Corejava Material RATANIT [email protected] Mr.

Ratan

[email protected]

[email protected]

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Core java syllabus

1. Introduction & data types 5-26 6. Packages 124-136
Basics of java Predefined packages
Parts of java User defined packages
Keywords of java Imorting packages
Features of java Project modules
Coding conventions Source file declaration
Escape sequence characters Normal import
Identifier Static import
First application
Data types in java 7. Modifiers
Public , private , protected ,abstract
2. Flow control statements 27-38 ,final,static,native,strictfp,volatile,
If,if-else,else-if,switch transient,synchronized,(11 modifiers)
For,while,do-while
Break,continue 8. Interface 137- 153
Interface declarations
3. Java class 39-76 Marker interface
Variables Extends vs implements
Methods Nested interface
Constructors Adaptor classes
Instance blocks Interface vs. inheritance
Static blocks Cloning process
Serialization process
4. Operator 77-81 Deserialization process
Unary Operator Transient modifier.
Arithmetic Operator
shift Operator 9. Garbage Collector 154-159
Relational Operator Different ways to destroy object
Bitwise Operator Finalize() method
Logical Operator System gc() method
Ternary Operator Runtime gc() method
Assignment Operator.
10. String manipulations 160-172
5. Oops 82-123 String
Inheritance StringBuffer
Aggregation StringBuilder
Composition StringTokenizer
Polymorphism compreTo() vs equals()
Abstraction length() vs length
Encapsulation method chaining
toString() implementation

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11. Wrapperclass 173-178

Data types vs Wrapper classes
toStirng()
ParseXXX()
valueOf()
XXXValue().
Auto boxing vs Autounboxing

12. Exception handling 179-207

Types of Exceptions
Exception vs Error
Try-catch blocks usage
Try with resources
Exception propagation
Finally block usage
Throws keyword usage
Exception handling vs method overriding.
Throw keyword usage
Customization of exception handling
Different types of Exceptions and error

13. java.io package 208-217

File creation
Directory creation
Byte channel
Character channel
Writing and reading operations
Normal streams
Buffered streams
charArrayWriter

14. Multithreading 218-241

Thread info
Single Threaded model vs multithreaded model
Main Thread vs user Thread
Creation of user defined Thread
Life cycle stages of Thread
Thread naming
Thread priority
Thread synchronization
Inter Thread communication
Hook Thread
Daemon Thread
Difference between wait() notify() naifyAll()

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15. Nested classes 242-252 @Deprecated

Introduction @Override
Advantages of nested classes
Nested classes vs inner classes
Normal Inner classes 18. Enumeration 262-267
Method local inner classes Introduction
Anonymous inner classes Advantages of enumeration
Static nested classes Values() vs Ordinal()
Enum vs enum
16. Lambda expressions 253-257 Diff between enum vs class

17. Annotations 258 - 261 19. Arrays 268-274

Advantages of annotations Introduction
Different annotations working Declaration of Arrays
@Suppress Warnings Object data & primitive data.
@Functional Interface
20. Collection framework &Generics 275-323 22. JVM architecture 335-340
Introduction about Arrays What is JVM
collection vs. arrays Structure of the JVM
Collection vs Collections Components of JVM
Key interfaces of Collections 23. Networking 341 - 344
Characteristics of Collection Introduction
framework classes Socket and ServerSocket
Information about cursors URL info
Introduction about Map Client-Server programming
interface 24. AWT 345-367
List interface implementation Introduction
classes Frame class
Set interface implementation Different layouts
classes Components of
Map interface implementation AWT(TextField,RadioButton,Che
classes ckbox….etc)
Comparable vs comparator Event Handling or Event
Sorting mechanisms of delegation Model
Collection objects. Different types of Listeners
25. Swings 368-376
21. INTERNATIONALIZATION (I18N) 324-334 Awt vs. swings
Design application to support Advantages of swings
dif country languages Different components of
Local class Swings(TextField ,Checkbox.etc)
ResourceBundle Event handling in Swings
Date in different formats 26. Applet in java 377-382
Info about properties file
Java 8 , java9 , java10,java11 ,java12, Java 13,java14,java15

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JAVA introduction:
Author : James Gosling
Your best Trainer : Mr. Ratan
Vendor : Sun Micro Systems (which has since merged into Oracle Corporation)

Initial Name : OAK language

Present Name : java

Beta version : 1995

Initial version : JDK 1.0
Present version : Java SE 16
Stable version : Java 8, java11

Type of the software : open source

Extensions : .java, .class
Operating System : multi-Operating System
Implementation Lang : c, cpp……

Symbol : coffee cup with saucer

SUN : Stanford Universally Network
Slogan/Motto : WORA (write once run anywhere)

Compilation : java compiler

Execution : JVM (java virtual machine)
Java website : https://www.oracle.com/java/
JDK download link : https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase-jdk15-downloads.html

Importance of core java: According to the SUN 3 billion devices run on the java language only.
✓ Java is used to develop Desktop Applications such as MediaPlayer, Antivirus etc.
✓ Java is Used to Develop Web Applications such as durgasoft.com, irctc.co.in etc.
✓ Java is Used to Develop Enterprise Application such as Banking applications.
✓ Java is Used to Develop Mobile Applications.
✓ Java is Used to Develop Embedded System.
✓ Java is Used to Develop SmartCards.
✓ Java is Used to Develop Robotics.
✓ Java is used to Develop Games…. etc.

Parts of the java:

Core java & adv. java not official words, as per the sun micro system standard the java language
is divided into three parts.
1) J2SE/JSE (java 2 standard edition)
2) J2EE/JEE (java 2 enterprise edition)
3) J2ME/JME (java 2 micro edition)

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Importance of java: Most of the technologies& frame works depend on Core java.

Learning process of java:

Level-1: corejava
Adv java

Level-3: Spring, SpringBoot, Security.....

Web-Services (SOAP---- xml ,REST ----- json)

Version Name Code Name Release Date

JDK 1.0 Oak 23 January 1996
JDK 1.1 (none) 19 February 1997
J2SE 1.2 Playground 4 December 1998
J2SE 1.3 Kestrel 8 May 2000
J2SE 1.4 Merlin 13 February 2002
J2SE 5.0 Tiger 29 September 2004
Java SE 6 Mustangs 11 December 2006
Java SE 7 Dolphins 28 July 2011
Java SE 8 (Not available) 18 March 2014
Java SE 9 (September 21, 2017) Java SE 10 (March 20, 2018) Java SE 11 (September 25, 2018)

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Java keywords :( 50)

Flow-Control : if, else, switch, case, default, break, for, while, do, continue 10
Data Types : byte, short, int, long, float, double, char, Boolean 8
source-file : class, extends, interface, implements, package, import 6
Exception handling : try, catch, finally, throw, throws 5
Object-level : new, this, super, instanceof 4
method-level : void, return 2
1.5 version : enum, assert 2
Unused keywords : goto, const 2
Modifiers : public, private, protected, abstract, final, static, strictfp,
native, transient, Volatile, synchronized 11

Predefined keywords : true,false null 3

Reserved words (53) : Keywords (50) + constants (3) = Reserved Words (53)

Separators in java:
Symbol name usage
() parentheses used to contains list of parameters & contains expression.

{} braces block of code for class, method, constructors & local scopes.

[] brackets used for array declaration.

; semicolon terminates statements.

, comma separate the variables declaration & chain statements in for.

. period used to separate package names from sub packages. And also
used for separate a variable,method from a reference type.

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Java Comments:
✓ Comments are used to write the detailed description about application logics to understand the
logics easily.
✓ The main objective of comments is application maintenance will become easy.
✓ Comments are non-executable code these are ignored during compilation.

There are 3 types of comments.

Single line Comments: Possible to write the description in single line.
Syntax: //description

Multi line Comments: To write the description in more than one line.
Starts with : /*
Ends with : */

Syntax: /* satement-1
statement-2
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
statement-n
*/

Documentation Comments: Used to prepare API documents.

Syntax: - /*
*statement-1
*statement-2
*/

API(Application programming interface) :

✓ It contains detailed description about how to use java product.
✓ It is an interface between end-user & product.

Downloading Api document: it contains detailed description about how to use java product.
To download java api document use fallowing link : http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs

click on JDK 8 documentation then you will get below page.

Accept the license agreement and download the file.

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Differences between C & CPP & JAVA:

C-language(1972) Cpp-language(1985) Java –language(1996)
#include<stdio.h> #include<iostream.h> Import java.lang.System;
Void main() Void main() Import java.lang.String;
{ Printf(“hi ratan”); { Cout<<“hello ratan”; Class Test
} } { Public static void main (String [] args)
{System.out.println (“hi java”);
}
}
Author: Dennis Ritchie Author : Bjarne Stroustrup Author : James Gosling

Implementation languages: implementation languages: implementation languages

COBOL,FORTRAN,BCPL, B… c ,ada,ALGOL68….. C,CPP,ObjectiveC…

In c-lang the predefined cpp language the predefined In java predefined support is
support is available in the is maintained in the form of available in the form of
form of header files. header files. packages.
Ex:- stdio.h , conio.h Ex:- iostream.h Ex: java.lang, java.io,java.awt

The header files contain The packages contains

The header files contains
predefined functions. predefined classes&interfaces
predefined functions.
and these class & interfaces
Ex:- printf,scanf….. Ex:- cout,cin…. contains predefined methods.
Ex:- String,System

C-lang C CPP-lang CPP java-lang java

Header files stdio.h Header files iostream.h packages java.lang
Functions printf,scanf..etc Functions cout,cin..etc classes&interface String-class

methods toUpperCase()
In above first example we are In above first example we are
using printf predefined in above exampe we are using
using cout predefined
function that is present in two classes(String,System) these
function that is present in
stdio.h header file hence stdio.h header file hence classes are present in java.lang
must include that header file must include that header file package must import it by using
by using #include statement. by using #include statement. import keyword.
Ex:#include<stdio.h> Ex:#include<stdio.h> a) Import java.lang.*; all lasses
b)Import java.lang.System; required
Import java.lang.String; classes
In C lang program execution In C lang program execution
In above two approachaes 2nd good
starts from main method starts from main method
called by Operating system. called by Operating system. In java execution starts from
main called by JVM
To print data use printf() To print data use cout To print data use System.out.println()

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Packages contains:
Java predefined support in the form of pakcages, the package contains 6-elements
i. Classes
ii. Interfaces
iii. Enum
iv. Annotations
v. Exceptions
vi. Errors

ASCII vs. Unicode:

ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Interchange
This is the data representation in C-language
It supports only English: Contains the data a-z A-Z 0-9 special symbols.
char size: 1-byte
range: 0-255
ex: a=97, b=98.... A=65, B=66.... 0=48,1=49....

Unicode: Universal code

Data representation in java language.
Support all languages present in the world.
It supports all languages characters.
char size: 2-bytes
Range: 0 - 65535

ex: a=97, b=98.... A=65, B=66.... 0=48,1=49....

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JAVA Features: (Buzz words)

Simple
✓ Java technology has eliminated all the difficult and confusion-oriented concepts like pointers,
multiple inheritance, operator overloading... etc from the java language.
✓ Java uses c, cpp syntaxes mainly hence who knows C, CPP for that java is simple language.

Platform Independent
✓ Once we develop the application by using any one operating system(windows) that application runs
only on same operating system is called platform dependency.
ex: C, CPP
✓ Once we develop the application by using any one operating system(windows) that application runs
on all operating system is called platform independency.
ex: java, python

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Architectural Neutral
One we develop the applications using any one Architecture/hardware (RAM, Hard Disk),
that application will run on any architecture(hardware) is called Architectural Neutral.

Portable
In Java the applications are supports in any OS (operating system) and any
Architecture(hardware) hence we can say java is a portable language.

Object Oriented
Java is object oriented because it is representing total data of the class in the form of object.
Oops are methodologies to design the application, it’s supported all oops features like,
o Inheritance
o Polymorphism,
o Encapsulation
o Cupling ......etc

Robust
Robust simply means strong. Java is robust because:
Automatic memory management in java with the help of garbage collector.
Strong in exception handling, type checking machanisum, supports Datastructrs.
The above all the points makes java robust.

Secure
To provide security Java provides one component inside JVM called Security Manager.
To provide security to applications java.security package giving some classes & interfaces.

Dynamic
C-languae is static language so the memory allocation is done during compile time.
Java is dynamic language the memory allocation done at runtime.

Distributed
using java it is possible to develop distributed applications...RMI,Webservices…etc
Interpreted
JVM mostly uses interpreter to convert byte code to machine dependentcode.

High Performance
Java support features like Robust, Security, Platform Independent, Dynamic and so on
then that technology is high performance.

Multithreaded
Executing more than one thread simultaneously is called multithreading.
Main advantage of multithreading is used to develop multimedia, gaming, web application.

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Important overview of technologies & frameworks& servers & database:

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Types of java applications:

1. Standalone applications: COREJAVA

✓ It is also known as window-based applications or desktop applications.
✓ This type of applications is specific to system, like media player, antivirus …etc
✓ By using AWT & Swings we are developing these types of applications.
✓ This type of application does notrequired client-server architecture.
✓ These application does not required internet.

2. Web applications: ADVJAVA

✓ The applications which are executed at server side those applications are called web
applications like Gmail, facebook ,yahoo…etc .
✓ All applications present in internet those are called web-applications.
✓ The web applications required client-server architecture.
o Client : who sends the request.
o Server : it contains application & it process the app & it will generate response.
o Database : used to store the data.
✓ To develop the web applications we are using servlets,structs,spring…etc

3. Enterprise applications: SPRING

✓ It is a business application &most of the people use the term it I big business application.
✓ Enterprise applications are used to satisfy the needs of an organizationrather than
individual users. Such organizations are business, schools, government …etc
✓ An application designed for corporate use is called enterprise application.
✓ An application in distributed in nature such as banking applications.
✓ All j2ee &EJB is used to create enterprise application.

4. Distributed applications: WEB SERVICES

✓ Software that executes on two or more computers in a network. In a client-server
environment. Application logic is divided into components according to function.
ex : aircraft control systems,industrial control systems,network applications…etc

5. Mobile applications:
✓ The applications which are design for mobile platform are called mobile applications.
✓ We are developing mobile applications by sing android,IOS,j2me…etc
✓ There are three types of mobile applications
o Web-application (gmai l ,online shopping,oracle …etc)
o Native (run on device without internet or
browser)ex:phonecall,calculator,alaram,games
These are install from application store& to run these apps internet not required.
o Hybrid (required internet data to launch) ex:whats up,facebook,LinkedIn…etc
These are installed form app store but to run this application internet data required.

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Install the software and set the path:

1) Download the software.

2) Install the java software in your machine.
3) Set the environmental variable. (path setting)

Step 1: Download the software:-

Download the software based on your operating system& processor because the
software is different from operating system to operating system & processor to processor.

Open the Google site type the jdk8 download as shown below.

After clicking above link we will get below window then accept license agreement by clinking
radio button then choose the software based on your operating system and processor to download.

For 32-bit operating system please click onWindows x86

For 64-bit operating system please click onWindowsx64

Step 2: Install the java software

✓ Install the java software just like media players in your machine. Next----next----next----finish
✓ After installing the software the installation java folder is available in the fallowing location by
default. (But it possible to change the location at the time of installation).
Local Disk c: --->program Files--->java
Jdk : java development kit Jre: java runtime environment

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Step 3: set the path to run the application from any disk.
In C language we can run the application only form turbo-C folder.
But in java it is possible to run the java files in any local disk (D: , E: , F: …etc.) to achive this
when wehave to set the path.

Right click on mycomputer --->properties----->Advanced system setting--->Environment

Variables --User variables--->new---->
variable name : path
Variable value : C:\programfiles\java\jdk1.8.0_11\bin;

After path setting open the command prompt type javac command then you will get list of
commands then decide java is working properly your system.

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Java coding conventions:

Camel Case convention:

✓ Camel case start with upper case letter and every inner word starts with upper case letter.
✓ The class name should be nouns.
Classes String StringBuffer InputStreamReader ……etc
Interfaces Serializable Cloneable RandomAccess…etc
Enum Enum, ElementType, RetentionPolicy…etc
Annotation Override, FunctionalInterface …etc
Exceptions ArithmeticException
Error StackOverflowError

Mixed case concention:

✓ Method name starts with lower case letter and every inner word starts with upper case letter.
✓ Method name should be verbs.
Methods post () charAt() toUpperCase()
Variables out in pageContext …etc

Lower Case concention : Every character should be lower case

Package java.lang java.util java.io …etc
Keywords try , if, break , continue…..etc

Upper case concention : Every Character should be upper case

Constants: MAX_PRIORITY MIN_PRIORITY NORM_PRIORITY

NOTE: The coding standards are mandatory for predefined library & optional for user defined library but
as a java developer it is recommended to fallow the coding standards for user defined library also.

Editors vs. IDE :

Editor is a tool it will provide very good environment to develop application.
ex: Notepad, Notepad++,edit Plus…..etc

IDE: (Integrated development Environment)

IDE is providing very good environment to develop the application.
ex: Eclipse, MyEclipse, Netbeans,JDeveloper….etc

In IDE the code is automatically generated like,

✓ Automatic compilation.
✓ Automatic classes import.
✓ It shows all the predefined methods of classes.
✓ Automatically generate try catch blocks and throws……

Note: Initial 20-days classes use the editor to develop the application, after that use the IDE to design
to develop the application. (Remember realtime we are using only IDE but not editor).

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Editplus Download : https://www.editplus.com/download.html

IDE download :
https://www.eclipse.org/downloads/packages/release/2018-12/r/eclipse-ide-java-developers

Steps to Design a First Application:

Step-1: Write the application.

Step-2: Save the application.
Step-3: Compilation Process.
Step-4: Execution process.

Step 2: Write a program in edit plus.

Open editplus --->file -->new --->click on java (it display java application)

import java.lang.System;
import java.lang.String;
class Test

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{ public static void main(String[] args)

{ System.out.println("Ratan world");
}
}
class A{
}
class B{
}

In above example we are using two predefined classes(String , System) & these are present in
java.lang package hence must import that package by using import statement.
There are two approaches to import the classes in java,
1) Import all classes of particular package.
a. Import java.lang.*;
2) Importing application required classes.
a. Import java.lang.System;
b. Import java.lang.String;

Step2: save the application.

✓ Save the java application by using (.java) extension.
✓ While saving the application must fallow two rules
o If the source file contains public class then must save the application by using
public class-name (publicClassName.java). Otherwise compiler generate error
message.
o if the source file does not contain public class then save the application by using
any name(anyName.java) like A.java , Ratan.java, Anu.java …….etc.

Note: The source file is allows declaring only one public class, if we are trying to declare more than one
public class then compiler generate error message.

Application location:
D: (any disk)
|-->java5pm (any folder)
|-->Ratan.java (your file name)

Step-4: Compilation process.

Compile the java application by using javac command.
Syntax: Javac filename
Javac Test.java

Open the command prompt then move to your application location:-

C:\Users\hp> initial cursor location
C:\Users\hp>d: move to local disk D
D:\>cd java5pm changing directory to ratan
D:\ratan>javac Ratan.java compilation process

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Compiler responsibilities:
✓ Compiler check the syntax errors, if the application contains syntax errors then compiler will
generate error message in the form of compilation error.
✓ If the application does not contain syntax errors then compiler translate .java to .class file.

Note: In java compiler generate .class files based on number of classes present in source file.
If the source file contains 100 classes after compilation compiler generates 100 .class files.

Step-4: Execution process. Run /execute the java application by using java command.
Syntax: Java class-name
Java Test
JVM responsibilities:
✓ JVM wills loads corresponding .class file byte code into memory.
✓ After loading .class file JVM calls main method to start the execution process.
D:\java5pm>java Test
Ratan world
D:\java5pm>java A
Error: Main method not found in class A, please define the main method as:
D:\java5pm>java B
Error: Main method not found in class B, please define the main method as:
D:\java5pm>java CCC
Error: Could not find or load main class CCC

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First application conclusions:

Conclusion 1:
Java contains 14 predefined packages but the default package in java is java.lang

Conclusion -2:
The source file is allows you to declare only one public class, if you are declaring more than one
public class compiler generating error message.
Test.java
public class Test {
}
public class A{
}
error: class A is public, should be declared in a file named A.java

Conclusion-3
✓ The coding conventions are mandatory for predefined library & optional for user defined but as a
java developer must fallow the coding conventions for use defined library also.
✓ The below example compiled & executed but it is not recommended because the class name
starting with lower case letters.
class test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ System.out.println("Ratan World!");
}
}
G:\>java test
Ratan World!

Conclusion-4
D:
|-->java5pm
|-->A.java
|-->B.java
|-->C.java
javac A.java One file is compiled(A.java)
javac B.java C.java Two files are compiled
javac *.java All files are compiled
javac Emp*.java files prefix with emp compiled (EmpId.java EmpName.java…)
javac *Emp.java files suffix with emp compiled (XEmp.java YEmp.java…)

Possible to compile more than one file at a time, but possible to execute only one class
file(the class which contains main method).

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Conclusion -5:
The class which contains main method is called Mainclass and java allows declaring multiple
main class in a single source file.(but it is recommended to declare only one main class ).

class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ System.out.println("Test World!");
}
}
class A
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ System.out.println("A World!");
}
}
class B
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ System.out.println("B World!");
}
}

D:\java5pm>java Test
Test World!

D:\java5pm>java A
A World!

D:\java5pm>java B
B World!

Conclusion-6:

✓ compiler is a translator it is translating .java file to .class

Whereas JVM is also a translator it is translating .class file to machine code.

✓ Compiler understandable file format is .java file

But JVM understandable file format is.class file.

✓ The .java file contains high level language (English).

But .class file contains byte code instructions it is a platform independent code.

✓ Java is a platform independent language but JVM is platform dependent.

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Print( ) vs Println ( ):
Print(): This method used to print the data after printing control present in same line.
Println(): This method used to print the data after printing control present in new line.

class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ System.out.print("ratan");
System.out.print("anu");

System.out.println("durga");
System.out.println("sravya");
}
}
Output :
ratananudurga
sravya

Escape Sequences:
A character preceded by a backslash (\) is an escape sequence and has special meaning to the
compiler. The following table shows the Java escape sequences.

public class Test

{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ System.out.println("hi ratan sir");
System.out.println("hi \"ratan\" sir");
System.out.println("hi \'ratan\' sir");
System.out.println("hi \\ratan\\ sir");

System.out.println("hi\t\tratan\t\tsir");
System.out.println("hi\nratan\nsir");
System.out.println("hi\bratan\bsir");
}
}

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We can apply escape sequence characters only on string data.

Java Tokens:
Smallest individual part of a java program is called Token &It is possible to provide n number of
spaces in between two tokens.

class Test
{ public
static void main(String[] args)
{ System.
out. println ("sravya");
}
}
Tokens are---------→class,test,{,”,[ …………….etc

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Java primitive Data Types :(8)

1. Data types are used to represent type of the variable & expressions.
2. Representing how much memory is allocated for variable.
3. Specifies range value of the variable.

Data Type size(in bytes) Range default value

sbyte 1 -128 to 127 0
short 2 -32768 to 32767 0
int 4 -2147483648 to 2147483647 0
long 8 –9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9 ,223,372,036,854,775,807 0
float 4 -3.4e38 to 3.4e 0.0
double 8 -1.7e308 to 1.7e308 0.0
char 2 0 to 6553 single space
Boolean no-size no-range false

Byte data type information

Size : 1-byte
MAX_VALUE : 127
MIN_VALUE : -128
Range : -128 to 127
Formula : -2n to 2n-1 -28 to 28-1

✓ To represent numeric values (10,20,30…etc) use byte,short,int,long.

✓ To represent decimal values(floating point values 10.5,30.6…etc) use float,double.
✓ To represent character use char and take the character within single quotes.
✓ To represent true ,false use Boolean.

Except Boolean and char remaining all data types consider as a signed data types because we can
represent both +ve & -ve values.

Syntax: data-type name-of-variable=value/literal;

int a=10;
Int ------→ Data Type
a ------→ variable name
= ------→ assignment
10 ------→ constant value
; ------→ statement terminator

Printing variables:

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int eid=111;
System.out.println(eid); //valid
System.out.println("eid"); //invalid
System.out.println('eid'); //invalid

User provided values are printed :

int a = 10; System.out.println(a); //10
double d=10.5; System.out.println(d); //10.5
char ch='a'; System.out.println(ch); //a
boolean b=true; System.out.println(b); //true

Default values(assigned by JVM) :

int a; System.out.println(a); //0
double d; System.out.println(d); //0.0
char ch; System.out.println(ch); //single space
boolean b; System.out.println(b); //false

String:
✓ String is not a data type & it is a class present in java.lang package to represent group of
characters or character array enclosed with in double quotes.
✓ The default value of the String is null

Note : For any class type the default value Is null.

String ename="ratan";
System.out.println(ename); //ratan

String str;
System.out.println(str); //null

float vs. double :

In java the decimal values are by default double values hence to represent float value use f
constant or perform type casting.
float f =10.5f; //using f constant (valid)
float f =(float)10.5; //using type casting (valid)
ex-1:
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ float f=10.5f;
System.out.println(f);

double d=20.5;
System.out.println(d);

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}
}

ex-2: A double variable can provide precision up to 15 to 16 decimal points as compared to float
precision of 6 to 7 decimal digits.
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ float f=10.123456789f;
System.out.println(f);

double d=10.123456789123456789;
System.out.println(d);
}
}
E:\>java Test
10.123457
10.123456789123457

Therefore a number like 3.14159265359 would most likely get rounded to 3.141593.
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ float f=3.14159265359f;
System.out.println(f);

double d=10.123456789123456789;
System.out.println(d);
}
}
E:\>java Test
3.1415927
10.123456789123457

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Java identifiers:
Every name in java is called identifier such as, Class-name, Method-name, Variable-name…etc

Rules to declare identifier:

1. An identifier contains group of Uppercase & lower-case characters, numbers, underscore& dollar
sign characters but not start with number.

Identifier contains (a-z , A-Z , 0-9 , _ , $) but not start with number & not allowed special characters.

class Test123 : valid

class 123Test : Invalid
class Test*123 : Invalid
class Test_123 : valid
class Test$123 : valid

2. Java identifiers are case sensitive of course java is case sensitive programming language. The
below three declarations are different & valid.
class Test
{ int a=10;
Int A=20;
}

3. Theidentifier must be unique.(duplicates are not allowed)

Class A{ }
Class A{ }

4. It is not possible to use keywords as a identifiers.

int if=10;
int try=20;

5. There is no length limit for identifiers but is never recommended to take lengthy names because
it reduces readability of the code.

6. It is possible to use predefined class names & interfaces names as a identifier but it is not
recommended.
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ int String = 10;

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System.out.println(String);

int Serializable = 20;

System.out.println(Serializable);
}
}

Underscores in numeric literals:

With Java 7, you can include underscores in numeric literals to make them more readable. The
underscore is only present in the representation of the literal in Java code, and will not show up when
you print the value.

Case 1: without underscores : card number less readable.

class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ long card = 8789343498764587l;
System.out.println(card);
}
}
Case 1: with underscores : card number more readable.
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ long card = 8789_3434_9876_4587l;
System.out.println(card);
}
}

Rules to declare underscores:

i. Consecutive underscores are legal.
int num = 342_423__43___2; valid

ii. It is not possible to take the underscores starting & ending of the number.
int num = _2323;
int num = 2323_;
int num = _2323_;

iii. it is not possible to take the underscores before & after the decimal point.
double d = 232_.23;
double d = 232._23;
double d = 232_._23;

iv. it is not possible to take the undersocres before & after the constant.
float f = 10.5_f;
float f = 10.5f_;
float f = 10.5_f_;

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v. it is not possible to take the uderscores before & after the representation.
int a = 0B_00110
int a = _0B00110
int a = _0B_00110

Number system in java:

✓ Binary numbers : Base 2 :01 : 0b 0B

✓ Octal numbers : base 8 :01234567 : starts with 0
✓ Decimal numbers : base 10 :0123456789 : by default
✓ hexadecimal : base 16 : 0-9 a-f a=10 b = 11.. : 0x oX

1 = enable 0 = desable
64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 0 = 10
1 0 1 1 = 11
1 1 1 1 = 15
1 0 1 0 1 = 21
1 0 1 0 1 0 = 42
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 = 78
ex-1: Binary data.
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ int x1 = 0b1100;
System.out.println(x1);

int x2 = 0B11111;
System.out.println(x2);
}
}
ex-2: octal data
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ int a = 0123;
System.out.println(a);

int b = 0222;
System.out.println(b);
}
}
ex-3: decimal data : by default our data is decimal data.
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)

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{ int a = 123;
System.out.println(a);

int b = 222;
System.out.println(b);
}
}
ex-4: Hexa decimal number.
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ int a = 0x123;
System.out.println(a);

int b = 0X222;
System.out.println(b);

int c = 0x1af;
System.out.println(c);
}
}

ex-5: Conversion of decimal to binary, octal , hexadimal.

Decimal to binary use: toBinaryString()
Decimal to binary use: toOctalString()
Decimal to binary use: toHexString()

class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i = 15, j = 39;
System.out.println(Integer.toBinaryString(i));
System.out.println(Integer.toBinaryString(j));

int b = 87,c = 120;

System.out.println(Integer.toOctalString(b));
System.out.println(Integer.toOctalString(c));

int x = 180, y = 220;

System.out.println(Integer.toHexString(x));
System.out.println(Integer.toHexString(y));
}
}

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Java Introduction: interview questions

1) What is the importance of java?

