CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY(D37TA)

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Student Name: MARYAM MUKHTAR ABDULKADIR

Student ID Number: H00385678

Construction Technology
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CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY 1 (D37TA)
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Table of contents Client requirements and
purpose of assembling the
Page 1: portfolio

The aim of this portfolio is to develop a

Page 2: single-house unit at Cramond village in
Edinburgh.

Page 3:

Page 4:

Page 5:

Page 6:

Page 7:
 Before
construction can commence, it is essential to carry out such preliminary works
as: selection of the site, site investigation, soil investigation, soil classification,
and site clearance. Since we already have the site, there are always different
climates in different places. Because of this, a building site should be chosen
carefully to avoid harsh climates. This aspect is very important because it will
decide how much sun will shine on the different levels of the building. An ideal
location, especially one for a residential house, should have infrastructure
facilities that make life easier and offer comfort to the people who live there.
Access roads, schools, markets, hospitals, community centres, rest areas, public
transportation, electricity, water, facilities for recreation and
telecommunication, and security are all examples of such amenities.
Because it has a significant impact on the construction process, adequate
consideration must be given to the subsoil's nature and type. A few soils like
hard rock give a strong groundwork however can expand the removal costs and
may try and cause troubles in the removal of sewage materials. Rock is generally
excellent, it is solid and handily depleted. Sand can be easily drained, but it can
be moved.

Site Investigation
What considerations are required for due diligence of site. Technical
investigations…………….

The site survey is necessary to; determine the nature and extent of preparatory
works at the site, determine the nature of the subsoil and its bearing capacity
and determine the level of the water table in the area. This is an important
factor in the design of subsoil drainage. The nature and extent of the site
clearing work, such as old buildings to be demolished, trees to be dug out,
shrubs to be dug out, and amount of earthwork to be carried out, such as access,
storage space and working conditions which may affect labour costs and consult
local authorities to determine if there are any significant restrictions that could
affect site development, construction line location, area amenities, and
neighbouring development details. Holes measuring 1.20 m x 1.00 m and varying
in depth from 1.50m to 6m are dug in the trial pit in accordance with the
proposed foundation. The ground sections that are exposed by the holes can be
examined to determine the character and thickness of the strata. There must be
approximately four trial holes, one at each corner of the site, but these should be
outside the main building's perimeter. It is possible to examine soil samples in
the laboratory.

The chosen
site is in a coastal region which is a delicate area to build on. Looking at the site,
about 4 trial pits of the type of soil present in the site are needed in other to
determine the sustainability of the building. Considering the physical and
chemical properties of the soil is very necessary because it can affect the
foundation solution of the building. The nature of soil given for the first trial pit
was topsoil. A soil of this type is unsuitable for construction because of its
instability and unreliable bearing capacity. It accommodates humus and rotting
vegetable matter whose bearing weight shifts depending on the damp substance
of the soil. The removal of such soil prior to construction will facilitate the
establishment of a firm, natural and stable foundation. Consequently, plants
cannot grow beneath the ground floor of the proposed building, since the topsoil
contains organisms and chemicals necessary to support plant growth.

Foundation solution
Analysis of foundation choice and performance……………………………………………………………………………………

Due to the report of the soil investigation, A bored pile should be considered because the weak soil is
unable to take the weight of the building, so the weight has to be conveyed to the deeper layer of the
soil. This type of foundation is suitable for buildings which are to be erected on shrinkable clay soil and
where the foundation depth should not exceed 900 millimetres, which is suitable for the type of soil in
the site. It is also a type of reinforced-concrete foundation that holds substructures carrying vertical
heavy loads. The placement of bored piles start by drilling a vertical hole in the ground with a boring
skate-tool. Equipment can be equipped with specially constructed drills, scoops and aces to extract soil
and rocks. Pile can be excavated up to 60 meters deep and 2.4 metres in diameter. This method may
involve dodging a makeshift steel cylinder or sleeve into the ground and leaving it intact at the top of the
pit until the stake is poured. As soon as the whole is dug, a steel reinforced structure is built, then
lowered into the pit and filled with concrete. A footing or dock nearby the ground level can be used to
cover the top of the pile. The pit trial shows the high ground water table which is suitable for this
foundation and the compressibility of the soil at shallow depth. Bored pile should be considered as it is
more feasible and less costly than other foundations and when there is the possibility of scouring due to
its location near the riverbed or seashore. Other advantages of bored piles include the ability to insert
piles of varying lengths into the soil. The length of the pile can extend beyond seasonal variations in
moisture levels, for example. In the construction of bored piles, large excavations and backfill are
avoided. The surrounding soils are less disturbed. Furthermore, the absence of vibration will never cause
any disturbance to the adjacent structures.
 References and sources
Costley, H. (1956) Elements of technical drawing. Wanganui: Wanganui Technical College. (Accessed: December 2, 2022).

