Discuss the view that gender differences are products of socialization and patriarchy.

Gender is one of the first social categories children become aware of. By the time they are three
years old, they have formed their gender identity. They also begin to learn cultural gender
stereotypes: that certain behaviour, activities, toys and interests are typical for boys and girls.
Froerer, (2009). Although children play an active role in shaping their gender identity
development, their knowledge about gender comes from many sources of socialization, including
parents, peers and teachers. According to Vigilant, (2007), the view that gender differences are
products of socialization and patriarchy posits that societal norms, expectations, and structures
shape individuals’ understanding and performance of gender. This perspective emphasizes the
role of cultural and social factors in constructing gender identities, as opposed to biological
determinism. Gender differences are defined as biological differences between sexes; however,
this essay explores how perceived differences may be socially and patriarchal reinforced.

According to Haralambos and Holborn (2000), socialization is the process by which individuals
learn and internalize the norms, values, and expectations of their society. This process begins in
early childhood and continues throughout an individual’s life. In the context of gender,
socialization influences how individuals perceive and enact their genders, based on the cultural
scripts and roles associated with masculinity and femininity. For example, boys may be
encouraged to engage in rough-and-tumble play, while girls are more likely to be encouraged to
play with dolls or engage in nurturing activities. These early experiences shape gender identities
and contribute to gender differences in behavior, attitudes, and preferences. In this regard, gender
differences as a product of socialization refer to the ways in which individuals learn and
internalize gender roles and expectations through their interactions with society and their social
environments. Oakley, (1972). This process begins in early childhood and continues throughout
the lifespan, as individuals are exposed to a variety of cultural messages and norms regarding
what it means to be male or female.

It can be argued that, gender differences are products of socialization if one considers that, one
of the primary ways in which gender differences are socialized is through the toys and activities
that are typically marketed to boys and girls. For example, boys may be encouraged to play with
toys that promote physical activity and competition, such as action figures and sports equipment,
while girls may be given dolls and kitchen sets that emphasize nurturing and domestic skills.
Fromme, Johannes (2006). These gendered toy preferences can shape children’s interests and
abilities, and can influence their career choices and relationships in adulthood. Additionally,
children’s literature and media often reinforce traditional gender roles and stereotypes. For
example, stories and TV shows may feature male characters in active, adventurous roles, while
female characters are portrayed as passive or emotional. These media messages can shape
children’s perceptions of themselves and their place in the world, and can influence their
behavior and attitudes towards others. Maglaty, (2011).

It is also important to note that, as children enter adolescence, they are exposed to new social
pressures and expectations related to gender. For example, boys may be encouraged to assert
their masculinity through risk-taking behavior and emotional stoicism, while girls may be taught
to prioritize physical appearance and relationships over personal achievements. These gendered
expectations can have negative consequences for both boys and girls, including increased rates of
depression, anxiety, and substance abuse. Saraswathi (2007). Furthermore, adolescence is a time
when many individuals begin to form romantic relationships, and these relationships can also be
shaped by gender socialization. For example, boys may be expected to initiate sexual encounters
and take on a dominant role in relationships, while girls may be socialized to prioritize their
partners’ needs over their own. These gendered dynamics can perpetuate power imbalances and
contribute to unhealthy relationships.

In addition, in adulthood, gender socialization continues to shape individuals’ experiences and

opportunities. For example, women may face barriers to career advancement due to gendered
expectations about care-giving responsibilities, while men may be expected to prioritize work
over family obligations. Ganesh, Kamala. (1999). Additionally, gendered stereotypes about
emotional expression can prevent individuals from seeking help for mental health issues or
accessing support networks. Moreover, gender socialization can influence how individuals
navigate relationships with friends, family members, and coworkers. For example, men may be
discouraged from expressing vulnerability or seeking emotional support from other men, while
women may be expected to prioritize the needs of others over their own. These gendered
expectations can limit individuals’ ability to form meaningful connections and can perpetuate
harmful power dynamics.
Be that as it may, Contreras M, (2012) argued that, while the socialization perspective offers
valuable insights into the role of cultural and social factors in shaping gender differences, it has
been criticized for its focus on individual behavior at the expense of broader structural issues.
Critics argue that this perspective downplays the role of structural inequality in maintaining
gender differences and reinforcing patriarchal power dynamics. Additionally, some argue that
this perspective may essentialize gender differences by assuming that all members of a particular
gender share common characteristics or experiences.

