rig -_ ee os ee See) 14 Word processing (WP) 68 See eer mec) CS Ce ee Se ra Ce sc Pea ae eee Te ee mac ce POSE est eR eu tc as Dee ROE LUE Rac Pe eee a eae ee eee learn how to give and follow instructions. Be Re eee ee eee cU ce Paes a Oc TceGUI operatin 4 } BS AGuE The term user interface refers to the standard procedures that the user follows in order to interact, ‘with a computer. In the late 1970s and early 80s, the way users accessed computer systems was very complex. They had to memorize and type a lot of commands just to see the contents of a disk, to copy files or to respond to a single prompt. in fact, it was only experts who used computers, so there was no need for a user-friendly interface. In 1984, Apple produced the Macintosh, the first computer with a mouse and a graphical user interface (GUN). Macs were designed with one clear aim: to facilitate interaction with the computer. A few years later, Microsoft launched Windows, another ‘operating system based on graphics and intuitive tools. Nowadays, computers are used by all kinds of people, and as a result there is a growing emphasis on accessibility and user-friendly systems. ‘A GUI makes use of a WIMP environment: windows, icons, menus and pointer. The background of the screen is called the desktop, which contains labelled pictures called icons. These icons represent files or folders. Double-clicking a folder opens a window which contains programs, documents, or more nested folders. When you are in a folder, you can launch a program or document by double-clicking the icon, or you can drag it to another location. When you run a program, your PC opens a window that lets you work with different tools, All the programs have a high level of consistency, with similar toolbars, menu bars, buttons and dialog boxes. A modern 0S also provides access to networks and allows multi ssking, which means you can run several programs - and do various tasks — at the same time. The most popular operating systems are: The Windows family ~ designed by Microsoft and used on most PCs. The most recent version is ‘Windows Vista. Mac 08 ~ created by Apple and used on Macintosh computers. Unix - a multi-user system, found on mainframes and workstations in corporate installations. Linux - open-source software developed under. the GNU General Public License. This means anybody can copy its source code, change it and distribute it. It is used in computers, appliances: and small devices, Windows Mobile ~ used on most PDAs and smartphones (PDAs incorporating mobile phones). Palm OS - used on Palm handheld devices. RIM — used on BlackBerry communication devices. Develaped by Research in Motion. The Symbian OS — used by some phone makers, including Nokia and Siemens. These computer platforms differ in areas such as device installation, network connectivity or compatibility with application software. D Translate these terms and expressions into your own language. Use a dictionary or the Internet to help you. 1. user interface (line 1) procedures (line 2) commands (line 6) tools (line 16) desktop (line 21) = nested folders (line 25) launch a program {line 26) source code (line 45) eVausunSST E Label the interface features (a-j) on the screenshot of Apple's Mac OS X ‘operating system with words in bold from this list. desktop: the background screen that displays icons and folders © window: a scrollat icon: a picture representing an object; for example, document, program, folder or hard drive icon jewiing area on screen; it can contain files or folders @- folder: a directory that holds data, programs and other folders @ menu bar: a row of words that open up menus when selected drop-down (pull-down) menu: a list of options that appears below a menu item when selected scroll bar: a horizontal or vertical bar that is clicked and dragged in the desired direction @ dock: set of icons at the bottom of the screen that give you access to the things you use mos! f 9 h i OS > Tee Mies i F [2 compare the Mac 05 X user interface with a Windows or Linux interface. What are the similarities and differences? Which features do you prefer from each interface? Windows Vista A [Bi Listen to a podcast interview with Bill Thompson, a program developer, and answer these questions. 1 Why is Windows so popular? Give two reasons. 2. Which Windows Vista edition is aimed at high-end PC users, gamers and multimedia professionals? dows Vista5m Listen again and complete this fact file. | Windows Vista editions Other features Internet and security Windows programs ) is |The user interface has been |nternet Explorer is more | The most popular is still | /designed for users with basic | redesigned with new icons | reliable and secure. @) i needs, such as email and and anew n a a suite that includes the | The Security Centre includes internet access. ita an (6) 9) Home Premium is for | program called Windows | Wotd:an email program the advanced home computing | Itoffers support forthe latest | Defender, and a firewall that ee eee and t ‘and 2) [tecmolasies fom DVD proves yourcomputer fam | ation a) a The Business edition isideal | “NOMI? program, PowerPoint. for (3) 7 ‘The Ultimate edition is the ‘most complete, 4 Language work: countable and uncountable nouns A Look at the HELP box and decide if these nouns from the fact file in 3B are countable, uncountable or either, depending on the context. Write C, U, or Cand U. | user email computing edition. entertainment interface icon technology security spyware rar Countable and uncountable nouns ‘© Countable nouns are people or things that we can count. They have a singular and a plural form (eq, file, program, system, application) © Uncountable nouns are things that we can’t count. They have no plural form (e.g. software, music, robotics, multimedia, networking, storage) A lot of software these days is open-source. Not: A lot of softwares these days are open-source, Some words are countable in many languages but uncountable in English, and are used