Week 03 Influence
Week 03 Influence
Lines
Influence Lines
• An influence line represents the variation of
either the reaction, shear, moment or
deflection at a specific point in a member
as a concentrated force moves over the
member.
• From this line one can determine where the
load should be on a structure to create the
greatest influence at a specific point.
• The influence line for
a specific point in the
member shows at a
glance where the load
will be located when
the greatest influence
takes place for that
point.
Moving Load
• Examples of structures influenced by
moving load are
– bridges,
– industrial cranes,
– rail
– conveyors
– other structures where loads move across their
span.
• SFD and BMD are for static load.
• Influence line shows a reaction, shear, or
moment, at a point due to a moving load.
Unit Load at x= 5 m
5
RA = = 0. 5
10
Table for RA and unit load Location
x RA
0 1
2.5 0.75
5 0.5
7.5 0.25
10 0
We can easily
establish that
1
RA = 1− x
10
∑M @B = 0 10 RA = 1(10 − x)
1
RA = 1− x
10
Example
∑M @ A = 0
1× x = 5 RB
x
RB =
5
Influence Line for
RB
Example
Load at A
Vc = 0
Load just to the left
of C,
x1 = 2.5- m Vc = -0.25
Load just to the
right of C,
x2 = 2.5+ m
Vc = 0.75
To Sum Up
x Vc
0 0
2.5- -0.25
2.5+ 0.75
5 0.5
7.5 0.25
10 0
Influence Line Equation
1
RA = 1− x
10
1 1
Vc = (1 − x) − 1 = − x
10 10
Load just to the
right of C,
x2 = 2.5+ m
1
RA = 1− x
10
1
Vc = 1− x
10
To Sum Up
0 ≤ x ≤ 2.5
1
Vc = − x
10
2.5 ≤ x ≤ 10
1
Vc = 1− x
10
Summary
Example
Influence Line for Vc
Solution
8− x
RA =
8
8− x
Vc = RA =
8
0≤ x≤4 Vc = −
x
8
4 ≤ x ≤ 12 8− x
Vc = RA =
8
Example
x x
MC = ×5 =
10 2
Example
Load between C and B
10 − x
RA =
10
x
RB =
10
10 − x x
MC = ×5 = 5 −
10 2
To Sum Up
0≤ x≤5
x
MC =
2
5 ≤ x ≤ 10
x
MC = 5 −
2
Example
• Influence Line for Mc
8− x
RA =
8
x
RB =
8
8− x x
Mc = × 4 = 4 −
8 2
To sum up
0≤ x≤4
x
Mc =
2
4 ≤ x ≤ 12
x
Mc = 4 −
2
Influence Line for Beams
Example
Influence line of RA due
to a moving load F
Solution
Draw influence line of RA for a unit load
Multiply the
influence line by the
magnitude of the
applied load F
1
Therefore max RA
will be equal to
F ×1 = F
Distributed Load
Value of function
(dF )( y ) = ( w0 dx) y
effect of all dF
∫ ( w dx) y = w ∫ ydx
o o
1 1
RA = (1)( L)( w0 ) = w0 L
2 2
Example
Vc due to F = 4 kN
Vc = 0.75 * 4 = 3 kN
Vc due to w = 2 kN/m
Total
Vc = 3 + 5.625 = 8.625kN
• The same result would have been resulted
for this loading
4 × 7.5 15 × 3.75
RA = + = 8.625 kN
10 10
4 × 2.5 15 × 6.25
RB = + = 10.375 kN
10 10
VC = 8.625 kN
Example
• Weight of beam CB = 24
kg/m
• Assume A is a pin and B
is a roller.
• Determine the maximum
value of YA, YB and MD.
Sol.
24 × 9.81 1
(YA ) max = 3(1.33) + × 4 ×1.333 = 4.63 kN
1000 2
• YB max
24 × 9.81 1 1
(YB ) max = 3(1) + × 3 × 1 + × 1 × ( −0 . 333) = 3.31 kN
1000 2 2
• MD max
24 × 9.81 1 1
( M D ) max = 3(0.75) + × 1 × ( −0 . 5) + × 3 × 0 . 75 = 2.46 kNm
1000 2 2
Example
Influence Lines for Ra,
Rc, Vb, Mb, Mc, Vc-, Vc+
Sol.
