ADVANCED WRITING

March-July 2020
QUESTIONS FOR QUIZZES AND EXAMS
1. What are the stages of the writing process?
Prewriting, Writing, Revising and Editing.
2. What do pre-writing activities help you to do?
It helps me to define a topic, establish a purpose and choose my audience. That way, I will
be able to generate ideas that will help me in the next stage.
3. Name 4 pre-writing activities that stimulate thinking. Talk about brainstorming and
clustering.
Reading, freewriting, brainstorming, clustering, questioning, discussing.
Brainstorming is based on free association because you write down what comes to your
mind in the form of a list.
Clustering is based on free association too, but your thoughts have to be connected. You
write down key words or phrases, and then you draw lines with other ideas.
4. When planning to write an essay, what do you have to decide in the pre-writing stage?
I have to decide the subject, the purpose and the audience.
5. What type of purposes can an essay have?
Personal writing, to inform, to persuade, to entertain.
6. What is a thesis statement? Where is it usually located? What parts does a thesis
statement have?
A thesis statement is the controlling idea of an essay. Its is the main point that all other
sentences relate to.
At the end of the introctory part. Ending the introduction with the thesis statement lets the
writer use the beginning of to capture the reader interest or give background information.
The limited subject and an opinion.
7. When writing a thesis statement, what should you avoid?
The subject should not be too broad or too narrow. Also, we have to be specific and clear
with our opinion and do not simply announce our topic.
8. When writing a thesis statement, what should you do to state your opinion clearly? Give
examples.
We should be direct and take a stand without using words that seem boring or vague. We
need to be specific enough. Example: English is so interesting
English helps you to develop new skills.
9. What steps should you consider to write the final thesis statement? Give examples.
1. Restate the idea in the prompt or ask yourself the question the prompt asks.
Example: Should physical education be mandatory?

2. Adopt a position/state your opinion.

Example: Physical education should be mandatory.

3. List three reasons you will use to argue your point.

Example: Helps students stay healthy, think clearly, and learn to cooperate
 4. Combine information from 1-3 into one sentence.

Example: Schools should require students to participate in physical education as doing so

will keep students healthy, improve school performance, and help students learn to
cooperate.

10. What is the relationship between body paragraphs and the thesis statement? What does a
body paragraph consist of? Talk about its parts.
The body paragraph explains and support the thesis statement. The body paragraph consists
of a topic sentence and concrete details that support that topic sentence.
The topic sentence is the controlling idea that support the thesis statement and tells what
the paragraph is about. The topic sentence has a limited topic and a statement. The details
support the topic sentence.
11. What is a rough outline? What does it include?
It is a way to plan an essay and let you see how your ideas relate to one to another. That
way, you can identify ideas that do not support your thesis and write down more
information where you need to add.
Working thesis and details or ideas that will support the working thesis
12. In how many ways can an essay be organized? Which way is the most common? the most
flexible?
In 5 different ways:
From general to particular
From particular to general
Spatial order
Chronological order
From one extreme to another
The most common method is form general to particular. This method begins with something
general and begins more particular as it progresses.
The most flexible method is from one extreme to another because you can begin with most
to least or least to most. From least to most is used for persuasive writing.

13. What is the purpose of the introductory paragraph of an essay? What do the sentences at
the beginning of the introductory paragraph need to do? What are some effective ways to
capture your audience’s interest?
An introductory paragraph catches the reader’s attention, gives background information, introduce a
subject and present your thesis statement. They need to grab reader´s attention and give necessary
background information.
Furnish a vivid description, tell a brief story, state a revealing fact, statistic or definition, make an
interesting comparison, present a dramatic example, and use an exciting quotation.
14. What is the purpose of the concluding paragraph? What techniques can you use to
write the concluding paragraph? When writing the concluding paragraph of your essay,
what should you avoid doing?
It gives readers a sense of closure.
Summarize the main ideas, highlight the most important issue, ask question that gets reader
to think about something in particular, predict future, offer solution or call readers to action.
I should avoid words like in conclusion, in summary, as you can see because your conclusion
should show not tell that it is the end of the essay. Also, is should not introduce a new idea.
15. What does revising your essay mean? When you revise the development of your essay,
what should you look for? When you revise unity, what should you look for? When you revise
coherence, what should you look for?
Revising means “seeing again” to improve the writing.
Development: I have to revise the body paragraphs in order to know if they support the thesis
statement. Also, I have to see if each body paragraph has a focused topic sentence.
Unity: I have to see if the topic sentences relate directly to the thesis statement and if the details in each
body paragraph support its topic sentence.
Coherence: I have to see if the transitions are used effectively to smooth and move in a logical way
from one paragraph to another. Also, I have to see if the sentences of each paragraph move smoothly
and logically from one to the next.

