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DON JOSE ECLEO MEMORIAL FOUNDATION COLLEGE OF

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 1
Justiniana Edera, San Jose, Dinagat Islands

Chapter 1

PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter included the introduction, conceptual

framework, schematic diagram of the study, statement of

the problem, scope and limitation, the significance of

the study, the definition of terms, and a review of

related literature and studies.

Introduction

Rats are one of the major agricultural problem

nowadays. They like to trim or pull up transplanted

plants like rice plants (Oryza sativa). They tear down

the young seedlings. At booting stage, they feed on rice

panicles. On the other hand, during ripening stage, they

feed on developing rice grains. They like to hide in

holes to protect themselves from danger. If populations

of rats are dense in the rice fields, the rice

production will be affected. That is why the researchers

aims to discover some rat poison using Derris eliptica

(tubli vine roots crude extract that can be found in our

locality.

There are a lot of synthetic pesticides that can

prevent and control pest even in a large farm area,

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DON JOSE ECLEO MEMORIAL FOUNDATION COLLEGE OF
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Justiniana Edera, San Jose, Dinagat Islands

however, rampant use of synthetic pesticides alone can

adversely affect the environment and health, and even

reduce income. (Mitra et al 2011; Agri-Green, 2011 b;

Edwards, 2013).Hence, Sparagano et al. (2016) suggested

that the use of synthetic pesticides must be reduced to

prevent deterioration of soil and income.

Tubli plants (Derris Eliptica) is known for its

roots extract that is used as fish poison and source of

effective natural insecticide and pesticide called

rotenone. Derris Eliptica roots also contains derris,

anhydroderrid, derris, tub toxin, and tubain. This plant

may have propagated by planting the mature brown stem.

Plant the cuttings in sand or well drained top soil,

either in plastic bags or in mist beds. Tubli roots can

be harvested 4 months from transplanting.

Rotenone and its derivatives are well-known for

their insecticidal and pesticidal properties. They occur

as constituents of the roots, stems and leaves of many

leguminous species of the genera Derris. Derris eliptica

are pinnate and 30 to 50 centimetres long. Leaflets are

usually oblong, 9 to 13, when matured smooth above and

silky beneath. 10 to 15 centimeters long, and about half

as broad. Pods are 5 to 8 centimetres long and contain 1

to 3 seeds, flat and reniform, olive, brown or black.

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Tubli's roots contain rotenone, a slow acting poison

which is highly toxic to pests and insects but

relatively non-toxic to plants and animals. Rotenone is

degraded when exposed to sunlight and has a half-life of

only one to three days, thus posing a very low

environmental hazard. This is known to be used as fish

poison, as traditionally done here in Philippines, but

this is not legal because it kills the big fishes and

their offspring. Tubli is poison to cold blooded

creatures like insect insects, pest and marine

organisms. Tubli is a leguminous plant that originated

in Southern Pacific Islands and Southeast Pacific

Islands (The Plant lists, 2010). Its crude extracts had

been discovered and used as pesticide by some of the

farmers and researchers in various researchers in the

Philippines (Devi, 2016). Botanical pesticides derived

from tubli plants is also sold to some of the pesticide

marketing outlets all over the world. (Sola et al.,

2014)

The use of botanical pesticides like tubli plant

crude extract is one of the practical methods from those

farmers who are not capable to incur the expensive

commercial pesticides. Besides, this is the best input

in available resources for farming can be practiced only

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DON JOSE ECLEO MEMORIAL FOUNDATION COLLEGE OF
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Justiniana Edera, San Jose, Dinagat Islands

if botanical pesticide (Wilcox, 2011; Sola et al.,

2014).

This study will be a big help to every farmers

because this Tubli Roots vine extract will help them to

eliminate damaging rice fields rats (Rattus

Argenteventer). These will also serve as a basis or

guidance of future researchers.

Table 1 Phytochemical Properties of Tubli Vine Extract

Phytochemical Properties Constituents

Insecticidal Lipid
constituents -
4lipid (including
3 ceramides and a
poly-hydroxyl
octadecenoic
acid,12,13,15-
trihydroxy-9-
octadecenoic acid
Rotenone 4’,5’-dihydroxy-
6a, 12a-
dehydrogueline
Larcividal
Acaricidal
Insecticidal
Antioxidant
Toxicity
Source:

Table 1 presents the Phytochemical Properties of

Derris eliptica with its constituents. Furthermore, A.

Permatasari et al., (2019), discusses that Derris

eliptica vine roots extract proved to be the most

effective poison vine in terms of killing pest and

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DON JOSE ECLEO MEMORIAL FOUNDATION COLLEGE OF
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Justiniana Edera, San Jose, Dinagat Islands

insects, with a mortality rate in each level of lethal

concentration. This suggests that plant tubli roots vine

could eventually a potentially making poison to kill

rats. Because of the availability of raw material at the

same time considered as one of the major source as a

potential material in making a rat poison.

Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

Rats and mice have been a long problem on farms

where food and nesting sites are plentiful. They are

carriers of some 45 diseases and are capable of

contaminating farm feed and water supplies helping to

spread disease from contaminated to uncontaminated areas

and from animal to animal.

Moreover, the use of botanical pesticides is one

of the contributors to sustainable agriculture

(Ignacimuthu and Vendan, 2018). It has been implemented

to be practiced by the farmers. This practice is still

encouraged to be maintained all over the world (Dixon et

al., 2014. Many botanical plants including the tubli

crude extract are already recommended to achieve and

maintain the concept of sustainable agriculture

(Dimetry, 2012). Tubli is one of the most promising

botanical pesticide that promotes a balanced and self-

regulated agricultural system (Indigenous Plants as

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DON JOSE ECLEO MEMORIAL FOUNDATION COLLEGE OF
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Natural Pesticides, 2017). Aside from conserving the

soil fertility and the environment, the application of

botanical pesticides like tubli crude extracts can

increase the monetary returns of the farmers and sustain

the productivity and profitability of their farms and

income, respectively.

The use of botanical pesticides is needed for the

fulfillment of crop production. Tubli plant is

considered one of the most strong and effective

botanical pesticides all over the world. It has been

tested and proven that this can control and mitigate the

adverse effects of pests on crops and brought profitable

income and productive farms to the farmers. It is

therefore that tubli plants is useful in framing and

thus, qualified to be an input to sustainable

agriculture.

This study was outlined in the diagram shown in

Figure 1. The first box showed the input that identifies

the goals and objectives of the study as well as the

test variables.

The second box contained the process for the

entire experimentation. That includes the tests that

were conducted to find answers to the goal of the study

especially in determining the level of effectiveness of

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DON JOSE ECLEO MEMORIAL FOUNDATION COLLEGE OF
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Justiniana Edera, San Jose, Dinagat Islands

derris eliptica vine roots extract in terms of its time

duration, deterioration from outdoor exposure and

effectivity.

The last box shows the output of the study which

is the derris eliptica vine roots extract as

agricultural rat killer.

The diagram shown in Figure 2 shows the flow

chart of the entire experimental study. First was the

raw materials used for the production of pellets, that

includes the tubli roots extract, Lanett, and ammonia.

Then the making of the agricultural rat poison, and was

followed by the test that was conducted to identify

level of effectiveness of the poison in terms of time

duration , deterioration from outdoor exposure and

effectivity via experimentation and field testing. The

last part was the final output which is the derris

eliptica vine roots extract as agricultural rat killer.