2) What do you mean by API document?
3) What are the comments in java?
4) Why all the technologies & frame works depends on java?
5) What is the difference between open sources & licensed give some examples?
6) What do you mean by platform dependent & platform independent?
7) What are the predefined constants in java?
8) How many reserved words in java & how many keywords?
9) How many parts of java?
10) What is he difference between header files & packages?
11) Author of C, CPP, java?
12) What is the difference between #include & import statement?
13) What is difference between ASCII & UNICODE?
14) What is the difference between editor & IDE?
15) What the difference between path & class-path?
16) Package contains what are the elements?
17) Give some points about jdk & jre?
18) What is the purpose of environmental variables setup?
19) Class contains how many elements what are those?
20) What are responsibilities of compiler?
21) What is the purpose of JVM?
22) JVM platform dependent or independent?
23) Can we have multiple public classes in single source file?
24) What is main class & is it possible to declare multiple main classes in single source file or not?
25) Possible to execute more than one class at time or not?
26) Define the token?
27) What is the default package in java?
28) What is the difference between print () vs. println ()?
29) Define escape sequence character?
30) What do you mean by identifier?
31) Give some information about _ (ubderscore in numeric literatls)?
32) Give me some information about number system?
33) What are the commands required for compilation and execution?
34) The compiler understandable file format & JVM understandable file format?
35) What is the purpose of data types and how many data types are present in java?
36) Who is assigning default values to variables?

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37) For the class types what are the default values?
38) Define the camel case?
39) How to calculate the ranges of the data types?
40) What is the difference between float & double?

*****Thank you********

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Java flow control Statements

There are three types of flow control statements in java

1. Selection/conditional Statements
if
if-else
else-if
switch

2. Iteration/ looping statements`

for
for-each
while
do-while

3. Transfer statements
goto
break
continue
try
return

1. if statement: to take only one option.

syntax:
if (condition)
{ true body
}

case 1:
if (20 > 10) {
System.out.println("20 is greater than 10");
}

case 2:
int x = 20, y = 10;
if (x > y) {
System.out.println("x is greater than y");
}

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If syntax:
if (condition)
{ true body;
}
else
{ false body;
}

Case-1:
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ int age = 20;
if (age>22)
{ System.out.println("Eligible for marriage");
}
else
{ System.out.println("not Eligible for marriage ");
}
}
}
Case -2: To the if statement it is possible to provide Boolean constants directly.
if (true)
{ System.out.println("true body");
}
else
{ System.out.println("false body");
}

Case -3: in c-language 0-false & 1-true but these conventions are not allowed in java.
if (0)
{ System.out.println("true body");
}
error: incompatible types: int cannot be converted to boolean

case-4: comparision vs. assignment

valid: ==: this is comparision invalid: =: Assignment

int x=20; int x=10;
if (x==20) if (x=20)
{ System.out.println("true body"); { System.out.println("true body");
} }

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case 5: The curly brasses are optional but without curly braces it is possible to take only one statement
that should not be a initialization.
if (true)
System.out.println("true body");
else
System.out.println("false body");

Observation: without braces it is possible to take only one statement that should not be a initialization.
if (true)
int a=10;
error: variable declaration not allowed here

Assignments (if-else, else-if , switch )

Assignment 1: Take the number from end user check it is even or odd?
Assignment 2: Take the two numbers from end user print the bigger number?

Assignment 3: Take the year from end user check it is leap year or not?
Assignment 4: Take the user name & password from end user.
Check the condition print the the message login Success or fail.

Assignment-5: what is the difference between next() & nextLine() write one example.
scanner.next() : to read the String data
scanner.nextLine() : to read the String data.

Assignment-6: Take the day from end user

mon tue wed : print the Discount 5%
thr fri : print the Discount 4%
sat sun : print the Discount 3%
when user entered wrong data give proper error information.

Assignemnt-7: (use nested if-else condition).

Take the number from end user check it is positive or Negative, And print it is even or odd.
ouptut : enter a num : 2
Number is positive & even
enter a num : -7
Number is Negative & odd

Assignment-8 : using switch

Take the day from user
mon-fri : weekdays focus on work.....
sat-sun : weeknend enjoy the party
If user entered wrong data give the proper error information.

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case 6: To take the input from end user use Scanner object.
Scanner class present in java.util package so import the class using import statement.
Scanner class introduced in java-5.

To read the int data : nextInt()

To read the byte data : nextByte()

To read the float data : nextFloat()

To read the double data: nextDouble()

To read the String data: next() "adi ratan" : next() method will take the data upto space(one word)
To read the complete line : nextLine() "Addanki ratan" : it will read the complete line with spaces.

To close the scanner object: close()

If the input is missmatched we will get InputMissMatchExcetion.

import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.println("Enter emp id...");

int eid = s.nextInt();

System.out.println("Enter emp name...");

String ename = s.next();

System.out.println("Enter emp Sal....");

double esal = s.nextDouble();

if (esal>10000)
{ System.out.println("Very Good employeee...");
System.out.println(eid+" "+ename+" "+esal);
}
else
{ System.out.println("Good employeee...");
System.out.println(eid+" "+ename+" "+esal);
}
s.close();
}
}
E:\>java Test
Enter emp id
anu
Exception in thread "main" java.util.InputMismatchException

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else if: To take more than two options

syntax:
if (condition)
{ st(s)
}
else if (condition)
{ st(s)
}
else if (condition)
{ st(s)
}
else
{ st(s)
}
case-1:
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ int a = 10;
if (a==10)
{ System.out.println("Tharun don't sleep");
}
else if (a==20)
{ System.out.println("purus don't sleep");
}
else if (a==30)
{ System.out.println("ravi don't sleep");
}
else
{ System.out.println("ramu don't sleep");
}
}
}

Case 2: in else-if statement taking else block is optional but recommanded to take the else block.
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ int a = 10;
if (a==10)
{ System.out.println("Tharun don't sleep");
}
else if (a==10)
{ System.out.println("venkat don't sleep");
}
}
}

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Case-3: in else-if multiple conditions are matched it will execute first match.
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ int a = 10;
if (a==10)
{ System.out.println("Tharun don't sleep");
}
else if (a==10)
{ System.out.println("venkat don't sleep");
}
else
{ System.out.println("ramu don't sleep");
}
}
}

Case-4: Taking input from end user checking it is positive or negative or zero.
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter a num:");
int num = s.nextInt();
if (num<0) { System.out.println("Number is Negative...."); }
else if (num>0) { System.out.println("Number is positive....."); }
else { System.out.println("Zerooooo.........."); }
s.close();
}
}

Case 5:
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ int examscore=77;
char grade;
if (examscore>90) { grade='A'; }
else if (examscore>80) { grade='B'; }
else if (examscore>70) { grade='C'; }
else if (examscore>60) { grade='D'; }
else { grade='E'; }
System.out.println("The Grade is :"+grade);
}
}

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Switch statement:

✓ Switch statement is used to declare multiple options of same type.

✓ Switch is taking the argument, the allowed arguments are
byte,short,int,char (primitive data types)
Byte, Short,Integer,Character (wrapper calsses)
enum(1.5 v)
String(1.7 v)

✓ Inside the switch possible to declare more than one case but it is possible to declare only one default.
✓ Based on the provided argument the matched case will be executed if the cases are not matched
default will be executed.
✓ Float,double,long is not allowed as a switch argument because these are having too large values.
✓ Boolean not allowed as switch argument because it contains only two values(true,false).

Syntax:
switch(argument)
{
case label-1 : statements;
break;
case label-2 : statements;
break;
| |
| |
case label-n : statements;
break;

default : statements;
break;
}

Case 1:
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ int a=10;
switch (a)
{ case 10:System.out.println("ratan");
break;
case 20:System.out.println("anu");
break;
default:System.out.println("durga");
break;
}
}
}

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Case 2 :
✓ Inside the switch statement beak is optional.
✓ If we are not declaring break statement then from the matched case onwards up to the next
break statement will be executed, if there is no break statement then end of the switch will be
executed.
✓ The above situation is called as fall though inside the switch.

class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ int a=10;
switch (a)
{ case 10:System.out.println("10");
case 20:System.out.println("40");
break;
default: System.out.println("default");
break;
}
}
}

Case 3 : inside the switch the default is optional.

int a=10;
switch (a)
{ case 10:System.out.println("ratan");
}

Case 4: Inside the switch cases are optional part.

int a=10;
switch (a)
{ default: System.out.println("default");
}

Case 5: inside the switch both cases and default optional.

int a=10;
switch(a)
{
}

Case 6: Invalid : Inside the switch independent statements are not allowed. If we are declaring
the statements that statement must be inside the case or default.

int x=10;
switch(x)
{ System.out.println("Hello World");
}

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Case 7 : In switch it is possible to declare the default at starting or middle or end of the switch.
int a=100;
switch (a)
{ default: System.out.println("default");
case 10:System.out.println("10");
}

Case 8: Inside the switch the case labels must be unique; if we are declaring duplicate case labels
the compiler will raise compilation error “duplicate case label”.
int a=10;
switch (a)
{ case 10:System.out.println("ratan");
case 10:System.out.println("anushka");
}

Case 9 : Inside the switch for the case labels & switch argument it is possible to provide expressions
int a=100;
switch (a+10)
{ case 110 :System.out.println("ratan");
case 10*5 :System.out.println("durga");
}
Case 10: Invalid
✓ Inside the switch the case label must be constant values.
✓ If we are declaring variables as a case labels the compiler will generate error.
int a=10;
switch (a)
{ case a:System.out.println("anushka");
}
Valid
o possible to declare final variables as a case label. Because the final variables are constants.
o The final variables are replaced with constants during compilation.
final int a=10;
switch (a)
{ case a:System.out.println("anushka");
}
Case 11:
✓ Inside the switch the case label must match with provided argument data type otherwise
compiler will raise compilation error “incompatible types”.
✓ In below example we are passing String is a switch argument hence the case labels must be
Strings constants.
String str=”aaa”;
Switch (str)
{ case "aaa" :System.out.println("ratan");
case 'a' :System.out.println("durga");
}

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Case 12 :
✓ Inside switch the case labels must be within the range of provided argument data type otherwise
compiler will raise compilation error “possible loss of precision”.
✓ In below example we are passing byte as a switch argument hence the case labels must be
within the range of byte.
byte b=127;
switch (b)
{ case 127:System.out.println("ratan");
case 128:System.out.println("anu");
}
case 13 : Unicode values : a=97 A=65
int a=97; char ch='d';
switch (a) switch (ch)
{ case 99:System.out.println("ratan"); { case 100:System.out.println("ratan");
case 'a':System.out.println("anu"); case 'a':System.out.println("anu");
} }

case 14: fall througt inside the switch.

import java.util.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter u r option");
int option = s.nextInt();
switch (option)
{ case 1:
case 2:
case 3: System.out.println("Q-1");
break;
case 4:
case 5:
case 6: System.out.println("Q-2");
break;
case 7:
case 8:
case 9: System.out.println("Q-3");
break;
default : System.out.println("U entered Invalid option");
break;
}
s.close();
}
}

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Iteration Statements:
By using iteration statements, it is possible to execute group of statements repeatedly or more
number of times.
There are 4-iteration statements.
1) For
2) For-each
3) while
4) do-while

Flow of execution in for loop:

1 2 5 4 7
f
for (initialization f
;condition 5 ;increment/decrement
f f )
{ o o f o o
r Body; r3 o
6 r r
} ( (i
o r
6 (i (i
i n
r (i
f n n
n i(i n
o i i
Case 1: i tn ri t t
t
With out for loop ii t(i i i By using for loop
class Test i a
t i
n a a class Test
{ a
public static lii
void main(String[] ia args) li li { public static void main(String[] args)
{ liSystem.out.println("ratan");
za lit z z { for (int i=0;i<5;i++)
z System.out.println("ratan");
lia iz a a { System.out.println("Ratan");
aSystem.out.println("ratan");
tz aa t t }
t System.out.println("ratan");
ia tli i i }
} i o
t i
z o o }
} o n
i o
a n n
n ;o n
t ; ;
cn i; c c
; o
; c
o o o
c n
c o
n n n
o d
o ;n d d
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c i i
d td io t t
i ii t
n i i
t o
t i
d o o
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Case 2: multiple possibilities of for loop.

class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ for (int i=0;i<10 ;i++ )
{ System.out.println("Good morning....."+i);
}

for (int i=2;i<=7;i++ )

{ System.out.println("Good Evening...."+i);
}

for (int i=10;i>=5;i--)

{ System.out.println("Good night...."+i);
}

for (int i=1;i<=10 ;i+=3)

{ System.out.println("hi students...."+i);
}

for (int i=333;i<=444 ;i+=15)

{ System.out.println("this is info...."+i);
}

for (int i=20;i>=10;i-=2)

{ System.out.println("Good classby ram..."+i);
}
}
}

Case 2: Inside the for loop initialization part is optional but semicolon is mandatory.
int i=0;
for (;i<10;i++)
{ System.out.println("durga");
}

Case 3 : Initialization part it is possible to take n number of System.out.println(“ratna”)

statements and each and every statement is separated by comma(,) .
int i=0;
for (System.out.println("Aruna"),System.out.println("Ratan");i<10;i++)
{ System.out.println("anu");
}
Case 4 :
✓ Initialization part possible to declare only one initialization.

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✓ Initialization part it is not possible to declare the data type two times whether it is same
type or different types.
✓ But it is possible to declare the single data type with more than one variable.

Invalid
for (int i=0,int j=0 ;i<10;i++)
{ System.out.println("ratan");
}
Valid
for (int i=0,j=0;i<10;i++)
{ System.out.println("ratan");
}
Conditional part :
Inside for loop conditional part is optional, if we are not providing condition at the time of
compilation compiler will generate true constant.
for (int i=0;;i++)
{ System.out.println("ratan");
}

increment/decrement :
case 1 : Inside the for loop increment/decrement part is optional.
for (int i=0;i<10;)
{ System.out.println("durga");
I++;
}
Case 2 : In the increment/decrement it is possible to take the n number of SOP() statements and
each and every statement is separated by comma(,).
for (int i=0;i<10;System.out.println("aruna"),System.out.println("sravya"))
{ System.out.println("sravya");
i++;
}
Case 1: error: Unreachable statement
✓ If the control unable to enter in particular area is called unreachable statement.
✓ We will get the unreachable code when we declare only Boolean constants(true,false).
✓ When we will give true condition the remaining code is unreachable
✓ when we will give false condition the body is unreachable.
Rest of the code unreachable
for (int i=1;true;i++)
{ System.out.println("ratan");
}
System.out.println("rest of the code");
Loop body is unreachable
for (int i=1;false;i++)
{ System.out.println("ratan");
}

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System.out.println("rest of the code");

Case 2: Valid
✓ When you provide the condition even though that condition is represent infinite loop compiler is
unable to find unreachable statements,because there may be chance of condition fail.
✓ When you provide Boolean constants as a condition then compiler is identifying unreachable
statement because compiler knows that condition never change.
for (int i=1;i>0;i++ )
{ System.out.println("durga");
}
System.out.println("rest of the app");

Case 3: method calling return Boolean condition.

class Test
{ static boolean m1()
{ return true;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ for (i=0 ;Test.m1();i++ )
{ System.out.println("durga");
}
}
}

Case 4 : Inside the for loop each and every part is optional but semicolon is mandatory.
for(;; ) represent infinite loop because the condition is always true.
Case 5: error : unreachable statement
for ( ; ; )
{ System.out.println("ratan");
}
System.out.println("anu"); //error: unreachable statement
For-each loop: (introduced in 1.5 version)

class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ int[] a={10,20,30};
System.out.println(a[0]);
System.out.println(a[1]);
System.out.println(a[2]);

//printing data by using for-loop

for (int i=0;i<a.length;i++)
{ System.out.println(a[i]);
}

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//printing data by using for-each loop

for (int aa: a)
{ System.out.println(aa);
}
}
}

for loop vs for-each loop :

✓ For loop is used to print the data & it is possible to apply conditions.
✓ For-each loop is used to print the data from starting element to ending element it is not possible
to apply the conditions.

While loop: condition must be Boolean & mandatory.

while (Boolean-expression)
{ body;
}
Case 1:
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ int i=0;
while (i<10)
{ System.out.println("ratan");
i++;
}
}

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Case 3: error: unreachable statement

while (true)
{ System.out.println("ratan");
}
System.out.println("anu");

Case 4: error: unreachable statement

while (flase)
{ System.out.println("ratan");
}
System.out.println("anu");

Case 5 : Just to check the data & print the data use while loop.
while (itr.hasNext())
{ System.out.println(itr.next());
}

for loop vs for-each vs while loop :

✓ To print the data from specific value to specific value with increment value use for loop.
✓ Just to check the data & print the data use while loop.
✓ For-each loop used to print the data from starting value to ending value without any condition.

Do-While:

✓ If we want to execute the loop body at least one time them we should go for do-while statement.
✓ In do-while first body will be executed then only condition will be checked.

Syntax: do
{ //body of loop
} while(Boolean-condition);

Case 1:
class Test
public static void main(String[] args)
{ int i=0;
do

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{ System.out.println("ratan");
i++;
}while (i<10);
}
}

Case 2: int i=0;

do
{ System.out.println("durga");
} while (true);
System.out.println("durgasoft");

Case 3: int i=0;

do
{ System.out.println("durga");
} while (false);
System.out.println("durgasoft");

Transfer statements: (jump statements)

By using transfer statements we are able to transfer the flow of execution from one
position to another position.
✓ Break
✓ continue
✓ return
✓ try
✓ goto

break: Break is used to stop the execution & it is possible to use the break statement only two areas.
✓ Inside the switch statement.
✓ Inside the loops.

Case 1 : break is used to stop the execution come out of loop.

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class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ for (int i=0;i<10;i++)
{ if (i==5)
break;
System.out.println(i);
}
}
}

Case 2: if we are using break outside switch or loops the compiler will raise compilation error
“break outside switch or loop”
if (true)
{ System.out.println("ratan");
break;
System.out.println("nandu");
}

Continue: it is used skip the current iteration and it is continuing the rest of the iterations normally.
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ for (int i=0;i<10;i++)
{ if (i==5)
continue;
System.out.println(i);
}
}
}

Assignments : if-else

Assignment 1: take the number from end user check it is even or odd?

Assignment 2: take the two numbers from end use print the bigger number?

Assignemnt 3: Take the number from end user check it is positive or Negative, and print it is even or odd.
(use nested if-else condition).
ouptut :
enter a num : 2
Number is positive & even
ouptut :
enter a num : 3
Number is positive & odd
ouptut :
enter a num : -6

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Number is Negative & even

ouptut :
enter a num : -7
Number is Negative & odd

Ans 1:
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter a number:");
int num = s.nextInt();
if (num%2==0)
{ System.out.println("Even Number");
}
else
{ System.out.println("Odd number");
}
s.close();
}
}

Ans2:
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter first number:");
int n1 = s.nextInt();
System.out.println("Enter second number:");
int n2 = s.nextInt();
if (n1>n2)
{ System.out.println("First number is Bigger.....");
}
else
{ System.out.println("Second number is Bigger.....");
}
s.close();
}
}

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Ans-3:
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter number:");
int num= s.nextInt();
if (num>0)
{ if (num%2==0)
{ System.out.println("Number is positive & even");
}
else
{ System.out.println("Number is positive & odd");
}
}
else
{ if (num%2==0)
{ System.out.println("Number is Negative & even");
}
else
{ System.out.println("Number is Negative & odd");
}
}
s.close();
}
}

Flow control statement interview Questions

1) How many types flow control statements in java?

2) What is the purpose of conditional statements?
3) What is the purpose of looping statements?
4) What are the allowed arguments of switch?
5) When we will get compilation error like “possible loss of precision”?
6) Inside the switch case vs. default vs. Break is optional or mandatory?
7) Is it possible to use variables as case labels or not?
8) While declaring if , if-else , switch curly braces are optional or mandatory?
9) Switch is allowed String argument or not?

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10) Switch allows float,double,long arguments or not?

11) Inside switch how many cases possible & how many default declarations are possible?
12) What are the advantages of fall through inside the switch?
13) What is difference between if & if-else & switch?
14) What is the default condition of for loop & who will provide the default condition?
15) What is the difference between for loop & for-each loop?
16) When we will get compilation error like “incompatible types”?
17) for (; ;) representing?
18) When we will get compilation error like “unreachable statement “?
19) What is the difference between for loop & while loop?
20) Is it possible to declare while without condition?
21) What is the difference between while and do-while?
22) What do you mean by transfer statements and what are transfer statements in java?
23) We are able to use break statements how many places and what are the places?
24) What is the difference between break& continue?
25) Is it possible to use break inside the if statement?

*********** Thank you ****************

Java class concept

The class contains 6-elements,

Class Test
{ Variables
Methods
Constructors
Blocks (Instance blocks, Static blocks , synchronized blocks)
Nested Classes
Interfaces

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Java Variables:

✓ Variables are used to store the constant values by using these values we are achieving project
requirements.

✓ Generally project level variables are :

Employee project : int eid; String ename; double esal;
Student project : int sid; String sname; double smarks;

✓ Variables are also known as fields of a class or properties of a class.

✓ There are three types of variables in java
1. Local variables.
2. Instance variables.
3. Static variables.
✓ All variables must have some type. That type it may be,

o Primitive type ( int, float,…) o Enum type

int a=10; Week k;

o Array type o Interface type.

int[ ] a; MyInterace itr;

o class type
Test t; o Variable argument type.
Employee emp; Int… a;

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o Annotation type
Override e;
✓ Variable declaration is composed of four components in order,
o Zero or more modifiers. public int a=10;
o The variable type. public -->modifier (specify permission)
o The variable name. int -->data type (type of the variable)
o Constant value/ literal a -->variable name
public final int x=100; 10 -->constant value or literal;
; -->statement terminator

Local variables:

❖ The variables which are declare inside a method or constructor or blocks those variables are called
local variables.
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ //local variables
int a=10;
int b=20;
System.out.println(a+b);
}

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❖ It is possible to access local variables only inside the method or constructor or blocks only, it is not
possible to access outside of method or constructor or blocks.
void add()
{ int a=10;
System.out.println(a); //possible
}
void mul()
{ System.out.println(a); //not-possible
}

❖ Local variables memory allocated when method starts & memory released when method completed.

❖ The local variables are stored in stack memory.

There are five types of memory areas in java:

1. Heap memory
2. Stack memory
3. Method area
4. SCP(String constant pool) memory
5. Native method stacks

Areas of java: There are two types’ areas in java.

Instance Area:
void m1() //instance method
{ Logics here //instance area
}

Static Area:
Static void m1() //static method
{ Logics here //static area
}

Instance variables (non-static variables):

✓ The variables which are declare inside a class but outside of methods are called instance variables.
✓ The scope (permission) of instance variable is inside the class having global visibility.
✓ Instance variables memory allocated during object creation& memory released when object is
destroyed.
✓ Instance variables are stored in heap memory.

Instance variable accessing:

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(Instance variables& methods)

Directly can access (Access by using Object)

Instance Area Static Area

ex : File Name : Ratan.java

class Test
{ //instance variables
int a=10;
int b=20;
//static method
public static void main(String[] args)
{ //Static Area
Test t=new Test();
System.out.println(t.a);
System.out.println(t.b);
t.m1(); //instance method calling
}
//instance method
void m1()
{ //instance area
System.out.println(a);
System.out.println(b);
}//main ends
};//class ends

✓ In java program execution always starts from main method called by JVM.
✓ The JVM is responsible to execute only main method so must call the user defined method (m1)
inside the main method then only user method will be executed.

ex: Observation
class A
{ int num=10; //instance variable
}
class Test
{ void m1() //instance method of different class
{ A a = new A();
System.out.println(a.num);
}
}

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Instance to instance : direct Access : only within the same class

Instance to instance : different classes : object required

Note: Always access the instance members (variables & method) by using object.

Operator overloading:

✓ One operator with more than one behavior is called operator over loading.
✓ Java is not supporting operator overloading concept, but only one implicit overloaded operator
in java is + operator.
o If two operands are integers then plus (+) perform addition.
o If at least one operand is String then plus (+) perform concatenation.

class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ System.out.println(10+20); //addition
System.out.println(“ratan”+”anu”); //concatenation

int a=10;
int b=20;
int c=30;
System.out.println(a);
System.out.println(a+"---");
System.out.println(a+"---"+b);
System.out.println(a+"---"+b+"----");
System.out.println(a+"---"+b+"----"+c);
}
}

Static variables (class variables):

❖ The variables which are declared inside the class but outside of the methods with static modifier are
called static variables.
❖ Scope of the static variables with in the class global visibility.
❖ Static variables memory allocated during .class file loading & memory released at .class file
unloading.
❖ Static variables are stored in method area.

Static variables & methods accessing:

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(Static variables& static methods)

Access the static members by using class name

Static area instance area

class Test
{ //static variables
static int a=100;
static int b=200;
//static method
public static void main(String[] args)
{ System.out.println(Test.a);
System.out.println(Test.b);

Test t = new Test();

t.m1(); //instance method calling
}
//instance method
void m1()
{ System.out.println(Test.a);
System.out.println(Test.b);
}
}

Note-1: Always Access the instance members by using object.

Note-2: Always Access the static members by using class-name.

Static variables calling: There are three ways to access the static members

1. By using class-name. (Project level always use this approach)

2. Direct accessing
3. By using reference variable.

class Test
{ static int x=100; //static variable
public static void main(String[] args)
{

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System.out.println(Test.a); //1-way(By using class name)

System.out.println(a); //2-way(directly possible)

Test t=new Test();

System.out.println(t.a); //3-way(By using reference variable)
}
}

Example:
✓ It is possible to create the objects inside the main method & inside the user defined methods also.
✓ When we crate the object inside the method, the scope of the object is only within the method.
✓ When we create object inside method that object is destroyed when method completed, if any other
method required object then create the object inside that method.

class Test
{ int a=10;
int b=20;
static void m1()
{ Test t = new Test();
System.out.println(t.a);
System.out.println(t.b);
}
static void m2()
{ Test t = new Test();
System.out.println(t.a);
System.out.println(t.b);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test.m1(); //static method calling
Test.m2(); //static method calling
}
}

Variables vs. default values:

ex 1: JVM will assign default values only for the instance & static variables but not for local variable .
class Test
{ int a;
Static boolean b;
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t=new Test();
System.out.println(t.a);
System.out.println(Test.b);

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}
}
ex 2:
✓ JVM does not assign default values for local variables.
✓ In java before using local variables must initialize some values to the variables otherwise compiler
generates compilationerror “variable a might not have been initialized”.

Case 1: Invalid : Local variable not initialized so JVM will generate error message.
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ int a;
System.out.println(a);
}
}
error: variable a might not have been initialized

case 2: Valid : Before using local variable must initialize the values.
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ double d;
;;;;;
d=10.5;
System.out.println(d);
}
}

Case 3: invalid: initialized after using the variables.

class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ double d;
;;;;;
System.out.println(d);
d=10.5;
}
}

Class vs. Object:

✓ Class is a logical entity it contains logics whereas object is physical entity it is representing memory.

✓ Class is blue print it decides object creation without class we are unable to create object.

✓ Based on single class it is possible to create multiple objects but every object occupies memory.

✓ We are declaring the class by using class keyword but we are creating object by using new keyword.

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Dog is a single class but here we created three objects means three different memories are created.

Instance vs. Static variables:

class Test
{ int a=10;
static int b=20;
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t = new Test();
System.out.println(t.a);
System.out.println(Test.b);
t.a=111;
Test.b=222;
System.out.println(t.a);
System.out.println(Test.b);

Test t1 = new Test();

System.out.println(t1.a);
System.out.println(Test.b);
Test.b=333;

Test t2 = new Test();

System.out.println(t2.a);
System.out.println(Test.b);

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}
}

✓ In case of instance variables the JVM will ✓ In case of static variables irrespective of
create separate copy of memory for each object creation per class single memory is
and every object. allocated.

✓ Always access the instance by using object. ✓ Always access the static by using clas-name.

✓ When we perform modifications on instance ✓ When we performed modifications on static

variables that will be reflected on same variable that will be reflected on multiple
object only.(only one object) objects.

Instance variable vs. static variable:

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Different ways to initialize the variables:

int p=10,q=20,r=30; //10 20 30
int i=10,j=20,k; //10 20 0
int x=10,y,z; //10 0 0
static int d=10,e,f=30; //10 0 30
static int a,b,c; //0 0 0

*********** Thank You : Completed ***********

Java Methods

✓ Inside the classes it is not possible to write the business logics directly, so inside the class declares the
method to write the logics of the application.
✓ Methods are used to write the business logics of the application.

Coding convention:
Method name starts with lower case letter and every inner word starts with uppercase letter
ex: post() , charAt() , toUpperCase() , compareToIgnoreCase()……etc

There are two types of methods in java,

1. Instance method
2. Static method
❖ Inside the class it is possible to declare ‘n’ number of instance &static methods based on the
developer requirement.
❖ It will improve the reusability of the code and we can optimize the code.

Note: Whether it is an instance method or static method the methods are used to provide business
logics of the application.

Instance method:
Void add()
{ body : logics here : instance area
}

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Instance member’s memory is allocated during object creation hence accesses the instance
members by using object-name (reference-variable).
Objectname.instancemethod( );
Test testobj = new Test();
testobj.add( );
Static method:
static void mul()
{ Body: logics here: static area
}
Static member’s memory allocated during .class file loading hence access the static members
by using class-name.
Classname.staticmethod( );
Test.mul( );

Note: Always access the instance methods using object-name & static methods using class-name.

Every method contains three parts.