On the other hand, patriarchy refers to a system of social organization in which power is held by
men, often at the expense of women, the assertion that gender differences are products of
patriarchy. In patriarchal societies, gender inequality is institutionalized and reinforced through
various social structures, such as the family, education, media, and the labor market. Haralambos
and Holborn, (2000). These structures privilege men and marginalize women, perpetuating
gender stereotypes and limiting opportunities for women to challenge traditional gender roles.
Consequently, gender differences are not merely the result of individual choices or preferences
but are also shaped by systemic power dynamics that favor men over women. One of the most
significant ways in which patriarchy has shaped gender differences is through socialization and
the division of labor. In patriarchal societies, men are typically assigned roles that grant them
power and authority, such as political leaders, breadwinners, and decision-makers. Women, on
the other hand, are often expected to fulfill nurturing and domestic roles, such as caregivers and
homemakers. This division of labor has led to the development of distinct gender roles, with men
often being seen as more assertive, competitive, and independent, while women are expected to
be more nurturing, empathetic, and communal. Barker, (2012).

Patriarchy has also influenced the opportunities available to men and women in education and
career paths. Historically, boys and men have been given preference in accessing education and
career advancement. This has led to a gender gap in education and career achievements, with
women often facing barriers to entering certain fields and advancing in their careers.
Additionally, patriarchal attitudes have contributed to the under representation of women in
leadership positions across various industries. Patriarchal societies have also shaped gender
expression and identity. Barker G (2006). The rigid gender roles associated with patriarchy have
led to the enforcement of strict norms regarding how men and women should present themselves
and behave. This has resulted in the suppression of individual expression and the reinforcement
of gender stereotypes. Furthermore, patriarchal attitudes have contributed to the marginalization
and stigmatization of individuals who do not conform to traditional gender roles, such as those
who identify as non-binary or transgender.

The gender differences perpetuated by patriarchy have significant consequences for individuals
and society as a whole. These differences can lead to unequal power dynamics, perpetuate
gender-based violence, and limit opportunities for personal growth and development.
Additionally, the rigid adherence to traditional gender roles can hinder the progress of society, as
it prevents individuals from fully realizing their potential and contributing to the betterment of
their communities.

However, the view that gender differences are products of socialization and patriarchy must also
consider the role of intersecting identities, such as race, class, sexuality, and ability. Kazdin,
(2000). Internationalist posits that these multiple identities interact in complex ways to shape
individuals’ experiences and opportunities. For instance, a woman of color may face unique
challenges related to her racial and gender identities that cannot be understood independently of
one another. Thus, considering intersectionality is crucial for understanding the diverse ways in
which gender differences are constructed and experienced.

In conclusion, the view that gender differences are products of socialization and patriarchy
highlights the importance of considering cultural norms, expectations, and power dynamics in
understanding gender identities. While this perspective offers valuable insights into the role of
socialization in shaping gender differences, it is essential to recognize its limitations by
accounting for intersectionality and broader structural issues. By examining these complex
factors together, we can better understand how gender differences are constructed and
maintained in our societies.
Reference list

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Contreras M, (2012) Bridges to adulthood: Understanding the lifelong influence of men’s

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Ganesh, Kamala (1999) ‘Patrilineal Structure and Agency of Women: Issues in Gendered
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Fromme, Johannes, (2006) Socialisation in the Age of New Media. www.medienpaed.com/05-

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Maglaty, J. 2011. "When did girls first start wearing pink?" The Smithsonian.
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Oakley, Ann. 1972. Sex, Gender and Society. London: Temple Smith.

Vigilant, Lee Garth and John Williamson 2007. ‘The Sociology of Socialisation’ in Clifton D.
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