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DON JOSE ECLEO MEMORIAL FOUNDATION COLLEGE OF
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Justiniana Edera, San Jose, Dinagat Islands

I PR OU
N OC TP
P ES UT
Materials
U 1. SPreparing
Needed
T pellets
with
1. Tubli roots
extract of
2. Tubli vine Tubli
crude extract roots Pellets
(Derris (tubli Vine
3. Ammonia Eliptica) Crude
4. Wheat Flour and dry extracts)
weight of
5. Corn Corn.
6. Rattus
2. Placing
Argenteventer
the area
(fields mice.)
of
experiment
al rice
field
(box) with
Tubli
roots
(Derris
Eliptica)
Pellets
where
rattus
argenteven
ter
placed.

3. Observing
and
recording
the
deteriorat
ion time
exposure.
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DON JOSE ECLEO MEMORIAL FOUNDATION COLLEGE OF
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Justiniana Edera, San Jose, Dinagat Islands

Deterioration Making
Durability rat Raw Materials;
Killingfrom outdoor poison from tubli extract
rats exposure
Figure 1 Schematic
tubli Model
rootsof from
the Study
tubli
extract roots

Identifying Identifying
the the
levellevel of ofeffectiveness
Identifying of the level of
Determining significant difference
effectiveness
between the level of negative tubli roots (derris eliptica) pellets of
of derris eliptica effectiveness as tubli roots
effects of (tubli roots
tubli as a
poison potential
roots to rice source
(derris
field eliptica)
mice as potential ra
(rattus
(derris of poisoning
eliptica) as rats.
arginteventer)
poison as to poison to rice field mice (rattu
size of mice, Gender,
Duration for the poison to affect the
arginteventer) in the form of
pellets and Lanett to the society
target, severity of the poison in terms to
and farmers. the body weight of the mice pellets.
Figure 2 Flow Chart Diagram

Research
Composition
*Specimen A
(tubli roots)
*Specimen B
(tubli roots
extract)
*Specimen C
(Corn)
*Control
"Poison
(amonia)
Pellets
(rat
poison)
using
derris
eliptica)
crude
extract"
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DON JOSE ECLEO MEMORIAL FOUNDATION COLLEGE OF
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Justiniana Edera, San Jose, Dinagat Islands

Statement of the Problem

This study deals on the feasibility and effectiveness

of tubli vine roots crude (extract) as a material in

making rat poison pellets. Further , it seek to answer

the following question;

1. What is the levels of effectiveness of tubli roots

(derris eliptica) as potential rat poison to rice

field mice (rattus argenteventer) in pellet form?

2. What is the level of effectiveness of tubli

roots( derris eliptica)pellets poison to rice field

mice (rattus argenteventer)in terms of;

2.1 What is the chemical component of tubli

vine crude extract as potential rat poison or

killer

2.2 How effective is Tubli vine crude extract

2.3 Is there any significant difference

between the alternative rat poison and the

commercialized rat poison or killer

3. Is there any significant difference between the

level of negative effects of tubli roots (derris

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DON JOSE ECLEO MEMORIAL FOUNDATION COLLEGE OF
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Justiniana Edera, San Jose, Dinagat Islands

eliptica) as poison pellets to the safety of the

farmers.

Hypothesis

Ho1: Tubli vine crude extract pellets are an effective

rat poison.

Ho2: Tubli vine crude extract pellets are an effective

alternative rat poison.

Scope and Limitation

To facilitate the limit in understanding the

intention and content of this study, the following

specifications were established;

Focus. The potential effectiveness of tubli roots

(derris eliptica) as poison pellets. It also aimed to

measure the effectiveness of tubli roots (derris

eliptica) pellets in the rice field mice (rattus

arginteventer.

Settings. This experimental study will be conducted in

two different setting. The experimentation process will

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DON JOSE ECLEO MEMORIAL FOUNDATION COLLEGE OF
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Justiniana Edera, San Jose, Dinagat Islands

be conducted at Phase 6 don Ruben, Edera, Sanjose,

Dinagat Islands, Philippines near the Palawan Express

Pera Padala. The field application on the other hand was

conducted at Phase Wadas, Dinagat Islands.

Significance of the study

This experimental study titled “Tubli roots

(Derris Eliptica) as rat poison in agricultural purposes

will created to benefit the following

Community. The study will benefit the community in a way

that it secures their own safety while using the poison

pellets.

Agriculture. The study will benefit the agricultural

sector of the locality for it can lessen the damage done

by the (rattus arginteventer) Rice field mice in rice

crops and increase the harvest of the farmers. The

result of this study is also beneficial to the farmers

with rice field’s plantation since tubli roots is the

main component used in this study.

Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR).

The study will benefit the Department of Environment and

Natural Resources. Accordingly, the environmental issue

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DON JOSE ECLEO MEMORIAL FOUNDATION COLLEGE OF
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is one of the concerns of this sector. Poison pellets

ingredients is more on organic which harm the nature

less unlike the synthetic rat poisons.By that, this

study would significantly serve as a help to the

institutions and helps improve healthier environment.

Department of Trade and Industry (DTI). This study will

benefit the Department of Trade and Industry. Since DTI

plays important role in society’s economy, the pursuance

of new natural product from tubli roots (derris

eliptica) could help in elevating the economy, and since

tubli roots (derris eliptica) is described as eco-

friendly product that also works well with the

environment.

School Administration. This study will benefit the

school administration for it can elevate the school's

reputation in the field of experimental research.

Future researchers: This study will benefit the future

researchers. It will serve as a reference for conducting

an investigatory research related and relevant to the

current study.
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Definition of Terms:

For clearer understanding of the study, the

following terms were define conceptually and

operationally;

Tubli roots (derris eliptica) - Conceptually defined as

a rambling climber, with a branches covered with brown

hairs. Leaves are pinnate and 30 to 50 centimeters long.

Rats – Conceptually define any numerous rodents (Rattus

and related genera) differing from the related mice

especially by considerably larger size.

Deterioration from outdoor exposure- Conceptually define

as the process of becoming progressively worse after

outdoor exposure.

Extraction –operationally defined as the action of

taking out something, especially using effort or force.

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Rotenone- a substance that will used to kill pest

(rats).

Phytochemical Properties- Conceptually

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This section provides the review of related

literature which considered being relevant to the study

by the researchers. The literature and studies are taken

from foreign and local articles, online published

journals and Theses to gain clearer perspective of the

topic under investigation.

Foreign Literature and Studies

The use of botanical pesticide like tubli plants

extracts is one of the practical methods for those

farmers who are not capable to incur the expensive

commercial pesticides. This contributes to the

sustainability of agriculture because it has no adverse

effects to the environment. Tubli plants and its

efficacy as organic pesticide. The most strong and

effective pesticidal property of tubli plant is rotenone

which is controlled various pests. This had been

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DON JOSE ECLEO MEMORIAL FOUNDATION COLLEGE OF
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cultivated and used as an organic pesticide all over the

world. (E.Jr, Enriquez et al, 107-115, 2021).

Derris eliptica benth was observed to have a

high correlation of esterases and monoxygenaseses

enzymatic activity and mortality rate when plant extract

is applied to a diamond back larvae (Plutella

xylostella).The tubli vine extracts significantly

lowered the number of larvae in the field.