Static void mul() ------> method declaration
{ Body (Business logic); -----> method implementation
}
Test.m1(); ------> method calling
Method Syntax:
[modifiers-list] return-Type Method-name (parameters list) throws Exception
Method name ---> functionality name
Parameter-list ---> input to functionality
Modifiers-list ---> represent access permissions.
Return-type ---> functionality return value
Throws Exception ---> representing exception handling
Public void m1()
Private int m2(int a,int b)
Private String m2(char ch)throws Exception

Example -1 :

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class Test
{ void sayHello()
{ System.out.println("Good Morning");
}
static void add(int num1,int num2) //local variables
{ System.out.println(num1+num2);
}
void mul(int val1,int val2)
{ System.out.println(val1*val2);
}
void login(String username,String password)
{ if (username.equals("ratan"))
{ System.out.println("Login Success");
}
else
{ System.out.println("Login Fail");
}
}
static void display(int a,boolean b,char ch)
{ System.out.println(a+" "+b+" "+ch);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t = new Test();
t.sayHello();

Test.add(4,5);

int x=10,y=20;
t.mul(x,y);

t.login("ratan","durga");

Test.display(10,false,'a');
}
}

✓ If the method is taking parameters (inputs to functionality), while calling that method must pass
the values to parameters.
✓ If the method expecting three arguments must pass three arguments, not less than three not
more than three.
✓ Method arguments are always local variables.
✓ While calling the method we can pass constants as a argument values Test.add(10,20)
Or we can pass variables as a argument values Test.add(x,y)

Example -2:

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Case 1: java methods return type is mandatory, otherwise the compilation will generate error.

class Test
{ add()
{
}
}
error: invalid method declaration; return type required

Case 2:
Method Signature: Method-name & parameters list is called method signature.
Syntax: Method-name(parameter-list)
m1(int a)
m2(int a,int b)

Inside the class it is not possible to declare more than one method with same signature(duplicate
methods) , if we are trying to declare with same signature compiler generates error.

class Test
{ void m1()
{ System.out.println("m1 method");
}
void m1()
{ System.out.println("m1 method");
}
}
error: m1() is already defined in Test

Case 3:
✓ Declaring the class inside another class is called nested classes, java supports nested classes.
✓ Declaring the methods inside other methods is called inner methods but java not supporting
inner methods concept.
class Test
{ void m1()
{ void m2() //inner method : error: illegal start of expression
{
}
}
}

ex -4 :

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If the application continas both instnace & local variables with same name, in this case to
represent instance variables we have two approaches.
1. Access by using object.
2. Access by uisng this keyword

‘This’ keyword is used to represent current class object.

Case 1:
class Test
{ int a=100,b=200;
void add(int a,int b)
{ System.out.println(a+b);

Test t = new Test();

System.out.println(t.a+t.b); //approach-1

System.out.println(this.a+this.b); //approach-2
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t = new Test();
t.add(10,20);
}
}

Case 2: Invalid : inside the static area this keyword not allowed
Int a=100,b=200;
static void add(int a,int b)
{ System.out.println(this.a+this.b);
}
error:non-static variable this cannot be referenced from a static context.

Case 3: In almost all cases to represent instance variables we are using this keyword but inside the
static area this keyword is not allowed hence use object creation approach.
int a=100,b=200;
static void add(int a,int b)
{ Test t = new Test();
System.out.println(t.a+t.b);
}

ex-5 : methods vs. All data- types

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✓ In java numeric values are by default integer values,

o To represent long value use small “l” or capital “L” constant.
o To represent byte, short perform typecasting.

✓ In java decimal values are by default double values ,

o to represent float value use “f” constant.

class Test
{ void m1(byte a) { System.out.println("Byte value-->"+a); }
void m2(short b ) { System.out.println("short value-->"+b); }
void m3(int c) { System.out.println("int value-->"+c); }
void m4(long d) { System.out.println("long value is-->"+d); }
void m5(float e) { System.out.println("float value is-->"+e); }
void m6(double f) { System.out.println("double value is-->"+f); }
void m7(char g) { System.out.println("character value is-->"+g); }
void m8(boolean h) { System.out.println("Boolean value is-->"+h); }
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t=new Test();
t.m1((byte)10);
t.m2((short)20);
t.m3(30);
t.m4(40);
t.m5(10.6f);
t.m6(20.5);
t.m7('a');
t.m8(true);
}
}

ex-6 : java method calling: one method is able to call more than one method
class Test
{ void m1()
{ m2(100);
System.out.println("m1....");
m2(20);
}
void m2(int a)
{ System.out.println("m2...."+a);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t=new Test();
t.m1();
}
}
ex- 7 : methods vs. return type.

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✓ Java methods return type is mandatory & void represents no return value. And methods can
have any return type like primitive type such as byte,short,int,long,float &Arrays type , Class type
, Interface type ,Enum type….etc

✓ If the method is having return type other than void then must return the value by using return
keyword otherwise compiler will generate error message “missing return statement”.

✓ Inside the method it is possible to declare only one return statement, that statement must be last
statement of the method otherwise compiler will generate error message.

✓ Method is able to returns the value, it is recommended to hold the return value check the status
of the method but it is optional.
class Test
{ int add(int a,int b)
{ int c;
c = a+b;
return c;
}
static String login(String uname,String upwd)
{ if (uname.equals("ratan"))
{ return "success";
}
else
{ return "fail";
}
}
boolean print(int num)
{ if (num==10)
return true;
else
return false;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t = new Test();
int addition = t.add(10,20);
System.out.println("Return value="+addition);

String status = Test.login("ratan","anu");

System.out.println("Logins status="+status);

boolean b = t.print(10);
System.out.println("Return value="+b);
}
}
Ex-8 : method vs. return variables

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Case 1: if the application contains both instance & local variables the return value will be local.
class Test
{ int a=10;
int m1(int a)
{ return a;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t = new Test();
int x = t.m1(100);
System.out.println("return value="+x);
}
}
D:\>java Test
100

Case 2: No local variables in application the return value will be instance value.
class Test
{ int a=10;
int m1()
{ return a;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t = new Test();
int x = t.m1();
System.out.println("return value="+x);
}
}

Case 3: If the application contains both local & instance variables with same name then first
priority goes to local variables but to return instance value use this keyword.
class Test
{ int a=10;
int m1(int a)
{ return this.a;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t = new Test();
int x = t.m1(100);
System.out.println("return value="+x);
}
}

ex 9: Observations
Case 1: It is possible to print return value of the method in two ways,
1. Hold the return value & print that value.
2. Directly print the value by calling method using System.out.println()

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class Test
{ int m1()
{ System.out.println("m1 method");
return 10;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t =new Test();
int x = t.m1();
System.out.println("return value="+x); //Approach-1

System.out.println("return value="+t.m1()); //Appraoch-2

}
}

Case 2: If the method is having return type is void but if we are trying to call method by using
System.out.println() then compiler will generate error message.
Static void m2()
{ System.out.println("m2 method");
}
System.out.println(Test.m2());
error:'void' type not allowed here

ex-10:
✓ To take the input from end user use scanner class.
✓ Scanner class present in java.util package and it is introduced in 1.5 versions.
✓ To create an object of Scanner class, we usually pass the predefined object System.in, which
represents the standard input stream.

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To get int value ----> s.nextInt()

To get float value ----> s.nextFloat()
To get String value ----> s.next()
To get single line ----> s.nextLine()
To read a single character ----> next().charAt(0)
To close the input stream ----> s.close()

import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Scanner s=new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.println("enter emp hobbies");

String ehobbies = s.nextLine();

System.out.println("enter emp no");

int eno=s.nextInt();

System.out.println("enter emp name");

String ename=s.next();

System.out.println("enter emp salary");

float esal=s.nextFloat();

System.out.println("enter emp gender");

char gender=s.next().charAt(0);

System.out.println("*****emp details*****");
System.out.println("emp no----->"+eno);
System.out.println("emp name---->"+ename);
System.out.println("emp sal------>"+esal);
System.out.println("emp hobbies------>"+ehobbies);
System.out.println("emp Gender------>"+gender);
s.close();
}
}

ex-11:
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ int count=0,sum=0;
Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);

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System.out.println("enter number to perfrom addition");

while (s.hasNextInt())
{ sum = sum+s.nextInt();
count++;
}
System.out.println("Total number:"+count+" addition is:"+sum);
s.close();
}
}

ex-12:
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ String s = "hi, This is Ratanit.";

//Create scanner Object and pass string value

Scanner scan = new Scanner(s);

//Check if the scanner has a tokens or not

System.out.println("Boolean Result: " + scan.hasNext());

//Print the complete string

System.out.println("String: " +scan.nextLine());
scan.close();
}
}

ex 13:
import java.util.*;
public class Test
{ public static void main(String args[])
{ String input = "7 tea 12 coffee";
Scanner s = new Scanner(input).useDelimiter("\\s");
System.out.println(s.nextInt());
System.out.println(s.next());
System.out.println(s.nextInt());
System.out.println(s.next());
s.close();
}
}
ex-14 : Conversion of local variables to instace variables to improve the scope of the variable.
class Test
{ //instance variables
int val1;
int val2;
void values(int val1,int val2) //local variables
{ System.out.println(val1);

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System.out.println(val2);
//conversion of local to instance (passing local values to instance)
this.val1=val1;
this.val2=val2;
}
void add()
{ System.out.println(val1+val2);
}
void mul()
{ System.out.println(val1*val2);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t = new Test();
t.values(10,20);
t.add();
t.mul();
}
}

if the instance variable names and local variable names are different we can assign directly
without using this keyword.
//instance variables
int a;
int b;
void values(int val1,int val2)//local variables
{ System.out.println(val1);
System.out.println(val2);
//conversion of local to instance (passing local values to instance)
a=val1;
b=val2;
}

Ex-15: conversion of local values to instance

Case 1: Inside the method taking local value then converting local to instance
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ int sid;
void details()
{ Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);

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System.out.println("enter student id");

int sid = s.nextInt();
this.sid=sid;
}
void disp()
{ System.out.println(“student is=”+sid);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t = new Test();
t.details();
t.disp();
}
}

Case 2: Directly assigning values to instance variables.

import java.util.*;
class Test
{ int sid;
void details()
{ Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("enter student id");
sid = s.nextInt();
}
void disp()
{ System.out.println(“student is=”+sid);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t = new Test();
t.details();
t.disp();
}
}

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ex 16 : Method recursion method is calling itself during execution is called recursion.

case 1: (normal output)

class RecursiveMethod
{ static void withoutrecursive(int a)
{ System.out.println("number is : "+a);
}
static void withrecursive(int a)
{ System.out.println("number is : "+a);
if (a==5)
return;
withrecursive(++a);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ RecursiveMethod.withoutrecursive(1);
RecursiveMethod.withoutrecursive(2);
RecursiveMethod.withoutrecursive(3);
RecursiveMethod.withoutrecursive(4);
RecursiveMethod.withoutrecursive(5);

RecursiveMethod.withrecursive(1);
}
}

case 2:- (StackOverFlowError)

class RecursiveMethod
{ static void recursive(int a)
{System.out.println("number is :- "+a);
if (a==0)
return;
recursive(++a);
}
public static void main(String[] args)

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{ RecursiveMethod.recursive(10);
}
}

ex 17 : Stack Memory

✓ The JVM will create empty stack memory just before calling main method &
JVM will destroyed empty stack memory after completion of main method.

✓ When JVM calls particular method that method entry and local variables stored in stack memory
When the method completed, that particular method, local variables destroyed from stack memory
That released memory used by some other methods.

class Test
{ void add(int a,int b)
{ System.out.println(a+b);
}
void mul(int a,int b)
{ System.out.println(a*b);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t = new Test();
t.add(5,8);
t.mul(10,20);
}
}

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ex 18: when we call methods recursively then JVM will generate StackOverFlowError.
class Test
{ void m1()
{ m2();
}
void m2()
{ m1();
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t=new Test();
t.m1();
}
}

**************Methods Completed***************
CONSTRUCTORS

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Class vs. Object:

✓ Class is a logical entity it contains logics whereas object is physical entity it is representing memory.
✓ Class is blue print it decides object creation without class we are unable to create object.
✓ Based on single class it is possible to create more than one object but every object occupies memory.
✓ Declare the class by using class keyword & create the object by using new keyword.

Object creation syntax:

Class-name reference-variable = new class-name ();
Test t = new Test();
Test ---> class Name
t ---> Reference variables
= ---> assignment operator
new ---> keyword used to create object
Test () ---> constructor
; ---> statement terminator
When we create instance (Object) of a class using new keyword, a constructor for that class is called.

Different ways to create object:

✓ By using new operator
✓ By using clone() method
✓ By using new Instance() method
✓ By using instance factory method.
✓ By using static factory method
✓ By using pattern factory method
✓ By using deserialization process

new keyword:
✓ New keyword is used to create object in java.
✓ When we create object by using new operator after new keyword that part is constructor then
constructor execution will be done.

Rules to declare constructor:

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1) Constructor name class name must be same.

2) It is possible to provide parameters to constructors (just like methods).
3) Constructor not allowed explicit return type even void.

0-arg constructor declaration

Test()
{ //logics here
}
1-arg constructor declaration
Test(int a)
{ //logics here
}

Types of constructors in java:

There are two types of constructors,

1) Default Constructor : provided by compiler : 0-arg constructor with empty impl.

2) User defined Constructor : declared by user : it may be 0-arg & parameterized.

Default Constructor:
✓ Inside the class if we are not declaring any constructor then compiler generates zero argument
constructors with empty implementation at the time of compilation is called default constructor.
✓ The compiler generated constructor is called default constructor.
✓ Inside the class default constructor is invisible mode.
✓ To check the default constructor provided by compiler open the .class file code by using java de-
compiler software.

Application before compilation

class Test
{ void m1()
{ System.out.println("m1 method");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t = new Test();
t.m1();
}
}
In above application when we create object by using new keyword “Test t = new Test()” then
compiler is searching for “Test()” constructor inside the class since not available hence compiler generate
default constructor at the time of compilation.

Application after compilation

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class Test
{ void m1()
{ System.out.println("m1 method");
}
/* default constructor generated by compiler
Test()
{ empty implementation
}
*/
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t = new Test();
t.m1();
}
}
User defined constructor:
class Test
{ void m1()
{ System.out.println(“m1 method”);
}
Test()
{ System.out.println("0-arg constructor");
}
Test(int i)
{ System.out.println("1-arg constructor");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t1=new Test();
Test t2=new Test(10);
t1.m1();
t2.m1();
}
}

Note 1:
Methods are used to write logics of the application these are executed when we call methods.
Constructor is a special method to write the logics, these logics are automatically
executed during object creation process.
Note 2:
Only the compiler generated 0-argument is called default constructor.
The user defined 0-argument constructor is not a default constructor.
Note 3:
Inside the class if we are not declaring any constructor (either 0-arg or parameterized) then only
compiler generate 0-arg constructor with empty implementation is called default constructor.

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Inside the class if we are declaring at least one constructor (either 0-arg or parameterized) then
compiler not generating default constructor.

Observation: The below code is not compiled.

class Test
{ Test(int i)
{ System.out.println("1-arg constructor");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t1=new Test();
Test t2=new Test(10);
}
}
If we are trying to compile above application the compiler will generate error message
“Cannot find symbol ” because compiler is unable to generate default constructor.

Constructor calling: To call Current class constructor use this keyword

this(); ----> current class 0-arg constructor calling

this(10); ----> current class 1-arg constructor calling
this(10 , true); ----> current class 2-arg constructor calling

case-1 : Call the methods by using method name but call the contructor using this keyword.
class Test
{ Test()
{ this(100);
System.out.println("0-arg constructor logics");
}
Test(int a)
{ this('g',10);
System.out.println("1-arg constructor logics");
}
Test(char ch,int a)
{ System.out.println("2-arg constructor logics");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t = new Test();
}
}
Case -2 : Inside the constructor this keyword must be first statement.
Test()
{ System.out.println("0 arg");
this(10);
}
error : call to this must be first statement in constructor.

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Case 3: One method is able to call more than one method at a time but
One constructor is able to call only one construtor at time.
Test()
{ this(10);
this(10,20);
System.out.println("0-arg cons");
}
error: call to this must be first statement in constructor

Object creation formats: 2-formats of object creation.

1) Named object (having reference variable) Test t = new Test();
2) Nameless object (without reference variable) new Test();

class Test
{ void m1()
{ System.out.println("m1 method");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ //Named object
Test t = new Test();
t.m1();

//Nameless object
new Test().m1();
}
}

Case 1: Method calling: Named object is recommended Approach.

void m1(){}
void m2(){}
void m3(){}

Named Object Appraoch: Here one object created

Test t = new Test();
t.m1();
t.m2();
t.m3();

Name less object Approach : Here three objects are created

new Test().m1();
new Test().m2();
new Test().m3();

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Assignment: Check this Assignment after compilation of 3-cases. (This assignment present in next page)
Write the application with named & nameless object Approaches.

class Test
{ Take 1-ins method (Dog d, Puppy p, Animal a) ---> void return type
Take 1-static method () ---> Student object return type
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Call 2-methods by passing arguments & hold the return value & print it
}
}
Case 2: Method arguments: name less object Approach is recommended.
class Emp{
}
class Student{
}
class Test
{ void m1(Emp e,Student s,int a)
{ System.out.println("m1 method");
System.out.println(e+" "+s+" "+a);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ //Named object: passing argumetns
Test t1 = new Test();
Emp e = new Emp();
Student s = new Student();
t1.m1(e,s,10);

//Nameless object : passing argumetns

Test t2 = new Test();
t2.m1(new Emp(),new Student(),10);
}
}

Case 3: Method Return Type: Name less object Approach is recommended

class Emp{
}
class Test
{ static Emp m1()
{ System.out.println("m1 method");
Emp e = new Emp();
return e;
}
static Emp m2()
{ System.out.println("m2 method");
return new Emp();

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}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Emp e1 = Test.m1();
System.out.println("m1 method return value="+e1);

Emp e2 = Test.m2();
System.out.println("m2 method return value="+e2);
}
}

Application With named object:

class Dog{
}
class Puppy{
}
class Animal{
}
class Student{
}
class Test
{ void m1(Dog d,Puppy p,Animal a)
{ System.out.println("m1 method");
System.out.println(d+" "+p+" "+a);
}
static Student m2()
{ System.out.println("m2 method");
Student s = new Student();
return s;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t = new Test();
Dog d = new Dog();
Puppy p = new Puppy();
Animal a = new Animal();
t.m1(d,p,a);

Student s = Test.m2();
System.out.println("Return value="+s);
}
}

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Application with nameless object Approach:

class Dog{
}
class Puppy{
}
class Animal{
}
class Student{
}
class Test
{ void m1(Dog d,Puppy p,Animal a)
{ System.out.println("m1 method");
System.out.println(d+" "+p+" "+a);
}
static Student m2()
{ System.out.println("m2 method");
return new Student();
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t = new Test();
t.m1(new Dog(),new Puppy(),new Animal());

Student s = Test.m2();
System.out.println("Return value="+s);
}
}

Creation of object with eager & lazy instantiation

1) Eager object creation : creation of object assigning to reference variables.
2) Lazy object creation : first declaration later instantiation.
class Test
{ void wish()
{ System.out.println("Good Morning");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ //Eager object creation approach
Test t = new Test();
t. wish ();
//lazy object creation approach
Test t1;
;;;;;;;;;;
t1=new Test();
t1. wish ();
}
}

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problem : In below example in every method we are creating object

class A
{ void disp() { }
}
class Test
{ void m1()
{ A a = new A();
a.disp();
}
void m2()
{ A a = new A();
a.disp();
}
void m3()
{ A a = new A();
a.disp();
}
}

Solution: only one time we are creating object at instance level using multiple times.

Instance data solution Static Data solution

class A{ class A{
void disp(){} void disp(){}
} }
class Test class Test
{ A a=null; { static A a=null;
void m1() static void m1()
{ a = new A(); { a = new A();
a.disp(); a.disp();
} }
void m2() static void m2()
{ a.disp(); { a.disp();
} }
void m3() static void m3()
{ a.disp(); { a.disp();
} }
} }

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Advantages of constructors
✓ Constructors are used to write the logics these logics are executed during object creation.
✓ Constructors are used to initialize the values to instance variables during object creation
(Constructor is a special method used to initialize the object).

Case 1: Problem: in below example we are passing duplicate parameter. It is not recommended.
class RectangleEx
{ void area(int l,int b)
{ System.out.println(l*b);
}
void volume(int l,int b,int h)
{ System.out.println(l*b*h);
}
void perimeter(int l,int b)
{ System.out.println(2*(l+b));
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ RectangleEx r = new RectangleEx();
r.area(3,4);
r.volume(3,4,5);
r.perimeter(3,4);
}
}

Case 2: To overcome above limitation to initialize the values during object creation use constructor.
class RectangleEx
{ int l,b,h;
RectangleEx() //cons executed during object creation to initialize the data
{ l=2;
h=3;
b=4;
}
void area()
{ System.out.println(l*b);
}
void volume() { System.out.println(l*b*h); }
void perimeter() { System.out.println(2*(l+b)); }
public static void main(String[] args)
{ RectangleEx r = new RectangleEx();
r.area();
r.volume();
r.perimeter();
}
}
When we create only one object the above example is good…

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Case 3: when we create multiple objects for every object same constructor(0-argument
constructor) executed initialize the same values.
public static void main(String[] args)
{ RectangleEx r1 = new RectangleEx();
r1.area();
r1.volume();
r1.perimeter();

RectangleEx r2 = new RectangleEx();

r2.area();
r2.volume();
r2.perimeter();
}
Case 4: use parameterized constructor to initialize different values to different objects.
If it is a parameterized constructor: every object can pass different values.
class RectangleEx
{ int l,b,h;
//constructor executed during object creation to initialize the data
RectangleEx(int l,int b,int h) //local variables
{ //conversion of local to instance variable
this.l=l;
this.b=b;
this.h=h;
}
void area()
{ System.out.println(l*b);
}
void volume()
{ System.out.println(l*b*h);
}
void perimeter()
{ System.out.println(2*(l+b));
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ RectangleEx r1 = new RectangleEx(1,2,3);
r1.area();
r1.volume();
r1.perimeter();

RectangleEx r2 = new RectangleEx(4,5,6);

r2.area();
r2.volume();
r2.perimeter();
}
}

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Case 5: Assignment
class Student
{ during object creation initialize the student values : id name marks
void printGrade()
{ marks>70 : A grade
marks<70 : B grade
}
void printDetails()
{ print all student details : id name marks
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ create the two students object by passing parameters.
call printGradce() method
call print Details() method
}
}

Object creation parts: Every object creation having three parts.

1) Declaration
Test t;
Student s;
Emp e;

2) Instantiation: (object creation)

new Test();
new Student();
new Emp();

3) initialization:-(during object creation perform initialization)

new Test(10,20);
new Student("ratan",111);
new Emp(111,”ratan”,1000);

Primitive variable vs. reference variable:

int a=10; //a is primitive variable
Test t = new Test(); //t is reference variable
➢ a : is variable of primitive type such as int,char,double,boolean…etc
➢ t : is reference variable &it is the memory address of object.

Copy the values from one object to another object:-

There are three ways to copy the values from one object to another object.
1) Assigning values of one object to another object without using constructor.
2) Copy the values of one object to another object by using constructor.
3) By using clone () method of Object class.

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ex-1: Assigning values of one object to another object without using constructor.
class Emp
{ int eid;
String ename;
Emp(int eid,String ename)
{ this.eid=eid;
this.ename=ename;
}
Emp(){ }
void disp()
{ System.out.println("Emp id="+eid);
System.out.println("Emp name="+ename);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Emp e1 = new Emp(111,"ratan");
Emp e2 = new Emp();
e2.eid=e1.eid;
e2.ename=e1.ename;
e1.disp();
e2.disp();
}
}
Example 2: Assigning values of one object to another object by using constructor.
class Emp
{ int eid;
String ename;
Emp(int eid,String ename)
{ this.eid=eid;
this.ename=ename;
}
Emp(Emp e)
{ eid=e.eid;
ename=e.ename;
}
void disp()
{ System.out.println("Emp id="+eid);
System.out.println("Emp name="+ename);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Emp e1 = new Emp(111,"ratan");
Emp e2 = new Emp(e1);
e1.disp();
e2.disp();
}
}

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Methods Vs. constructors: Main focus on concept but not differences.

Property Methods Constructors

1)Purpose methods are used to write logics Constructor is used write
but these logics will be executed logics of the project but the
when we call that method. logics will be executed during
Object creation.

2)Variable initialization It is initializing variable when It is initializing variable

We call that method. during object creation.

3)Return type Return type not allowed It allows all valid return
Even void. Types(void,int,Boolean…etc)

4)Name Method name starts with lower Class name and constructor
Case & every inner word starts name must be matched.
With upper case.
Ex: charAt(),toUpperCase()….

5)types a) instance method a)default constructor

b)static method b)user defined constructor

6)inheritance methods are inherited constructors are not inherited.

7)how to call To call the methods use method to call the constructor use
Name. this keyword.

8)Able to call how many one method is able to call one constructors able to
Methods or constructors multiple methods at a time. Call only one constructor
at a time.

9)this to call instance method use this To call constructor use this
Keyword but It is not possible to keyword but inside constructor
call static method. use only one this statement.

10)Super used to call super class methods. Used to call super class constructor

11) Overloading it is possible to overload methods it is possible to overload cons.

12) Compiler generate yes does not apply
default cons or not
13) Compiler generate yes does not apply.
Super keyword. **************Constructors Completed ***************

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Instance Blocks:-
➢ Instance blocks are used to write the logics of projects & these logics are executed during object
creation just before constructor execution.
Syntax:
{ //logics here
}
➢ Instance blocks execution depends on object creation it means if we are creating 10 objects 10 times
instance blocks are executed.
➢ Inside the class it is possible to declare the more than one instance block the execution order is top to
bottom.
Example:
✓ During compilation the compiler will copy instance blocks code in every constructor.
✓ The constructor logics are specific to object but instance block logics are common for all objects.
//Application before compilation (.java)
class Test
{ { System.out.println("instance block:logics-1"); }
{ System.out.println("instance block:logics-2"); }
Test()
{ System.out.println("0-arg cons");
}
Test(int a)
{ System.out.println("1-arg cons ");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ new Test();
new Test(10);
}
}
//Application after compilation (.class)
class Test
{ Test()
{ System.out.println("instance block:logics-1");
System.out.println("instance block:logics-2");
System.out.println("0-arg cons ");
}
Test(int a)
{ System.out.println("instance block:logics-1");
System.out.println("instance block:logics-2");
System.out.println("1-arg cons ");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ new Test();
new Test(10);
}
}

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Example:
✓ Instance block execution depends on object creation but not constructor exaction.
✓ In below example two constructors are executing but only one object is crating hence only one
time instance block is executed.
✓ Inside the constructor when we declare this or super keyword in this instance block is not copied
in constructor.

class Test
{ { System.out.println("instance block logics");
}
Test()
{ this(10);
System.out.println("0-arg constructor ");
}
Test(int a)
{ System.out.println("1-arg constructor ");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ new Test();
}
}

Example:-
✓ Instance blocks are used to initialize instance variables during object creation.
✓ In java it is possible to initialize the values in different ways
o By using constructors
o By using instance blocks
o By setter methods
class Emp
{ int eid;
{ eid=111;} //instance block

Emp() { eid=222; } //constructor

void disp()
{ System.out.println("emp id="+eid);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ new Emp().disp();
}
};

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Case 1:- When we declare instance block & instance variable the execution order is top to bottom.
In below example instance block is declared first so instance block is executed first.

class Test
{ { System.out.println("instance block"); } //instance block

int a=m1(); //instance variables

int m1()
{ System.out.println("m1() method called by variable");
return 100;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ new Test();
}
}
D:\morn11>java Test
instance block
m1() method called by variable

case 2:-When we declare instance block & instance variable the execution order is top to bottom.
In below example instance variable is declared first so instance block is executed first.

class Test
{ int a=m1(); //instance variables
int m1()
{ System.out.println("m1() method called by variable");
return 100;
}
{ System.out.println("instance block"); } //instance block
public static void main(String[] args)
{ new Test();
}
}
D:\morn11>java Test
m1() method called by variable
instance block

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Static block:
✓ Static blocks are used to write the logics theselogics are executed during .class file loading time.
✓ In java .class file is loaded only one time hence static blocks are executed only once per class.
static
{ //logics here
}
✓ In class it is possible to write more than one static blocks but the execution order is top to bottom.

Note : Instance blocks execution depends on object creation but static blocks execution depends on
.class file loading.

Ex :
class Test
{ static { System.out.println("static block-1"); }
static { System.out.println("static block-2"); }
public static void main(String[] args)
{
}
}

Example :-
class Test
{ static { System.out.println("static block-1"); }
static { System.out.println("static block-2"); }
{ System.out.println("instance block"); }
Test() { System.out.println("0-arg cons"); }
Test(int a) { System.out.println("1-arg cons"); }
public static void main(String[] args)
{ new Test();
new Test(10);
}
}
Example :-
up to 1.6 versionValid : it is possible to execute static blocks without using main method.
class Test
{ static
{ System.out.println("static block");
}
}
From 1.7 version Invalid : it is not possible to execute static blocks without using main method.
class Test
{ static
{ System.out.println("static block");
}
}

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Example:-The .class file loaded into memory in three different ways

1. When we execute the class by using java command the static blocks are executed but in this case
main method is mandatory.
2. When we create the object the class loaded , the class static blocks are executed but in this case
main method is mandatory.
3. When we load the file by using forName() method, the static blocks are executed but in this case
main method is mandatory.
File 1:Demo.java
class Demo
{ static
{ System.out.println("Demo class static block");
}
void m1()
{ System.out.println("Demo class m1 method");
}
};
File 2: Test.java
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
{ // new Demo().m1();
Class c = Class.forName("Demo");
Demo d = (Demo)c.newInstance();
d.m1();
}
}

Example:- Static blocks are used to initialize static variables.

class Emp
{ static int eid;
static
{ eid=111;
}
static void disp()
{ System.out.println(eid);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Emp.disp();
}
}

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Java class concept interview questions

1. What is the purpose of the variables?

2. How many types of variables in java?
3. What are the memory areas in java?
4. What is the scope of local variables& instance & static?
5. Instance variables when memory allocated & when destroyed?
6. What are the areas in java?
7. What is the purpose of instance& static variables?
8. How to access the instance members & static members?
9. What do you mean by operator overloading & java supporting or not?
10. Is it possible to declare the instance variables inside the instance method or not?
11. Is it possible to declare the static variables inside the static method or not?
12. How many types of methods in java?
13. Define method signature?
14. For java methods return type mandatory or optional?
15. How to take the input from the keyboard?
16. What do you mean by method recursion & java supporting or not?
17. Java support inner methods or not?
18. When we will get the error message : StackOverFlowError
19. When we will get error message : missing return statement?
20. When we will get the error message : method already defined in class?
21. Who creates stack memory & who destroyed stack memory?
22. What are the rules to declare the constructor?
23. How many types of constructors in java?
24. What are the advantages of constructors?
25. What is the difference between method & constructor?
26. What do you mean by default constructor & who generate default constructor?
27. Inside the class I declared 1-arg constructor then default constructor generated or not?
28. What is the difference between named object & name less object?
29. How to call the current class constructor?
30. When we will get error message : this keyword must be first statement in constructor?
31. One constructor is able to call more than one constructor or not?
32. Define the words : declaration & instantiation & initialization?
33. User defined 0-arg constructor is default constructor or not?
34. What is the purpose of the instance block?
35. Executed 4-constructors by calling but I created only object how many times ins blocks executed?
36. What is the difference between instance block & constructor?
37. What is he purpose the static block?
38. What is the difference between instance block & static block?
39. How many ways are there to load the .class into memory?
40. To execute the static block inside the class main method mandatory or not?
41. Once I created 5 objects how many times instance blocks & static blocks executed?

