cos x + e−x
= lim =2
x→0 cos x + cos x − x sin x

Problem 5
x cos x − sin x 1
lim 3
=− .
x→0 x 3
0
Solution. This is in the form. Using L’Hospital rule, we get (i.e.
0
Differentiating numerator and denominator)

cos x − x sin x − cos x −x sin x − sin x 1

lim 2
= lim 2
= lim =− .
x→0 3x x→0 3x x→0 3x 3

Problem 6
x cos x − log(1 + x) 1
lim 2
= .
x→0 x 2
0
Solution. This is in the form. Using L’Hospital rule, we get (i.e.
0
Differentiating numerator and denominator)

1 1
cos x − x sin x − −2 sin x − x cos x +
1+x (1 + x)2 1
lim = lim =
x→0 2x x→0 2 2

Problem 7
1 − cos x 1
lim 2
= .
x→0 x 2
0
Solution. This is in the form. Using L’Hospital rule, we get (i.e.
0
Differentiating numerator and denominator)
1 − cos x sin x 1
lim 2
= lim = .
x→0 x x→0 2x 2

2
Problem 8
tan x − x
lim 2 = 13 .
x→0 x tan x
0
Solution. This is in the form. Using L’Hospital rule, we get (i.e.
0
Differentiating numerator and denominator)
sec2 x − 1 tan2 x/x2
lim 2 2 = lim = 13 .
x→0 x sec x + 2x tan x x→0 sec2 x + 2 tan x/x

Problemx 9 x
a −b a
lim = log .
x→0 sin x b
0
Solution. This is in the form. Using L’Hospital rule, we get (i.e.
0
Differentiating numerator and denominator)
ax − b x ax log a − bx log b a
lim = lim = log a − log b = log .
x→0 sin x x→0 cos x b

Problem 10
log(1 − x2 )
lim = 2.
x→0 log cos x
0
Solution. This is in the form. Using L’Hospital rule, we get (i.e.
0
Differentiating numerator and denominator)
−2x
2
log(1 − x ) 2 2x
lim = lim 1 − x = lim = 2.
x→0 log cos x x→0 − tan x x→0 (1 − x2 )(tan x)

Problem 11
log(1 + x3 )
lim = 1.
x→0 sin3 x
0
Solution. This is in the form. Using L’Hospital rule, we get (i.e.
0
Differentiating numerator and denominator)
3x2
3
log(1 + x ) 1 + x 3 3x2
lim = lim = lim = 1.
x→0 sin3 x x→0 3 sin2 x cos x x→0 3(1 + x3 ) sin2 x cos x

Problem 12
ex − 1 + log(1 − x)
Evaluate lim
x→0 tan x − x

3
 0
Solution. This is in the form. Using L’Hospital rule, we get (i.e.
0
Differentiating numerator and denominator)
1 1 1
x ex − ex − ex −
e − 1 + log(1 − x) (1 − x) (1 − x) (1 − x)2
lim = lim = lim 2
= lim
x→0 tan x − x x→0 sec2 x − 1 x→0 tan x x→0 2 tan x sec2 x
2
ex −
(1 − x)3 1
= lim 4 2
=−
x→0 2 sec x + 4tan x sec x 2

Problem 13
log(1 + x sin x)
lim = 2.
x→0 1 − cos x
0
Solution. This is in the form. Using L’Hospital rule, we get (i.e. Differ-
0
sin x + x cos x
entiating numerator and denominator) lim 1 +sinx sin x = lim sin x + x cos x
x→0 x x→0 (1 + x sin x) sin x
Divide Numerator and denominator by x, to get the answer as 2.

Problem 14
ex − esin x
lim = 1.
x→0 x − sin x
0
Solution. This is in the form. Using L’Hospital rule, we get (i.e.
0
Differentiating numerator and denominator)
ex − esin x ex − esin x cos x
lim = lim .
x→0 x − sin x x→0 1 − cos x
Using L’Hospital rule again, we get (i.e. Differentiating numerator and
denominator)
ex − esin x cos x ex − esin x cos2 x + esin x sin x
lim = lim .
x→0 1 − cos x x→0 sin x
Using L’Hospital rule again, we get (i.e. Differentiating numerator and
denominator)

ex − esin x cos2 x + esin x sin x

lim
x→0 sin x
ex − esin x cos3 x + 2esin x sin x cos x + esin x cos x
= lim = 1.
x→0 cos x

4
Problem 15
ex sin x − x − x2
lim = − 32 .
x→0 x2 − x log(1 − x)
0
Solution. This is in the form. Using L’Hospital rule, we get (i.e.
0
Differentiating numerator and denominator)
ex sin x − x − x2 ex sin x + ex cos x − 1 − 2x
lim = lim x
x→0 x2 − x log(1 − x) x→0
2x − log(1 − x) +
1−x
Using L’Hospital rule, we get