According to Affleap (2010) Tubli extract (Derris

Eliptica Benth contains rotenone, a chemical that is

toxic to pest, insects and fish. Rotenone inhibits the

respiratory process in the gills of fish. The use of

rotenone is to eliminate freshwater bodies of wild and

stunned fish populations is common in the United States.

In the Philippines, dried and powdered tubli roots

offers a safer alternative to costly chemical pesticides

in eliminating fish predators and competitors in back

fish water fishpond, In a test pond, 10 and 20 parts per

million (ppm) of tubli fine roots powder has been proven

effective in killing unwanted species of fish and

crustaceans in fishponds.it has been found out to be

toxic to 14 species of fish but is tolerated by prawns

up to 30 ppm. It has been used by some fishpond

operators in the treatment of their fishponds.

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“For lack of a better alternative, local

fishponds operators have traditionally used insecticides

and spooning from teased cake in pond management but

these are imported and expensive” said Dr. Rafael

Guerrero Marine Research and Development director in the

Philippine Council for Aquatic and (PCAMRD).

Guerrero and colleagues at (PCAMRD) looked at the proper

concentrations of tubli that is more suitable for local

conditions. They found out that fish exposed to the fine

root powder at 1a0 and 20 ppm died faster than those

treated with coarse powder at the same concentrations.

“Because of the environmental hazards and import

constraints for insecticides and teased cake, there is a

need for a safer and more practical alternative,

“Guerrero said. Tubli is feasible under local conditions

because of its availability, practicality and safe

features. “He added.

In Albay, Tubli roots were dried and chopped into

2 centimeter pieces and oven dried at 60 degrees

centigrade

and ground in a laboratory pulverize, coarse powder was

produced using no. 15 sieve and for fine powder using

no. 40 sieve. In a 200 square meter earthen fishpond a

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total of 200 grams of tubli root fine powder is required

in the treatment of the pond. The tubli roots powder for

fish control in ponds was recently presented by PCAMRD.

It was funded by the Philippine Council for Agriculture,

Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development

(PCARRD) Department of Science and Technology (DOST).

Analyses showed that the natural rotenone

crystallized for the first time from Derris trifoliata

in Vietnam offered its purity met the international

standard. These evidences indicate the rotenone can be

used and it possibly replaces chemical pesticides in

crop protection and aquaculture to obtain cleaner

vegetable to meet the demand of sustainable agriculture

in the future in Vietnam. (Phan Phuoc Hien et al 2003).

Tubli roots are effective against insects not

only in the form of extracts but also in powder. Tubli

root powder can even control the Bolanogastricolae in

Kola nut. It was found out that the application of tubli

root powder at 10g and 15g concentration performed well

resulted in the highest mortality during the exposure

(Akunne et al., 2018).

Tubli plant is rich also inacardial property.

This was used in the study against

Rhipicephalussanguines (brown dog tick). The tubli roots

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were undergone first air drying before it was pounded.

It was applied as foliar spray in three different

concentrations i.e., 1.5, 1.6, 20%. This can be an

alternative for synthethicaricides (Alono et al., 2017).

The tubli (Derris eliptica) can also be used with

the combination of other botanical pesticides like name

(Dioscoreahispida). Their combinations found to be

effective in killing mice/rats. This is a cheap

potential and natural alternative rodenticide

(Torrefiel, 2014).

Rotenoids are compounds that occurred naturally.

These chemicals are considered the cousins of rotenone.

They are necessary for the inhibition of the complex I

of the electron transport chain. They are in the

extracts that contain rotenone because of the synthesis

happened (Daroff and Aminoff, 2014).Rotenoids also

contains a cis-fused tertahydrochromeno [3, 4-b]

chromenonecules. Tubli plants

was studied to be yielded with seven rotenoids;(1) 7’-

hydroxy-6a, 12a-dehydrodeguelin, (2) 6-hdroxy-6a, 12a-

dehyrodegeuelin, (3)(6aR, 12Ar,4’R,5’S)-4’,5’-Dihydro-4,

5-dihydrorotenone,(5)(-)-rotonic acid,(6)(-)-degouic

acid, and(7)12-deoxo-12a-acetoxyelliptone(Lu et

al.,2018)
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The government of the United States used already

the tubli plants as a source of rotenone for many

purposes in fishing and farming (Tanner et al., 2011;

Schmidt, 2014; Daroff and Aminoff, 2014).

Synthesis of the Review

Based on the factual evidence provided above, the

researchers affirmed that tubli vine roots extract has

the potentiality to be an effective material in making

poison. The aforementioned studies suggest that tubli

vine roots extract are effective as rat poison.

The above collection of both foreign and local

studies provided information to the proponents that

their proposed study has similarities with other system

which is widely used as it discussed the other

potential use of tubli vine roots extract through

chemical and geochemical analysis. It also emphasizes

the mechanical properties present in tubli vine roots

extract making it a potential raw material in making

agricultural rat killer. The aforementioned literature

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helped them to keep in mind that they need to pursue

their study to realize the said product as their goal.

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CHAPTER 2

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presented the research design, subject

and study site, data measure, data gathering, ethical

consideration of data, statistical treatment of data

used in analyzing and interpreting the data about the

variables of the study, research material, and equipment

and research procedures.

Research Design
This study used an experimental testing method. It

is appropriate since its goal is to investigate the

level of effectiveness of using Derris eliptica vine

roots extract as a Potential material in making

Agricultural rat poison specifically, in field setting.

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Subject and Study Site

According to Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA),

2020, Banana accounted for 94.9 percent of the total

crops production in the Philippines from 2017-2019.

In 2018 84% of bananas (and 99% of the Cavendish

cultivars) were produced on the island of Mindanao, with

Davao region, Northern Mindanao and Soccksargen as the

top three regions. Cavendish is the most grown variety

in the Philippines, accounting for 53% of all bananas,

followed by Saba (28%) and Lakatan (10%). A small

portion of the country’s exports are organic bananas.

Total number of banana production in the Philippines is

8.4 million metric tons and the banana production area

is 447,900 hectares ( Banana link, 2018).

The primary materials used for this experimental

research was the pseudo-stem fiber from the 3 variation

of Banana. The selection for the 3 variation of banana

was based according to the most abundant within the

locality. Since Saba, Latundan and Kasi-aw was the most

abundant banana in Dinagat Islands its fibers was used

for the entire experimentation. The Derris eliptica vine

crude extract, was collected at different Banana

Plantation in the Municipalities of Libjo, Basilisa and

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San Jose, Dinagat Islands. The experimental process of

making the Agricultural Erosion Control Net took place

at Phase 6 Don Ruben San Jose, Dinagat Islands. On the

other hand, the field application was conducted at

Phase-4 Rubenian, Basilisa Dinagat Islands.

Site of Experimentation
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Site of experimentation
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Figure 3 Map of P-6 Don Ruben San Jose, Dinagat Islands (A) and P-4
Rubenian, Basilisa, Dinagat Islands (B)

Data Measure

Table 2 Test Measurements

Test Variables Unit of Measurements

Durability Kilo Newton per meter
Deterioration from
Kilo Newton per meter
Outdoor exposure
Soil loss Percentage

Table 2 presented the unit of measurements that was

used for the test variable in this experimental study.