**************** Thank you *******************

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Operators in java

Operator is a symbol used to perform the operation; there is different type of operators in java ,

✓ Unary Operator
✓ Arithmetic Operator
✓ Relational Operator
✓ Bitwise Operator
✓ Logical Operator // conditional operator
✓ Ternary Operator // conditional operator
✓ Assignment Operator.

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Unary operator:

a++ : post increment : print the value then increment

++a : pre increment : increment the value then print
a-- : post decrement : print the value then decrease
--a : pre decrement : decrease the value then print
ex : class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ int a=10;
System.out.println(a++);
System.out.println(++a);
System.out.println(a--);
System.out.println(--a);
}
}
ex: class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ int a=10;
System.out.println(a++ + ++a );
System.out.println(a++ - ++a );
System.out.println(a-- + --a );
System.out.println(a-- - --a );

System.out.println(a++ + ++a + --a + a--);

System.out.println(a++ - ++a - --a - a--);
}
}
ex : class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ byte b1=-10;
byte b2=+10;
System.out.println(b1);
System.out.println(b2);
boolean b=true;
System.out.println(!b);
}
}

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Arithmetic Operators:

Division (/) : Divides the first operand by the second.

Modulus (%) : Returns the remainder when first operand is divided by the second.

Operator precedence : Multiplicative : * / % Addition : + -

ex-1: class Test

{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ int a=10,b=20;
System.out.println(a+b);
System.out.println(a-b);
System.out.println(a*b);
System.out.println(a/b);
System.out.println(a%b);
}
}
ex-2: class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ System.out.println(10*10/5+3-1*4/2);
System.out.println(10+10/5+3*2*4/2-20);
System.out.println(10-10*5/2+3-10*4/2);
}
}
ex 3: By using + operator we can perform concatenation also. In java string with concatenation with
any data, the return value will be String.
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ System.out.println("ratan"+"anu");
System.out.println(10+20+"ratan"+"durga");
System.out.println(10+"ratan"+20+"durga");
System.out.println(10+"ratan"+3*10/2+"durga");
}
}
10+"ratan"+3*10/2-1+"durga" : tell me the output: if you said correct output your perfect in java.

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Relational operator:

Observation : not possible to use relational operators on String type.

System.out.println(10>20); Valid
System.out.println(10<20); Valid
System.out.println("ratan"<"anu"); error: bad operand types for binary operator '<'

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Bitwise operators:

ex: class Test

{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ int a=10;
int b=31;
System.out.println(a&b);
System.out.println(a|b);
System.out.println(a^b);
}
}

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Write the output for below template:

ex: class Test

{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ System.out.println(31<<1);
System.out.println(31<<2);

System.out.println(31>>1);
System.out.println(31>>2);
}
}

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Logical operators:
The bitwise & always checking both conditions then only decide the result.
In logical operator second condition checking completely depends on first condition result.

The logical && operator does not check second condition if the first condition is false. It checks
the second condition if the first condition is true.
The logical || operator does not check the second condition if the first condition true. It will
check the second condition if the first condition false.

Note : The && and || operators perform Conditional-AND and Conditional-OR operations on two
Boolean expressions. These operators exhibit "short-circuiting" behavior, which means that the
second operand is evaluated only if needed.
ex: int a=10,b=20,c=30;
System.out.println(a>b && a<c); //false
System.out.println(a>b & a<c); //false

ex-1 : class Test

{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ int a=10,b=20,c=30;
System.out.println(a>b && a++<c);
System.out.println(a);
System.out.println(a>b & a++<c);
System.out.println(a);
}
}
ex-2: class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ int a=10,b=6,c=30;
System.out.println(a > b || a < c); //true || true = true
System.out.println(a > b | a < c); //true | true = true
System.out.println(a > b || a++ < c); //true || true = true
System.out.println(a); //10 because second condition is not checked
System.out.println(a > b | a ++ < c); //true | true = true
System.out.println(a); //11 because second condition is checked
}
}
ex-3: class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ int a=10,b=20,c=30;
System.out.println(a<b || a++<c);
System.out.println(a);
System.out.println(a<b | a++<c);
System.out.println(a);
}
}

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Ternary operator : (?)

Java Ternary operator is used as one line replacement for if-then-else statement.

variable = Expression ? result1 : result2

If the Expression is true, result1 is assigned to variable.
If the Expression is false, result2 is assigned to variable.

ex-1 :
class Test{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a=16;
int b=5;
int min=(a < b) ? a : b;
System.out.println(min);
}
}

ex-2 : class ConditionalDemo2 {

public static void main(String[] args){
int value1 = 1;
int value2 = 2;
boolean result = value1>value2? true : false;
System.out.println(result);
}
}

ex-3 : class Test

{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ String uname = "ratan";
String upwd = "anu";
String status = uname.equals("ratan")&&upwd.equals("anu")?"login success":"login fail";
System.out.println(status);
}
}

ex 4: class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ String str = "Australia";
String data = str.contains("A") ? "Str contains 'A'" : "Str doesn't contains 'A'";
System.out.println(data);
}
}

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Assignment operator :

ex: class Test

{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ int a=10,b=20;
a+=5;
b-=5;
System.out.println(a+" "+b);
}
}
ex: class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ int a=10;
a+=1;
System.out.println(a);
a-=2;
System.out.println(a);
a*=3;
System.out.println(a);
a/=3;
System.out.println(a);
}
}
Observation :
Invalid : error
byte a=10; Valid : after type conversion
byte b=20; byte a=10;
a=a+b; long b=20;
System.out.println(b); b=(byte)(a+b);
System.out.println(b);
Observation :
byte + byte = int float +float = float
short + short = int float + int = float
byte + short = int float + byte = float
int + int = int float + double = double
int + long = long double + double = double
long + byte = long double + int = int
long+long = long ********** Operators Completed *******

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[OOPs] Object-Oriented Programming System

✓ The first object oriented programming is : Simula, smalltalk

✓ Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of "objects",
which may contain data, in the form of fields, often known as attributes; and code, in the form of
procedures, often known as methods.
✓ In object oriented programming languages everything represented in the form of object.
✓ Object is real world entity that has state & behavior.
ex: such as pen,chair,table,house….etc.

Every object contains three characteristics,

1) State : well defined condition of an item (instance variable/fields/properties)
2) Behavior :effects on an item (methods/behavior)
3) identity : identification number of an item(hash code)

Object : Car Object : house

State : ear,speed,color…etc State : location
Behavior : speed, gear,Accelarate…etc Behavior : doors open/close.
Identity : car number Identity : house no

Class vs. Object:

✓ Class is a logical entity it contains logics whereas object is physical entity it is representing memory.
✓ Class is blue print it decides object creation without class we are unable to create object.
✓ Based on single class it is possible to create multiple objects but every object occupies memory.
✓ We are declaring the class by using class keyword but we are creating object by using new keyword.

Dog is a single class but here we created three objects means three different memories are created.

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Inheritance:

1. The process of creating new class by using the properties of existing class is called inheritance.
2. The process of acquiring properties (variables) &methods (behaviors) from one class to another
class is called inheritance.
3. We are achieving inheritance concept by using extends keyword. Also known as is-a relationship.
4. Extends keyword is providing relationship between two classes..
5. The main objective of inheritance is code extensibility whenever we are extending the class
automatically code is reused.

Application code without inheritance Application code with inheritance

class A
{ void m1(){ } class A // parent or super or base class
void m2(){ } { void m1(){ }
} void m2(){ }
class B }
{ void m1(){ } class B extends A // child or sub or derived class
void m2(){ } { void m3(){ }
void m3(){ } void m4(){ }
void m4(){ } }
} class C extends B
class C { void m5(){ }
{ void m1(){ } void m6(){ }
void m2(){ } }
void m3(){ }
void m4(){ } a. Eliminated duplication.
void m5(){ } b. Length of the code is decreased.
void m6(){ } c. Reusing properties in child classes.
}
a. Duplication of code.
b. Code length is increased.

Note: Child support all features of parent class & support extra features.

Object creation of parent & child classes:

In java it is possible to create objects for both parent and child classes,
✓ When we create object of parent class it is possible to access only parent specific methods.
A a=new A();
a.m1(); a.m2();
✓ When we create object of child class it is possible to access both parent &child specific methods.
B b=new B();
b.m1();b.m2(); b.m3();b.m4();
C c=new C();
c.m1(); c.m2(); c.m3(); c.m4(); c.m5(); c.m6();
Note: it is always recommended to create the object of child classes.

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Important observations: (interview questions)

class A extends Object {
}
class B extends A{
}
class C extends B{
}

✓ The default super class in java is : Object class

✓ The root class of all java classes is : Object class
✓ Every java class contains parent class except : Object class
✓ In java every class is child class of object either directly (A) or indirectly (B,C).
✓ Object class present in java.lang package and it contains 11 methods & all java classes able to
use these 11 methods because Object class is root class of all java classes.
✓ To check the predefined support use javap command.
Javap full-class-name
Javap java.lang.Object

E:\>javap java.lang.Object
public class java.lang.Object
{ public final native java/lang/Class<?> getClass();
public native int hashCode();
public boolean equals(java.lang.Object);
protected native java.lang.Object clone() throws ava.lang.CloneNotSupportedException;
public java.lang.String toString();
public final native void notify();
public final native void notifyAll();
public final native void wait(long) throws java.lang.InterruptedException;
public final void wait(long, int) throws java.lang.InterruptedException;
public final void wait() throws java.lang.InterruptedException;
protected void finalize() throws java.lang.Throwable;
}

Preventing inheritance: it means preventing child class.

You can prevent sub class creation by using final modifier.
If a class declared as final we can’t create sub class.
final class Parent{
}
class Child extends Parent{
}
compilation error: cannot inherit from final Parent

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Types of inheritance:

Hybrid is combination of multiple & hierarchical, java not supporting hybrid.

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ex: Single inheritance

class Animal
{ void eat()
{ System.out.println("eating...");
}
}
class Dog extends Animal
{ void bark()
{ System.out.println("barking...");
}
}
class TestInheritance
{ public static void main(String args[])
{ Dog d=new Dog();
d.bark();
d.eat();
}
}

ex: Multilevel inheritance

class Animal {
void eat() {
System.out.println("eating...");
}
}
class Dog extends Animal {
void bark() {
System.out.println("barking...");
}
}
class BabyDog extends Dog {
void weep() {
System.out.println("weeping...");
}
}
class TestInheritance {
public static void main(String args[]) {
BabyDog d = new BabyDog();
d.weep();
d.bark();
d.eat();
}
}

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ex : Hierarchical inheritance.
class Animal {
void eat() {
System.out.println("eating...");
}
}
class Dog extends Animal {
void bark() {
System.out.println("barking...");
}
}
class Cat extends Animal {
void sleep() {
System.out.println("Sleeping...");
}
}
class TestInheritance {
public static void main(String args[]) {
Cat c = new Cat();
c.eat();
c.sleep();

Dog d = new Dog();

d.eat();
d.bark();
}
}

ex : multiple inheritance not supported by java

class A{
void msg(){System.out.println("Hello");
}
}
class B{
void msg(){System.out.println("Welcome");
}
}
class C extends A,B
{ public static void main(String args[])
{ C obj=new C();
obj.msg();//Now which msg() method would be invoked? : Error
}
}

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Instanceof operator:
✓ It is used check the type of the object at runtime & it returns Boolean value as a return value.
Syntax: reference-variable instanceof class-name

✓ To use the instanceof operator the class name & reference variable must have some relationship
either parent to child or child to parent otherwise compiler will generate error message.
✓ If the relationship is,
o child to parent it returns true
o Parent to child it return false.
o No relation compiler generates error message incompatible types.
ex 1:
class Animal { }
class Dog extends Animal{ }
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Animal a = new Animal();
Dog d = new Dog();
Object o = new Object();

System.out.println(d instanceof Animal); //true

System.out.println(a instanceof Object); //true
System.out.println(a instanceof Dog); //false
System.out.println(o instanceof Animal); //false
}
}
ex 2:
class Parent{ }
class Child1 extends Parent{}
class Child2 extends Parent{}
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Parent p =new Parent();
Child1 c1 = new Child1();
Child2 c2 = new Child2();

System.out.println(c1 instanceof Parent); //true

System.out.println(c2 instanceof Parent); //true
System.out.println(p instanceof Child1); //false
System.out.println(p instanceof Child2); //false

p = c1;
System.out.println(p instanceof Child1); //true
System.out.println(p instanceof Child2); //false
p = c2;
System.out.println(p instanceof Child1); //false
System.out.println(p instanceof Child2); //true
}
}

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Association:
The name of an association specifies the nature of the relationship between objects.
Association can be one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, many-to-many.

There are two forms of association

1. Composition
2. Aggregation

Aggregation:
➢ Class A has instance of class B is called aggregation.
➢ Aggregation is an association that represents part of a whole relationship where a part can exist
without a whole. It has a weaker relationship.
➢ Take the relationship between teacher and department. A teacher may belong to multiple
departments hence teacher is a part of multiple departments but if we delete department object
teacher object will not destroy.

Example-1:
File-1 : Address.java
class Address
{ int dno; //instance variables
String state;
String country;
Address(int dno,String state,String country) //local variables
{ //conversion process
this.dno=dno;
this.state= state;
this.country = country;
}
}

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File-2 : Heroin.java
class Heroin
{ String hname;
int hage;
Address addr; //reference of address class [dno,state,country]
Heroin(String hname,int hage,Address addr)
{ //conversion process
this.hname = hname;
this.hage = hage;
this.addr = addr;
}
void display()
{ System.out.println("Heroin name-->"+hname);
System.out.println("Heroin age-->"+hage);
System.out.println("Heroin address-->"+addr.country+" "+addr.state+" "+addr.hno);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Address a1 = new Address("india","banglore",111);
Heroin h1 = new Heroin("anushka",30,a1);
h1.display();

// new Heroin("anushka",30,new Address("india","banglore",111)).display();

Address a2 = new Address("US","california",333);

Heroin h2 = new Heroin("AJ",40,a2);
h2.display();

// new Heroin("AJ",40,new Address("US","california",333)).display();

}
}

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Example-2:

File 1: Test1.java File 2: Test2.java File 3 : Test3.java

class Test1 class Test2 class Test3
{ int a; { boolean b1; { char ch1;
int b; boolean b2; char ch2;
Test1(int a,int b) Test2(boolean b1,boolean b2) Test3(char ch1,char ch2)
{ this.a=a; { this.b1=b1; { this.ch1=ch1;
this.b=b; this.b2=b2; this.ch2=ch2;
} } }
} } }

File -4 : MainTest.java
class MainTest
{ //instance variables
Test1 t1;
Test2 t2;
Test3 t3;
MainTest(Test1 t1 ,Test2 t2,Test3 t3) //local variables
{ //conversion of local-instance
this.t1 = t1;
this.t2 = t2;
this.t3 = t3;
}
void display()
{ System.out.println(“Test1 object values:-”+t1.a+"----- "+t1.b);
System.out.println(“Test2 object values:-”+t2.b1+"----- "+t2.b2);
System.out.println(“Test3 object values:-”+t3.ch1+"----- "+t3.ch2);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Test1 t = new Test1(10,20);
Test2 tt = new Test2(true,true);
Test3 ttt = new Test3('a','b');
MainTest main = new MainTest(t,tt,ttt);
main.display();

//new MainTest(new Test1(10,20),new Test2(true,false),new Test3('a','b'));

}
}

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Composition:
➢ Strong aggregation is called composition.
➢ Composition is an association represents a part of a whole relationship where a part cannot exist
without a whole. If a whole is deleted then all parts are deleted. It has a stronger relationship.
➢ For example, if order HAS-A line-items, then an order is a whole and line items are parts. If an
order is deleted then all corresponding line items for that order should be deleted..
➢ Let’s take Example house contains multiple rooms, if we delete house object no meaning of room
object hence the room object cannot exists without house object.
ex:
Marks.java
class Marks
{ int m1,m2,m3;
Marks(int m1,int m2,int m3) //local variables
{ this.m1=m1;
this.m2=m2;
this.m3=m3;
}
}
student.java
class Student
{ Marks mk; //without student class no meaning of marks is called "composition"
String sname;
int sid;
Student(Marks mk,String sname,int sid) //local variables
{ this.mk = mk;
this.sname = sname;
this.sid = sid;
}
void display()
{ System.out.println("student name:-->"+sname);
System.out.println("student id:-->"+sid);
System.out.println("student marks:-->"+mk.m1+"---"+mk.m2+"--"+mk.m3);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Marks m1 = new Marks(10,20,30);
Student s1 = new Student(m1,"ratan",111);
s1.display();
new Student(new Marks(10,20,30),"ratan",111).display();

Marks m2 = new Marks(100,200,300);

Student s2 = new Student(m2,"anu",222);
s2.display();
new Student(new Marks(100,200,300),"anu",222).display();
}
}

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Example-2 :
File 1: Parents.java
class Parents
{ Declare fname, mname
Declare the constructor to initialize the values during object creation.
}

File 2: Marks.java
class Marks
{ Decalre m1 m2 m3 of int type
Declare the constructor to initialize the values during object creation.
}

File 3 : Address.java
class Address
{ Declare dno street
Declare the constructor to initialize the values during object creation.
}

File 4 : Student.java
class Student
{ int sid;
String sname;
Parents p;
Marks m;
Address addr;

Declare the constructor to initialize the values during object creation.

Decalre the display() method to print the data

Declare the main method to create the object of Student class & Access the display() method
}

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Super keyword:
✓ “this” keyword is used to represent current class object, “super” represent super class object.
✓ Inside the static area both this,super keywords are not allowed.
1. Super class variables.
2. Super class methods.
3. Super class constructors.
4. Super class instance blocks.
5. Super class static blocks.

super class variables:

case 1: variable names are differnet hence this,super keywords not required.
class Parent
{ int a=10,b=20;
}
class Child extends Parent
{ int i=100,j=200;
void add(int x,int y)
{ System.out.println(x+y);
System.out.println(i+j);
System.out.println(a+b);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ new Child().add(1000,2000);
}
}

case 2: variable names are same hence this,super keywords required.

class Parent
{ int a=10,b=20;
}
class Child extends Parent
{ int a=100,b=200;
void add(int a,int b)
{ System.out.println(a+b);
System.out.println(this.a+this.b);
System.out.println(super.a+super.b);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ new Child().add(1000,2000);
}
}

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super class methods calling:

class Parent
{ void m1()
{ System.out.println("parent m1() method");
}
}
class Child extends Parent
{ void m1()
{ System.out.println("child class m1() method");
}
void m2()
{ this.m1(); //this keyword is optional
super.m1();
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ new Child().m2();
}
}

super class constructors calling:

case 1: To call the current class constructors use this keyword
To call super class constructor use super keyword.
this() ----> current class 0-arg constructor calling
this(10) ----> current class10-arg constructor calling
super() ----> super class 0-arg constructor calling
super(10) ----> super class 1-arg constructor calling

class Parent
{ Parent()
{ System.out.println("parent 0-arg constructor");
}
}
class Child extends Parent
{ Child()
{ this(10);
System.out.println("Child 0-arg constructor");
}
Child(int a)
{ super();
System.out.println("child 1-arg constructor--->"+a);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ new Child();
}
}

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Case 2: Inside the constructor super keyword must be first statement otherwise compiler
generates error message “call to super must be first line in constructor”.
Child(int a)
{ System.out.println("child 1-arg constructor--->"+a);
super();
}

Case 3: Inside the constructor it is possible to use either this keyword or super keyword but,
✓ Two super keywords are not allowed.
✓ Two this keywords are not allowed.
✓ Both super & this keyword also not allowed.
Invalid Invalid Invalid
Child() Child() Child()
{ super(10); { this(10); { this(10);
super(); this(); super();
} } }

Case 4: In below example parent class default constructor is executed that is provided by compiler.
class Parent
{ // default constructor
}
class Child extends Parent
{ Child()
{ super()
System.out.println("Child 0-arg constructor");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ new Child();
}
}
Case 5: compiler generate default constructor with super keyword.
class Parent
{ Parent()
{ System.out.println("parent 0-arg cons");
}
}
class Child extends Parent
{ /* below code is generated by compiler : default constructor with super keyword
Child()
{ super();
} */
public static void main(String[] args)
{ new Child();
}
}

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Case 6:
✓ Inside the constructor if we are not declaring this or super keyword then compiler generate super
keyword at first line of the constructor.
✓ The compiler generated super keyword is always 0-arg constructor calling.

class Parent
{ Parent()
{ System.out.println("parent 0-arg cons");
}
}
class Child extends Parent
{ Child()
{ //super(); generated by compiler
System.out.println("Child 0-arg constructor");
}
Child(int a)
{ //super(); generated by compiler
System.out.println("child 1-arg cons");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ new Child();
new Child(10);
}
}

Observation -1: what is the output? If you say correct : you are perfect in java
class Parent
{ Parent(int a){ System.out.println("parent 1-arg cons"); }
}
class Child extends Parent
{ Child()
{ System.out.println("Child 0-arg constructor");
}
Child(int a)
{ super(10);
System.out.println("child 1-arg cons");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ new Child();
new Child(10);
}
}

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Super class instance blocks & static blocks :

Instance blocks are executed during object creation: In parent and child relationship first parent
class instance blocks are executed then child class instance blocks are executed.

Static blocks are executed only once during class loading: In parent and child relationship first
parent class static blocks are executed then child class static blocks are executed.

class Parent
{ static
{ System.out.println("parent static block");
}
{ System.out.println("parent instance block");
}
}
class Child extends Parent
{ static
{ System.out.println("child static block");
}
{ System.out.println("child instance block");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ new Child();
new Child();
}
}
E:\>java Child
parent static block
child static block
parent instance block
child instance block
parent instance block
child instance block

********* Inheritance completed: Thank you **********

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Polymorphism
Inroduction:
✓ One functionality with different behaviors is called polymorphism.
✓ The ability to appear in more forms is called polymorphism.
✓ Polymorphism is the ability of an object to take on many forms
✓ Polymorphism is derived from 2 greek words: poly and morphs. The word "poly" means many and
"morphs" means forms. So polymorphism means many forms.

Same method different behaviors:

Here sleep method with two different behaviors
public static native void sleep(long) // 1-arg
public static void sleep(long, int) //2-args

Here wait method with three different behaviors

public final void wait()
public final native void wait(long)
public final void wait(long, int)

There are two types of polymorphism in java,

1) Compile time polymorphism / static binding / early binding ex : method overloading.
2) Runtime polymorphism /dynamic binding /late binding. ex : method overriding.

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Compile time polymorphism [Method Overloading]:

✓ If a class contains more than one method with same name but different number of arguments or
same number of arguments but different data types those methods are called overloaded methods.
✓ In single class It is possible to overload any number of methods in single java class.
✓ It is not possible to prevent overloadig.
class Test
{ overloaded methods : same method name but different no of arguments
void m1(int a){ }
void m1(int a,int b){ }
overloaded methods : same method name & same number of arguments but diff types
void m1(int a){ }
void m1(char ch){ }
}

ex-1: Overloading the methods.

class Test
{ //overloaded methods
void sum(int a) { System.out.println(a+a); }
void sum(int a,int b) { System.out.println(a+b); }
void sum(double d1,double d2) { System.out.println(d1+d2); }

public static void main(String[] args)

{ Test t = new Test();
t.sum(10);
t.sum(10,20);
t.sum(10.5,20.5);
}
}

Note: In above example When we call t.sum(10); In above example during compilation compiler is
checking the method with 1-argument is available or not ,this mapping is done during
compilation is called static binding.

Without overloading must define multiple method names: add2 add3 add4
With method overloading same name we can use with different behaviors.

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Observations:
case 1: valid
void m1(int a){}
void m1(int a,int b){}

case 2: valid
void m1(int a)
void m1(char ch)

case 3: invalid
void m1(int a)
void m1(int b)

case 4: valid
void m1(int a,char ch)
void m1(char ch,int a)

case 5: while overloading just check method signature.

overloaded method can have different return type.
int m1(char ch)
float m1(int a)

case 6: valid : it is possible to overload the static methods.

static void m1(int a)
static void m1(int a,int b)

case 7: it is possible to overload the final methods

final void m1(int a)
final void m1(int a,int b)

Note :
It is possible to overload any type of methods(static,final,public,private,abstract...).

ex : It is possible to overload the methods in parent & child classes.

class Parent
{ void m1(int a)
{ System.out.println("m1 method 1-arg");
}
}
class Child extends Parent
{ void m1(char ch )
{ System.out.println("m1 method 1-arg char");
}
void m1(int a,int b)
{ System.out.println("m1 method 2-arg");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Child c = new Child();

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c.m1(10);
c.m1(10,20);
c.m1('a');
}
}
ex: Method overloading with type promotion:
byte short
Int long float double
char
Type promotion means implicit type casting it perform from left to right
class Test
{ void m1(int a,long b)
{ System.out.println("int,long arguments method");
}
void m1(float f)
{ System.out.println("float argument");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t=new Test();
t.m1(10,20l);
t.m1(10,20);
t.m1((byte)10,(short)20);
t.m1('a','b'); // here the Unicode values are assigned
t.m1(10.5f);
t.m1(10);
t.m1('a');
t.m1((byte)10);
}
}
✓ In java the numeric values are by default int values,
o To represent byte, short perform type casting
o to represent long value use L constant (small or capital L )
✓ In java the decimal values are by default double values but to represent float value use f constant.
Ex: class Test
{ void m1(int a) { System.out.println("int arguments method"); }
void m1(float f) { System.out.println("float argument"); }
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t = new Test();
t.m1(10);
t.m1(10.5f);
t.m1('a');
}
}
In above example t.m1('a'); this matches both int & float arguments but the type promotion
done to immediate level.

Types of overloading: There are three types of overloading in java,

a. Method overloading explicitly by the programmer

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b. Constructor overloading
c. Operator overloading implicitly by the JVM(‘+’ addition& concatenation)
Constructor Overloading:
If the class contains more than one constructor with same name but different arguments or
same number of arguments with different data types those constructors are called overloaded
constructors.
class Test
{ //overloaded constructors
Test(int i)
{ System.out.println("int argument constructor");
}
Test(char ch,int i)
{ System.out.println("char,int argument constructor");
}
Test(char ch)
{ System.out.println("char argument constructor");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ new Test(10);
new Test('a',100);
new Test('r');
}
}
Operator overloading: One operator with different behaviors is called Operator overloading .
Java is not supporting operator overloading but only one overloaded in java language is ‘+’.
• If both operands are integer then “+” performs addition.
• If at least one operand is String then “+” perform concatenation.
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ System.out.println(10+20); //30 [addition]
System.out.println(“ratan”+"anu"); //ratananu [concatenation]
}
}

Type-conversion in java :
The process of converting data one type to another type is called type casting.

There are two types of type casting

1. Implicit typecasting /widening/up casting
2. Explicit type-casting (narrowing)/down casting

Up-casting: left to right

byte short
Int long float double
char

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Down-casting: right to left

byte short
Int long float double
char

Implicit-typecasting: (widening) or (up casting)

1. When we assign lower data type value to higher data type that typecasting is called up- casting.
2. When we perform up casting data no data loss.
3. It is also known as up-casting or widening.
4. Compiler is responsible to perform implicit typecasting.

Explicit type-casting: (Narrowing) or (down casting)

1. When we assign a higher data type value to lower data type is called down casting.
2. When we perform down casting data will be loss.
3. It is also known as narrowing or down casting.
4. User is responsible to perform explicit typecasting.

ex:
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ //implicit typecasting (up casting)
byte b=120;
int i=b;
System.out.println(b);

char ch='a';
float a=ch; //[automatic conversion of char to float]
System.out.println(a);
//explicit-typecasting (down-casting)
int a1=130;

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byte b1 =(byte)a1;
System.out.println(b1);
}
}

Runtime polymorphism [Method Overriding]

✓ Rewriting the parent method implementation in child according to child specific implementation.
✓ To achieve method overloading one java class sufficient but to achieve method overriding we
required two java classes with parent and child relationship.
✓ In overriding parent class method is called ===> overridden method
Child class method is called ===> overriding method

ex:
class Parent
{ void property()
{ System.out.println("money+land+house+gold.......");
}
void marry() //overridden method
{ System.out.println("black girl");
}
}
class Child extends Parent
{ void marry() //overridden method
{ System.out.println("Red girl");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Child c=new Child();
c.property();
c.marry();
}
}

If we are not overriding marry method then parent class marry executed the output is :
E:\>java Child
money+land+house+gold.......

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black girl

If we are overriding marry method then our class marry method executed output is :
E:\>java Child
money+land+hhouse
white girl/red girl

ex-2: All child classes overriding the getRateOfInterest() method.

class Bank{
int getRateOfInterest(){return 0;}
}
class SBI extends Bank{
int getRateOfInterest(){return 7;}
}
class ICICI extends Bank{
int getRateOfInterest(){return 8;}
}
class AXIS extends Bank{
int getRateOfInterest(){return 9;}
}

class Test{
public static void main(String args[]){
SBI s = new SBI();
ICICI I = new ICICI();
AXIS a = new AXIS();

System.out.println("SBI Rate of Interest: "+s.getRateOfInterest());

System.out.println("ICICI Rate of Interest: "+i.getRateOfInterest());
System.out.println("AXIS Rate of Interest: "+a.getRateOfInterest());
}
}
E:\>java Test
SBI Rate of Interest: 7
ICICI Rate of Interest: 8
AXIS Rate of Interest: 9

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While overriding methods must fallow these rules:

Method overriding rule 1:

While overriding the overridden method signature and overriding method signature must be
same. (Method signature nothing but method-name & parameters list.)