16.What are transitions? Give examples of transitional words and phrases for different purposes.
They are words or phrases that provide bridges or links between paragraphs and ideas.
Addition: also
Comparison: likewise
Contrast: on the other hand
Emphasis: in fact
Example: for example
Place: next to
Purpose: for this purpose
Result: as a result
Summary: in short
Time: now
17. What does editing involve? Talk about editing strategies. Talk about two strategies to
find errors.
Editing involves finding and correcting errors in grammar, punctuation, mechanics, and
spelling.
The editing strategies are divided into three categories: sentences, punctuation and
mechanics, and word choice and spelling.
 One good method is to read the essay backward, sentence by sentence, starting with the
last sentence. Taking sentences out of context lets you concentrate on individual sentences
and not get caught up in reading for meaning.
You can also use the grammar-check or spell-check features on your computer. The
grammar check will point out possible grammar errors and suggest ways to reword
sentences, but it is not foolproof. You need to decide if you want to accept or reject the
grammar suggestions the computer makes.

18. What does comparing mean? Contrasting? What are the purposes for writing a
comparison/contrast essay? Talk about the guidelines to write a comparison/contrast essay.
Explain each one.
It is to understand a subject when we put next to another.
Comparing means to see for similarities
Contrasting means to see for differences
To examine the subjects separately or to show the superiority of one over the other.
1. decide what point to make with your comparison and state it in your thesis statement.
(purpose) this purpose should be clear in your thesis statement.
2. Choose items to compare and contrast to make an effective point. Look over the ideas
generated in prewriting and choose the bests points
3. Use as many specific details and examples as possible to expand the comparison and to
support each subject. Try to think about obvious and not obvious point of comparison
4.Develop the essay in a balanced way. It means that the same amount of time should be
spend in both subjects providing the same amount of examples and details and also the
same topics should be covered for each subject.
5. Organize the essay in a specific way. It could be point by point, subject by subject or a
combination of both of them.
19. What is the purpose of arguing? Talk about the guidelines to write an argument essay.
Explain each one.

The purpose of arguing is to persuade someone to take a certain action or to think or feel a
specific way.
1. State the opinion on the topic in the thesis statement. Thw thesis statement should be
debatable. It means that we should take a stand for or against an action or idea.
2. Find out as much as we can abou the audience before we write because it will help us to
choose the best supporting evidence and examples.
3.Choose evidence that support the thesis stamtement. Because if wedo not have evidence
it woill be just an opinion. On the other hand, if we supplyevidence, the readers will
understand the oisition and also they will agree with it.
Evidence can be facts, statistics, statements fromauthorities, examples, or personalstories.
4. Anticipate opposing points of view. If we admit that there are opposing anrguments and
answer them,we will move the reader further inour direction.
5. Find some common ground. Common ground refers to poins agreement between two
opposingpoints of view. When we state in the essay thatwe agree with on certain points,
the reader can see the writer as a fair person.
6. Maintain a resonable tone. It means that we have to keepthe voice of the essay calm
and sensible without being sarcastic.
That way the reader will bemore open to what the writer wants tosay because the reader
willthink the writer is a reosonableperson.
7. Organize the essay effectively sothat the readers can easily followthe essay.
Introduction
/background information
/introduction ofsubject
/statement of the opininon
Body paragraphgs
/Common ground
/Lots of evidence
/Opposing point of view
/Responseto to opposing point of view
Conclusin
/restatement of the position
/call foractionor agreement

THE HANDBOOK
1. Talk about the types of pronouns and give examples
Personal Pronouns to refer to a people or thing
I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they.
Demonstrative Pronouns: point out someone or something

Relative pronouns: to introduce a dependent clause

 Indefinite pronouns: refer to someone or something general, not specific.
Object pronouns that receive the action in the sentence: me, you him, her, them
Possessive pronoun, to show possession.
2. What do indefinite pronouns refer to? Give examples of indefinite pronouns that can be
only singular, only plural, and either singular or plural.
to refer to people or things without saying exactly who or what they are.