It was arrange in such way to provide prospective

readers a clearer and more accurate computation in all

data gathered during experimentation.

Table 3 Comparison of Materials used on Related Studies

Banana Pseudo-
Study 1 Study 2 Study 3
stem fiber
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Saba Fibers
Banana fibers
Vine crude Coconut
Latundan Fibers
extract fibers
Coconut Fibers
Kasi-aw Fibers
Sources: Study 1 Decano et al. ( 2016). “Corn (zea mays l.) stalk geotextile net for soil
erosion mitigation” . Retrieved from http://www.joaat.com › 2016PDF Corn (Zea mays L. Stalk
Geotextile Net for Soil Erosion Mitigation Retrieved on April 22, 2022 10:00 pm
Study 2 Marco's, M.C. M. et al. (June 2020). Properties and behavior of banana fiber and coconut
coir (Baconet) geotextile. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342145746_Properties_and_behavior_of_banana_fiber_and_co
conut_coir_Baconet_Geotextile Retrieved on April 22, 2022 10:00 pm
Study 3 Soilerosionst ( 2019). Coir erosion mat archives. Retrieved from
https://soilerosion.com/tag/coir-erosion-mat/ Retrieved on April 22, 2022 10:00 pm

Table 3 presented the materials that were used in

the study. These materials were arranged in such a way

to give the prospective readers an idea of what was

utilized and manipulated in producing agricultural

erosion control net from banana pseudo-stem fibers.

These materials include are pseudo-stem fibers from

Saba, Latundan and kasi-aw.

Data Gathering Procedure

The entire experimentation was conducted in

different setting. It was divided into five parts. The

Part 1 was the preparation of the Banana pseudo-stem

fibers. This includes the extraction and drying of

banana pseudo-stem fibers. The part 2 was the rope

making. The part 3, 4 and 5 includes the weaving of net

as well as the tests that were conducted to identify its

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level of effectiveness as agricultural erosion control

in terms of durability, deterioration from outdoor

exposure and soil loss, respectively.

Moreover, there were no other alterations or

further purifications of the materials that was used in

this study except that banana pseudo-stem fiber

undergoes a process of cleansing with water and

scrapping off other residues of the banana sheaths.

Furthermore, the selection of fiber that was used

for the deterioration from outdoor exposure and soil

loss was based according to the sturdiest fiber which

obtained the highest tensile strength during durability

testing. The general procedures that were followed in

this research are presented below:

Part I. PREPARATION OF BANANA PSEUDO-STEM FIBERS

A. Extraction of the fibers from banana pseudo-stem

(Saba, Latundan and Kasi-aw)

1. Strip-off the sheaths of the banana pseudo-

stem and separate its core.

2. Extract the banana fibers by scraping the

flesh from the banana pseudo-stem sheaths

manually or with the use of the DIY equipment

shown below.
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DON JOSE ECLEO MEMORIAL FOUNDATION COLLEGE OF
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Justiniana Edera, San Jose, Dinagat Islands

Figure 4 DIY equipment used for scraping the banana pseudo-stem

sheaths for fiber extraction

3. Clean the extracted banana fibers with water

to remove the remaining banana sap.

B. Air drying the extracted banana pseudo-stem fibers

from Saba, Latundan and Kasi-aw.

1. Hang the banana pseudo-stem fibers in room

temperature for 10 days until all the moisture

are gone.

Part II. ROPE MAKING USING THE DRIED PSEUDO-STEM FIBERS

1. Gather fibers up to 10 mm for its diameter. Secure

a knot at the beginning. Divide the fibers in to

two and starts twisting the divided parts in

outward motion. Once the two strands are tightly

twisted, create a criss-cross motion bringing the

two strands together.

2. Repeat the same process until the end part of the

fiber is reached.
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DON JOSE ECLEO MEMORIAL FOUNDATION COLLEGE OF
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3. Repeat the process until the desired length is

achieved.

(Note: Follow the same process when making the rope from Saba, Latundan and Kasi-aw

pseudo-stem).

PART III. DURABILITY TESTING (TENSILE STRENGTH)

1. Tie the 1 meter rope with the diameter of 10

millimeter in a sturdy tube that is not easy to

bend.

2. Connect the end part of the rope with snap hook

where the load can hang

3. Carefully increase the weight until the breaking

point is reached.

4. Record the amount of weights loaded.

5. To measure the elongation of the rope made from

the banana pseudo-stem, remove the rope from the

tube and the broken part off its load. Place the

two part of the rope in a plain surface and

measure its length. Subtract its original length

to the length measure after the breaking point is

achieved.

The table below was used to record all the data

collected, the total mean value and the corresponding

remarks during the testing of durability.

Table 4 Testing for Durability (Tensile Strength)

 30
DON JOSE ECLEO MEMORIAL FOUNDATION COLLEGE OF
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Specimen Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Mean Remarks

Control
Specimen A
(Saba)

Specimen B
(Latundan)

Specimen c
(Kasi-aw)

Table 5 Criteria for Durability

Parameters Remarks
6.5 kN/m below Less durable
6.6 – 7.0 kN/m Slightly durable
7.1 – 7.5 kN/m Moderately durable
7.6 kN/m above Durable

Source: Marco's, M.C. M. et al. (June 2020). Properties and behavior of banana fiber
and coconut coir (Baconet) geotextile. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342145746_Properties_and_behavior_of_banana_
fiber_and_coconut_coir_Baconet_Geotextile Retrieved on April 22, 2022 10:00 pm

PART IV. Testing for Deterioration from outdoor exposure

1. Make a rope from banana pseudo stem fibers with 1

meter length and 10 millimeter in diameter

2. Follow the steps in part III to get the tensile

strength of the unexposed rope. Record the result.

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DON JOSE ECLEO MEMORIAL FOUNDATION COLLEGE OF
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3. Exposed the rope sample outdoor for 90 days where

it is positioned in a location free from

obstruction of trees or other sources of shade.

4. Visit the site after 7 days and test its tensile

strength again. Record the results.

5. Repeat the process every 7 days until Day 90.

The table below was used to record all the data

collected, the total mean value and the corresponding

remarks during the testing of tensile strength after

outdoor exposure.

Table 6 Tensile strength of Banana pseudo-stem fiber

after Outdoor exposure

Tensile strength
Remarks
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Mean
Unexposed
Net
Day 1-7
Day 8-14
Day 15-21
Day 22-28
Day 29-35
Day 36-42
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DON JOSE ECLEO MEMORIAL FOUNDATION COLLEGE OF
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Justiniana Edera, San Jose, Dinagat Islands

Table 7 Criteria for the durability after outdoor

exposure.

Parameters Remarks

2.5 kN/m below Less durable

2.6 to 3.0 kN/m Slightly durable
3.1 to 3.5 kN/m Moderately durable
3.6 above kN/m Durable
Source: Marco's, M.C. M. et al. (June 2020). Properties and behavior of banana fiber
and coconut coir (Baconet) geotextile. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342145746_Properties_and_behavior_of_banana_
fiber_and_coconut_coir_Baconet_Geotextile Retrieved on April 22, 2022 10:00 pm

PART V TESTING FOR SOIL LOSS

A. Weaving the Agricultural Erosion Control net

1. With the use of the already made rope in part II,

make a net with the opening mesh size of 2 inch.