Method overriding rule-2:

Overridden method return type & overriding method return type must be same at primitive
level(byte,int,double,boolean…etc) otherwise compiler will generate error message.

class Parent
{ void mrg(){System.out.println("very balck girl");} // overridden method
}
class Child extends Parent
{ int mrg(){System.out.println("red girl");} //overriding method
}
error: mrg() in Child cannot override mrg() in Parent
return type int is not compatible with void

Method overriding rule-3: final methods are not possible to override.

class Parent
{ final void mrg(){System.out.println("very balck girl");} // overridden method
}
class Child extends Parent
{ void mrg(){System.out.println("Red Girl");} //overriding method
}
error: mrg() in Child cannot override mrg() in Parent
overridden method is final

Note: final is prevention modifier in java

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final variables : fixed constants modifications are not allowed.

final methods : Not possible to override.
final classes : Not possible to extends.

Method overriding rule-4:

✓ While overriding methods it is possible to change the return type of overridden method &
overriding methods at class level by using co-variant return type concept.
✓ Co-variant return type:The return type of overriding method is must be sub-typeof overridden
method return type this is called covariant return types.

Case 1: class Animal{ }

class Dog extends Animal{}
class Parent
{ Animal mrg()
{ return new Animal();
}
}
class Child extends Parent
{ Dog mrg()
{ return new Dog();
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Child c = new Child();
Dog d = c.mrg();
}
}

Case 2: valid
class Parent
{ Object mrg(){ return new Animal(); }
}
class Child extends Parent
{ Dog mrg() { return new Dog(); }
}

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Case 3: Valid
class Parent
{ Object mrg(){ return new Animal(); }
}
class Child extends Parent
{ Animal mrg() { return new Dog(); }
}

Case 4 : invalid
class Parent
{ Dog mrg(){ return new Animal(); }
}
class Child extends Parent
{ Animal mrg() { return new Dog(); }
}

Method overriding rule-5: static methods are not possible to override.

class Parent
{ static void m1(){ System.out.println("parent m1()"); }
}
class Child extends Parent
{ static void m1(){ System.out.println("child m1()"); }
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Parent p = new Child();
p.m1();
}
}
✓ Instance methods are bounded with object it is possible to override instance methods in java.
Static methods are bounded with class it is not possible to override static methods in java.
✓ The above example seems to be overriding but it is method hiding concept.
✓ If a subclass defines a static method with the same signature as a static method in the super
class, then the method in the subclass hides the one in the super class.
✓ In method overriding method execution depends on object creation but in method hiding
method execution depends on class-name.

Case 1 : Both methods are instance : method Overriding : execution decided by object creation
class Parent
{ void m1(){ System.out.println("parent m1()"); }
}
class Child extends Parent
{ void m1(){ System.out.println("child m1()"); }
}
Case 2: Both methods are static : method hiding : execution decided by class-name
class Parent

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{ static void m1(){ System.out.println("parent m1()"); }

}
class Child extends Parent
{ static void m1(){ System.out.println("child m1()"); }
}
Case 3: Invalid
class Parent
{ static void m1(){ System.out.println("parent m1()"); }
}
class Child extends Parent
{ void m1(){ System.out.println("child m1()"); }
} error: m1() in Child cannot override m1() in Parent: overridden method is static
case 4: Invalid
class Parent
{ void m1(){ System.out.println("parent m1()"); }
}
class Child extends Parent
{ static void m1(){ System.out.println("child m1()"); }
} error: m1() in Child cannot override m1() in Parent : overriding method is static

Method overriding rule : 6

In java not possible to override private methods because these methods are specific to class.
class Base
{ private void fun(){ }
}
class Derived extends Base
{ private void fun() {}
}

Method overriding rule-7:

✓ In java while overriding it is possible to maintain same level(public-public) permission or
increasing order(default-public) but it is not possible to decrease(public-default) the permission.
✓ In java if we are trying to decrease the permission compiler will generate error message
“attempting to assign weaker access privileges”

Case 1: same level: Valid [public-public]

class Parent
{ public void m1(){System.out.println("m1 method");}
}
class Child extends Parent
{ public void m1(){System.out.println("m1 method");}
}
Case 2: increasing permission : valid [protected-public]
class Parent
{ protected void m1(){System.out.println("m1 method");}
}
class Child extends Parent
{ public void m1(){System.out.println("m1 method");}

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}
Case3 : decreasing permission Invalid [public-protected]
class Parent
{ public void m1(){System.out.println("m1 method");}
}
class Child extends Parent
{ protected void m1(){System.out.println("m1 method");}
}

Parent-class method child-class method

Default default (same level) -->valid
protected , public (increasing level ) --> valid
Private (decreasing level) --> invalid

Public public (same level) --> valid

Default,private,protected(decreasing) -->invalid

Protected protected(same level) --> valid

Public(increasing permission) -->valid
Default,private (decreasing level) -->invalid

Method overriding -8:

If the super class overridden method does not declare an exception, subclass overriding method
cannot declare the checked exception but it can declare unchecked exception.

Case 1: Invalid case 2: Valid

import java.io.*; class Parent
class Parent { void m1()
{ void m1() {
{ }
} }
} class Child extends Parent
class Child extends Parent { void m1()throws ArithmeticException
{ void m1()throws IOException {
{ }
} }
}

Method overriding -9
If the super class method declares an exception, subclass overridden method can declare same
exception, subclass exception or no exception but cannot declare parent exception.

Case 1: same type exception: Valid class Child extends Parent

class Parent { void m1()throws ArithmeticException
{ void m1()throws ArithmeticException {
{ }
} }

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class Child extends Parent

Case 2: no exception: Valid { void m1()throws ArithmeticException
class Parent {
{ void m1()throws ArithmeticException }
{ }
}
class Child extends Parent Case 4: not parent exception: Invalid
{ void m1() class Parent
{ { void m1()throws ArithmeticException
} {
} }
class Child extends Parent
{ void m1()throws Exception
Case 3: sub class exception: valid { }
class Parent }
{ void m1()throws Exception error: m1() in Child cannot override m1() in
{ Parentoverridden method does not throw
} Exception.

Parnet p = new Child() :

Parent class reference variable is able to hold child class object but Child class reference variable
is unable to hold parent class object.
class Parent{
}
class Child extends Parent{
}

Parent p = new Parent();

Child c = new Child();

Parent p = new Child(); //valid

Child c = new Parent(); //invalid

ex-1: Here interface is used to define service declarations.

interface Birds
{ void fly(); //public
void swim();
}
class Parrot implements Birds
{ public void fly() { System.out.println("parrot can fly"); }
public void swim() { System.out.println("parrot can't swim"); }
}
class Penguin implements Birds
{ public void fly() { System.out.println("Penguin can't fly"); }
public void swim() { System.out.println("Penguin can swim"); }
}

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/* Client code taking multiple methods to take the Birds information.

class TestClient
{ void parrotInfo(Parrot p)
{ p.fly();
p.swim();
}
void penguinInfo(Penguin p)
{ p.fly();
p.swim();
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ TestClient t = new TestClient();
t.parrotInfo(new Parrot());
t.penguinInfo(new Penguin());
}
}*/

//Client code single multiple method is taking all Birds information.

class TestClient
{ void info(Birds b)
{ b.fly();
b.swim();
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ TestClient t = new TestClient();
t.info(new Parrot());
t.info(new Penguin());
}
}

Ex: interface Message

{ void wish();
}
class Ratan implements Message
{ public void wish()
{ System.out.println("Hi Ratan sir Goodmorning");
}
public void disp()
{ System.out.println("Hi students how are you");
}
}
class TestClient
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Message m = new Ratan();
m.wish();
Ratan r =(Ratan)m;

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r.disp();
}
}
Note : in "Parent p = new Child()" using parent reference varaible we can access only overriding
methods, But it is not possible to access the direct method of child class. To access the direct methods of
child classe perform type conversion process.

Ex: In java it is possible to override methods in child classes but it is not possible to override
variables in child classes.
class Parent
{ int a=100;
}
class Child extends Parent
{ int a=1000;
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Parent p = new Child();
System.out.println("a vlues is :--->"+p.a);
}
}
Ex:
class Test
{ void m1(Object o)
{ System.out.println("Object method");
}
void m1(Number b)
{ System.out.println("Number method");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t = new Test();
t.m1(new Integer(10));
t.m1(new String("ratan"));
t.m1(new Character('a'));
t.m1(null);
}
}

Public static void main (String[] args)

Public To provide access permission to the JVM.

Static To provide direct access permission to the JVM(without object creation).
Void Don’t return any values to the JVM.

String[] args Used to take command line arguments.

String It is possible to take any type of argument.

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[] used to take any number of arguments.

args It is variable of String[] type .

Modifications on main():
✓ Modifiers order is not important it means it is possible to declare public static or static public .
public static void main(String[] args)
static public void main(String[] args)

✓ The fallowing declarations are valid

string[] args
String []args
String args[]

static public void main(String[] args)

static public void main(String []args)
static public void main(String args[])

✓ instead of args it is possible to take any variable name (a,b,c,… etc)

static public void main(String[] ratan)

✓ from1.5 version onwards instead of String[] args it is possible to take String… args (var-arg)
static public void main(String... ratan)

✓ The applicable modifiers on main method.

a. public b. static c. final d. strictfp e. synchronized
In above five modifiers public and static mandatory remaining three modifiers are optional.

Which of the fallowing declarations are valid:

1. public static void main(String... a) --->valid
2. final strictfp static void mian(String[] Sravya) --->invalid
3. static public void mian(String a[]) --->valid
4. final strictfp synchronized public static void main(String... tcs)--->valid

Strictfp modifier:
a. It is applicable for classes, methods.
b. In java the floating point calculations are varied from operating system to operating system &
processor to processor hence it will generate platform dependent output.
c. To overcome above problem to get platform independent results use strictfp modifier.
d. If a method is declared as strictfp all floating point calculations in that method will follow
IEEE754 standard. So that we will get platform independent results.
e. If a class is declared as stictfp all methods inside the class will follow IEEE754 standard so we will
get platform independent results.

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Native modifier:
a. Native is the modifier applicable only for methods.
b. Native method is used to represent particular method implementations there in non-java code
(other languages like C,CPP) .
c. Native methods are also known as “foreign methods”.
public final int getPriority(); normal method
public static native java.lang.Thread currentThread(); native method

Synchronized modifier:
It is applicable for only methods.
There are two types of methods in java
a. Synchronized methods
b. Non-synchronized methods.

Synchronized methods:
Only one thread is able to access the synchronized methods and these methods are
thread-safe methods but the performance of the application will be reduced.
If the application requirement is thread-safe then use synchronized methods.

Non-Synchronized methods:
More than onethreadis able to access non-synchronized methods but these methods are
not a thread-safe methods but the performance of the application will be increased.
If the application requirement is performance use non synchronized method.

ex-1:
class Test
{ final strictfp synchronized static public void main(String...ratan)
{ System.out.println("hello ratan sir this is main method");
}
}

ex-2: main method VS inheritance

class Parent
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ System.out.println("parent class main");

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}
}
class Child extends Parent
{
}
D:\>java Child
Parent class main
D:\>java Parent
Parent class main

ex-3 : main method VS overloading

In java it is possible to overload main method but JVM is always calling String[] main method.
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ System.out.println("String[] main method");
main(100);
}
public static void main(int a)
{ main('r');
System.out.println("int main method");
}
public static void main(char ch)
{ System.out.println("char main method");
}
}
E:\>java Test
String[] main method
char main method
int main method

ex-4: It is not possible to override main method because main is a static method.
In java it is not possible to override static methods.

Command Line Arguments:

✓ The arguments which are passed from command prompt to application at runtime are called
command line arguments.
✓ The command line argument separator is space.
✓ All command line arguments are stored in string[] in the form of String.

class Test
{ public static void main(String[] ratan)
{ System.out.println(ratan.length);
System.out.println(ratan[0]);

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System.out.println(ratan[1]);
System.out.println(ratan[0]+ratan[1]);

//conversion of String-int String-double

int a = Integer.parseInt(ratan[0]);
double d = Double.parseDouble(ratan[1]);
System.out.println(a+d);
}
}
D:\>java Test 100 200 45 56
4
100
200
100200
300.0

ex-2: To provide the command line arguments with spaces then take that command line
argument with in double quotes.

class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ System.out.println(args[0]);
System.out.println(args[1]);
}
}

D:\>java Test corejava ratan

corejava
ratan

D:\>java Test core java ratan

core
java

D:\>java Test "core java" ratan

core java
ratan

Variable –argument method: [var-arg] (1.5 version)

It allows the methods to take any number of arguments.

ex-1 : In below example the m1() method will be executed 4 times.

class Test
{ void m1(int... a)
{ System.out.println("m1 Method");
}
public static void main(String[] args)

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{ Test t=new Test();

t.m1();
t.m1(10);
t.m1(10,20);
t.m1(10,20,30);
}
}

ex-2: java methods it is possible to declare normal arguments along with variable arguments.
class Test
{ void m1(char ch,int... a)
{ System.out.println(ch);
for (int a1:a)
{ System.out.println(a1);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t=new Test();
t.m1('a');
t.m1('b',10);
t.m1('c',10,20);
t.m1('d',10,20,30,40);
}
}

ex-3 : Inside the method it is possible to declare only one variable-argument and that must be last
argument otherwise the compiler will generate compilation error.

void m1(int... a) --->valid

void m2(int... a,char ch) --->invalid
void m3(int... a,boolean... b) --->invalid
void m4(double d,int... a) --->valid
void m5(char ch ,double d,int... a) --->valid
void m6(char ch ,int... a,boolean... b) --->invalid

ex-4: variable-argument vs. Normal-arguments

If the method contains both variable-argument method & normal argument method then it
prints normal argument value.
class Test
{ void m1(int... a)
{ System.out.println("variable argument="+a);
}
void m1(int a)
{ System.out.println("normal argument="+a);

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}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t=new Test();
t.m1(10);
}
}
E:\>java Test
normal argument=10
ex-5 : variable-argument method vs. overloading
class Test
{ void m1(int... a)
{ for (int a1 : a)
{ System.out.println(a1);
}
}
void m1(String... str)
{ for (String str1 : str)
{ System.out.println(str1);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t=new Test();
t.m1(10,20,30);
t.m1("ratan","Sravya");
}
}
ex 6 : variable -argument method vs. ambiguity
class Test
{ void m1(int... a) { ------ }
void m1(String... str) {------ }
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t=new Test();
t.m1(10,20,30);
t.m1("ratan","Sravya");
t.m1(); // [compilation error ambiguous]
}
}
error: reference to m1 is ambiguous,
both method m1(int...) in Test and method m1(String...) in Test match

Arrays vs. Variable-argument:

Arrays : Here must create the String[] object then pass the data.

Declaration: function(String[] args)

Accessing: function(new String[] {"ratan","anu","durga"})

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Var-arg : Here without object directly we can pass the data

Declaration: function(String... args) we can access this declaration in two ways

Accessing: function("ratan","anu","durga")
function(new String[] {"ratan","anu","durga"})

ex:
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args) {
Test.callMe1(new String[] {"a", "b", "c"});
Test.callMe2("a", "b", "c");
Test.callMe2(new String[] {"a", "b", "c"}); // You can also do this
}
public static void callMe1(String[] args) {
System.out.println(args.getClass() == String[].class);
for (String s : args) {
System.out.println(s);
}
}
public static void callMe2(String... args) {
System.out.println(args.getClass() == String[].class);
for (String s : args) {
System.out.println(s);
}
}
}

******* Thank you: main method completed *******

Abstraction: Abstract classes

There are two types of methods in java

a. Normal methods
b. Abstract methods

Normal methods: (component method/concrete method)

Normal method contains method declaration &method implementation.

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void m1() --->method declaration

{ body; --->method implementation
}

Abstract methods:
✓ The abstract method contains only method declaration but not implementation.
✓ Every abstract method must ends with semicolon.
✓ To represent method is abstract use abstract modifier.
abstract void m1 (); ---->method declaration

Based on above representation of methods the classes are divided into two types
1) Normal classes.
2) Abstract classes.

Normal classes: The class which contains only normal methods that class is said to be normal class.
class Test
{ void m1() { body ; }
void m2() { body ;
void m3() { body ; }
};

Abstract class:-
✓ The abstract class may contains abstract methods or may not contains abstract methods but
for the abstract classes object creation not allowed.
✓ To represent particular class is abstract class use abstract modifier.

Case 1: the class contains at least one abstract method is called abstract class.
abstract class Test
{ void m1(){body}
void m2(){body}
abstract void m3();
}

Case 2: Abstract class does not contain abstract methods.

abstract class Test
{ void m1(){body}
void m2(){body}
void m3(){body}
}

ex-1:-
✓ If the abstract class contains abstract methods write the implementations in child classes.
✓ For the abstract classes object creation not possible :
✓ The abstract is able to hold Child class object.
Abstract-class reference-variable = new child-class();

abstract class Test

{ abstract void m1();

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abstract void m2();

abstract void m3();
void m4() { System.out.println("m4 method"); }
}
class Test1 extends Test
{ void m1(){System.out.println("m1 method");}
void m2(){System.out.println("m2 method");}
void m3(){System.out.println("m3 method");}

public static void main(String[] args)

{
//Test t = new Test(); error: Test is abstract; cannot be instantiated

Test1 t = new Test1();

t.m1();
t.m2();
t.m3();
t.m4();

Test t1 = new Test1(); //abstract class reference variable Child class object
t1.m1();
t1.m2();
t1.m3() ;
t1.m4() ;
}
}

ex-2: Inside the abstract class it is possible to declare main method.

abstract class Test

{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ System.out.println("this is abstract class main");
}
}

ex-3:
✓ If the abstract class contains abstract methods write the implementation in child classes.
✓ If the child class is unable to provide implementation of all abstract class methods then declare
the child class with abstract modifier, and complete the remaining method implementations in
next created child classes.
✓ It is possible to declare multiple child classes but at final complete the implementation of all
abstract methods.

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✓ If we are completing implementations of all methods then only it is possible to create the object
of normal class and possible to access the methods.

abstract class Test

{ abstract void m1();
abstract void m2();
abstract void m3();
void m4(){System.out.println("m4 method");}
}
abstract class Test1 extends Test
{ void m1(){System.out.println("m1 method");}
}
abstract class Test2 extends Test1
{ void m2(){System.out.println("m2 method");}
}
class Test3 extends Test2
{ void m3(){System.out.println("m3 method");}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test3 t = new Test3();
t.m1(); t.m2();
t.m3(); t.m4();
}
}

ex-4: Inside the abstract class it is possible to declare the constructor.

In below example abstract class constructor is executed but object is not created.

abstract class Test

{ Test()
{ System.out.println("abstract calss con");
}
};
class Test1 extends Test
{ Test1()
{ super();
System.out.println("normal class con");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ new Test1();
}
}
Example-5:-Abstract methods it is possible to declare any return type& argument
class Emp{ };
abstract class Test1
{ abstract int m1(char ch);
abstract Emp m3();
}
abstract class Test2 extends Test1

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{ int m1(char ch)

{ System.out.println("char value is:-"+ch);
return 100;
}
};
class Test3 extends Test2
{ Emp m3()
{ System.out.println("m3 method");
return new Emp();
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test3 t=new Test3();
int a=t.m1('a');
System.out.println("m1() return value is:-"+a);

Emp e = t.m3();
System.out.println("m3() return value is:-"+e);
}
};

Example-6 :-
abstract class Test
{ abstract void m1(int a);
abstract void m1(char ch);
abstract void m1(int a,int b);
}
class Test1 extends Test
{ //overloaded methods
void m1(int a) {System.out.println("m1 method int arg method");}
void m1(char ch){System.out.println("m1 method char arg method");}
void m1(int a,int b){System.out.println("m1 method int,int arg method");}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test1 t = new Test1();
t.m1(10);
t.m1('a');
t.m1(10,20);
}
}

Example-7 : In child classes it is possible to override abstract methods & possible to declare user
defined normal methods also.
abstract class Test
{ abstract void m1();
abstract void m2();
}
abstract class Test1 extends Test
{ void m1(){System.out.println("m1 method");} //overriding abstract method

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void xxx(){System.out.println("xxx method implementation");} // user specific normal method

}
class Test2 extends Test
{ void m2(){System.out.println("m2 method");}
void yyy(){System.out.println("yyy method implementation");}
}

Example-8: In child class it is possible to override abstract method & possible to declare our own
abstract methods.
abstract class Test
{ abstract void m1();
}
abstract class Test1 extends Test
{ void m1(){System.out.println("m1 method");}// overriding abstract method
abstract void xxx(); // user specific abstract method
}
class Test2 extends Test1
{ void xxx(){System.out.println("xxx method");}
}

Example-9:-
case 1:- [it is possible to override abstract method to normal method]
abstract class Test
{ abstract void m1();
};
class Test1 extends Test
{ void m1(){System.out.println("m1 method");}
};

case 2:-[it is possible to override normal method to abstract method]

class Test
{ void m1(){System.out.println("m1 method");}
};
abstract class Test1 extends Test
{ abstract void m1();
};

Example 10:-
abstract class Bank
{ abstract int rateOfInterest();
}
class Sbi extends Bank
{ int rateOfInterest()
{ return 8;
}

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}
class Axis extends Bank
{ int rateOfInterest()
{ return 9;
}
}
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Sbi s1 = new Sbi();
Axis s2 = new Axis();
System.out.println(s1.rateOfInterest());
System.out.println(s2.rateOfInterest());

Bank b1,b2;
b1 = new Sbi();
b2 = new Axis();
System.out.println(b1.rateOfInterest());
System.out.println(b2.rateOfInterest());

Bank b;
b = new Sbi();
System.out.println(b.rateOfInterest());
b = new Axis();
System.out.println(b.rateOfInterest());
}
}

Example 11:-Inside the abstract class it is possible to declare the variables.

abstract class Test
{ int a,b;
Test(int a,int b)
{ this.a=a;
This.b=b;
}
}

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class Test1 extends Test

{ Test1(int a,int b)
{ super(a,b);
}
void m1()
{ System.out.println(a+”-----”+b);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ new Test1(10,20).m1();
}
}

Example 12 :-Inside the abstract class it is possible to declare instance blocks & static blocks.
abstract class Test
{ { System.out.println("abstract class instance block"); }
Static {System.out.println("abstract class static block");}
}
class Test1 extends Test
{ {System.out.println("normal class instance block");}
static {System.out.println("normal class static block");}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ new Test1();
}
}

Abstraction definition :-
✓ The process highlighting the set of services and hiding the internal implementation is called
abstraction.
✓ We are achieving abstraction concept by using Abstract classes & Interfaces.
✓ Bank ATM Screens Hiding the internal implementation and highlighting set of services like ,
money transfer, mobile registration,…etc).
✓ Syllabus copy of institute just highlighting the contents of java but implementation there in
classrooms.

Encapsulation:-
✓ The process of binding the data(variables) and code(methods) as a single unit is called
encapsulation.
✓ Group machanisum is called encapsulation.
✓ The process of hiding the implementation details to user is called encapsulation. And we are
achieving this concept by declaring variables as a private modifier because it is possible to access
private members with in the class only.

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Data hiding :
✓ The main objective is data hiding is security and it is possible to hide the data by using private
modifier.
✓ If a variable declared as a private it is possible to access those variables only inside the class is called
data hiding.

Fully or Tightly encapsulated class:-

The class contains only private properties that class is said to be tightly encapsulated class.
class Emp
{ private int eid;
private String ename;
private double esal;
}

Example:- java bean class or VO(value object) class or BO(business object) class
If the variables are declared as a private it is possible to access those variables only with in the
class but it possible to set(update) the data by using setter methods and it is possible to get(read) the
data by using getter methods.
The data of the private field can be accessed only by using public setter & getter method
In this way we are hiding implementation to other classes. The setter and getter methods are
userdefined methods.

Syntax:-setXXX( ) where xxx=property name

getXXX( ) where xxx=property name

The setter method return type is always void & getter method return type is always property return type.

Java Bean rules :-

✓ Bean class is reusable software component any one can set the data & get the data.
✓ The bean class contains private properties & public setter & getter methods.
✓ The bean class must be public class.
✓ In bean class declare 0-arg cons.
✓ The bean class must implements serializable interface to support serialization concept.

Core Java : bean class

Struts : form bean
Spring : bean component
Hibernate : pojo class
JSF : managed bean
EJB : Enterprise bean

File-1 EmpBean.java
Public class EmpBean
{ private int sid;
private int sname;
public void setSid(int sid)
{ this.sid=sid;
}

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public void setSname(String sname)

{ this.sname=sname;
}
public int getSid()
{ return sid;
}
public String getSname()
{ return sname;
}
};

Accessing encapsulated use fallowing code: Test.java

class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ EmpBean e=new EmpBean();
e.setSid(100);
e.setSname("ratan");

System.out.println(e.getSid());
System.out.println(e.getSname());
}
}

Oops

1) What are the main building blocks of oops?

2) What do you mean by inheritance?
3) How to achieve inheritance concept and inheritance is also known as?
4) How many types of inheritance in java and how many types supported by java?
5) How to prevent inheritance concept?

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6) What is the default super class in java?

7) One class able to extends how many classes at a time?
8) What is the purpose of extends keyword?
9) What do you mean by cyclic inheritance java supporting or not?
10) Which approach is recommended to create object either parent class object or child class object?
11) Every class contains parent class in java except one class what is that class?
12) What is the purpose of instanceof keyword in java?
13) What is the root class for all java classes?
14) How to call super class constructors?
15) Is it possible to use both super and this keyword inside the method?
16) Is it possible to use both super and this keyword inside the constructor?
17) Inside the constructor if we are not providing this() and super() keyword the compiler generated
which type of super keyword?
18) What is the execution process of constructors if two classes are there in inheritance relationship?
19) What is the execution process of instance blocks if two classes are there in inheritance
relationship?
20) What is the execution process of static blocks if two classes are there in inheritance relationship?
21) What is the purpose of instanceof operator in java & what is the return-type?
22) If we are using instanceof both reference-variable & class-name must have some relationship
otherwise compiler generated error message is what?
23) If the child class and parent class contains same variable name that situation how to call parent
class variable in child class?
24) What do you mean by aggregation and what is the difference between aggregation and
inheritance?
25) What do you mean by aggregation and composition and Association?
26) Aggregation is also known as?
27) What do you mean by polymorphism?
28) How many types of polymorphism in java?
29) What do you mean by method overloading and method overriding?
30) How many types of overloading in java?
31) Java supports operator overloading or not?
32) Is it possible to overload the constructors are not?
33) What do you mean by constructor overloading?
34) What are the implicit overloaded operators in java explain it?
35) What do you mean by overriding? What are the rules?
36) What do you mean by overridden method & overriding method?
37) To achieve overriding how many java classes are required?
38) Is it possible to override variable in java?
39) When we will get compilation error like “overridden method is final”?
40) What is the purpose of final modifier java?
41) Is it possible to override static methods yes-→how no-→why?
42) Parent class reference variable is able to hold child class object or not?
43) What do you mean by dynamic method dispatch?
44) The applicable modifiers only on local variables?
45) What do you mean by type casting & how many types?
46) If Parent class is holding child class object then by using that we are able to call only overridden
methods of child class but how to call direct methods of child class?
47) When we will get compilation error like “con not inherit from final parent”?

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48) What do you mean by co-variant return types?

49) What do u mean by method hiding and how to prevent method hiding concept?
50) What do you mean by abstraction?
51) What is the difference between normal method and abstract method?
52) What is the difference between normal class and abstract class?
53) Is it possible to create a object for abstract class?
54) Is it possible to override non-abstract method as a abstract method?
55) Is it possible to declare main method inside the abstract class or not?
56) What is the purpose of abstract modifier in java?
57) How to prevent object creation in java?
58) What is the definition of abstract class?
59) In java is it abstract class reference variable is able to hold child class object or not?
60) What do you mean by encapsulation & what is the examples encapsulation?
61) What do you mean by tightly encapsulated class?
62) What do you mean accessor method and mutator method ?
63) How many ways area there to set some values to class properties (variables)?
64) What do you mean by javaBean class?
65) In java program execution starts from which method & who is calling that method?
66) Can we inherit main method in child class?
67) The applicable modifiers on main method?
68) What is the return type of main method?
69) What are the mandatory modifiers for main method and optional modifiers of main method?
70) What do you by command line arguments ?
71) Is it possible to pass command line arguments with space symbol no→ why yes→how ?
72) What is the purpose of strictfp modifier?
73) What is the purpose of native modifier?
74) What do you mean by native method and it also known as?
75) Is it possible to overload the main method or not yes=how no=why?
76) Is it possible to override the main method or not yes=how no=why?
77) What is the purpose of variable argument method & what is the syntax?
78) If the application contains both normal argument & var-arg then which one executed first?
79) Is it possible to overload the variable argument methods are not?
80) What is the difference between method overloading & variable argument method.
******* Thank you *******

Packages & Modifiers

Java predefined support in the form of packages, the package contains 6-elements,
i. classes
ii. interfaces
iii. Enums
iv. Annotations
v. Exceptions
vi. errors

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➢ java is open-source technology and it is possible to check source code of the java.
➢ The source code location C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.7.0_75\src (zip file) extract the zip file.
➢ Java contains 14 predefined packages but the default package in java if java.lang. package.

Java.lang java.beans java.text java.sql

Java.io java.net java.nio java.math
Java.util java.applet java.rmi
Java.awt java.times java.security

Note: package is nothing but “physical folder structure”.

Types of packages: There are two types of packages in java

1) Predefined packages.
2) User defined packages.

Predefined packages:
Java contains 14 predefined packages but the default package in java if java.lang. package.
The predefined packages contain predefined classes & interface.
ex: java.lang, java.io ,java.util…...etc

User defined packages:

✓ Declare the package by using package keyword.
✓ Inside the source file it is possible to declare only one package statement, that should be first
statement of the source file.

syntax : package package-name;

package ratan.anu;
class A{
}
class B{
}
Folder structure:
ratan
|--> anu
| --> A.class
| --> B.class

Note: Inside the source file it is possible to declare only one package statement and that statement
must be first statement of the source file, otherwise compiler generate error message.

case-1: valid package com.ibm;

package com.wipro; import java.io.*;
import java.io.*; case-3: Invalid
import java.lang.*; import java.io.*;
import java.lang.*;
case-2: Invalid package com.tcs;
import java.io.*;

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case-4: Invalid package com.tcs;

package com.sravya;

Package name coding conventions :-(not mandatory but we have to fallow)

1) The package name must reflect with organization domain name (reverse of domain name).
Domain name: www.tcs.com
Package name: package com.tcs;
2) Package name must reflect with project name.
Project name : bank
package : package com.tcs.bank;
3) The project name must reflect with project module name.
Domain name: www.tcs.com
Project name: bank
Module name: deposit
package name: package com.tcs.bank.deposit;

Declaring the different modules.