Problem 16
log(x − π2 )
lim = 0.
x→ π2 + tan x
∞
Solution. This is in the form. Using L’Hospital rule, we get (i.e.
∞
Differentiating numerator and denominator)

Problem 17
log(x − π)
lim+ = 1.
x→π log(ex − eπ )
∞
Solution. This is in the form. Using L’Hospital rule, we get (i.e.
∞
Differentiating numerator and denominator)

Problem 18
log(1 − x2 )
lim = 2.
x→0 log cos x
0
Solution. This is in the form. Using L’Hospital rule, we get (i.e.
0
Differentiating numerator and denominator)

Problem 19
log x2
lim = 0.
x→0 cotx2
∞
Solution. This is in the form. Using L’Hospital rule, we get (i.e.
∞
Differentiating numerator and denominator)

5
Problem 20
sec πx
lim1 = 3.
x→ 2 tan 3πx
∞
Solution. This is in the form. Using L’Hospital rule, we get (i.e.
∞
Differentiating numerator and denominator)

Problem 21
log sin 2x
lim = 1.
x→0+ log sin x
∞
Solution. This is in the form. Using L’Hospital rule, we get (i.e.
∞
Differentiating numerator and denominator)

Problem 22
tan 5x 1
limπ = .
x→ 2 tan x 5
∞
Solution. This is in the form. Using L’Hospital rule, we get (i.e.
∞
Differentiating numerator and denominator)

Problem 23 h1 1 i 1
Prove that lim 2 − 2 =− .
x→0 x sin x 3
Solution.
h1 1 i sin2 x − x2
lim 2 − = lim
x→0 x sin2 x x→0 x2 sin2 x
2 sin x cos x − 2x
= lim
x→0 2x sin2 x + 2x2 sin x cos x
sin 2x − 2x
= lim
x→0 2x sin2 x + x2 sin 2x
2 cos 2x − 2
= lim 2
x→0 2 sin x + 4x sin x cos x + 2x sin 2x + 2x2 cos 2x

−4 sin2 x
= lim
x→0 2 sin2 x + 4x sin x cos x + 2x sin 2x + 2x2 cos 2x

6
Dividing numerator and denominator by x2 , we get

sin2 x

1 1
 −4
lim − = lim x2
x→0 x2 sin2 x x→0 sin2 x sin x sin 2x
2 2 +4 cos x + 2 + 2 cos 2x
x x x
−4 4 1
= =− =− .
2 + 4 + 2(2) + 2 12 3

Problem 24 a x
Evaluate lim − cot
x→0+ x a
x a x 1 
Solution. Let t = . As x → 0, t → 0. lim − cot = lim − cot t
a x→0+ x a t→0+ t

sin t − t cos t − 1
lim = lim =0
t→0+ t cos t t→0+ cos t − t sin t

Problemh 1 25log(1 + x) i 1
lim − = .
x→0 x x2 2

Problemh π 26 i π2
π
lim − = .
x→0 4x 2x(eπx + 1) 8

Problem 27
1 1
lim x 1−x = .
x→1− e

Problem
 28 x
lim 1 + x12 = 1.
x→∞

Problem 29
limπ (sin x)2 tan x = 1.
x→ 2

Problem 30
2
lim (cos x)cot x = e−1/2 .
x→0

7
Problem 31
lim (ax + x)1/x = ae.
x→0

Problem 132
2 sin x
lim = 1.
x→0+ x

Problem 33
1 1  1
lim − = .
x→0+ x2 x tan x 3
Solution.
1 1   tan x − x 
lim − = lim
x→0+ x2 x tan x x2 tan x
x→0+
sec2 x − 1
= lim
x→0+ 2x tan x + x2 sec2 x
tan2 x
= lim
x→0+ 2x tan x + x2 sec2 x

Dividing numerator and denominator by x2 , we get

tan2 x
1 1  1
lim − = lim x2 =
x→0+ x 2 x tan x x→0+ tan x 3
2 + sec2 x
x

Problem 34
1 1 1
lim x − =− .
x→0 e − 1 x 2
Solution.
 1 1  x − ex + 1 
lim x − = lim
x→0 e − 1 x x→0 x(ex − 1)
 1 − ex 
= lim
x→0 (ex − 1) + xex
 −ex   −1  1
= lim = lim =− .
x→0 xex + 2ex x→0 x + 2 2

Problem
 35
2 1  1
lim 2 − =− .
x→1 x − 1 x−1 2

8
Problem 36  2
 tan x 1/x
lim = e1/3 .
x→0 x

Problem
 37 tan(πx/2a)
lim 2 − xa = π2 .
x→a

Problem 38
limπ (tan x)tan 2x = 1e .
x→ 4

Problem 39 1/x √
ax +bx
lim 2
= ab.
x→0+

Problem 40
lim xn · log x = 0 if n > 0.
x→0+

Problem 41
lim x log sin x = 0.
x→0+

Problem 42
limπ cos x log tan x = 0.
x→ 2