The net should be 1.5 meter wide and 1.5 meter

long.

2. Weave the net by making a 1.5 x 1.5 meter border

first. Insert the 1.5 meter long rope

horizontally until the full 1.5 x 1.5 meter

border is covered.

3. Follow the steps in making a rope for the

vertical lines of the net. Secure the knot at the

top of the border at the same time weave the

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DON JOSE ECLEO MEMORIAL FOUNDATION COLLEGE OF
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fibers into rope together with the horizontal

ropes.

B. Installation of the Agricultural Erosion control

net

1. Prepare live stakes plants (e.g. Kakawate or

Madre Kakao and Ipil ipil Plant). This will be

used to secure the corners of the net upon

installation and will serve as temporary anchors.

2. In the garden, create a pile of soil shape in

dome. Measure its area and height. Its steepness

must be 45° angle.

3. Laid out the 1.5 x 1.5 meter net in the pile of

soil created. All the corners in the area must be

secured by live plants stakes. Make sure that the

surface is even to ensure that the net shall be

in contact with the soil surface.

4. Measure the Area and height of the pile of soil

and leave it as it is. Make sure to record the

measurements. Visit the site every after 7 days.

5. After 7 days, measure its area and height again

and record the measurements. Repeat the process

until Day 90.

6. To get the volume of the soil loss, subtract the

base volume of the pile of soil by its volume

every after 7 days

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DON JOSE ECLEO MEMORIAL FOUNDATION COLLEGE OF
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The table below was used to record all the data

collected, the total mean value and the corresponding

remarks during the testing of soil loss

Table 8 Testing for the soil loss

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Remarks
VR % VR VR % VR VR % VR Mean

Day
1-7
Day
8-14
Day
15-21
Day
22-28
Day
29-35
Day
36-42

Legend:

VR = Volume Retained
%VR = Percentage of Volume Retained

Table 9 Criteria for the percentage of Volume loss

Parameters in volume loss Interpretation

0 – 25 % Effective
26 – 50 % Moderately effective
51 – 75 % Slightly effective
76 – 100 % Less effective

Source: Marco's, M.C. M. et al. (June 2020). Properties and behavior of banana fiber
and coconut coir (Baconet) geotextile. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342145746_Properties_and_behavior_of_banana_
fiber_and_coconut_coir_Baconet_Geotextile Retrieved on April 22, 2022 10:00 pm
 35
DON JOSE ECLEO MEMORIAL FOUNDATION COLLEGE OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Justiniana Edera, San Jose, Dinagat Islands

Ethical Consideration

The researchers take proper and ethical steps while

carrying out this study on all accounts. These ethical

considerations includes following the law mandated under

Republic Act (RA) 9003 otherwise known as the Ecological

Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 which are the Reuse,

Reduce and Recycle in responding the materials recovery

facilities (DENR 2001). The researchers asked

permission to the respective owners of the Banana

Plantation on different municipalities where the primary

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DON JOSE ECLEO MEMORIAL FOUNDATION COLLEGE OF
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material are collected. The researchers also emphasize

to acknowledge the different sources cited in the study

such as books, journals and articles using American

Psychological Association format or APA System. The

researchers kept all the gathered confidential data and

all false data and misinterpretation of the study was

neither entertained nor published. This paper was

carefully reviewed to prevent plagiarism, academic

fraud, and misinterpretation. No one was harmed in

conducting the experiment. On the other hand, the

results of the study specifically focus on the material

use and the usefulness of Banana pseudo-stem fibers as

erosion control net.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The following statistical treatments were used by

the researcher to answer the specific problems and in

testing the hypothesis of the study.

Mean – it was used in the study to determine the

average result of the three trials in different test

such as durability, deterioration from Outdoor Exposure

and soil Loss.

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DON JOSE ECLEO MEMORIAL FOUNDATION COLLEGE OF
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Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) – it was used to

determine the significant difference between the levels

of effectiveness of banana pseudo-stem fibers as

potential material in making agricultural erosion

control net in terms of durability.

20
38

CHAPTER 3

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

In this chapter, the findings of the study were

presented, analysed, and interpreted base from this

sequence of the problem stated in Chapter 1.

On the raw material used for agricultural erosion

control net.
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DON JOSE ECLEO MEMORIAL FOUNDATION COLLEGE OF
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Table 10 Variations of Banana Fiber

Sample Specimen Variation

Specimen A Saba

Specimen B Latundan

Specimen C Kasi-aw

Table 10 indicated the corresponding variation of

Banana fibers as materials used in the study. Saba fiber

was indicated as Specimen A, Latundan fiber as Specimen

B and Kasi-aw fiber as Specimen C.

On the level of effectiveness of Banana pseudo-stem

fiber as potential material in making erosion control

net in term of durability.

Bhattacharyyaa et al., (2012) evaluated the

effectiveness of a number of natural-fibre geotextiles

(made from bamboo, rice straw, wheat straw and maize

stalks) in establishing vegetation and found these

products significantly increased aboveground biomass

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production and generally contributed to decreased soil

loss under diverse soil and climatic conditions.

On the other hand, durability is the ability of

material to last over time, resisting wear, breakage,

and deterioration. The durability of most geotextiles

was tested and measured through tensile strength.

Tensile strength is the amount of load or stress that

can be handled by a material before it stretches and

breaks. As its name implies, tensile strength is the

material’s resistance to tension that is caused by

mechanical loads applied to the material.

The table below presented the criteria of manual

testing for the durability of the erosion control net

which can be found in chapter 2 page.

The table below was used as the criteria for durability

testing which was mentioned at chapter 2 on page 32.

Table 5 Criteria for Durability

Parameters Remarks

6.5 kN/m below Less durable

6.6 - 7.0 kN/m Slightly durable
7.1 - 7.5 kN/m Moderately durable
7.6 kN/m above Durable

Source: Marco's, M.C. M. et al. (June 2020). Properties and behavior of banana fiber
and coconut coir (Baconet) geotextile. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342145746_Properties_and_behavior_of_banana_
fiber_and_coconut_coir_Baconet_Geotextile Retrieved on April 22, 2022 10:00 pm
 40
DON JOSE ECLEO MEMORIAL FOUNDATION COLLEGE OF
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Justiniana Edera, San Jose, Dinagat Islands

The durability of the erosion control blanket was

tested based on the criteria above. Manual testing was

used on the actual experiment by adding weights measured

in kilogram on the product with specific length and

diameter in size. The product was hang to a sturdy

surface at the same time weights were attached little by

little to test the tensile capacity and breaking point

of the rope from erosion control blanket in relation to

kilo newton per meter. Thus, 6.5 kN/m below remarked as

less durable, 6.6 to 7.0 kN/m remarked slightly durable,

7.1 to 7.5 kN/m marked as moderately durable and 7.6

kN/m above remarked as durable.

Experimental Result

The Manual Testing was used on the actual

experiment to determine the result of the durability,

deterioration from outdoor exposure in terms of tensile

strength and soil loss as the amount of soil volume

eliminated that was engaged on the study. Methods and

procedure of manual testing indicated on the data

gathering procedure from Chapter 2 page 29 to 38.