Company: tcs
project name: bank

m1 package com.tcs.bank.deposit;
m2 package com.tcs.bank.withdraw;
m3 package com.tcs.bank.loans;
m4 package com.tcs.bank.account;
m5 package com.tcs.bank.chat;

Note: In real time the project is divided into number of modules that each and every module is nothing
but a package statement.

Advantages of packages:
1. It improves parallel development of the project.
2. Project maintenance will become easy.
3. It improves readability.
4. It improves reuseing of properties.

Example-1:

Step-1: write the application with package statement.

package com.tcs.java.corejava;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ System.out.println("Package first example.....");
}
}
interface Message

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{
}
enum Week
{
}

Step-2: compilation process use below command.

Javac -d . Test.java
javac ---> java compiler
-d ---> creates folder structure
. ---> Current working directory
Test.java ---> source file name

Step-3: folder Structure.

com
|-->tcs
|-->java
|-->corejava
|-->Test.class
|-->Week.class
|-->Message.class

Step-4: Execution process.

Execute .class file by using fully qualified name (class name with complete package structure).
E:\>java com.tcs.java.corejava

Example-2: it is possible to save the folders in different locations.(this is not recommanded)

package com.dss;
public class Test
{ public void m1()
{ System.out.println("Test class m1()");
}
}
G:\>javac -d F:\ratan Test.java
The folder structure is stored in local disk F in ratan folder.

ex-3:
error-1 :
Whenever we are using other packages classes then import that package by using import statement.
There are two ways to import the classes,
o Importing all classes.
Import java.lang.*;
o Importing application required classes [it is recommended approach]
Import java.lang.System;
Import java.lang.String;

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error-2: Whenever we are using other package classes, that classes must be public classes otherwise
compiler generate error message.
Default modifier:
➢ It is applicable for variables, methods, classes, constructors.
➢ The default modifier in java is default.
➢ It is possible to access default members only within the package but not outside package.
➢ Default access is also known as package level access.
Public modifier:
✓ Public modifier is applicable for variables, methods, classes,constructors.
✓ All packages are able to access public members.

error-3: Whenever we are using other package class member that members also must be public.
Note: if a class declare class as public the corresponding members are not public, if we want
access public class members that members also must be public.

//StatesInfo.java
package com.tcs.states.info;
public class StatesInfo
{ public void ap() { System.out.println("jai andhra"); }
public void ts() { System.out.println("jai telangana"); }
public void others(){ System.out.println("jai others"); }
}
//ReuiredInfo.java
package com.tcs.states.requiredinfo;
import com.tcs.states.info.StatesInfo;
class RequiredInfo
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ StatesInfo si = new StatesInfo();
si.ap();
si.ts();
si.others();
}
}
E:\pkgsexamples>javac -d . StatesInfo.java
E:\pkgsexamples>javac -d . RequiredInfo.java
E:\pkgsexamples>java com.tcs.states.requiredinfo.RequiredInfo
jai andhra
jai telangana
jai others
ex-4: It is possible to access other package classes in two ways.
1) Application with import statement. (Access the class directly without full-name)
2) Application without import statement. (Access the class by using full-name)

Test.java
package com.dss;
public class Test
{ public void m1()

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{ System.out.println("Test class m1()");

}
}

MainTest.java : Appllication with import statement : (Access the class directly without full-name)
package com.dss.client;
import com.dss.Test;
class MainTest
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t = new Test();
t.m1();
}
}

MainTest.java : Application without import statement. (Access the class by using full-name)
package com.dss.client;
class MainTest
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ com.dss.Test t = new com.dss.Test();
t.m1();
}
}

Ex-5 :
A.java :
package app1;
public class A
{ public void m1()
{ System.out.println("app1 m1() method");
}
}

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A.java: Different module

package app2;
public class A
{ public void m1()
{ System.out.println("app2 m1() method");
}
}

In above two A.java files

First write the first file then compile the file then it will generate folder structure.
Don’t create another file, do the modification on existing file compile it then folder are generated.

MainTest.java:
package com.dss.client;
class MainTest
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ app1.A a = new app1.A();
a.m1();

app2.A a1 = new app2.A();

a1.m1();
}
}

G:\>javac -d . A.java app1 module-1

G:\>javac -d . A.java |-->A.class
G:\>javac -d . MainTest.java
G:\>java com.dss.client.MainTest
app1 m1() method app2 module-2
app2 m1() method |-->A.class

com module-3
|-->dss
|-->client
|-->MainTest.class

Note : If two different modules contains same class name(A) if third module required those two classes
then use the fully qualified name to access those classes . It is not required to import.
ex-6: working with the sub packages.
Test.java:
package com.dss;
public class Test
{ public void m1()
{ System.out.println("Test class m1()");
}
}

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A.java:
package com.dss.corejava;
public class A
{ public void m1()
{ System.out.println("A class m1()");
}
}
B.java:
package com.dss.advjava;
public class B
{ public void m1()
{ System.out.println("B class m1");
}
}
MainTest.java:
package com.dss.client;
import com.dss.Test;
import com.dss.corejava.A;
import com.dss.advjava.B;
class MainTest
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ new A().m1();
new B().m1();
new Test().m1();
}
}
Compilation & execution: Folder Structure:
G:\>javac -d . Test.java com
G:\>javac -d . A.java |-->dss
G:\>javac -d . B.java |-->Test.class
G:\>javac -d . MainTest.java |-->corejava
G:\>java com.dss.client.MainTest | |-->A.class
A class m1() |-->advjava
B class m1 | |-->B.class
Test class m1() |-->client
|-->MainTest.class
Note : when we import the main package with * then it is possible to access only main package
classes but not sub package classes, if we want to access the sub package classes must
import sub packages also.

ex-7: Private modifier

✓ private modifier applicable for methods and variables, constructors.
✓ It is possible to access private members only within the class, even child class Is unable to access
parent class private data.

class Parent
{ private int a=10;
}

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class Child extends Parent

{ void m1()
{ System.out.println(a);
}
public static void main(String[] arghs)
{ Child c = new Child();
c.m1();
}
}
error: a has private access in Parent

ex-8 : Protected modifier

✓ Protected modifier is applicable for variables,methods,constructors.
✓ We are able access protected members with in the package and it is possible to access outside
packages also but only direct child classes& it is not possible to call even in indirect child classes.
✓ But in outside package we can access protected members only by using child reference. If we try
to use parent reference we will get compile time error.

pkg-1
class A
{ protected int a=10;
}
class B
{ System.out.println(a); //possible
}
class C extends A
{ System.out.println(a); //possible
}

pkg-2
class D extends A //Direct sub class
{ System.out.println(a); //possible
}
class E
{ System.out.println(a); //not possible
}
class F extends D //indirect sub cals
{ System.out.println(a); //not possible
}

Modifiers Summary-1:
Private default protected public
Same class yes yes yes yes
Same package sub class no yes yes yes
Same package non sub class no yes yes yes
Different package sub class no no yes yes
Different package non sub class no no no yes

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Modifiers Summary-2:
classes methods variables constructors
Public yes yes yes yes
Private no yes yes yes
Protected no yes yes yes
Default yes yes yes yes

Example-9: Static import (1.5 version)

There are two types of imports in java
1. Normal import
2. Static import
By using static import it is possible to access only static members directly into application
without using class-name.

Info.java
package com.dss;
public class Info
{ public static int a=100;
public static void m1(){System.out.println("m1 method");}
}

Tcs.java : Application with normal import : access the static members by using class-name
package com.tcs;
import com.dss.Info;
class Tcs
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ System.out.println(Info.a);
Info.m1();
}
}
Tcs.java : Application with static import : Access the static members directly without class-name
package com.tcs;
import static com.dss.Durga.*;
class Tcs
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ System.out.println(a);
m1();
}
}
ex-10 : There are two types of imports in java
1. normal import
2. static import

Normal Import : By using normal import it is possible to access both instance & static members
but access the static members by using class-name.
Import java.lang.System;

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Static import :- By using static import It is possible to access only static members of particular class
directly into application without using class-name.
Import static java.lang.System.*;

Durga.java:
package com.dss;
public class Durga
{ public static int fee=1000;
public void course()
{ System.out.println("core java");
}
}
Tcs.java:
package com.tcs;
import static com.dss.Test.*; // static import
import com.dss.Test; //normal import
class Tcs
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ System.out.println(fee);

Test t = new Test();

t.course();
}
}

Question : Already normal import is available to access both static and non-static members of a
class then what is the use of the static import.
Answer :
By using normal import we can access both static & instance members but access the static
members by using class-name.
But by using static import we can access the only static members directly into application
without using class-name.

ex-11: Applciation with static import.

Application With normal import
import java.lang.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ System.out.println("Hello World!");
System.out.println("Hello World!");
System.out.println("Hello World!");

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}
}
Application With static import
import static java.lang.System.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ out.println("ratan world");
out.println("ratan world");
out.println("ratan world");
}
}
ex-12 : System.out.println
System: System is a class present in java.lang package.

Out: out is a static variable of system class of type PrintStream.

public final static PrintStream out = null;

println: it is a method of printStream class used to print data in output console.

The PrintStream class present in java.io package.
The predefined implementation is like this
public void println(String x) {
synchronized (this) {
print(x);
newLine();
}
}

ex-13: In java it is not possible to use predefined package names as a user defined packages. If we are
trying to use predefined package names as a user defined packages at runtime JVM will generate
securityException.
package java.lang;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ System.out.println("Ratan World!");
}
}
D:\DP>javac -d . Test.java
D:\DP>java java.lang.Test
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.SecurityException: Prohibited package name: java.lang

ex-14 :
✓ The source file is allows to declare only one public class but if you want more public classes in
single module use fallowing structure.
✓ In below four files save separately when we compiled all the file single folder structure is
generated in that folder all the four classes are stored.

A.java: public class A

package com.dss; {

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} public class C
{
B.java: }
package com.dss;
public class B D.java:
{ package com.dss;
} public class D
C.java: {
package com.dss; }
com [in single module all public classes are stored]
|-->dss
|-->A.class
|-->B.class
|-->C.class
|-->D.class
Applicable modifiers on constructors:
1) Public
2) Private
3) Protected
4) Default

Case -1 : Default constructors : we can access only within the package but in below example A is having
default constructor but if we are trying to access in different package whoch is not possible.
A.java:
package com.dss;
public class A
{ A()
{ System.out.println("A class cons");
}
}
B.java:
package com.tcs;
import com.dss.A;
public class B
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ new A();
}
}
G:\>javac -d . A.java
G:\>javac -d . B.javaB.java:5: error: A() is not public in A; cannot be accessed from outside packag
Case 2 : Public constructor: all packages are able to access the public constructors.

Case 3: Private constructor:

✓ It is possible to access the private constructor only with in the class. Hence in another classes it is
not possible to create the object.
✓ If you want to prevent the object creation outside of the class then declare the private
constructor inside the class.

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Test.java:
public class A
{ private A()
{ System.out.println("A class cons");
}
}
class B
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ A a = new A();
}
}
G:\>javac Test.java
A.java:9: error: A() has private access in A

Case 4: the below example generates error message what is the reason?
Test.java
class Parent
{ private Parent() { }
}
class Child extends Parent
{
}

G:\>javac Test.java
Durga.java:6: error: Parent() has private access in Parent

In above example in child class default constructor is generated in that default constructor super()
keyword is generated but Parent class constructor is private hence it will generate compilation error.

Packages
1. What do you mean by package and what it contains?
2. How many pre-defined packages in java?
3. What is the default package in java?

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4. Is it possible to declare package statement any statement of the source

file?
5. What is the difference between user’s defined package and predefined
package?

6. What are coding conventions must fallow while declaring user defined
package names?
7. Is it possible to declare multiple package statements in single source file?
8. What is the purpose of import?
9. What is the location of predefined packages in our system?
10. How many types of imports present in java explain it?

11. How many ways we can access other pacakges classes?

12. What do you mean by static import?
13. What is the difference between normal and static import?
14. I am importing two packages, both packages contain one class with same
name at that situation how to create object of two package classes?
15. If we are importing main package with * then can I access sub packages
information?

16. What do you mean by fully qualified name of class?

17. What is the default modifier in java?
18. What is the public access and default access?
19. The public class members (variables, methods, constructors) are by default
public or not?
20. What is private access and protected access?

21. What is most restricted & accessible modifier in java?

22. Is it possible to declare pre-defined package names as a user defined
package name or not?
23. What are the applicable modifiers for constructors?
24. Is it possible to override private methods or not yes=how no=why?
25. When we will get compilation error “attempting to assign weaker access
privileges” how to rectify?

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*********** Thank you *********

Java Interfaces
************
Introduction:
✓ Interfaces are used to declare the functionalities of the project. Interface provides
service details but not its implementation details.
✓ Interfaces also compiler will generate .class files.
✓ Interfaces are by default abstract so object creation is not possible.
✓ The interfaces are extension of abstract classes but not replacement of abstract classes.
✓ Declare the interface by using interface keyword.

Syntax: Interface interface-name

{ constant variables;
abstract methods;
}

interfaces are by default : abstract

interface methods are by default : public abstract
interface variables are by default : public static final

ex-1: interfaces coding style-1

interface Bank // abstarct
{ int limit = 40000; // public static final
void roi(); // public abstract
}

class AxisBank implements Bank

{ public void roi()
{ System.out.println("Axis Bank ROI 9.99.... withdraw Limit"+Bank.limit);
}
}
class SbiBank implements Bank
{ public void roi()

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{ System.out.println("SBI Bank ROI 11.99.... withdraw Limit"+Bank.limit);

}
}
// The Client code directly creating objects of implementation classes
class TestClient
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ AxisBank ax = new AxisBank();
ax.roi();
SbiBank sb = new SbiBank();
sb.roi();
}
}

// The Client code: The interface is holding the implementation class objects.
class TestClient
{ void info(Bank b)
{ b.roi();
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ TestClient t = new TestClient();
t.info(new SbiBank());
t.info(new AxisBank());
}
}
Note:
a. One interface contains multiple implementation classes.
So, class to class they can change the implmentation.
b. Interface implementation classes methods must be public, because interface mehods are
by default public. (Overriding rule: Permission level)
c. inside the interface not possible to declare instance variables. Because by default
interface variables are constants (public static final).
d. inside the interfaces constructors not allowed.
e. inside the interface instance, static blocks are not possible.
f. Inside the interface main method is not allowed.

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Ex-2: interfaces coding style-2

interface Operations
{ void add(int num1,int num2);
void mul(int num1,int num2);
}

abstract class Dev1 implements Operations

{ public void add(int num1,int num2)
{ System.out.println(num1+num2);
}
}
class Dev2 extends Dev1
{ public void mul(int num1,int num2)
{ System.out.println(num1*num2);
}
}

class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Operations op = new Dev2();
op.add(10,20);
op.mul(4,5);
}
}

✓ The interface contains abstract methods so write the implementation in implementation

classes.
✓ If the implementation class is unable to provide implementation of all abstract methods,
then declare the implementation class with abstract modifier, and complete the remaining
method implementations in next created child classes.
✓ It is possible to declare multiple child classes but at final we have complete the
implementation of all abstract methods.

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Observation-1: interface methods it is possible to any return type & any number of arguments.
interface Operations
{ String m1(int a,int b);
int m2(char ch,String str)
void m3(int a);
}
Observation-2: possible to overload the abstract methods of interface.
interface it1
{ void add(int a,int b);
void add(int a,int b,int c)
void add(double d1,double d2)
}
ex-3: Realtime Development process.
level 1 - interfaces : contains the declarations
level 2 - abstract classes : contians partial implementations
level 3 - implementation class : contians all implementations
level 4 - client code : Access the data.

interface Bank
{ void deposit();
void withdraw();
void loan();
void account();
}

abstract class Dev1 implements Bank

{ void deposit()
{ implementation here....
}
}
abstract class Dev2 extends Dev1
{ void withdraw()
{ implementation here.....
}
}

class Dev3 extends Dev2

{ void account()
{ implementation here....
}
void loan()
{ implementation here.....
}
}

class TestClient
{ public static void main(String[] rgs)
{ Dev3 d = new Dev3();

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d.account();
d.loan();
d.deposit();
d.withdraw();
}
}

Interfaces vs. Inheritance:

Class extends class
Interface extends interface
Class implements interface

Case 1 : one interface can extends another interface.

interface It1
{ void m1();
}
interface It2 extends It1
{ void m2();
}
interface It3 extends It2
{ void m3();
}
class Test implements It3
{ Must override 3 methods
}
Case 2: One class can extends only one class at a time
But one interface is able to extend more than one interface at a time.
interface It1
{ void m1();
}
interface It2
{ void m2();
}
interface It3 extends It1,It2
{ void m3();
}
class Test implements It3
{ Must override 3 methods
}
Case 3: : one interface can extends multiple interfaces, in this case If the interfaces contains
command method then override that method only once.
interface It1

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{ void m1();
void m2();
}
interface It2
{ void m2();
void m3();
}
interface It3 extends It1,It2
{ void m4();
}
class Test implements It3
{ Must override 4 methods.
}
Case-4 : one class is able to implements more than one interface.
interface It1
{ void m1();
}
interface It2
{ void m2();
}
interface It3
{ void m3();
}
class Test implements It1
{ Must override 1 methods
}
class Test1 implements It1,It2
{ Must override 2 methods
}
class Test2 extends It1,It2,It3
{ Must override 3 methods
}
Case 2: If more than one interface is having same method then just provide the implementation only
once in implementation class.
interface It1
{ void m1();
void m2();
}
interface It2
{ void m2();
void m3();
}
class Test implements It1,It2
{ override 3-methods.
}
possibilities: extends vs. implements
class A extends B ----> valid
class A extends B,C ----> invalid

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class A extends A ----> invalid

class A implements It1 ----> valid
class A implements It1,It2 ----> valid

interface It1 extends It2 ----> valid

interface It1 extends It2,It3 ----> valid
interface It1 extends It1 ----> invalid
interface It1 implements A ----> invalid
interface It1 implements It2 ----> invalid

[extends must be first keyword]

class A extends B implements It1,It2 ---> valid
class A implements It1 extends B ---> invalid
Nested interfaces:
Case 1: Declaring interface inside the interface is called nested interface.
interface it1
{ void m1();
interface it2
{ void m2();
}
}
class Test implements it1,it1.it2
{ public void m1() { System.out.println("m1 method"); }
public void m2() { System.out.println("m2 method"); }
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t = new Test();
t.m1();
t.m2();
}
}
Case 2: It is possible to declare interfaces inside abstract class also.
abstract class A
{ abstract void m1();
interface it1
{ void m2();
}
}
class Test extends A implements A.it1
{ public void m1() { System.out.println("m1 method"); }
public void m2() { System.out.println("m2 method"); }
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t=new Test();
t.m1();
t.m2();
}
}

Case 3: Declaring interface inside the normal class is called nested interface.

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class A
{ interface it1
{ void add(int a,int b);
}
}
class Test implements A.it1
{ public void add(int a,int b)
{ System.out.println("Addition...."+(a+b));
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ new Test().add(10,20);
}
}
Adaptor class: This class contains empty implementations of interface methods
interface It1
{ void m1();
void m2();
;;;;;
void m6();
}
class X implements It1
{ void m1(){}
void m2(){}
;;;;;
void m6(){}
}

class Boys implements It1

{ must override 6-methods
}
class Girls extends X
{ override required methods
}

Limitation of interface:
✓ If the interface contains 6-methods in implementation class must override 6 methods if you
required or not.
✓ To overcome above problem to override required methods use adaptor class concept.
✓ Adaptor class is a normal java class contains empty implementation of interface methods.

Note: If our class implementing interface must override all methods but whenever our class
extending adaptor class it is possible to override required methods.

ex: Development process: when we write the code remember below points in realtime.
class MyClass implements myinterface

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{ must override all interface methods.

}
class MyClass extends abstarctclass
{ Just override the abstarct methods present in abstarct class.
}
class MyClass extends normalclass
{ override required methods.
}
class MyClass extends Adaptorclass
{ override required methods.
}

Marker interface & Cloneing process:

class Test implements Cloneable
{ int a=10,b=20;
public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception
{
Test t = new Test();
System.out.println(t.a+" "+t.b);

Test copy = (Test)t.clone();

System.out.println(copy.a+" "+copy.b);
}
}

Cloneing process:
✓ The process of creating exactly duplicate object is called cloneing process.
✓ To make the cloning process the class must implements Cloneable interface.
✓ To create the cloning use clone() method & this method present in Object class.
protected native java.lang.Object clone() throws java.lang.CloneNotSupportedException
The clone() method throws CloneNotSupportedException, it is a checked exception so
handle the exception using try-catch or throws keyword.

initially your class does not support cloneing process. So, your class must implement Cloneable.
java.lang.Cloneable ----> provides cloning capabilities
java.io.Serializable ----> provides Serialization capabilities
java.util.RandomAccess ----> data accessing capabilities

Marker interface:
✓ The marker interface does not contain any methods but whenever our class implements
that interface our class acquire some capabilities to perform some operations, such type
of interfaces are called markerinterfaces.
✓ Marker interface is empty interface but class is acquiring capabilities these capabilities
are provided by JVM.

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✓ user defined empty interfaces are not a marker interface.

interface It1
{ }

There are two types of cloning,

1. deep cloneing : completly twwo differentt memories
2. shallow cloneing : some memory creating duplciate reference

Shallow cloneing:
Test t1 = new Test();
Test t2 = t1;
Note: In shallow cloneing t1,t2 references are pointing to same memory.
interface new version features.

In Java SE 7 or earlier versions, an interface can have only two things i.e.
Constant variables
Abstract methods.

From java8 the interface allows three methods,

Constant variables
abstract method
default methods
static method

Note: inside the interface once we declare default & static methods with implementation so
that, all implementation classes can use that implemention.

Java 9 onwards, inside the interface we can include,

Constant variables
Abstract methods
Default methods
Static methods
Private methods
Private Static methods

Note:
Inside the interface once we declare the private methods these implemention can not be
accessed by outside of the interface.
inside the interface once we declare default & static methods. Inside those methods we call the
interface private methods.

These private methods will improve code re-usability inside interfaces and will provide choice to
expose only our intended methods implementations to users.

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Ex-1:
interface Temp {
void mul(int a, int b); // abstract method

public default void add(int a, int b) // default method

{ // private method inside default method
sub(a, b);
// static method inside other non-static method
div(a, b);
System.out.println("Answer by Default method = "+(a + b));
}

public static void mod(int a, int b) //static method

{ // static method inside other static method
div(a, b);
System.out.println("Answer by Static method = "+(a % b));
}

private void sub(int a, int b) // private method

{ System.out.print("Answer by Private method = ");
System.out.println(a - b);
}
private static void div(int a, int b) // private static method
{ System.out.println("Answer by Private static method = "+(a / b));
}
}

class Test implements Temp{

public void mul(int a, int b)
{ System.out.println("Answer by Abstract method = "+( a * b));
}
public static void main(String[] args)

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{ Temp in = new Test();

in.mul(2, 3);
in.add(6, 2);
Temp.mod(5, 3);
}
}

ex-2:
interface Party
{ void eat();
default void comman_eat()
{ System.out.println("Ice creams, fruit salads.....");
}
}

class Veg implements Party

{ public void eat()
{ System.out.println("paneer dal sambar....");
}
}
class NonVeg implements Party
{ public void eat()
{ System.out.println("chiken mutton fish....");
}
}

class TestClient
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Veg v = new Veg();
v.eat();
v.comman_eat();

NonVeg nv = new NonVeg();

nv.eat();
nv.comman_eat();
}
}

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✓ To give comman implementation to all implementation classes, then declare the

comman implementions inside the interface using default & static methods.
✓ default method implementations it is possile to override.
static method implementations are not possible to override.

ex-3: Inside the interface possible to declare the main method from java8
interface It1
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ System.out.println("interface main method");
}
}

E:\>java It1
ex-4:
interface It1
{ default void m1()
{ System.out.println("It1 m1() method");
}
}
interface It2
{ default void m1()
{ System.out.println("It2 m1() method");
}
}
class Test implements It1,It2
{ public void m1()
{ System.out.println("comman method impl....");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t = new Test();
t.m1();
}
}
✓ When the class implements multiple interfaces, If the multiple iterfaces contains same
default methods then we will get incompatible error.
✓ To overcome above problem, override the default in the implementation class, then at
runtime override method will be executed.

Differences between the interfaces & abstract classes:

Abstract classes interfaces
1. Contains concrete. All methods are abstract .
(java8,9 concrete methods allowed)
2. Can contains constructors. Constructors are not allowed.
3. Can contains non final & non static variables. All variables are public static final.

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4. Does not support multiple interfaces. Support multiple inheritance.

5. Represent the methods & classes using abstract. By default methods,interface abstract

ex-5: java8 : Functional interfaces

The interface contians only one abstract is called functional interfaces.
The functional interface can have multiple default & static methods.

case 1: valid
interface It1
{ void m1();
}

case 2: Invalid
interface It1
{ void m1();
void m2();
}

case 3: valid
interface It1
{ void m1();
static void m2(){}
}

case 4: valid
interface It1
{ void m1();
static void m2(){}
default void m3(){}
}

case 5: valid
interface It1
{ void m1();

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static void m2(){}

static void m3(){}
default void m4(){}
default void m5(){}
}

Interfaces interview questions

a. Define the interface?

b. What is the difference between the concrete methods & abstract
method?
c. What is the purpose of implements keyword?
d. What type of variables we can declare inside the interface?
e. What do you by implementation class?
f. Is it possible to create object of interfaces?
g. When we will get compilation error like “attempting to assign weaker
access privileges”?
h. The interface reference variable is able to hold implementation class
objects or not?
i. What is the limitation of interfaces how to overcome that limitation?
j. Is it possible to create user defined adaptor classes?
k. What do you mean by marker interface and it is also known as?
l. Define marker interfaces?
m. What are the advantages of marker interfaces?
n. What is the purpose of the cloning process?
o. What do you mean by adaptor class?
p. Is it possible to create user defined marker interfaces or not?
q. Is it possible to declare nested interfaces or not?
r. Java 8 version interfaces allow what type of methods?
s. Is it interface allows main method ot not?

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t. What is the difference between abstract class and interface?

u. What do you mean by functional interface?
v. Java 9 version interface allows what type of methods?
w. Is it interfacs supports multiple inheritance?
x. What is the advanatges of declaring default & static methods inside
the interface?
y. What is the purpose of declaring private methods inside the
interface?
z. Can we overload the abstract methods inside the interface?

“Instead of blaming others

Find the right way to the work”

********* Thank you *********

Garbage Collector

✓ In C language we are allocating memory by using malloc() function and we are destroying
memory by using free() , here the developer is responsible for both operations .

✓ In CPP language we are allocating memory by using constructors and we are destroying memory
by using destructors, here the developer is responsible for both operations.

✓ In java programmer is responsible to allocate the memory by creating of object and memory will
be destroyed by Garbage collector it is a part of the JVM.

❖ As long as an object is being referenced, the JVM considers the object alive.
❖ UN-referenced (Object without reference) is called garbage.
❖ To destroy the objects the garbage collector will fallow mark-and-sweep algorithm.

1) Create the objects.

2) Use the objects in application.
3) Once the usage is completed give the object to garbage collector.
4) The garbage collector is responsible to destroy the object.

In project level after using object make eligible that object to garbage collector then garbage
collector will destroy the objects.

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Object creation is faster because global synchronization with the operating system is not needed
for every single object. An allocation simply claims some portion of a memory array and moves the offset
pointer forward. The next allocation starts at this offset and claims the next portion of the array.

When an object is no longer used, the garbage collector reclaims the underlying memory and
reuses it for future object allocation. This means there is no explicit deletion and no memory is given back
to the operating system.

Advantages:
1. It makes the java memory efficient because garbage collector removes useless objects.
2. It is automatically called by JVM no need to write extra code.
3. Garbage collector eliminating memory leaks and other memory-related problems

There are four ways to make eligible your objects to garbage collector:

Approach 1 Whenever we are creating objects inside the methods one method is completed the
objects are eligible for garbage collector.
class Test
{ void m1()
{ Test t = new Test();
}
}
In above case once the method is completed reference will destroy. Then object is no
reference is called garbage.

Approach-2 Assigning null constants to our objects then objects are eligible for GC.