Annotated and
dimensioned
foundation sketch here
Approx. scale 1:5
Ground Floor solution
Analysis of ground floor choice and performance………………………………………………………………………

The floor is the bottom and structural surface of a room that carries the combined dead, life, and
imposed loads and conveys them through the walls underneath to the foundation without bending
or distortion that would compromise the stability or cause damage to the entire or any section of the
structure. Considering floors must meet a variety of functional criteria, it is critical that the quality of
the materials and installation be of good quality and that is why a solid ground floor should be
considered for this building. The soild ground floor consists of different parts which are as follow;
- The Hard Core which is a firm core bed on a construction site with a minimum of 100mm
thickness necessary to fill hollows, increase the completed level of an oversite concrete slab
after removing the vegetative soil, offer a hard-working surface on wet sites, avoid
contaminating the bottom portion of the wet concrete during placement and compaction, and
minimize the quantity of rising ground moisture. The materials needed for hard core include
gravels and Coase sand, pulverized-fuel ash(PFA), rockwastes, brick, quarry waste, clinker,
colliery shale etc.
- Damp Proofed Membrane(DPM): This is a surface of mastic asphalt, bitumen sheets, bitumen
solution, coal tar, rubber emulsion, polythene film sheets, and other materials with an average
thickness of 3mm that is positioned in or above the floor slab and serves the purpose of
providing appropriate protection for applied finishes. To serve this role, the D.P.M. must be
water-resistant, continuous with the D.P.C. in the surrounding walls, and robust enough to
withstand layering the screed or finish.
- Concrete Oversite: The concrete floor above the construction site should be at least 100 mm.
Concrete mix should be 1:2:4 or at least 1:3:6 and shall not be laid under floors containing
water-soluble sulfates or other harmful substances in sufficient quantities to damage parts.
Whatever part of the building structure adjacent to the ground should have a floor established
as to mitigate the passing of moisture from the ground to the surface of the floor.
- Floor Screed: Cement and sand screeds are more convenient for thicknesses up to 40 mm and
provide a smooth surface for floors, level floors of various thicknesses, provide slopes for
drainage purposes, service and It helps to enable insulation.
 - Floor Finishes: An excellent floor surface should be smooth, level, and durable enough to last
for many years. To accomplish this, it must have a suitable life in order to avoid premature
replacement, which would generate additional costs and difficulty. It must be resistant to
water and indentation. It is necessary for the floor finishing to be economical, resistant to soil,
resistant to moisture, ease of cleaning, warmth, be able to absorb sound, have non-slip
qualities and good appearance.

Annotated and
dimensioned Ground
Floor sketch here References and sources
Costley, H. (1956) Elements of technical drawing. Wanganui: Wanganui Technical College. (Accessed: December 2, 2022).