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According to Michigan Technology University, 2022 A

simplified tests for tensile strength can be performed

at home. One way is to hang one end of the rope as

material from a solid point that does not move and hang

weights on the other end. Measure the change in length

while adding weight until the part begins to stretch and

finally breaks.

Durability

Table 8a represented the result of the three

variation of banana pseudo-stem fiber based on actual

experiment towards the durability of soil erosion

control net in terms of tensile strength.

Durability is the ability of material to last over

time, resisting wear, breakage, and deterioration. The

durability of most geotextiles was tested and measured

through tensile strength. Moreover, tensile strength is

the amount of load or stress that can be handled by a

material before it stretches and breaks. As its name

implies, tensile strength is the material’s resistance

to tension that is caused by mechanical loads applied to

the material.

Tensile Strength testing was based on a single

strip/rope per meter in uniform length every variation.

 42
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Rope Diameter = 10mm

Rope length = 1000 mm (1 meter)

Table 11

Tensile Strength

Variation Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Mean

(KN/m) (KN/m) (KN/m) (KN/m)

Saba 1.14 0.91 0.82 0.96

Latundan 0.74 0.62 0.93 0.76
Kasi-aw 1.21 0.81 1.21 1.08

Remarks

Variation Mean Remarks

Saba 0.96 Less Durable
Latundan 0.76 Less Durable
Kasi-aw 1.08 Less Durable

Displayed in table 8a are the results of three

trials in the experiment on the durability of the single

strip from soil erosion control net. Revealed that

“Kasi-aw” got the highest mean value of 1.08 KN/m and

lies on the parameter of “less durable”. Followed with

the variation of “Saba” which got a mean value of 0.96

KN/m and also belonged to “less durable” while erosion

control net made up of “Latundan” pseudo-stem fiber got

the lowest mean value of 0.76 KN/m.

It is observed that the results of tensile strength

testing lie within the parameter of “less durable”. That

was mainly because of the process used during the

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production of geotextile or the erosion control net.

Upon the extraction of banana fibers, it was recommended

to use the retting procedure where banana sheaths are

soaked into Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution for a

period of 1008 hours. This treatment improves the

quality of fiber-matrix adhesion due to the removal of

natural and artificial impurities Emmanuel Attahdaniel,

(2013). But because of the limited time used by the

study, the retting treatment was impossible to perform.

 44
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Figure 5 Fibers discarded during manual extraction

Figure 5 Shows the fibers discarded during manual

extraction. Manual extraction method was used for this

experimentation. Upon removing the gum or the non-

fibrous residual components of the banana sheaths it is

observe that most of the fibers are also discarded

leaving the thick, rough and brittle outer part of the

banana sheaths behind. Because of the difficult process,

the extraction of pure fibers was almost impossible.

Moreover, according to Jose Luiz Filho, (2014)

tensile strength of a geotextile is according to a

series of factors such as the manufacturing process, the

quality of the material and the method of

interconnection between components. Any change in one of

these factors implies the change of parameters in the

geotextiles. Since the manufacturing process of erosion

control net is recognized it is also possible that the

results of the experimental testing of durability in

terms of tensile strength have also changed.

Furthermore the parameter used for durability in

this study is based on the parameter used in the study

 45
DON JOSE ECLEO MEMORIAL FOUNDATION COLLEGE OF
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of Maria Cecilia M. Marcos et al., 2020, entitled

"Properties and behavior of banana fiber and coconut

coir (Baconet) Geotextile", which primary intent is to

alleviate landslide. This means that the standard value

sets in the parameter may be too big in scale when the

target of this study is only for smaller scale like in

agricultural application.

Durability
Tensile Strength, KN/m

1.4
1.21 1.21
1.2 1.14
1.08
0.93 0.96
1 0.91
0.81 0.82
0.74 0.76
0.8
0.62
0.6

0.4

0.2

0
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Mean

Number of Trials and Mean Values

Saba Latundan Kasi-aw

Figure 6 Comparison of Durability between different

variations.

Shown in the figure 6 how the erosion control net

made from different variation of banana pseudo-stem

fiber differs from the durability tested on the

experiment as one of the variables highlighted on the

study. It is observed in the graph that “Kasi-aw” got

the highest point compared to “Saba” and “Latundan”.

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During experimentation, it is observe how the

different variation of banana pseudo-stem fibers varies

differently with the quality of their texture and color.

Fibers from “Latundan” are seen to be brittle, coarse in

texture and darker in color. “Saba” is also seen to be a

little brittle, but lighter in color. On the other hand,

“Kasi-aw” is seen to be the lightest in color. It also

has fine strands of fiber and has a smooth texture.

46

Figure 7.1 Saba Fiber Figure 7.2 Latundan Fiber

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Figure 7.3 Kasi-aw Fiber

Figure 7 Rope Samples of Banana fiber

Figure 7 Shows rope samples from different

cultivars of banana fibers used in the study. Figure 7.1

is the rope sample from Sabaa fiber, 7.2 from Latundan

Fiber and 7.3 from kasi-aw fiber.

Deterioration from Outdoor Exposure

The deterioration from outdoor exposure of erosion

control net tested based on the criteria above

It is found out that “Kasi-aw” fibers had the

highest tensile strength in durability. Thus, only the

erosion control net made from “Kasi-aw” fiber was

deployed on the field experiment for deterioration and

soil loss respectively.

 48
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The table below was used as the criteria for

durability testing after outdoor exposure which was

mentioned at chapter 2 on page 33.

Table 6 Criteria for the durability after outdoor exposure.

Parameters Remarks

2.5 kN/m below Less durable

2.6 to 3.0 kN/m Slightly durable
3.1 to 3.5 kN/m Moderately durable
3.6 above kN/m Durable
Source: Marco's, M.C. M. et al. (June 2020). Properties and behavior of banana fiber
and coconut coir (Baconet) geotextile. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342145746_Properties_and_behavior_of_banana_
fiber_and_coconut_coir_Baconet_Geotextile Retrieved on April 22, 2022 10:00 pm

The table above was specification used to determine

how the erosion control net behaves when exposed to

outdoor weathering. The same process was used in

obtaining the durability of erosion control net in terms

of tensile strength. After data gathering the results

were compared and see how it decreases over time. Thus,

2.5 kN/m below remarked as less durable, 2.6 to 3.0 kN/m

remarked slightly durable, 3.1 to 3.5 kN/m marked as

moderately durable and 3.6 above kN/m remarked as

durable. This criterion is based on the study of Maria

Cecilia M. Marcos et al., 2020, entitled "Properties and

behavior of banana fiber and coconut coir (Baconet)

Geotextile", where they emphasize how geotextiles behave

during outdoor exposure and under weathering.

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The deterioration is assessed as a reduction in

strength and strain at failure from unexposed

geotextile. Bio deterioration of cellulose fiber results

from the reduction at die polymerization leading to loss

textile strength. It also helps to protect the most

vital natural resources of soil and water from various

degradation processes by erosion of soil and runoff

water. It plays a vital role in increasing moisture

holding capacity in soil, improving water uptake and

drainage capacity Arunabha Pal, et. al., (2020).

Table 9a represented the result of the

deterioration from outdoor exposure of soil erosion

control net in terms of tensile strength.

Tensile Strength testing was based on a single

strip/rope per meter in uniform length every variation.