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class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t1=new Test();
System.out.println(t1);
t1=null;
System.out.println(t1);

}
}

Approach-3 : Whenever we reassign the reference variable the objects are automatically eligible to GC.

class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ StringBuffer s1 = new StringBuffer("hello");
StringBuffer s2 = new StringBuffer("ratan");
s1 = s2;
System.out.println(s1);
System.out.println(s2);
}
}
In above case s1 object is pointing to s2
So the “hello” object is eligible for garbage collector.
G:\>java Test
ratan
ratan

Approach-4 : Nameless object once the line is completed that object is eligible to gc() .
class Test
{ public void finalize()
{ System.out.println("object destroyed....");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ new Test();
System.gc();
}
}

Example :-

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➢ To call the garbage collector explicitly use gc() method it is a static method system class.
➢ Just before destroying object garbage collector will call finalize() method.
➢ Finalize() method present in object class & it is called by garbage collector just before destroying
object.
➢ If we are overriding finalize() then our class finalize() executed , if we are not overriding finalize()
method then object class finalize() method executed having empty implementation.

class Test
{ public void finalize()
{System.out.println("object destroyed");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t1 = new Test();
Test t2 = new Test();
System.out.println(t1.toString());
System.out.println(t2.toString());
;;;;;;;;//using object
t1=null;
t2=null;
System.gc();
}
};

Observation :
✓ When JVM calls finalize method ,if any exceptions raised in finalize() method those exceptions are
ignored & objects will be destroyed.
✓ When programmer calls finalize method , if any exception raised in finalize() method that exception
raised program terminated abnormally.
public void finalize()
{System.out.println("object destroyed");
System.out.println(10/0);
}

Example :
✓ Just before destroying object that class fi1nalize method will be executed.
o Emp obj destroyed ---- Emp class finalize method executed
o Student obj destroyed ---- Student class finalize method executed
o String obj destroyed ----String finalize method executed (having empty implementation)

class Emp
{ public void finalize()
{ System.out.println("Emp obj destroyed");
}

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}
class Test
{ public void finalize()
{ System.out.println("Test obj destoryed");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t = new Test();
t=null;

Emp e = new Emp();

e=null;
System.gc();
}
}

java.lang.Runtime :-
✓ This class is used to interact with java runtime environment.
✓ The java Runtime class is provide the facility,to execute a process,to call GC,to check free
memory & total memory……etc

Example :-System class gc() & Runtime class gc()

It is possible to call the garbage collector in two ways
1. System class gc() method
2. Runtime class gc() method
✓ Runtime class gc() method is a instance method it is directly interact with garbage collector.
✓ System class gc() method is static method it is internally calling runtime class gc() method to call
the garbage collector.
class Test
{ public void finalize()
{ System.out.println("object destroyed");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t1 = new Test();
System.out.println(t1.toString());
t1=null;
Runtime r = Runtime.getRuntime();

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r.gc();
}
};

Example :-
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
{ Runtime r = Runtime.getRuntime();
System.out.println("Total memory....."+r.totalMemory());
System.out.println("Free memory....."+r.freeMemory());
for(int i=0;i<100000;i++)
{ new Test();
}
System.out.println("Free memory after 10000 objects....."+r.freeMemory());
r.gc();
System.out.println("Free memory after GC called....."+r.freeMemory());
}
}

Example :-opening notepad& shutdown the system & restart the system by using Runtime class.
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
{ Runtime.getRuntime().exec("notepad");
Runtime.getRuntime().exec("shutdown -s -t 0");
Runtime.getRuntime().exec("shutdown -r -t 0");
}
}
Example : in below example one object(e2) is eligible to GC.
class Emp{ }
class Test
{ public void finalize()
{ System.out.println("object destroyed");
}
Emp m1()
{ Emp e1 = new Emp();
Emp e2 = new Emp();
System.out.println(e1);
return e1;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Emp e = new Test().m1();
System.out.println(e);
Runtime.getRuntime().gc();
}
}

Example : Two objects are eligible to garbage collector.

class Emp{ }

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class Test
{ static Emp m1()
{ Emp e1 = new Emp();
Emp e2 = new Emp();
return e1;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test.m1();
}
}

Example :-one object(e1) is eligible to garbage collector.

class Emp{ }
class Test
{ static Emp e;
static void m1()
{Emp e1 = new Emp();
e = new Emp();
}
}

Garbage Collector

1. What is the functionality of Garbage collector?

2. How many ways are there to make eligible our objects to Garbage collector?
3. How to call Garbage collector explicitly?
4. What is the purpose of gc( ) method?
5. What is the purpose of finalize() method?
6. If the exception raised in finalize block what happened error or output?
7. What is the purpose of RunTime class?
8. How to create object of RunTime class?
9. What is singleton class?
10. What is the algorithm fallowed by GC?
11. What is the difference between final , finally , finalize()?
12. When GarbageCollector calls finalize()?
13. Finalize method present in which class?
14. Which part of the memory involved in garbage collector Heap or Stack?
15. Who creates stack memory and who destroy that memory?
16. What do you mean by demon thread? Is Garbage collector is DemonThread?
17. How many times Garbage collector does call finalize() method for object?
18. What are the different ways to call Garbage collector ?
19. Is it possible to call finalize() method explicitly by the programmer?

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20. When we destroy the Student class object which class finalize method executed.

********* Thank you **************

String manipulations

Java.lang.String
Java.lang.StringBuffer
Java.lang.StringBuilder
Java.util.StringTokenizer

Java.lang.String:
String is used to represent group of characters or character array enclosed within the double quotes.

class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ String str="ratan";
System.out.println(str);

String str1=new String("ratan");

System.out.println(str1);

char[] ch={'r','a','t','a','n'};
String str3=new String(ch);
System.out.println(str3);

char[] ch1={'a','r','a','t','a','n','a'};

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String str4=new String(ch1,2,2);

System.out.println(str4);

byte[] b={65,66,67,68,69,70};
String str5=new String(b);
System.out.println(str5);

byte[] b1={65,66,67,68,69,70};
String str6=new String(b1,3,3);
System.out.println(str6);
}
}

E:\>java Test
ratan
ratan
ratan
at
ABCDEF
DEF

Case 1: String vs. StringBuffer

✓ String & StringBuffer both classes are final classes present in java.lang package.
✓ The default value of String,StringBuffer is : null

Case 2: String vs StringBuffer

It is possible to create String object in two ways.

1) Without using new operator String str=”ratan”;
2) By using new operator String str = new String(“ratan”);

class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ //Two approaches to create a String object
String str1 = "ratan";
String str2 = new String("anu");
System.out.println(str1+str2);

//one approach to create StringBuffer Object

StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("ratansoft");
System.out.println(sb);
}
}

Creating a string without using new operator:

✓ When we create String object without using ✓ String str1=”ratan” ;
new operator the objects are created in SCP String str2=”durga”;
(String constant pool) memory. String str3=”ratan”;

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✓ String str1=new String(“ratan”);

String str2 = new String(“durga”);
String str3 = new String(“ratan”);

✓ In String constant pool memory just before

object creation it is always checking
previous objects.
o If the previous objects are not available
then JVM will create new object.
o If the previous object is available with
the same content then it won’t create Heap area
new object that reference variable
pointing to existing object. ✓ When we create object in Heap area
instead of checking previous objects it
✓ SCP does not allow duplicate objects. directly creates objects.

Creating a string object by using new operator

✓ When we create String object by using new ✓ Heap memory allows duplicate objects.
operator the object created in heap area.

== Operator:

By using == operator we can compare primitive data & reference data returns Boolean value.
✓ If the primitive data is same returns true otherwise false.
int a=10,b=10;
System.out.println(a==b);

✓ If two reference variables are pointing to same object then it returns true otherwise false.
class Test{
public static void main(String[] args){
Object obj1 = new Object();
Object obj2 = new Object();
System.out.println(obj1==obj2); //false
obj1=obj2;
System.out.println(obj1==obj2); //true
}
}
ex:
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t1 = new Test();
Test t2 = new Test();
System.out.println(t1==t2);

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String str1="ratan";
String str2="ratan";
System.out.println(str1==str2);

String s1 = new String("anu");

String s2 = new String("anu");
System.out.println(s1==s2);

StringBuffer sb1 = new StringBuffer("sravya");

StringBuffer sb2 = new StringBuffer("sravya");
System.out.println(sb1==sb2);
}
}
E:\>java Test
false
true
false
false

Case 3: equals( ) method

✓ equals( ) method present in object used for reference comparison & return Boolean value.
o If two reference variables are pointing to same object returns true otherwise false.

✓ String is child class of object and it is overriding equals( ) methods used for content comparison.
o If two objects content is same then returns true otherwise false.

✓ StringBuffer class is child class of object and it is not overriding equals() method hence it is using
parent class(Object) equals() method used for reference comparison.
o If two reference variables are pointing to same object returns true otherwise false.

class Object
{ public boolean equals(java.lang.Object) { // reference comparison; }
}
class String extends Object
{ //String class is overriding equals() method
public boolean equals(java.lang.Object); { //content comparison; }
}
class StringBuffer extends Object
{ //not overriding equals() hence it uses object class equals() perform reference comparison
}

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ex : class Test
{ Test(String str)
{
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ //Object class equals() method executed (reference comparison)
Test t1 = new Test("ratan");
Test t2 = new Test("ratan");
System.out.println(t1.equals(t2));

//String class equals() method executed (content comparison)

String str1="anu";
String str2="anu";
System.out.println(str1.equals(str2));

//String class equals() method executed (content comparison)

String s1 = new String("Sravya");
String s2 = new String("Sravya");
System.out.println(s1.equals(s2));

//StringBuffer class not overriding equals() method so object class equals executed
StringBuffer sb1 = new StringBuffer("anu");
StringBuffer sb2 = new StringBuffer("anu");
System.out.println(sb1.equals(sb2));
}
}

== operator vs equals( )method :

✓ == Operator :
Used to check reference comparison & primitive data comparison, returns Boolean value.
• If the primitive data same returns true otherwise false.
• If two reference variables are pointing to same object returns true otherwise false.

✓ equals() method :
Used to compare only object data but not primitive data, returns Boolean value.
• Result of equals() method depends on overridden implementation.
• equals() method present in object class it perform reference comparison.
• String class overriding equals() method perform content comparison.
• StringBuffer class not overriding equals() method it uses parent class(Object) equals
method perform reference comparison.

class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ String str1 = "hello";
String str2 = "hello";
String str3= new String("hello");

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//identity checking
System.out.println(str1==str2);
System.out.println(str1==str3);
System.out.println(str2==str3);

//equality checking
System.out.println(str1.equals(str2));
System.out.println(str1.equals(str3));
System.out.println(str2.equals(str3));
}
}

Case 4: immutable vs. mutable

✓ String is immutable class it means once we are creating String objects it is not possible to perform
modifications on existing object. (String object is fixed object)
✓ StringBuffer is a mutability class it means once we are creating StringBuffer objects on that existing
object it is possible to perform modification.

class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ String str="ratan";
str.concat("soft");
System.out.println(str); //ratan

StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("anu");

sb.append("soft");
System.out.println(sb); //anusoft
}
}

concat ( ) : This method is used combining two String objects and it is returning new String object.
public java.lang.String concat(java.lang.String);

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class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ String str="ratan";
String str1 = str.concat("soft");
System.out.println(str1);
}
}

Observation:
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ String str="ratan";
str = str.concat("soft");
System.out.println(str); // ratansoft
}
}
✓ In above example after concatenation we are assigning the data to same existing reference variable.
✓ In above example we are not performing modifications on existing objects, here the modification on
performed in newly created object.

Case 5 : toString( ) method :

✓ In java when you print reference variable internally it calls toString () method.
✓ toString() method present in Object and it return String representation of object class-
name@hashcodein the form of String.

ex-1: class Test

{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t = new Test();
System.out.println(t);
System.out.println(t.toString());
}
}
G:\>java Test
Test@2a139a55
Test@2a139a55
Internal implementation of toString()
class Object
{ public String toString()
{ return getClass().getName() + '@' + Integer.toHexString(hashCode());
}
}

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ex-2: class Emp

{ int eid;
String ename;
Emp(int eid,String ename)
{ this.eid=eid;
this.ename=ename;
}
//overriding toString() method to write our implementation
public String toString()
{ return "Emp eid="+eid+" Emp name="+ename;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Emp e = new Emp(111,"ratan");
System.out.println(e);
System.out.println(e.toString());
}
}
If we are not overriding toString() then parent class toString() executed
D:\>java Emp
Emp@15db9742
Emp@15db9742
If we are overriding toString() then our class toString() executed
D:\>java Emp
Emp eid=111 Emp name=ratan
Emp eid=111 Emp name=ratan
ex-3:
✓ toString( ) method present in object class it returns a string representation of object(class-
name@hashcode).
✓ String,StringBuffer, all wrapper classes toString() method overriding to return content of the object.

Note: possible to call the toString () method only on Object type but not primitive type.

class Object
{ public java.lang.String toString()
{ return getClass().getName() + '@' + Integer.toHexString(hashCode());
}
}
class String extends Object
{ //overriding toString() method
public java.lang.String toString()
{ return "content of String";
}
}
class StringBuffer extends Object
{ //overriding toString() method
public java.lang.String toString()
{ return "content of StringBuffer object";

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}
}

class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t = new Test();
System.out.println(t);
System.out.println(t.toString());

String str="ratan";
System.out.println(str);
System.out.println(str.toString());

StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("anu");

System.out.println(sb);
System.out.println(sb.toString());
}
}
D:\>java Test
Test@530daa
Test@530daa
ratan
ratan
anu
anu

case 6 : conversion process

class Test
{ public static void main(String... ratan)
{ //conversion of String to StringBuffer
String str1="ratan";
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(str1);
System.out.println(sb);

//conversion of StringBuffer to String

StringBuffer sb1 = new StringBuffer("anu");
String s = sb1.toString();
System.out.println(s);
}
}

Observation 1: conversion of String to StringBuffer then apply reverse() method.

class Test
{ public static void main(String... ratan)
{ String str1="ratan";
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(str1);

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System.out.println(sb.reverse());
}
}

Observation 2 :
class Test
{ public static void main(String... ratan)
{
String[] str={"119d","madhapur","hyderabad"};
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
for (String s:str)
{ sb.append(s+",");
}

String s = sb.toString();
System.out.println(s);
}
}

CompareTo ( ) vs equals ( ):
✓ equals() method is used to compare two String object it returns Boolean value as a return value.
✓ If two Strings are equals it return true otherwise false.
public boolean equals(java.lang.Object);

✓ compareTo() method used to compare two String objects return int value as a return value.
✓ compareTo() we are comparing two strings character by character, such type of checking is
called lexicographically checking or dictionary checking. It returns integer value.
o if the two strings are equal then it return zero.
o If the first string first character Unicode value is bigger than second string first character
Unicode value then it return +ve value.
o If the first string first character Unicode value is smaller than second string first
character Unicode value then it return -ve value.

public int compareTo(java.lang.String);

class Test
{ public static void main(String... ratan)
{ String str1="ratan";
String str2="anu";

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String str3="ratan";

System.out.println(str1.equals(str2));
System.out.println(str1.equals(str3));
System.out.println(str2.equals(str3));
System.out.println("ratan".equals("RATAN"));
System.out.println("ratan".equalsIgnoreCase("RATAN"));

System.out.println(str1.compareTo(str2));
System.out.println(str1.compareTo(str3));
System.out.println(str2.compareTo(str1));
System.out.println("ratan".compareTo("RATAN"));
System.out.println("ratan".compareToIgnoreCase("RATAN"));
}
}

String class Methods:

Difference between length() method and length variable:

length variable used to find length of the Array.
length() is method used to find length of the String.

charAt(int) : possible to extract the character from particular index position.

public char charAt(int);

Split(String): By using split() method we are dividing string into number of tokens.
public java.lang.String[] split(java.lang.String);

trim(): trim() is used to remove the trail and leading spacesthis method always used for memory saver.
public java.lang.String trim();

public java.lang.String toLowerCase();

public java.lang.String toUpperCase();
The above methods are used to convert lower case to upper case & upper case to lower case.

endsWith() is used to find out if the string is ending with particular character/string or not.
startsWith() used to find out the particular String starting with particular character/string or not.
public boolean startsWith(java.lang.String);

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public boolean endsWith(java.lang.String);

substring() method used to find substring in main String.

public java.lang.String substring(int); int = starting index
public java.lang.String substring(int, int); int=starting index to int =ending index
substring() method it includes starting index & it excludes ending index.

ex: possible to concat the string data in two ways

class Test{
public static void main(String[] args){
String str1 = "Ratan";
String str2 = "Soft";

//Approach 1 : Using concat

String str3 = str1.concat(str2);
System.out.println(str3);

//Approach 2 : Using "+" operator

String str4 = str1 + str2;
System.out.println(str4);
}
}

class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ //length var & length() metod
int [] a={10,20,30};
System.out.println(a.length);
String sc="ratan";
System.out.println(sc.length());

//cahrAt() method
String ss="ratan";
System.out.println(ss.charAt(1));
//System.out.println(ss.charAt(10));StringIndexOutOfBoundsException
char ch=ss.charAt(2);
System.out.println(ch);

//method chaning
String s1 = " ratan ";
System.out.println(s1.length());
System.out.println(s1.trim().length());
System.out.println(s1.trim().substring(2).length());
System.out.println(s1.trim().substring(2,4).length());

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//spliting data
String s2 = "hi sir how are you";
String[] s = s2.split(" ");
for (String ss : s)
{ System.out.println(ss);
}

//start with & ends with

String str="hi sir how r u";
System.out.println(str.endsWith("u"));
System.out.println(str.endsWith("how"));
System.out.println(str.startsWith("d"));
System.out.println(str.startsWith("r"));

//chekcing the data & Upper case & lower case data
String str1 = "hi sir how r u";
System.out.println(str1.contains("how"));
System.out.println(str1.contains("ratan"));
System.out.println(“ratan”.toUpperCase());
System.out.println(“RATAN”.toLowerCase());
//replace the data
String str="ratan how r u";
System.out.println(str.replace('a','A'));
System.out.println(str.replace("how","who"));
}
}

StringBuffer class methods:

reverse()& delete() & deleteCharAt(),Append() insert() replace()

public class Test{

public static void main(String[] args) {
StringBuffer sb1 = new StringBuffer("ratanit");
System.out.println(sb1.delete(2, 4));
System.out.println(sb1.deleteCharAt(3));

StringBuffer sb2 = new StringBuffer("durgasoft");

System.out.println(sb2.reverse());

StringBuffer sb3 = new StringBuffer("ratan");

sb3.append("soft");
System.out.println(sb3);

StringBuffer sb4 = new StringBuffer("ratanit");

sb4.insert(0, "hi");
System.out.println(sb4);

StringBuffer sb5 = new StringBuffer("hi durga soft");

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sb5.replace(3, 9, "ratan");
System.out.println(sb5);
}
}

Java.lang.StringBuilder: 1.5 version

StringBuilder is same as StringBuffer except one difference.
o StringBuffer mehods are synchronized only one thread is allowed to access, these
methods are thread safe methods but performance will be decreased.
o StringBulder methods are non-synchronized it is not a thread safe but performance will
be increased.

StringTokenizer:
✓ StringTokenizer present in java.util package & it is a legacy class.
✓ It used to split the string into number of tokens. The default splitting character is space.
✓ To check tokens are available or not use hasMoreElements() method &to print the token use
nextElement() method.

These are the methods inherited from Enumeration interface

public boolean hasMoreElements();
public java.lang.Object nextElement();

These methods from StringTokenizer

public boolean hasMoreTokens();
public java.lang.String nextToken();
public int countTokens();

import java.util.StringTokenizer;
public class Test8{
public static void main(String[] args) {
StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer("hi sir class completed");
while(st.hasMoreElements())

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{ String s = (String) st.nextElement();

System.out.println(s);
}

StringTokenizer st1 = new StringTokenizer("hi si.r how. are y.ou", ".");

while(st1.hasMoreTokens())
{ String ss = st1.nextToken();
System.out.println(ss);
}
}
}

String manipulation interview Questions

1) How many ways to create a String object & StringBuffer object?

2) What is the difference between
a. String str=”ratan”;
b. String str = new String(“ratan”);
3) equals() method present in which class?
4) What is purpose of String class equals() method.
5) What is the difference between equals() and == operator?
6) What is the difference between by immutability & immutability?
7) Can you please tell me some of the immutable classes and mutable classes?
8) String & StringBuffer & StringBuilder & StringTokenizer presented package names?
9) What is the purpose of String class equals() & StringBuffer class equals()?
10) What is the purpose of StringTokenizer nd this class functionality replaced method name?
11) How to reverse String class content?
12) What is the purpose of trim?
13) Is it possible to create StringBuffer object by passing String object as a argument?
14) What is the difference between concat() method & append()?
15) What is the purpose of concat() and toString()?
16) What is the difference between StringBuffer and StringBuilder?

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17) What is the difference between String and StringBuffer?

18) What is the difference between compareTo() vs eqauls()?
19) What is the purpose of contains() method?
20) What is the difference between length vs length()?
21) What is the default capacity of StringBuffer?
22) What do you mean by factory method?
23) Concat() method is a factory method or not?
24) What is the difference between heap memory and String constant pool memory?
25) String is a final class or not?
26) StringBuilder and StringTokenizer introduced in which versions?
27) What do you mean by legacy class & can you please give me one example of legacy class?
28) How to apply StringBuffer class methods on String class Object content?
29) When we use String & StringBuffer & String
30) What do you mean by cloneaing and use of cloning?
31) Who many types of cloneaing in java?
32) What do you mean by cloneable interface present in which package and what is the purpose?
33) What do you mean by marker interface and Cloneable is a marker interface or not?
34) How to create duplicate object in java(by using which method)?

****Thank you*****

Wrapper classes

✓ Wrapper classes wrap the primitive data type into object of the class.

✓ Java is an Object oriented programming language so represent everything in the form of the
object, but java supports 8 -primitive data types these all are not part of the object.

✓ To represent 8-primitive data types in the form of object form we required 8 java classes these
classes are called wrapper classes.

✓ All wrapper classes present in the java.lang package and these all classes are immutable classes.

Advantages of wrapper classes:

When we wrap the primitive into object format we have fallowing advantages,
1. The Collection framework support only objects data but not primitive data in this case must
convert your primitive data into object data.

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2. To provide the type safety to the collection we are using generics but generics support only
object data but not primitive data.
ArrayList<int> ---- invalid
ArrayList<Integer> ---- Valid

3. Wrapper class objects allow null values while primitive data type doesn’t allow it.

4. The Object data support more operations like

• cloning process
• toString() method applied
• achieve polymorphism
• synchronization process….et

There are two approaches to create wrapper object,

a. constructor approach
b. valueOf() method

Wrapper object creation by using constructor: Wrapper object creation by using valueOf():
Integer i = new Integer(10); Integer x1 = Integer.valueOf(10);
Integer i1 = new Integer("100"); Integer x2 = Integer.valueOf("10");

Float f1= new Float(10.5); Float f1 = Float.valueOf(10.5);

Float f1= new Float(10.5f); Float f2 = Float.valueOf(10.5f);
Float f1= new Float("10.5"); Float f3 = Float.valueOf("10.5");

Character ch = new Character('a'); Character ch =Character.valueOf('a');

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ex 1: Conversion of primitive or String -----> wrapper object

class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ //constructor approach
Integer i1 = new Integer(10);
Integer i2 = new Integer("10");
System.out.println(i1+i2);

//valueOf() method approach

Integer x1 = Integer.valueOf(100);
Integer x2 = Integer.valueOf("100");
System.out.println(x1+x2);
}
}

Observation-1:

Integer i1 = new Integer("10"); valid : string format “10” converted into integer object format.
Integer i2 = new Integer("ten"); Invalid : String format “ten” is unable to converted into Integer.

✓ In above line, to the integer constructor we are passing “10” value in the form of String it is
automatically converted into Integer format.
✓ In above line, to the integer constructor we are passing “ten” in the form of String but this String is
unable to convert into integer format JVM generate java.lang.NumberFormatException.
Integer a = new Integer("ten"); java.lang.NumberFormatException

Observation-2:
Integer i = new Integer("ten"); java.lang.NumberFormatException
Integer x = Integer.valueOf("one"); java.lang.NumberFormatException
In both object creations we will get same error

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Integer x1 = Integer.valueOf(null); NumberFormatException

When we pass the null values we will get exception.

Observation-3: Boolean Object creation

To the Boolean constructor if we are passing other than true or false, always it return false.
Boolean b1 = new Boolean(true); true
Boolean b2 = new Boolean(“TRUE”); true
Boolean b3 = new Boolean("FaLsE"); false
Boolean b4 = new Boolean("ratan"); false
Boolean b5 = new Boolean(null); false
Boolean b6 = new Boolean(TRUE); Invalid

Ex-2: Conversion process : wrapper object -----> primitive/String

Wrapper object to primitive : xxxValue()
Wrapper object to String : using toString().

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Integer i1 = Integer.valueOf(100);
Integer i2 = Integer.valueOf(100);

//Wrapper object to primitive data: xxxValue() xxx=all data types

int x = i1.intValue();
double d = i1.doubleValue();
System.out.println(x+d);

//wrapper object to String : toString()

String s1 = i1.toString();
String s2 = i2.toString();
System.out.println(s1+s2);
}
}
Ex-3: Conversion Process
String to primitive : parseXXX()
Primitive to String : valueOf()

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
//primitive to String: valueOf()
int a=10,b=20;
String s1 = String.valueOf(a);
String s2 = String.valueOf(b);
System.out.println(s1+s2);

//String to primitive : parseXXX()

String str1 = "10";
String str2 = "20";

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int x = Integer.parseInt(str1);
float f = Float.parseFloat(str2);
System.out.println(x+f);
}
}

ex-4 : Command line arguments example

public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(args.length);

System.out.println(args[0]);
System.out.println(args[1]);
System.out.println(args[0]+args[1]);

int a = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
float f = Float.parseFloat(args[1]);
System.out.println(a+f);
}
}
E:\>java Test 2 8 7 4 1
5
2
8
28
10.0

✓ The arguments which are passé from command at runtime are called command line arguments.
The command line argument separator is space.
✓ All the command line arguments are stored in String[ ] in the form of string. Then to convert
String to primitive format use parseXXX() method.

ex-5 : toString() method

✓ toString() method will be automatically called when we print reference variable in java.
✓ toString() present in Object class it returns String representation of object (class-name@hashcode).
✓ String,StringBuffer,all wrapper classes are overriding toString() it returns content of the objects.

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Test t = new Test();
System.out.println(t);
System.out.println(t.toString());

String s="ratan";
System.out.println(s);
System.out.println(s.toString());

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StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("durga");

System.out.println(sb);
System.out.println(sb.toString());

Integer i = new Integer(100);

System.out.println(i);
System.out.println(i.toString());
}
}

Observation 1:
In java it is possible to call toString() method only on reference type but not primitive type.
Integer i1 = Integer.valueOf(100);
System.out.println(i1.toString()); Valid

int a=100;
System.out.println(a.toString()); Invalid : error: int cannot be dereferenced

Observation 2:
When you want to convert String format data use toStirng() method because this method return
type is String data.
Conversion of Integer to String:
Integer i = new Integer(100);
String s = i.toString();

Conversion of StringBuffer to String:

StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("durga");
String str = sb.toString();

Autoboxing & Autounboxing:- (introduced in java 5 version)

✓ Up to 1.4 version
o to convert primitive/String into Wrapper object we are having two approaches,
▪ Constructor approach
▪ valueOf() method
o wrapper object to primitive use ,
▪ xxxValue() method

✓ From 1.5 onwards the above two operations done automatically.

o Automatic conversion of primitive to wrapper obj : Autoboxing : internally uses ValueOf()
o Automatic conversion of wrapper obj to primitive : Autounboxing :internally uses xxxValue()

Case 1: application without auto boxing & un-boxing

class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)

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{ //Conversion of primitive to wrapper

Integer i = Integer.valueOf(100);
System.out.println(i);

// conversion of wrapper to primitive

Integer x = Integer.valueOf(10);
int a = x.intValue();
System.out.println(a);
}
}
Case 2: application with auto boxing & un-boxing
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ //Autoboxing : automatic conversion of primitive to wrapper
Integer i = 100;
System.out.println(i);

//auto unboxing : automatic conversion of wrapper to primitive

int a = new Integer(100);
System.out.println(a);
}
}
Autoboxing & unboxing code after compilation : (.class file code) : open by using java decompiler
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Integer integer = Integer.valueOf(100);
System.out.println(integer);

int i = (new Integer(100)).intValue();

System.out.println(i);
}
}

== vs. equals() :
== operator always check the references (objects) return Boolean value
✓ equals() method present in object class perform : reference comparison
✓ String class overriding equals() : content comparison
✓ StringBuffer class no equals() uses object class equals : reference comparison
✓ All wrapper classes overriding equals() method : content comparison
Creation of wrapper object by using constructor approach
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Integer i1 = new Integer(10);
Integer i2 = new Integer(10);
if (i1==i2) System.out.println("same");
else System.out.println("not same");

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if (i1.equals(i2)) System.out.println("same");
else System.out.println("not same");

Integer x1 = new Integer(200);

Integer x2 = new Integer(200);
if (x1==x2) System.out.println("same");
else System.out.println("not same");

if (x1.equals(x2)) System.out.println("same");
else System.out.println("not same");
}
} Output : not same same not same same

Creation of wrapper object by using valueOf() approach:

class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ //This method will always cache values in the range -128 to 127,
Integer i1 = Integer.valueOf(10);
Integer i2 = Integer.valueOf(10);
if (i1==i2) System.out.println("same");
else System.out.println("not same");

if (i1.equals(i2)) System.out.println("same");
else System.out.println("not same");

Integer x1 = Integer.valueOf(200);
Integer x2 = Integer.valueOf(200);
if (x1==x2) System.out.println("same");
else System.out.println("not same");

if (x1.equals(x2)) System.out.println("same");
else System.out.println("not same");
}
} Output : same same not same same

Factory method: [Factory design pattern]

✓ One java class method returns same class object or different class object is called factory method.
✓ There are three types of factory methods in java.
o Instance factory method. (method is called by using reference variable)
o Static factory method. (Method is called by using class name)
o Pattern factory method. (method is returning different class object).

Note : method returns the object is called factory method.

class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ //static factory method

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Integer i = Integer.valueOf(100);
System.out.println(i);
Runtime r = Runtime.getRuntime();
System.out.println(r);

//instance factory method

String str="ratan";
String str1 = str.concat("soft");
System.out.println(str1);

//pattren factory method

Integer a1 = Integer.valueOf(100);
String ss = a1.toString();
System.out.println(ss);
}
}

ex: Achieving polymorphism concept by using wrapper classes.

class Test
{ void disp(Object o)
{ System.out.println("Result value="+o);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t = new Test();
t.disp(new Integer(10));
t.disp(new Float(10.5));
t.disp(new Character('a'));
}
}

ex: Another approach to create wrapper object.