3. What questions do adverbs answer? Give examples.

They answer
How , quietly. (manners)
When soon, tomorrow, then, now, today. (adverbs of time)
Where over, inside, somewhere (of place)
how often usually, often (of frequency)
, to what extend? very, so (of degree)

4. What do prepositions indicate? What is the object of a preposition? What is a prepositional

phrase? Give examples.
Indicate relationship among ideas (time or location)
 It is a noun or a pronoun.
A preposition followed by a noun or pronoun
Next to the door
Near my house
5. What is the function of conjunctions? What are coordinating conjunctions? Give examples.
What are subordinating conjunctions? Give examples.
It is to connect groups of words.
Coordinating conjunctions link ideas of equal importance (two independent clauses)
Example: She likes pizza, but he hates it.
Subordinating conjunctions link two ideas by making one dependent on the other: an
independent clause and a dependent clause.
Example: She likes chocolate because it has a sweet taste.
6. What is the difference between phrases and clauses? Give examples.
Clauses and phrases are groups of words. However, a clause contains a subject and a verb
Example:
Using the computer – phrase
She is sleepy. An independent clause that expresses a complete thought.
so he helped me. - a dependent clause that does not express a complete thought.
7. What is an independent clause and a dependent clause? Give examples.
An independent clause is a clause that can stand alone because it makes sense by itself. It
has a subject and a verb.
Dependent clause is clause that cannot stand alone because it cannot be understood by
itself. It needs a independent clause to be a complete thought, event tough it has a subject
and a verb.
Examples:
My mom cooks every day.
Because she like it ---- has a subordinating conjunction.
8. What is a compound subject? Give examples.
When we have two words that tell us what the sentence is about. (it could be nouns or
pronouns).
Example:
My family and I enjoy traveling around the world.

9. What is an unstated subject? Give examples.

It is a subject that does not appear in the sentence, but it is understood. The understood
subject is always you. This is used for commands and requests.
Command: take off your shoes.
Request-Please, lend me your pencil
10. Talk about of a sentence.one tip to find the subject
 First, we need to cross out all the preposition phrases. The we have to figure out what the
sentence is about.
11. What are action verbs, linking verbs, and helping verbs? Give examples.
Action verbs tell us what the subject is doing.
Example: She goes for a walk.
Linking verbs help us to connect the subject to other words that tell us something about the
subject. Also, they are called state-being verbs.
Example: She is tired
Helping verbs add information such as when the action takes place. Basically, they act like
auxiliars. When we join a helping verb with a main verb, we have a complete verb.
Example: helping verb- is
Main verb – run
He is running.
12. What are compound verbs? Give examples
It is when a subject has more than two verbs.
Example: she writes and reads.
13. What are fragments? What are two ways to correct a fragment? Give examples.
A fragment is a piece of a sentence that is punctuated as a complete sentence,
but does ‘not express a complete thought.
We can connect the fragment to the sentence after or before it,
Example: She wakes up. And has breakfast
She wakes up and has breakfast.
or we can make the fragment an independent clause.
1. adding the missing subject or verb
2.drop the subordinating conjunction before the fragment.
She wakes up. She has breakfast.

14. What type of conjunction makes a clause dependent? Give examples

The subordinating conjunctions. Example: because, when, after, while, even though.
She likes chocolate.
Because she likes chocolate.
15. What is a run-on sentence? Talk about the 2 types of run-on sentences. Give examples
 Run-sentence is a grammatical mistake, where you join two independent clauses as one.
The first sentence runs into the next sentence without the proper punctuation between
them.
A fused sentence is two sentences fused together without any punctuation
She ran quickly her mother told her to be more careful.
A comma splice joins two independent clauses putting a comma between the two
independent clauses
He prepared a pizza for her mother, she liked it.
16. What are the 4 ways to correct a fused sentence or comma splice? Give examples.
1. Separate the two sentences with a period, and capitalize the next word.
My grandfather likes to cook his own meals. He does not want anyone to do it for him.
2. Separate the two sentences with a comma, and add a coordinating conjunction.
My grandfather likes to cook his own meals, and he does not want anyone to do it for
him.
3. Separate the two sentences with a comma, and add a subordinating conjunction.
Since my grandfather likes to cook his own meals, he does not want anyone to do it for
him
4. Separate the two sentences with a semicolon.
My grandfather likes to cook his own meals. He does not want anyone to do it for him.