Rope Diameter = 10mm

Rope length = 1000 mm (1 meter)

Table 12

Tensile Strength from Outdoor Exposure (Kasi-aw)

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Duration Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Mean

(KN/m) (KN/m) (KN/m) (KN/m)

Week 1 1.21 0.81 1.21 1.08

(05/18/22)
Week 2 0.56 0.47 0.71 0.58
(05/25/22)
Week 3 0.51 0.59 0.42 0.51
(06/01/22)
Week 4 0.39 0.49 0.56 0.48
(06/08/22)

Remarks

Duration Mean Remarks

Week 1 1.08 Less Durable
Week 2 0.58 Less Durable
Week 3 0.51 Less Durable
Week 4 0.48 Less Durable

Table 9a shows the performance of agricultural

erosion control net when deployed to a garden and

exposed to natural environment within three trials of

the experiment respectively. Thus, observed on the

results that there was a consistent reduction of

strength from week 1 to week 4. Tensile strength stands

from week 1 with the mean value of 1.08 KN/m while

decreased by 0.58 KN/m on the second week and became

0.51 KN/m on the third week and lastly 0.48 KN/m in the

4th week of observation.

It is observe that the Bio deterioration of

cellulose fiber from banana-pseudo stem is active during

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that span of time that results from the reduction at die

polymerization leading to loss textile strength.

Deterioration
Tensile Strength, KN/m

1.4
1.21 1.21
1.2 1.08

1
0.81
0.8 0.71
0.56 0.59 0.56 0.58
0.6 0.51 0.49
0.47 0.51
0.48
0.39 0.42
0.4

0.2

0
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Mean

Number of Trials and Mean Values

Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4

Figure 8. Comparison of Deterioration from outdoor

exposure of erosion control net made from “kasi-aw”
fibers within 4 weeks of experiment.

Displayed in figure 8 between week 1 to week 4 of

exposure that the agricultural erosion control net

deteriorates in a certain value. As observed in the blue

line in the graph in week 1 almost half of the tensile

strength capacity diminished. While there were short

reduction of tensile strength in between week 2 to week

4.

There is a significant reduction in strength during

the whole exposure as presented in Fig. 8, this could be

attributed by the frequent rainfall events during week 1

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to 4 wherein the process of decomposition is faster.

Based on the study by Marques et al. in 2016, the rates

of degradation of geotextiles made from natural fibers

were high during periods of heavy rainfall and it is

also influenced by microbial action in the soil and the

continuous actions of rain and sunlight. However further

experiments are needed to validate results.

Deterioration of natural geotextiles forms organic

mulch and held in weak establishment of vegetation. Bio

deterioration of cellulose fiber results from the

reduction at die polymerization leading to loss textile

strength. The retained strength for each week showed

that the deterioration of the erosion control net was

fast during the rainy season.

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Figure 8 Rope Samples of Kasi-aw fiber exposed outdoor

Figure 8 showed the rope samples of Kasi-aw fibers

exposed outdoor for four weeks.

Soil Loss

The soil loss of erosion control net tested based

on the criteria below.

The table below was used as the criteria for soil

loss testing which was mentioned at chapter 2 on page

37.

Table 10. Criteria for the percentage of Volume loss

Parameters in volume loss Interpretation

0 – 25 % Effective
26 – 50 % Moderately effective
51 – 75 % Slightly effective
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76 – 100 % Less effective

Source: Marco's, M.C. M. et al. (June 2020). Properties and behavior of banana fiber
and coconut coir (Baconet) geotextile. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342145746_Properties_and_behavior_of_banana_
fiber_and_coconut_coir_Baconet_Geotextile Retrieved on April 22, 2022 10:00 pm

The above table was the specification used to

determine the effectiveness of erosion control blanket

made from banana pseudo-stem fiber in reducing the

amount of soil loss during outdoor exposure. Thus, 0 to

25% of soil loss in volume marked as effective, 26 to 50

percent as moderately effective, 51 to 75 percent marked

as slightly effective and 76 to 100 % as less effective.

Soil loss is identified as a naturally occurring

process that affects all landforms. In agriculture, soil

loss or soil erosion refers to wearing away of a field’s

topsoil by the natural physical forces of water and wind

or through forces associated with farming activities

such as tillage. Soil loss can be a slow process that

continues relatively unnoticed or can occur at an

alarming rate, causing serious loss of topsoil.

Table 10a represented the result of the soil loss

from outdoor exposure of erosion control net in terms of

volume.
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DON JOSE ECLEO MEMORIAL FOUNDATION COLLEGE OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Justiniana Edera, San Jose, Dinagat Islands

Soil loss testing was based on a 1.5 x 1.5 meters

erosion control net made from “Kasi-aw” pseudo-stem

fibers with the net eyes size of 5x5 cm.

Net Area = 2.25 square meters

Net eyes = 5 cm x 5 cm

Soil form area = 1 square meter

Parabolic height of soil form = 0.45 meter

Original Volume = 0.15 cubic meter

Formula in determining % of Volume retained

100% - %soil loss = %VR

Formula in determining soil loss %

V1-V2 = x 100
V1
Legend:
V1- Original volume
V2- Initial volume

Table 13
Soil Loss in Volume

Duration Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4

(m3) (m3) (m3) (No net)
(m3)
VR %VR VR %VR VR %VR VR %VR
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DON JOSE ECLEO MEMORIAL FOUNDATION COLLEGE OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Justiniana Edera, San Jose, Dinagat Islands

Week 1 0.14 93.33 0.15 100 0.133 88.8 0.11 73.33

(05/25/22) 9
Week 2 0.133 88.89 0.14 97.78 0.127 84.4 0.097 64.44
(06/01/22) 7 4
Week 3 0.127 84.44 0.14 93.33 0.127 84.4 0.087 57.78
(06/08/22) 4
Week 4 0.123 82.22 0.14 93.33 0.117 77.7 0.083 55.56
(06/15/22) 8

Remarks

Duration Mean Volume Volume Remarks

Loss, % Loss, % (Soil
(With (Without Erosion
Net) Net) Net)
VR %VR
Week 1 0.141 94.07 5.93 26.67 Effective
Week 2 0.136 90.37 9.63 35.56 Effective
Week 3 0.131 87.40 12.59 42.22 Effective
Week 4 0.127 84.44 15.56 44.44 Effective
Legend:

VR = Volume Retained
%VR = Percentage of Volume Retained

Table 10a displayed the loss in volume and the

percentage of soil loss with and without soil erosion

control net, trial 4 on table 9a above indicated the

loss in volume without net. Original volume was

specified above, the first week of observation

determined the volume retained 0.141 cubic meter with

94.07% retained soil thus only 5.93% decreased on the

soil volume with remarks of “effective” compared in

without soil erosion control net which resulted a soil

loss of 26.67% of the original volume. It was observed

the consistent effect of soil loss until 4th week of

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DON JOSE ECLEO MEMORIAL FOUNDATION COLLEGE OF
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Justiniana Edera, San Jose, Dinagat Islands

observation. The percentage of volume loss indicated

with soil erosion control net varies only in 15.56% of

soil loss and belonged to the parameter of “effective”

while in the percentage of volume without net was

determined with almost half in the original volume at

44.44% of soil loss.

The result indicated that the erosion control net

made from banana pseudo-stem fibers was effective in

preventing too much water from penetrating the ground

and thereby prevents too much saturation of soil.