Approx. scale 1:5

External Walling solution
Analysis of external walling choice and
performance……………………………………………………………

To build the external wall, the timber frame is covered with a low emissivity vapour
layer and an outer brick leaf. A 0.0125 plasterboard is used to line the inside of the
service duct after 50x0.025m timber battens are nailed to a timber frame. In order to
control vapour ingress, a vapour control layer with a low emittance is stapled to the
studs across the inner face of the wall, with the low emittance side facing within.
Before plasterboard is installed, 50x0.025m vertical timber battens are nailed to
timber studs. It is imperative that the vapour control layer is free from holes, to close
any gaps, to fix tears, and to seal any overlaps with aluminium tape. It is
recommended to staple or nail a vapour permeable membrane or a low emissivity
vapour permeable membrane to the sheathing board in accordance with the
manufacturer's instructions. Sheathing boards should be lapped so that each joint is
protected, with upper layers lapped over lower layers to shed water. The external
wall should be insulated in the middle of 0.032m studs and use timber battens of
50x0.025 to form the service void. To comply with building regulations, cavity barriers
and fire stops should be installed. The cavity barriers are static fire protection
elements which prevent smoke and flames from distributing through the walls.
During a fire, they close the spaces in cavities and When exposed to fire, cavity barrier
materials expand due to their sensitivity to extreme temperatures. By cautiously
installing a horizontal and vertical cavity barrier to split and separate concealed
cavities, it will mitigate the chances of fire spreading from one area to another.
Performance of wall (Think thermal; environmental; Structural, Fire etc)
U Value calculation
MATERIALS THICKNESS
(layers) (m) CONDUCTIVITY RESISTANCE
(W/Mk)
(m2K/W)
Internal surface - - 0.13
1. Plasterboard 0.0125 0.190 0.066
2. Cavity - - 0.18
3. Low emissivity 0.05 0.026 1.92
vapour control
4. Timber battens/low 0.025 0.029 0.86
emissivity service
void
5. OSB sheathing board 0.012 0.13 0.092
6. Low emissivity 0.22 0.09 2.44
breather membrane
7. Brick outer leaf 0.11 0.800 0.1375
8. Timber studs 0.032 0.12 0.267
External surface - - 0.04
K-Value 0.4615
R-value 6.1325
U-value 0.16

Mr/Mrs client, I want to assure you that I have met the U-value standard of the
United Kingdom, as it is 0.30W/m2K and the U-value for the construction of this
building
is 0.16W/m2K.
 Annotated and dimensioned
External walling sketch here
Approx. scale 1:5

References and sources

Construction studies, Google Sites: Sign-in. Available at:
https://sites.google.com/site/constructionstudies2/home (Accessed: December 2, 2022).

Upper Floor & External Walling solution

Analysis of upper floor choice and
performance…………………………………………………………………

A timber-supported upper floor is composed of beams or joists that are supported by

beams and joists that are sized and spaced so that they can transport all the dead and
loads. The joist must be deep enough to span adequately between the loadbearing
walls or supports when joists are used instead of wooden ground floors, which have
dwarf walls that break the span. In order to provide the necessary strength, the joists
are usually placed across the shortest span while being deeper than necessary. It is
possible for the upper level floors to act as a tie to prevent the external walls from
swaying. The joists are attached to the walls with galvanized steel straps every 2m. On
the upper floors, plywood and plasterboard sheeting is installed over joists.
Generally, 150mm is the minimum joist size, but it depends on the span. Plasterboard
is used for the ceilings in the downstairs rooms and protects them from fires. A ceiling
joist or floor joist is usually built into the inner leaf wall. There should be a minimum
bearing distance of 90mm between the joists and the blockwork. The distance
between joists is typically 400mm centre to centre. The joists can also be hung from
galvanised steel joist hangers. The loadbearing wall must be used to support two
joists when spanning a large area. A preservative is applied to the end grain of joists
to prevent them from contacting dry rot. If the ends of the joists are built into the
wall, they must be splayed back to prevent the joists from collapsing and pulling the
walls down in the event of a fire. On an internal loadbearing wall, joists from both
sides are usually placed side by side and nailed with a 150mm overlap. To prevent fire
spread between neighbouring houses, floors joists should not cross-party walls. For
this purpose, steel straps are used to ensure that the joists don't cross the party wall.
It is normal for the joists to twist as the span of the floor increases. The herringbone
struts restrict movements due to twisting and vibration so that there is no damage to
the ceiling finishes below. A rigid floor arrangement prevents movement and twisting
in a floor arrangement. Steel straps nailed or bedded into walls must be used to
secure joists parallel to walls. A timber packing is used with the bridging to prevent
movement. it is important to fill the void between the wall and the joist with
insulation and ensure an airtight seal. upper floors can be insulated to provide heat
and sound insulation. rigid insulation can be placed on timber battens between floor
joists. loose fill insulation can be laid on netting between floor joists. this method
reduces the amount of heat and sound transmitted through the upper floor.
airtightness is difficult to achieve with upper floors. a continuous airtightness
membrane must be installed between the joists and around the perimeter of the
floor. particular attention must be paid to where the joist is bedded into the wall.
sealing tape is used to seal any gaps or spaces between the mortar and the joist.
 Annotated and dimensioned References and sources