10 − x
Ra =
10
x
Rc =
10
Vb
• Load between 0 and 6 m
x
Vb = − Rc = −
10
10 − x
M b = 6 Ra = 6
10
Mc
• Load between 0 and 10 m
M c = Ra (10) − 1(10 − x)
10 − x
= (10 ) − (10 − x) = 0
10
• Load between 10
and 14 m
M c = (1) x'
Vc-
• Load between 0 and 10 m
10 − x x
Vc− = Ra − 1 = − 1 = −
10 10
• Load between 10
and 14 m
x
Vc− = Rc − 1 = −1
10
Vc+
• Load between 0 and 10 m
Vc+ = Ra + Rb − 1
10 − x x
= + −1 = 0
10 10
• Load between 10
and 14 m
Vc+ = 1
Müller – Breslau (1886)
• Reaction at A (Ay)
Ayδy − 1× δy ' = 0
assume δy = 1
∴ Ay = δy '
δy = 1
Vc = δy '
M c × δφ − 1× δy ' = 0
δφ = 1
M c = δy '
Example
• Influence line for yA
Example
• Influence line for Ay
Example
• Influence line for VB
Example
• Influence line for MB
Example
• Influence line for MB
Influence Lines
Müller – Breslau (1886)
To determine the shape of a influence line using the
Muller-Breslau principle proceed as follows:
• Remove the capacity of the beam to resist the
applied reaction, shear force, or bending
moment at the specified point. This allows the
beam to deflect/rotate when the reaction, shear
force, or bending moment is applied at the
specified point
The influence line at
a support is
determined by
replacing it with a
roller guide and
applying a positive
unit load to the roller
guide. The deflected
shape is the influence
line
The influence line for the
shear at any point C is
determined by replacing
the point C with a roller
guide and applying a
positive shear to the
beam at C. The deflected
shape is the influence line
The influence line for
the bending moment
at C is determined by
replacing the point C
with a pin and
applying a positive
moment to the beam at
C. The deflected shape
is the influence line
• Once the shape of the influence line is
established the ordinates at the peaks can be
determined by the use of statics
– Determine the reactions for the structure by
placing the unit load at the point of interest
– Using the reactions and unit load to calculate the
internal forces needed to keep the Muller-
Breslau structure in equilibrium
– These forces are the values of the peaks in the
influence line
Example
• Draw Influence Lines
for RB, RD, VC, MC
3m 3m 6m
Solution
Vertical Reaction at B 3m 3m 6m
Vertical Reaction at
D, RD
3m 3m 6m
Shear at C, VC
3m 3m 6m
Moment at C, MC
3m 3m 6m
Influence Lines for Floor Girders
Influence Lines for Floor Girders
B C
A D
P
Panel
s s s
1
FB FC
B C
A D
P
F1 F2
Panel
s s s
d
We can calculate s
the reactions, then
FB
use the method of
B
sections to A MP
calculate the shear
VP
force and bending
moment at critical F1
d
sections, e.g
M P = F1d − FB (d − s )
Example
Draw the influence line for the moment at
point F for the floor girder below
x
A B C D E
G
H
F
2m 2m
2m 2m 4m 4m 4m
2m 2m
1 at x = 2 m
A B
Ay By
F
G
H
Hy 8m 6m
MF
VCD Gy
2m 2m
∑M A =0
1 at x = 2 m
B y = 0.5 A B
Ay By
By=0.5
F
G
H
Hy Gy
8m 6m
∑M H =0
0.5 × 2
Gy =
14
G y = 0.0714
MF
VCD Gy=0.0714
∑M F =0
M F = 0.0714 × 6 = 0.429
x MF
0 0
2 0.429 3
2.5
2
4 0.857
MF
1.5
1
8 2.571 0.5
0
10 2.429 0 2 4 8 10 12 16
influence line for M F
12 2.286
16 0
Influence Lines for Trusses
Example
Draw the
influence line for
member GB.
Reaction Ey
1× 6
Ey = = 0.25
24
∑F y =0
FGB Sin(45) = 0.25 continue for x = 12,
FGB = 0.3535 18, and 24
x, m FGB
0 0
6 0.354
12 -0.707
18 -0.354
24 0
∴x0 = 6 + 2 = 8 m
Influence line at a point due to a
Series of Concentrated Loads
F1 = 10 kN
F2 = 40 kN
F3 = 40 kN
F1 = 10 kN
F2 = 40 kN
F3 = 40 kN
Solution
Case 1
10 kN load just to the
right of C.
Solution
Case 2
First 40 kN load just to
the right of C.
Case 3
Second 40 kN load just
to the right of C.
• For jump
∆V = P ( y2 − y1 )
• To determine the critical loading for shear
in a structure due to a series of
concentrated loads using the above
formulas do the following:
– Establish the influence line at the point of
interest for the structure
– Place the first load in the series on the structure
when the maximum effect occurs as given by
the influence line
– Move the next in load series where the first
load was and determine the total ∆V for all the
loads
Cont
– Repeat the above step moving each load in
succession until a negative ∆V occurs
– This indicates the previous location of the loads
will give the largest value represents the critical
loading for shear (effect)
– Calculate the shear (effect) based on the critical
loading
Solution of the same example
F1 = 10 kN
F2 = 40 kN
F3 = 40 kN
Case 1
10 kN load just to the
right of C.
As before
Case 2
First 40 kN load just to
the right of C.
Case 3
Second 40 kN load just
to the right of C.
∆M = Ps( x2 − x1 )
• To determine the critical loading for
bending moment in a structure due to a
series of concentrated loads using the
above formula do the following:
– Establish the influence line at the point of
interest for the structure
– Place the first load in the series on the structure
when the maximum effect occurs as given by
the influence line
– Move the next in load series where the first
load was and determine the total ∆M using ∆M
for all the loads
Cont.
F1 = 20 kN
F2 = 40 kN
F3 = 30 kN
Solution
• As in Case 2, ∆M2-3
is negative, therefore
case 2 is the most
critical
F1 = 20 kN
F2 = 40 kN
F3 = 30 kN