with a singular verb (eg. advice, damage, equipment, furniture, research news, progress, homework) The advice he gave me was very useful ‘® Countable nouns must have a determiner (a, the, my, this, etc) in the singular, although this is not necessary in the plural ‘deleted the file yesterday. Host more than 300 files when my computer crashed. We use a before a consonant sound and an before a vowel. The definite article the means you know which one/ones | mean, An icon isa small graphic. The icons on the toolbar are used to @ We don't use a/an with uncountable nouns. Not: arobotics We don't use the in generalizations with uncountable Nouns or plural countable nouns. Nike music. Not: | like the music. Computer programs are expensive Not: Fhe computer programs are expensive. Countable and uncountable nouns take different determiners. Many, few, a few only go with countable nouns. There are many versions of Windows Vista Much, little, a little, a great deal of only go with uncountable nouns. havea little time free this afternoon ifyou want 10 meet.text with a, an, the or nothing. @) hobby by a young student, Linus Torvalds, at the University of Helsinki in Finland. Version 1.0 of the Linux Kernel" was released in 1994. (3) Kernel, at the heart of all Linux systems, is developed and released under GNU General Public License, and its source code is freely available to everyone. Apart from the fact that its freely distributed, (4) Linux's functionality, adaptability and robustness has made it the main alternative for proprietary Unix and Microsoft operating systems IBM, Hewlett-Packard and other giants of the computing world have embraced Linux and support its ongoing development. More than 6) decade affer its initial release, Linux is being adopted worldwide, primarily as (6) server platform. Its use as a home and office desktop operating system is also on the rise. The operating system can also be incorporated directly into (7)... microchips in a process callled (8) embedding, and | | itis increasingly being used this way in appliances and devices. & Linux is (1) operating system and it was initially created as | | *The Kernel provides a way for software and other parts of the OS to communicate with hardware. i I ee mi Writing a summary Summarize the text on page 64 in 90-100 words. Follow these steps: 1 Read the text again. 2. Underline the relevant information in each paragraph. 3 Make notes about the main points. Leave out details such as examples. 4 Make sentences from the notes and link the sentences with connectors (and, but, because, therefore, etc), 5 Write your first draft 6 Improve your first draft by reducing sentences. For example: © Cutout unnecessary phrases Macs were designed withrone clear ain: to facilitate interaction with the © Omit qualifying words (adjectives or modifying adverbs) very complex © Transform relative clauses into -ing participle clauses Double-clicking a folder opens a window which contains programs, documents or Double-clicking a folder opens a window containing programs, documents or 7 Write the final version of your surnmary. Dor't forget to check the spelling and grammar.unit14 Word processing (WP) | 1 Word processing features 1 What is a word processor? 2. What kind of tasks do people use word processors for? | A ED in pairs, discuss these questions. | 3 How many different word processing programs can you name? Which do popular? think is the most B Look at this screenshot from rosoft Word and translate the labelled features and functions into your own language. Typeface FormattingToolbar Menu Bar Increase Inden sas eR te beet ret In ro » | onthe» Toolbar AGEBIPA PH AeBso-o- SIIRRO AT -o une 4 trod» Tashan Header Soferore upete Inserted picture Me Fed Jones 7 Union Street 35 Calis Rood Gtagow 69 3TA leeds 152 Dea Me Jones, 1 We a pleased to nfm you that an upiated version fo Pj ow avaiable Bolder To ebrain your coy, simply cll sand wel send you, ably ie the atest, atthe prem We lo enclose ctalague with he new range of Sune machines and the atest solrate product Thre ae spac offers fr al ou cents nding the Bok The bases of budgeting and blancing your ances. To order by pone, cal O1332 543047. 1 oder via the Internet, vk or wate ere iv suntsecomes.com Yours sincere ay Stephene atings Hyperlink Drawing tools Insert picture Footer C Complete these sentences with the correct features and functions above. 1. The Standard lists the icons to save or print a document, spell check, ete. The Toolbar is the area for changing font, alignment, indentation, etc. 2. A font consists of three elements: _.. type style and type size. For example, Palatino bold at 10 points. 3. Type style refers to a visual characteristic ofa typeface, for example B for , for and U for underlined, 4 Ifyou need to change indentation ~ the space between the page margin and where the text aligns ~ you can click the Increase or Decrease buttons. 5 The and commands allow you to specify customized texts at the top and bottom of every page.2 Word Sudoku In pairs, read the instructions and complete the puzzle. Instructions This Word Sudoku is a variation on the normal Sudoku. Instead of using the numbers 1 to 9, we are using words and icons. There are nine WP functions and their equivalent icons, so we are playing with nine pairs. In order to complete the grid, you can use each function or the equivalent icon only once in each rc icons can only be used in the coloured boxes. h column, and in each of the 3x3 boxes, The Word processing functions and icons Align Left @ insert Hyperlink (Print Preview Columns HB InsertTable © + Undo > Drawing & Open Bullets Drawing | Columns Insert Table Print Preview Insert Hypertink Columns Insert Hyperlink rowing Insert Hypertink Drawing70 The Cut and Paste technique 8 BES Listen to two friends, Anna and Ben, talking about how to move text in Word. How many steps are involved in carrying out the Cut and Paste task? B BES Listen again and complete the dialogue. Anna: Ben: Anna: Ben: Anna: Ben: Anna: Ben: Anna: Ben: Ben, do you know how | can move this paragraph? | want to put it at the end of this page. Er. think so. (1) use the mouse to select the text you want to move. (2) choose the Cut command from the Edit menu. 3) ? Yes. The selected text disappears and goes onto the clipboard. 