Upper Floor & External wall Construction studies, Google Sites: Sign-in. Available at:
https://sites.google.com/site/constructionstudies2/home (Accessed: December 2, 2022)

sketch here
Approx. scale 1:5

Eaves (roofing) and wall head solution

Analysis of upper floor choice and
performance…………………………………………………………………

The roof acts as a thermal protector of the building against the weather and keeps the
building warm. Its design is stable and strong as the roof can support the weight of slate
and other building materials. The weight of ice, snow and rain that can accumulate on
the roof and the drift force of the wind. The roof must be waterproofed. This is done by
 using waterproof materials and ensuring high-quality workmanship. the roof must resist
the accumulation of snow, ice and water, The slope of the roof can contribute to this.
Roof insulation is important because hot air rises, which means that much of the heat is
lost through the roof. To mitigate this, the attic should be insulated with quilted
insulation. A minimum of 250mm of insulation should be used and the structure also
must be resistant to noise penetration from outside the building, and the roof has to be
sufficiently ventilated to prevent fungal infestation and condensation build-up. The roof
must stop the spread of fire and allow time for the occupants to escape. The shape, size
and pitch of the roof, as well as the material from which the roof is constructed, all
affect the overall appearance of the house. A prefabricated truss roof would be more
advantageous for this building because it is quick to manufacture, easy and quick to
erect on site, insensitive to weather except for strong winds and thunderstorms, and
economical. Environmentally sustainable using smaller timber dimensions. Materials
and workmanship are of uniform quality, requiring no internal load-bearing walls.

Annotated and dimensioned The eaves are located

at the bottom of the roof. The end texture of the beam, which extends to outer leaves,
Roof interconnection with wall facing a woody fascia bottom finished one Plywood soffits nailed to boards. Mineral
wool insulation in the roof beams space must remain at the top of the wall

head sketch here

Prefabricated Vents. The soffit provides insulation and ventilation to the insulated
space. With the carpentry in place, the roof can be covered with slates and tiles. A kind
 of 1F underlay felt glued to the rafters before placing the roof superior. It acts as a
Approx. scale 1:5 moisture barrier The heavier 5U marker felt is used for eaves, more durable material is
required. Felt is usually 500mm in lengthways. It should overlap the gutter by 50mm in
an inclined net Used to support felt, This prevents water from pooling and coming into
contact with the fascia wood Slats (50 mm x 25 mm) are nailed to the beams. Slate's
goal is the amount by which the tail of the slate overlaps the head of the slate in a single
pass in the next lesson. Three stone slabs reinforce the eaves used the slats must exceed
the facade by 50 mm. The two original tracks have been cut Slate instead of full-length
slate. This ensures that the towers stay together. The entire roof, down to the gutters.
The length of the first course is equal to Bar measurements. The tiles are made of
concrete or clay the tiles come in different colours, shapes and sizes, Tiles can be
bijective or injective. Double overlapping tiles overlap in a manner similar to slate, each
tile is Composed of two overlapping tiles. One-shot tiles have an interlocking side-shot,
so Only one overlap is needed. The front of the tiles has an anti-drip system Water
penetrates by capillarity. Each tile has two prong ends for hanging slats. Use steel posts
every three or four lanes.
 References and sources

Construction studies, Google Sites: Sign-in. Available at:

https://sites.google.com/site/constructionstudies2/home (Accessed: December 2, 2022).

Integrated section at approximate scale of 1:20