Saturated soil has less shear strength (Das, 2013) and

may be prone to erosion.

The greater the intensity and duration of a

rainstorm the higher the erosion potential. The impact

of raindrops on the soil surface can break down soil

aggregates and disperse the aggregate material. Lands or

slopes treated with any geotextiles absorbed less water

rendering the soil to be less saturated thereby

presenting effectiveness in preventing soil erosion. Aug

31, 2018. These Geotextiles or erosion control blankets

are permeable and used to cover soil surface and reduce

erosion from rainfall impact, as filter to prevent soils

from migrating along a slope as well as to drain water

from or through soils with low permeability.

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DON JOSE ECLEO MEMORIAL FOUNDATION COLLEGE OF
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Justiniana Edera, San Jose, Dinagat Islands

Soil Loss
Volume of Soil Loss, % 50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4

Duration of Observation

With Net Without Net

Figure 10 Comparison of Soil Loss with and without Soil

Erosion Control Net.

Shown in the figure 9 the significant difference

between the amount of soil lost with the application of

erosion control net and the amount of soil lost without

the application of erosion control net. It was observed

that more soil is lost without the presence of erosion

control net. It was possible since natural weathering

like winds and rains won’t make a direct contact with

the soil because of erosion control net.

Since the erosion control net made from banana

pseudo-stem fiber was directly applied on the exposed

surface and thus they provide an immediate protection

against soil erosion by reducing the flow velocity and

by cushioning the impacts of raindrops.

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DON JOSE ECLEO MEMORIAL FOUNDATION COLLEGE OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Justiniana Edera, San Jose, Dinagat Islands

Figure 11a

Figure 11b

Figure 11 Six (6) weeks after field experimentation for

soil loss. With erosion control net (Fig. 11a) Without
erosion control net (Fig. 11b)

Figure 11 shows how a pile of soil with and without

net differs six weeks after field experimentation.

On the Significant Difference between the Levels of

Effectiveness of Banana Pseudo-stem Fiber as Potential

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DON JOSE ECLEO MEMORIAL FOUNDATION COLLEGE OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Justiniana Edera, San Jose, Dinagat Islands

Material in making Agricultural Erosion Control Net in

terms of Durability.

Table 11 represented the significant difference

between the level of effectiveness of Banana (Saba,

Latundan and Kasi-aw) pseudo-stem fiber as potential

material in making agricultural erosion control net in

terms of durability.

Table 14 Significant difference between variations

of banana pseudo-stem fibers

Durability

P-values Deci-sion

Banana Pseudo Stem 0.347 Not Sig.

Fiber
**p-values < 0.05 is significant

Table 14 shows that there was no significant

difference between the levels of effectiveness of

agricultural erosion control net in terms of their

durability with p-value of 0.0347. Hence, on the set

convergence of the statistical tools used in the study

by less than 0.05 will be determined significant

otherwise is none significant.

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DON JOSE ECLEO MEMORIAL FOUNDATION COLLEGE OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Justiniana Edera, San Jose, Dinagat Islands

Although the results from the experimentation

revealed differences among the specific amount of

weights banana pseudo-stem fiber can hold, this

difference is not significant enough to affect the

effectiveness of erosion control net in terms of

durability as a product. Thus, any variation of banana

pseudo-stem fiber can be used as erosion control net.

Since the p-value was lesser than 0.05 level of

significance, the null hypothesis was accepted;

therefore, there were no significant difference between

the levels of effectiveness of banana pseudo-stem fibers

as potential material in making agricultural erosion

control net in durability.

61

CHAPTER 4
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DON JOSE ECLEO MEMORIAL FOUNDATION COLLEGE OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Justiniana Edera, San Jose, Dinagat Islands

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter summarized the results of the study

based on the findings, conclusions were drawn and

recommendations are given.

Summary of Findings

The following were the findings of the study;

1. Fibers from 3 variation of banana had differences

in its physicality. Fibers from Latundan and Saba

had the coarsest and roughest texture while Kasi-

aw has the finest fiber in texture.

2. The level of durability of the erosion control

net through tensile strength showed that Specimen

C (Kasi-aw) had the highest tensile strength

having the mean average of 1.08 kN/m that lie

within the parameter of “less durable”.

3. Specimen A (Saba) was marked as “less durable”

with an average mean of 0.96 kn/ as its tensile

strength.

4. Specimen B (Latundan) got the lowest value for

tensile strength and was marked as “less durable”

with an average mean of 0.76 kN/m.

5. Kasi-aw fibers got the highest tensile strength

having 1.08 kN/m for its durability. Thus, it is

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DON JOSE ECLEO MEMORIAL FOUNDATION COLLEGE OF
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Justiniana Edera, San Jose, Dinagat Islands

the only fiber deployed on site for outdoor

exposure and soil loss testing.

6. For the deterioration of kasi-aw fibers after

exposure the highest decrease of strength lies

from week 1 to week 2. From 1.08 kN/m to 0.58

kN/m with the total decreased in strength of 0.5

kN/m. Constant rainfall events are seen to be the

reason for the rapid decrease of strength since

the process of decomposition is faster during

that span of time.

7. The erosion control net made from kasi-aw fibers

showed effectiveness in mitigating soil loss.

8. The total accumulated soil loss with the

application of erosion control net is 15.56%

while 44.44% of the soil volume is lost without

the application of erosion control net after 4

weeks of observation.

Conclusions
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DON JOSE ECLEO MEMORIAL FOUNDATION COLLEGE OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Justiniana Edera, San Jose, Dinagat Islands

Based on the findings of the study, the following

conclusions were drawn:

1. It can be seen evidently that Specimen A which is

identified as the fibers from Kasi-aw is the

strongest fiber among the 3 variation of banana.

2. Fibers that are coarse and brittle tend to break

more easily.

3. Fibers that are smoother in texture and have finer

strands possess more strength.

4. Significant rainfall events affect the

deterioration of erosion control net since

decomposition of materials are faster at that span

of time.

5. There is a significant difference between the soil

volume loss with and without the application of

agricultural erosion control net.

6. Any variation of banana pseudo-stem fibers can be

used as agricultural erosion control net.

7. Agricultural erosion control net from Banana

pseudo-stem fibers is effective in mitigating soil

loss.
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DON JOSE ECLEO MEMORIAL FOUNDATION COLLEGE OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Justiniana Edera, San Jose, Dinagat Islands

Recommendations

Based from the above mentioned findings and

conclusions the following recommendations are offered;

1. The future researchers must explore in finding ways

on how to utilize Banana pseudo-stem fiber since it

possesses the potentiality as raw materials in

different field of quality textiles.

2. The agricultural erosion control net must be made

in different eye sizes and see how it affect its

effectiveness in mitigating soil loss.

3. It is recommended to germinate seeds and see how

erosion control net affects its germination process

and its growth.

4. Perform an experimentation considering the rope

diameter and eye sizes of the net. And observe how

these factors affect the growth and germination of

plants.
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DON JOSE ECLEO MEMORIAL FOUNDATION COLLEGE OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Justiniana Edera, San Jose, Dinagat Islands

5. This study should undergo further experimentation

if used in bigger scale.

6. Government agencies must support researchers for

new discoveries and innovations for the improvement

of locality.