17. What does subject-verb agreement mean? What is an easy way to identify the subject and
verb in a sentence?
It means that singular subjects must be paired with singular verbs and plural subjects with
plural verbs.
Cross out all the prepositional phrases in a sentence. The subject and verb will be among the
words that are left.
18. Talk about subject-verb agreement with compound nouns. Give examples of the 3
different cases.
When a subject mentions more than one person, place, thing, or idea we need to make
agree the subject with the verb.
1. When compound subjects are joined by and, use a plural verb.
She and he were to the party together.
2. When the subject appears to have more than one part but the parts refer to a single
unit, use a singular verb.
Sandwich of peanut and jam is my favorite snack.
3. When compound subjects are joined by or or nor, make the verb agree with the subject
closest to it
Neither they nor she knows the truth.

19. Talk about subject-verb agreement with collective nouns. Give examples.
When we have a collective noun, which is a subject that mention a group of people or thing,
it may be plural or singular. And based on that, we need to use singular verbs with singular
collective nouns and plural verbs with plural collective nouns.
When it refers to the group as a unit, we use singular verbs because it is a singular subject.
 Example: My family visits my grandmother every weekend.
When a group is referred as individual members, we use a plural verb.
Example: The crew are going to vote individually.
20. Talk about subject-verb agreement with indefinite pronouns. What is an indefinite
pronoun? Give examples of indefinite pronouns which are always singular, always plural,
and which can be singular or plural.
Indefinite pronouns refer to people or things without saying who or what exactly they are.
Singular indefinite pronouns need singular verbs.
Everybody works hard.
Plural indefinite pronouns need plural verbs
Many people disagree with this decision.
Singular or plural indefinite pronouns need a singular or a plural verb depending on whether
they refer to plural or singular words.
Some of them are tired.
Some of her free time is used to read.
21. How can you test whether you are using the correct pronoun as the subject of a sentence?
Give examples.
You can use each subject individually
Example: My friend and me went to the party.
My friend went to the party.
Me went to the party. – it is incorrect
I went to the party. - correct

22. In what two places are pronouns used as objects? How can you test whether you have used
the correct pronoun as the object of a sentence? Give examples.
After the verb showing that the object receives the action of the verb.
When it is the object of a preposition
Examples: She made me happy.
Examples: She went to the party with me.
Using each object individually.
Example: My grandfather gave my cousin and I some money.
My grandfather gave my cousin some money.
My grandfather gave I some money- It is incorrect.
MY grandfather gave me some money. Correct.

23. What causes pronoun problems in comparisons? Give examples.

When we use an object pronoun instead a subject pronoun.
Examples: She is taller than me-incorrect
She is taller than I.
When I use a subject pronoun when I need an object pronoun
Example: Kay dislikes him more than she dislikes I.
Kaay dislikes him more than she dislikes me.
24. How can you test whether to use a subject pronoun or an object pronoun in a “than” or
“as” comparison? Give examples.
 You could test finishing the sentence with the complement that was used at the beginning.
Example: She is taller than I (am).
WE could test listening if the pronoun sounds unnatural or not.
Example: He hates her more than he hates I.-correct
He hates her more than he hates me.

25. What is an antecedent? What 2 words warn you that an antecedent may be missing?
It is the word that the pronoun is referring to.
It or we.
26. What is point of view? What does it mean to shift point of view?
The point of view refers to whether a statement is made in the first person, second person,
or third person. It means to start writing from one point of view, and then changing to
another point of view.
27. What does pronoun agreement mean? What pronouns can cause difficulty for
pronoun agreement? Name the indefinite pronouns that are always singular.
It means that pronouns must agree in number with the words their refers to (their
antecedents.
The indefinite pronoun may become a problem.

28. What is sexism in writing? What are 2 ways to get around the problem of using male
pronouns to refer to both women and men?
It is when we do not know whether the person is referred to is male or female and then you
ignore the indefinite pronoun referring to the pronoun as male or plural.
Also, it occurs when we assume that certain professions are occupied by males or females.
You can say “he or she” or “his or her”
You can make the sentence plural.
29. What are adjectives? Where can you find adjectives in a sentence? How do you form
negative comparisons? Give examples. When do you use the comparative form and the
superlative form of an adjective? Give examples.
Adjectives are words that modify or describe nouns or pronouns.
Most adjectives come before the words they modify, but with linking verbs. Adjectives
follow the word they modify (before a noun).
Before a noun or after a linking verb.
For negative comparations, use less to compare two items and least to compare three or
more items.
For example:
She is less friendly than my partner.
He is the least funny person.
The comparative form is used to compare two items or indicate a greater degree
Th superlative form is used to compare three or more items or indicate the greatest degree.
30. What are adverbs? What 5 questions do adverbs answer? Say 4 words that end in –ly
but are not adverbs. How do you know whether to use an adjective or an adverb in a
sentence? Give examples. What is a double negative? Why should you avoid double
negatives? Give examples.
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

