5.line Surface Volume Integrals
5.line Surface Volume Integrals
(a) Ta = x 2 + 2x y + 3z + 4.
(b) Tb = sin x sin y sin z.
Problem 1.27 Prove that the divergence of a curl is always zero. Check it for func-
tion va in Prob. 1.15.
Problem 1.28 Prove that the curl of a gradient is always zero. Check it for function
(b) in Prob. 1.11.
z
y
dl b
2 b
(2)
(ii)
a 1
y a (i) (1)
x 1 2 x
integral is independent of path and is determined entirely by the end points. It will
be our business in due course to characterize this special class of vectors. (A force
that has this property is called conservative.)
(The strategy here is to get everything in terms of one variable; I could just as well
have eliminated x in favor of y.)
26 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis
For the loop that goes out (1) and back (2), then,
v · dl = 11 − 10 = 1.
v · da, (1.50)
S
where v is again some vector function, and the integral is over a specified surface
S. Here da is an infinitesimal patch of area, with direction perpendicular to the
surface (Fig. 1.22). There are, of course, two directions perpendicular to any
surface, so the sign of a surface integral is intrinsically ambiguous. If the surface
is closed (forming a “balloon”), in which case I shall again put a circle on the
integral sign
v · da,
then tradition dictates that “outward” is positive, but for open surfaces it’s arbi-
trary.
If v describes the flow of a fluid (mass per unit area per unit time), then
v · da represents the total mass per unit time passing through the surface—
hence the alternative name, “flux.”
Ordinarily, the value of a surface integral depends on the particular surface
chosen, but there is a special class of vector functions for which it is independent
of the surface and is determined entirely by the boundary line. An important task
will be to characterize this special class of functions.
z z (v)
da (ii)
2
x x 2
v · da = 0.
v · da = 16 + 0 + 12 − 12 + 4 = 20.
surface
T dτ, (1.51)
V
For example, if T is the density of a substance (which might vary from point to
point), then the volume integral would give the total mass. Occasionally we shall
encounter volume integrals of vector functions:
v dτ = (vx x̂ + v y ŷ + vz ẑ)dτ = x̂ vx dτ + ŷ v y dτ + ẑ vz dτ ;
(1.53)
because the unit vectors (x̂, ŷ, and ẑ) are constants, they come outside the integral.
28 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis
3 1
1 1 1 3
= 2
z dz (1 − y) y dy = (9)
2
= .
2 0 0 2 12 8
z
3
1
1 y
FIGURE 1.24
(d) What is the line integral around the closed loop that goes out along path (a) and
back along path (b)?
Problem 1.30 Calculate the surface integral of the function in Ex. 1.7, over the bot-
tom of the box. For consistency, let “upward” be the positive direction. Does the
surface integral depend only on the boundary line for this function? What is the
total flux over the closed surface of the box (including the bottom)? [Note: For the
closed surface, the positive direction is “outward,” and hence “down,” for the bottom
face.]
Problem 1.31 Calculate the volume integral of the function T = z 2 over the tetra-
hedron with corners at (0,0,0), (1,0,0), (0,1,0), and (0,0,1).