4 you find where you want the text to appear and you to position the insertion point there. Mm, OK. Is that (5) 2 Yes, if that’s where you want it. (6) . choose Paste from the Edit menu, or hold down Cte! and press V.(7) check that the text has appeared in the right place. OK, ve (8) Is that (9) ? Yes, that’s it If you make a mistake, you can choose Undo from the Edit menu, which will reverse your last editing command, Brilliant! Thanks a lot That's OK, it’s my pleasure. Moving text isa process of cutting and pasting, as ifyou were using scssorsand glue Cut Paste = document ictwindow. Clipboard document (temporary storage _in window inside computer)mea 4 Language work: giving and following instructions A Look at the HELP box and then correct six mistakes in this dialogue. ‘A: | need a photo for my curriculum vitae. How do | insert one into this Word document? Bz Well, now choose Insert on the Menu bar. ‘As As this? Yes. From the Insert menu, select Picture. As you can see, this displays a drop-down menu with different options: Clip Art, From file, From Scanner, Chart, etc. Select From File and you'll get a dialog box. OK. Ive done that now. What last? : OK, Now I navigate your hard drive's contents and find the picture that you want to insert Right. like to include this one. B: OK, good, Now click Insert and the photograph will be inserted into your document As Her itis. Is that write? B: Yes. First, right-click with the mouse and select Format, Picture to adjust the size and other properties. A: Brilliant, thanks! Giving instructions Following instructions To give instructions, we use the imperative form of |e _If youwant to check that you have understood the verb and sequence words such as first, next, instructions, you can use expressions like then, after that. finally, et Like this? ight? First, use the mouse to select the text esse rats Then choose the Cut command from the Edit menu. _@ If you want to signal that you ate ready to move on to Next, choose Paste from the Edit menu. the next step, you can use expressions lke Finally, check that the toxt has appeared inthe right Ok, I've done that now. place, What next? We can also use the present simple with you. If you want to askif the process is completed, you can use expressions lke Now you find where you want the text toappear and : low you find where you want the text to appear and Seas xyou click fo position the insertion point. Y Anything else? B Complete these instructions for how to Copy and Paste in Word with verbs from the box. click (x2) select position right-click drag | 1 First, the text yau wish to copy. To select text, the mouse over the portion of the text that you want to copy. This part should then be highlighted 2 Then ‘on the Copy icon on the Standard Toolbar. This copies the selected text to ar invisible clipboard, 3 Next the cursor where you want the text to appear. Finally, the Paste icon. This inserts the content of the clipboard at the insertion Point. As well as the icons on the toolbar, you can use the keys Ctrl+C for Copy, and Ctrl+V for Paste, These options also come up if you the selected text¢ (Gl write instructions for ae = | using Find and Replace based on na wnat. congue Bogan this dialog box. | ‘epace wen: (sotbare eveloper——SSSS~S | © ED] Workin pairs. student a ne) ee) Give your partner instructions on Creating a document and SE saving it on disk. Student B: your partner instructions on How to insert a picture from the Web into a Word document. Use words and expressions from the HELP box on page 71. 5 wetools A Scan the descriptions of three WP tools (1-3) ~a spell checker, an online thesaurus and a grammar checker - and match them with the dialog boxes (a-c). een Spell checkers can be used to Many word processors include an online @ <2™PAxE Words inthe programs {@ ‘thesaurus with which users can look up diferent dictionary to those used in the user's words to use in similar instances. Their power document. The spell checker points comes not from knowing every grammatical rule, cout any words it cannot match, but from questioning the writer about certain notifies the user, and allows them to parts ofthe text. Some even include information rmiake any changes; t even suggests about pronunciation and the history of a word possible correct spellings. Like a conventional thesaurus, this database of words contains definitions and suggestions of words with similar and Grammar checkers are applications that attempt to check more than just ‘opposite meanings Aword maybe | @_ spelling. They count words in sentences to flag possible run-on sentences. spelled correctly but stil be wrong They look for words that show possible conflicts between verbs and {foo instead of two, for instance). subjects, and they offer advice about corrections. Grammar checkers area This is a good first step at proofing a step beyond spell checkers, but they are still not a substitute for a human document because it can find many editor. However, this does not mean that all the words in the document common errors, but users will till are spelled correctly. They give the writer another chance to think about need to prooftead documents to what he or she has written. The computer can alert writers to problems that ensure complete accuracy, wouldn't be obvious to them otherwise B Read the descriptions more carefully. Find three sentences that have been printed in the wrong text and decide where they should go. © Correct the three mistakes in this sentence and decide if they would be found by the spell checker or the grammar checker. Mail merge combine a form leter with a database file to create customized copys of the letter.