Friendly, early, chilly, lonely

Adjectives goes after a linking verb most of the time. Or before an noun
Adverbs goes after an action verb or before an adjective or something that they modify.
Double negatives is using two negative words in one clause.
Example: She never had no time to rest.
Because it creates the opposite meaning of what is intented and it is cofusing and
grmammaticaly wrong.
Example: My brother doesnot have nothing
The actual meaning is my brother does not give me anything.
31. When should you use the adjective good and when the adverb well? Give examples
When should you use the adjective bad and when the adverb badly? Give examples.
Good is used with a noun or after a linking verb and well is used for someone´s health of
after an action verb.

32. When should you use a comma before a coordinating conjunction? Give examples.
Should you use a comma before a coordinating conjunction when a single subject has two
verbs? Give examples.
33. When should you use commas with who, whose, which, when, or where? Give examples.
 When should you not use commas with who, whose, which, when, or where? Give
examples.

34. Write two uses of the semicolon and give examples.

1. the semicolon is used to separate two independent clauses.
Example: Water is good for health; she always drink water.
2. Use the semicolon to join two independentclauses that areconnected by a conjunctive adverb
as however.
For example: She likes to travel; however, she is afraid of ariplanes.
3.To separate itemsin a serie whn anyoftheitems contain commas.
35. What is the main use of a colon? Give examples. After what words should a colon not be used?
Give examples.
1. It is to introduce a list or thoughts.
Examples: She bought the following items: milk, rice, and cookies
-After words such as orincluiding
Example: she play mayinstruments, such as violin,piano, and guitar.
-Also acolonshould notbeused after averb or a preposition
Forexample: she likes banana. Apple, pineapple, and watermelon
-My pouch is full of pens,pencils, and markers.

36. When do you use dashes? Give examples. When do you use parenthesis? Give examples.
What is the difference between dashes and parenthesis? Give examples
1.Dashesareused toemphasize or drawattention to a point
Example: I known what I want to be-a teacher

1. parenthesis are used to show information that isinteresting or helpful biut not necceary
frounderstanding the sentence.
Example: Roger Worthington ( a poorly drawn character in the novel) reveals the secret in the
last chapter.

37. Talk about the uses of quotation marks. How do you use capital letters punctuation marks
with quotation marks?
Quotation marks are used to indicate adirect quotation that is someone´sexact words.

38. Talk about the following capitalization rules: 3,5,6,7, and 8.

3. Capitalize titles used with people´snames or in place of their names.
Example: Dr. Etham Brunette
Grandpa Bob
Do notcapitalizethe wordsthatidentifyfamilyrelationships
The names of seasons are not capitalized
6. Capitalize the names of historical events, pedios anddocuments
WordlwarII
The magna carta

39. What is the general rule for spelling out numbers as opposed to using numerals?
40. What kind of sentences in a paragraph are considered monotonous? Give examples. How can you
vary sentences structure with introductory words? Give examples.
Reading the same pattern, sentence, after sentence.
Example: like dogs. I want to have one. I can´t wait to get my own dog.
I can add an introductory word at the beginning of the sentence, so the sentence will not start the same
way.
For example: To do my homework, I need to concentrate
41. What are parallel or balanced sentences? Give examples.
They are sentences that have words orpharases in a serie with the same grammatical form

42. What does a simple sentence consist of? Give examples. What does a compound sentence consist
of? Give examples. What does a complex sentence consist of? Give examples. What does a
compound-complex sentence consist of? Give examples.
-A simple sentence consist of one independent clause. A independent clause has subject and a main
verb
Example: She likes pizza
-A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating
conjunction
Example: She likes listen to music, and her favorite artist is Josh Garrels
-A complex sentence is composed of one independent clause and at least one dependent clause
Example: She gets good grades because she studies hard.
-Compound-complex is combination of complex and a compound sentence. It means it has at least two
independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.
Example: My sister likes pizza, so she buys pizza on weekends after she finishes work.