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Integer intWrapper = Integer.valueOf("12345");

//Converting from binary to decimal

Integer intWrapper2 = Integer.valueOf("11011", 2);

//Converting from hexadecimal to decimal

Integer intWrapper3 = Integer.valueOf("D", 16);

System.out.println("Value of intWrapper Object: "+ intWrapper);

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System.out.println("Value of intWrapper2 Object: "+ intWrapper2);

System.out.println("Value of intWrapper3 Object: "+ intWrapper3);
System.out.println("Hex value of intWrapper: " + Integer.toHexString(intWrapper));
System.out.println("Binary Value of intWrapper2: "+ Integer.toBinaryString(intWrapper2));
}
}
E:\>java Test
Value of intWrapper Object: 12345
Value of intWrapper2 Object: 27
Value of intWrapper3 Object: 13
Hex value of intWrapper: 3039
Binary Value of intWrapper2: 11011

ex : compareTo() method
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Integer intObj1 = new Integer (25);
Integer intObj2 = new Integer ("25");
Integer intObj3= new Integer (35);
//compareTo demo
System.out.println("Comparing using compareTo Obj1 and Obj2: " + intObj1.compareTo(intObj2));
System.out.println("Comparing using compareTo Obj1 and Obj3: " + intObj1.compareTo(intObj3));
System.out.println("Comparing using compareTo Obj1 and Obj3: " + intObj3.compareTo(intObj1));
}
}

E:\>java Test
Comparing using compareTo Obj1 and Obj2: 0
Comparing using compareTo Obj1 and Obj3: -1
Comparing using compareTo Obj1 and Obj3: 1

Wrapper classes interview questions

1. What is the purpose of wrapper classes?

2. How many Wrapper classes present in java what are those?
3. How many ways are there to create wrapper objects?
4. Define mutable & immutable?
5. When we will get NumberFormatException?
6. What do you mean by factory method?
7. What is the purpose of valueOf() method is it factory method or not?
8. How to convert wrapper objects into corresponding primitive values?
9. What is the implementation of toString() in all wrapper classes?
10. How to convert String into corresponding primitive?
11. What do you mean by Autoboxing and Autounboxng & introduced in which version?

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12. Purpose of parseXXX() & xxxValue() method?

13. Which Wrapper classes is direct child class of Object class?
14. Which Wrapper classes is direct child class of Number class?
15. How to convert primitive to String?
16. When we will get compilation error like “int cannot be dereferenced”?
17. Wrapper classes are immutable classes or mutable classes?
18. Autoboxing internally uses which method performs operations?
19. What the difference creating wrapper object by using constructor & valueOf()?
20. Perform fallowing conversions
a. int--->String
b. String--->int
c. Integer--->int
d. int--->Integer ?

********** Thank you : completed *********

Exception Handling

Introduction:
✓ Dictionary meaning of the exception is abnormal termination.
✓ Exception is a object occurred at runtime to disturb the normal flow of the execution.
✓ An exception is an event that occurs during execution of the program that disturbs normal flow of
the program instructions.
✓ An unexpected even that disturbs the normal termination of the application is called exception.

In application whenever the exception occurred,

1. Program terminated abnormally
2. Rest of the application is not executed.

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To overcome above limitation in order to execute the rest of the application & to get normal
termination of the application must handle the exception.

There are two ways to handle the exceptions in java.

1) By using try-catch block.
2) By using throws keyword.

Exception Handling:
✓ The main objective of exception handling is,
a. To get normal termination of the application
b. To execute the rest of the application code.

✓ Exception handling means just we are providing alternate code to continue the execution of
remaining code &to get normal termination of the application.

✓ Every Exception is a predefined class present in different packages.

java.lang.ArithmeticException java.lang
java.io.IOException java.io
java.sql.SQLException java.sql

Types of Exceptions:
As per the sun micro systems standards The Exceptions are divided into three types
1) Checked Exception
2) Unchecked Exception
3) Error

Unchecked Exception:
✓ The exceptions which are not checked by the compiler are called unchecked Exception.
ArithmeticException,ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException,NumberFormatException….etc
✓ The classes that extend RuntimeException class are called unchecked exceptions.

class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ System.out.println(10/0); java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero

int[] a={10,20,30};
System.out.println(a[5]); java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: 5

System.out.println("ratan".charAt(12)); java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException

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}
}

✓ If the application contains un-checked Exception code is compiled but at runtime JVM display
exception message & program terminated abnormally.
✓ To overcome runtime problem must handle the exception either using try-catch blocks or by using
throws keyword.

Checked Exception:
✓ The Exceptions which are checked by the compiler are called Checked Exceptions.
IOException,SQLException,InterruptedException……..etc
✓ The classes that extends Exception class are called checked exceptions.

import java.io.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("abc.txt"); FileNotFoundException
}
}

✓ If you are trying to compile the above compilation the compiler will show the compilation error.
error: unreported exception FileNotFoundException; must be caught or declared to be thrown

✓ If the application contains checked Exception code is not compiled, the compiler will give the
exception information in the form of compilation error but exception occurred at runtime.

✓ To overcome above problem to compile the application must declare the try-catch blocks or throws
keyword then only code is compiled.

Note: Whether it is a checked Exception or unchecked exception exceptions are raised at runtime but
not compile time.

Note: whether it is a checked Exception or unchecked Exception must handle the Exception by using
try-catch blocks or throws keyword to get normal termination of application & to execute rest
of the application.

Checked Exception scenarios:

1) java.lang.InterruptedException
When we used Thread.sleep(2000);your thread is entered into sleeping mode, then
other threads are able to interrupt, in this case program is terminated abnormally & rest of the
application is not executed.
To overcome above problem compile time compiler is checking that exception &
displaying exception information in the form of compilation error.
Based on compiler generated error message write the try-catch blocks or throws , if
runtime any exception raised the try-catch or throws keyword executed program is terminated
normally.

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2) Java.io.FileNotFoundException
If we are trying to read the file from local disk but at runtime if the file is not available
program is terminated abnormally rest of the application is not executed.
To overcome above problem compile time compiler is checking that exception &
displaying exception information in the form of compilation error.
Based on compiler generated error message write the try-catch blocks or throws , if
runtime any exception raised the try-catch or throws keyword executed program is terminated
normally.

3) Java.sql.SQLException
If we are trying to connect to data base but at runtime data base is not available
program is terminated abnormally rest of the application is not executed.
To overcome above problem compile time compiler is checking that exception &
displaying exception information in the form of compilation error.
Based on compiler generated error message write the try-catch blocks or throws , if
runtime any exception raised the try-catch or throws keyword executed program is terminated
normally.

Exception vs. Error:

✓ The exception are occurred due to several reasons
c. Developer mistakes
d. End-user input mistakes.
e. Resource is not available
f. Networking problems.
But errors are caused due to lack of system resources.
StackOverFlowError, OutOfMemoryError, AssertionError…………etc
✓ It is possible to handle the exceptions by using try-catch blocks or throws keyword but it is not
possible to handle the errors.
✓ Error is an un-checked type exception.

class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test[] t = new Test[100000000]; " java.lang.OutOfMemoryError”
}
}

Exception Handling Tree Structure:

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✓ The root class of exception handling is Throwable class.

✓ In above tree Structure RuntimeException its child classes& Error its child classes are Unchecked
remaining all exceptions are checked Exceptions.
✓ Unchecked exceptions are child of RuntimeException.
✓ Checked exceptions are child of Exception.

Default exception handler:

Whenever the exception raised default exception handler is responsible to create exception
object & print the exception message.

Fully Checked vs. partially checked:

✓ The root class& all its child class are checked then that root class is called fully checked exception.
IOException,SQLException….etc
✓ The root class contains some child classes are checked exceptions & some child classes are un-
checked exception then that root class is called partially checked exception.
Exception , Throwable..etc
Exception handling keywords:
1. Try
2. Catch
3. Finally
4. Throws
5. Throw
There are two ways to handle the exceptions in java.
1) By using try-catch block.

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2) By using throws keyword.

Exception handling by using Try –catch blocks:

Syntax: try
{ exceptional code;
}
catch (Exception_Name reference_variable)
{ Alternate code: Code to run if an exception is raised
}

ex-1 : Whenever exception raised in the try block, the corresponding catch block executed.

Application without try-catch blocks

class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ System.out.println("ratan");
System.out.println(10/0);
System.out.println("rest of the application");
}
}
E:\>java Test
ratan
Exception : ArithmeticException: / by zero
Disadvantages:
1. program terminated abnormally.
2. rest of the application notexecuted.

Application with try-catch blocks:

class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ System.out.println("ratan");
try {
System.out.println(10/0);
}
catch (ArithmeticException ae)
{ System.out.println(10/2);
}
System.out.println("rest of the application");
}
}
E:\>java Test
ratan
5
Rest of the application
Advantages:
1. Program terminated normally
2. Rest of the application executed
ex-2 : In below example catch block is not matched hence program is terminated abnormally.

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try
{ System.out.println("sravya");
System.out.println(10/0);
}
catch(NullPointerException e)
{ System.out.println(10/2);
}

ex 3: If there is no exception in try block the corresponding catch blocks are not checked.
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ try
{ System.out.println("sravya");
}
catch(NullPointerException e)
{ System.out.println(10/2);
}
System.out.println("rest of the app");
}
}
E:\sravya>java Test
sravya
rest of the app

ex - 4: In Exception handling independent try blocks declaration are not allowed.

• Only try : invalid
• Only catch : invalid
• Try-catch : valid
• Try-finally : valid
• Try-with-resources : valid

class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ try
{ System.out.println("sravya");
}
System.out.println("rest of the app");
}
}
E:\sravya>javac Test.java
Test.java:4: 'try' without 'catch' or 'finally' or resources

ex- 5: In between try-catch blocks it is not possible to declare any statements.

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try
{ System.out.println(10/0);
}
System.out.println("anu");
catch(ArithmeticException e)
{ System.out.println(10/2);
}

ex 6:
✓ If the exception raised in other than try block it is always abnormal termination.
✓ In below example exception raised in catch block hence program is terminated abnormally.
try
{ System.out.println(10/0);
}
catch(ArithmeticException e)
{ System.out.println(10/0);
}
ex- 7:
✓ If the exception raised in try block the remaining code of try block is not executed.
✓ Once the control is out of the try block the control never entered into try block once again.
✓ Don’t take normal code inside try block because no guarantee all statements in try-block will be
executed or not.

class Test class Test

{ public static void main(String[] args) { public static void main(String[] args)
{ try{ { try{
System.out.println("durga"); System.out.println(10/0);
System.out.println("ratan"); System.out.println("durga");
System.out.println(10/0); System.out.println("ratan");
} }
catch(ArithmeticException e) catch(ArithmeticException e)
{ System.out.println(10/2); { System.out.println(10/2);
} }
System.out.println("rest of the app"); System.out.println("rest of the app");
} }
} }

E:\sravya>java Test E:\sravya>java Test

Durga 5
ratan rest of the app
rest of the app

Category-1

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Case 1 : The way of handling the exceptions is varied from exception to the exception hence it is
recommended to write try with multiple catch blocks.

import java.util.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Scanner s=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("enter the division value");
int n=s.nextInt();
try
{ System.out.println(10/n);
System.out.println("ratan".charAt(10));
}
catch (ArithmeticException ae)
{ System.out.println("Ratanit");
}
catch (StringIndexOutOfBoundsException se)
{ System.out.println("durgasoft");
}
System.out.println("rest of the code");
}
}

Output: enter the division value: 5 Output: enter the division value: 0
Write the output Write the output

Case 2 : By using Exception(root class) class catch block it is possible to hold any type of exceptions.

import java.util.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Scanner s=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("enter division value");
int n=s.nextInt();
try{ System.out.println(10/n);
System.out.println("ratan".charAt(10));
}
catch (Exception e)
{ System.out.println("Ratanit="+e);
}
System.out.println("rest of the code");
}
}

Output: enter division value: 5 Output: enter division value: 0

Write the output Write the output
Case 3: When we declare multiple catch blocks then the catch block order must be child-parent.

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import java.util.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Scanner s=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("provide the division val");
int n=s.nextInt();
try
{ System.out.println(10/n);
System.out.println(“ratan”.charAt(20));
}
//catch block order is child to parent
catch (ArithmeticException ae)
{ System.out.println("Exception"+ae);
}
catch (Exception ne)
{ System.out.println("Exception"+ne);
}
System.out.println("rest of the code");
}
}

Output: provide the division value: 5 Output: provide the division value: 0
Write the output Write the output

Case 4 : Invalid : catch block order is parent to child compiler generate error message.
try
{ System.out.println(10/n);
System.out.println(“ratan”.charAt(20));
}
catch (Exception ne)
{ System.out.println("Exception"+ne);
}
catch (ArithmeticException ae)
{ System.out.println("Exception"+ae);
}

G:\>javac Test.java
error: exception ArithmeticException has already been caught

Category -2 (pipe symbol)

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Case 1:-
It is possible to handle more than one exception in single catch by using pipe(|) symbol.(java 7 version)
catch(ArithmeticException | StringIndexOutOfBoundsException a) .
catch(NumberFormatException | NullPointerException | StringIndexOutOfBoundsException a)

import java.util.Scanner;
import java.io.*;
public class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("enter a number");
int n = s.nextInt();
try { System.out.println(10/n);
System.out.println("ratan".charAt(13));
}
catch(ArithmeticException | ClassCastException a)
{ System.out.println("exception info="+a);
}
catch(NumberFormatException|NullPointerException|StringIndexOutOfBoundsException a)
{ System.out.println("exception info="+a);
}
System.out.println("Rest of the application");
}
}
✓ When we declared unchecked exception in catch block by using pipe symbol, those exceptions are
not mandatory to present in try block.
✓ In above example,
o In catch we declared ArithmeticException : this exception raised in try block.(chance)
o In catch we declared ClassCastException : this exception not raised in try block.(no chance)

Case 2 :
import java.io.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ try
{ FileInputStream f = new FileInputStream("abc.txt");
}
catch(FileNotFoundException|InterruptedException a)
{ System.out.println("exception info="+a);
}
}
}
error: exception InterruptedException is never thrown in body of corresponding try statement
✓ When we declared checked exception in catch block by using pipe symbol, those exceptions must
present in try block otherwise compiler generates error message.
✓ In catch block two exceptions are declared but try block contains one exception hence compiler
generates error message.
Case 3: valid

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import java.io.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ try
{ FileInputStream f = new FileInputStream("abc.txt");
Thread.sleep(1000);
}
catch(FileNotFoundException|InterruptedException a)
{ System.out.println("exception info="+a);
}
}
}
✓ When we declared checked exception in catch block by using pipe symbol, those exceptions must
present in try block.
✓ In catch block two exceptions are declared & try block contains those two exceptions it is valid.

Case-4: By using pipe symbol possible it is possible to declare the both checked exceptions & un-checked
exception but checked exceptions must be present in try block.

public static void main(String[] args)

{ try
{ FileInputStream f = new FileInputStream("abc.txt");
}
catch(FileNotFoundException| ArithmeticException a)
{ System.out.println("exception info="+a);
}
}

Case-5:
✓ It is not possible to declare the both parent & child classes by using pipe symbol.
✓ Here the FileNotFoundException is the child class of IOException

Invalid: Valid :
catch(FileNotFoundException | IOException a) catch( IOException a)
{ System.out.println("exception info="+a); { System.out.println("exception info="+a);
} }

Category-3 try with resources (java 7 version)

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When we declare the resource by using try block once the try block is completed resource is released.

Case 1:
✓ When we declare the try with resource, if the resource is throws unchecked exception in this case
catch block is optional.
✓ In below example we declared scanner class as a resource it may raise InputMissmatchException & it
is unchecked exception hence catch block is optional.
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ try(Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in))
{ System.out.println("enter id");
int a = s.nextInt();
System.out.println("input value="+a);
}
}
}
Case 2:
✓ When we declare the try with resource, if the resource is throws checked exception in this case catch
block is mandatory.
✓ In above example we declared File resource, it throws FileNotFoundException it is a checked
exception hence catch block is mandatory.
import java.io.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ try(FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("abc.txt"))
{ System.out.println("reading data from text file");
}
catch (FileNotFoundException e)
{ System.out.println("file in not available");
}
}
}
Case 3:
✓ By using try block it is possible to declare more than one resource but every resource is separated
with semicolon.
✓ If the try block contains more than one resource in those resources at least one resource throws
checked exception in such case catch block is mandatory.
try(Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("abc.txt"))
{ //some code here
}
catch (FileNotFoundException e) { //some code here }

Note: the resources are internally calling close() method to close the resources.
public interface java.io.Closeable extends java.lang.AutoCloseable {
public abstract void close() throws java.io.IOException; }
ex 1 : There are three methods to print Exception information

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1) toString()
2) getMessage()
3) printStackTrace()
class Test
{ void m3()
{ try{ System.out.println(10/0); }
catch(ArithmeticException ae)
{ System.out.println(ae.toString());
System.out.println(ae.getMessage());
ae.printStackTrace();
}
}
void m2()
{ m3();
}
void m1()
{ m2();
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ new Test().m1();
}
}
D:\DP>java Test
java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero //toString() method output
/ by zero //getMessage() method output
java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero //printStackTrace() method
at Test1.m3(Test1.java:8)
at Test1.m2(Test1.java:5)
at Test1.m1(Test1.java:3)
at Test1.main(Test1.java:17)
Note: Internally JVM uses printStackTrace() method to print exception information.

ex 2: is it possible to pass exceptions as method parameters.

import java.io.*;
class Test
{ void m1(ArithmeticException e)
{ System.out.println("m1 method code="+e);
}
void m1(Exception ee)
{ System.out.println("m2 method code="+ee);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t = new Test();
t.m1(new ArithmeticException());
t.m1(new IOException());
}
}
ex-3: Exception propagation

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If the exception raised in top of the stack method but if you are not handled it drops down to the
stack previous method, if you are not catch it drop down until end of the stack(up to main method) this
is called exception propagation.
Note: only the unchecked Exceptions are propagated automatically but not checked.

class Test
{ void m3()
{ System.out.println(10/0);
}
void m2()
{ m3();
}
void m1()
{ try{ m2(); }
catch(ArithmeticException ae)
{ System.out.println("Arithmetic Exception propagation.....");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ new Test().m1();
}
}
✓ In above example the exception raised in m3() method but it is not handled so it is propagated
to m2() method.
✓ Here the m2() method is not handled exception so it is propagated to m1().
✓ In above example m1() is handled exception.

Possibilities of try-catch: try catch ()

{ {
Case-1 } }

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catch () }
{ catch ()
} { try
catch () {
Case-2 { }
try } catch ()
{ {
} }
catch () }
{
} Case-6
try Case-4 try
{ try { try
} { try {
catch () { }
{ } catch ()
} catch () {
{ }
} }
} catch ()
catch () { try
{ {
} }
Case-3 catch ()
try Case-5 {
{ try }
} { }

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Finally block:

Finally block code is always executed irrespective of try and catch block code. It is used to write
the resource releasing code like,

a. connection closing. Connection.close();

b. streams closing. inputstreamclose();
c. channel closing scanner.close();
d. Object destruction . Test t = new Test();t=null;

Finally block Syntax:-

try
{ risky code;
}
catch (Exception obj)
{ code to be run if the exception raised (handling code);
}
finally
{ Clean-up code;(database connection closing , streams closing……etc)
}

final vs return statement :

if the try,catch,finally contains return statement the return value will be finally block return value.
class Test
{ int m1()
{ try
{ return 10;
}
catch(Exception e)
{ return 20;
}
finally
{ return 30;
}
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ int a = new Test().m1(); Output
System.out.println("return value="+a); G:\>java Test
} return value=30
}

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All possibilities of finally block execution :

Case 1: case 2:
try try
{ System.out.println("try"); { System.out.println(10/0);
} }
catch (ArithmeticException ae) catch (ArithmeticException ae)
{ System.out.println("catch"); { System.out.println("catch");
} }
finally finally
{ System.out.println("finally"); { System.out.println("finally");
} }
Output: Output:
Try catch
finally finally

case 3: case 4:
try try
{ System.out.println(10/0); { System.out.println(10/0);
} }
catch (NullPointerException ae) catch (ArithmeticException ae)
{ System.out.println("catch"); { System.out.println(10/0);
} }
finally finally
{ System.out.println("finally"); { System.out.println("finally");
} }
Output: Output:
finally finally
Exception in thread "main" Exception in thread "main"
java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero
at Test.main(Test.java:4) at Test.main(Test.java:7)
Exception in thread "main"
case 5: java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero
try
{ System.out.println("try");
} case 6:-it is possible to provide try-finally.
catch(ArithmeticException ae) try
{ System.out.println("catch"); { System.out.println("try");
} }
finally finally
{ System.out.println(10/0); { System.out.println("finally");
} }
System.out.println("rest of the code"); System.out.println("rest of the code");
Output:- Output:-
try try

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finally
rest of the code

In two cases finally block won’t be executed

Case 1: whenever the control is entered into try block then only finally block will be executed
otherwise it is not executed.
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ System.out.println(10/0);
try
{ System.out.println("ratan");
}
finally
{ System.out.println("finally block");
}
System.out.println("rest of the code");
}
}

Case 2: In your program when we used System. Exit (0) the JVM will be shutdown hence the rest
of the code won’t be executed .
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ try{ System.out.println("ratan");
System.exit(0);
}
finally
{ System.out.println("finally block");
}
System.out.println("rest of the code");
}
}
D:\>java Test
Ratan

Example :-if the try,catch finally blocks contains exception the default exception handler is able to
display only one exception at a time that most recently raised.
try
{ System.out.println(10/0);
}
catch(Exception e)
{ System.out.println("ratan".charAt(20));
}
finally
{ int[] a={10,20,30};
System.out.println(a[9]);
}
G:\>java Test

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Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: Array index out of range: 9

Statement -17
Statement -18

Example :
statement 1
statement 2
try Case1: No Exception in the above example.
{ statement 3 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6,15,16,17,18 Normal Termination
statement 4
try Case 2:- if the exception is raised in statement 2.
{ statement 5 1 , Abnormal Termination
statement 6
} Case 3:-Exception is raised in the statement 3
catch () the corresponding catch block Is
{ statement 7 not matched.
statement 8 1,2,15,16Abnormal termination
}
} Case 4:- Exception is raise in the statement-4
catch () corresponding catch block is
{ statement 9 matched.
statement 10 1,2,3,9,10,11,12,15,16,17,18NT
try
{ statement 11 Case 5:-Exception is raised in the statement 5
statement 12 and corresponding catch block
} is matched.
catch () 1,2,3,4,7,8,15,16,17,18 NT
{ statement 13
statement 14 Case 6:-If the exception is raised in the
} statement 6 and corresponding
} catch block is notmatched but
Finally{ outer catch block is matched.
statement 15 1,2,3,4,5,9,10,11,12,15,16,17,18 NT
statement 16
}

Case 7:- If the exception is raised in the statement 5 and the corresponding catch block is
matched but while executing catch block exception raised in statement-7, the outer
catch block is matched while executing outer catch exception raised in st-11, the inner
catch block is matched but while executing inner catch the exception raised in st-13.
1,2,3,4,9,10,15,16Abnormal termination.

Case 8:- If the exception is raised in the statement 6 and the corresponding catch block is
matched but while executing catch block exception raised in statement-8, the outer
catch block is matched while executing outer catch exception raised in st-12, the inner
catch block is matched but while executing inner catch the exception raised in st-14.
1,2,3,4,5,7,9,10,11,13,15,16Abnormal termination.

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Case 9:- If the exception raised in statement 15. 1,2,3,4,5 Abnormal termination.
Case 10:- if the Exception raised in statement 18. 1,2,3,4,5,6,15,16,17 Abnormal termination.
Throws keyword:
There are two approaches two handle the exceptions in java
a. By using try-catch blocks.
b. By using throws keyword.

Handling exception by using Try-catch Handling Exception by using throws keyword

1. Try-catch blocks are used to write the Throws keyword is used to delegate the
exception handling code. responsibilities of exception handling to caller
method.
2. By using try-catch blocks it is possible to By using throws it is possible to handle multiple
handle multiple exceptions by using multiple exceptions because one method is able to
catch blocks. throws multiple exceptions at time.
3. We can write the try-catch blocks at method We can write the throws keyword at method
implementation level. declaration level.
4. We can provide the try-catch blocks at We can provide the throws keyword only at
method & constructor & blocks level. method & constructor level but not block level.

Example 1:
class Test
{ void studentDetails() throws InterruptedException
{ System.out.println("suneel babu is sleeping");
Thread.sleep(3000);
System.out.println("do not disturb sir......");
}
void hod()throws InterruptedException
{ studentDetails();
}
void principal()
{ try{hod();}
catch(InterruptedException ie)
{ ie.printStackTrace(); }
}
void officeBoy()
{ principal();
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t = new Test();
t.officeBoy();
}
}

✓ in above example exception raised in studentDetails() method but it delegating responsibilities of

exception handling to hod() method by using throws keyword.
✓ But hod() method delegating responsibilities of exception handling to principal() method by
using throws now principal handing this exception by using try-catch blocks.

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Example 2:-
class Test
{ void studentDetails() throws InterruptedException
{ System.out.println("suneel babu is sleeping");
Thread.sleep(3000);
System.out.println("do not disturb sir......");
}
void hod()throws InterruptedException
{ studentDetails();
}
void principal()throws InterruptedException
{ hod();
}
void officeBoy()throws InterruptedException
{ principal();
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException
{ Test t = new Test();
t.officeBoy();
}
}
✓ In above example method-by-method using throws keyword to delegate responsibilities of
exception handling to caller method.
✓ At final main() method uses throws keyword to delegate the responsibilities of exception
handling to JVM.

Example 3:- One method is able to throws more than one exception.
import java.io.*;
class Test
{ void m2()throws FileNotFoundException,InterruptedException
{ FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("abc.txt");
Thread.sleep(2000);
System.out.println("Exceptions are handled");
}
void m1()
{ try{m2();}
catch(FileNotFoundException | InterruptedException f){f.printStackTrace();}
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t = new Test();
t.m1();
}
}

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Example 4:- The root class is able to throws all exceptions (Exception root class)
import java.io.*;
class Test
{ void m2()throws Exception
{ FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("abc.txt");
Thread.sleep(2000);
System.out.println("Exceptions are handled");
}
void m1()
{ try{m2(); }
catch(Exception e){ e.printStackTrace(); }
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t = new Test();
t.m1();
}
}

Example 5:-
import java.io.*;
class Test
{ void m2()throws FileNotFoundException,InterruptedException
{ FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("abc.txt");
Thread.sleep(2000);
System.out.println("Exceptions are handled");
}
void m1()throws InterruptedException
{ try{m2();}
catch(FileNotFoundException fn){fn.printStackTrace();}
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t = new Test();
try{ m1();}
catch(InterruptedException ie){ie.printStackTrace();}
}
}

✓ m2() method delegated two exceptions to caller method.

✓ The caller method is handled one exception(FileNotFoundException)& delegated one
exception(InterruptedException) to caller method.
✓ The main method is handled that exception.

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Throw keyword:-
In the application whenever the exception raised the JVM will create the exception object
& JVM will print predefined exception message.

Case 1: It is possible to create the exception object explicitly by developer,

Step 1:- create the Exception object explicitly by the developer by using new keyword.
new ArithmeticException("ratan not eligible");
Step 2:- handover user created Exception object to jvm by using throw keyword.
throw new ArithmeticException("ratan not eligible");

The above approach is not recommended because ArithmeticException is predefined exception & it
contains some fixed meaning(/ by zero)

Case 2: InvalidAgeException : userdefined excpetion :-

Step 1:- create the Exception object explicitly by the developer by using new keyword.
new InvalidAgeException ("ratan not eligible");
Step 2:- handover user created Exception object to jvm by using throw keyword.
throw new InvalidAgeException ("ratan not eligible");
the above approach is recommended because user defined must handled by user only.

Note: - throw keyword is used to handover user created exception object to JVM whether it is predefined
exception class or user defined exception class but it is always recommended throw custom exception.
Example:-
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ static void validate(int age)
{ if (age>18)
{ System.out.println("eligible for mrg");
}
else
{ throw new ArithmeticException("not eligible for marriage");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Scanner s=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("please enter your age ");
Int age = s.nextInt();
Test.validate(age);
System.out.println("rest of the code");
}
}
E:\>java Test E:\>java Test
please enter your age please enter your age
45 10
Check the output Check the output

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The above example is not recommended because we are creating object of ArithmeticException
but is contains some fixed meaning(/ by zero).
Customization of exception handling : user defined exception:-
There are two types of user defined exceptions
1. User defined checked exception.
a. Default constructor approach.
b. Parameterized constructor approach.

2. User defined un-checked Exception.

a. Default constructor approach.
b. Parameterized constructor approach.

Note: - while declaring user defined exceptions: the naming conventions are every exception suffix must
be the word Exception.

Creation of userdefined checked Exception by using default constructor approach:-

Step-1:- create the user defined checked Exception
Normal java class will become Exception class whenever we are extends Exception class.
InvaliedAgeException.java:-
package com.tcs.userexceptions;
public class InvalidAgeExcepiton extends Exception
{ //default constructor
};

Step-2:- use the user created Exception in our project.

Test.java
package com.tcs.project;
import com.tcs.userexceptions.InvalidAgeExcepiton;
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{ static void status(int age)throws InvalidAgeExcepiton
{ if (age>25)
{ System.out.println("eligible for mrg");
}
else
{ throw new InvalidAgeExcepiton();//default constructor executed
}
}
public static void main(String[] args)throws InvalidAgeExcepiton
{ Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("enter u r age");//23
int age = s.nextInt();
Test.status(age);
}
}
D:\morn11>java com.tcs.project.Test
enter u r age
20

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Exception in thread "main" com.tcs.userexceptions.InvalidAgeExcepiton

Creation of userdefined checked exception by using parameterized constructor approach.

step-1:- create the userdefined checked exception class.

Normal java class will become checked exception class when we extend Exception class.
InvalidAgeException.java
package com.tcs.userexceptions;
public class InvalidAgeExcepiton extends Exception
{ public InvalidAgeExcepiton(String str)
{super(str); //super constructor calling in order to print your information
}
};

Step-2:- use user created Exception in our project.

Test.java
package com.tcs.project;
import com.tcs.userexceptions.InvalidAgeExcepiton;
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{ static void status(int age)throws InvalidAgeExcepiton
{ if (age>25)
{ System.out.println("eligible for mrg");
}
else
{ throw new InvalidAgeExcepiton("not eligible try after some time");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args)throws InvalidAgeExcepiton
{ Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("enter u r age");
int age = s.nextInt();
Test.status(age);
}
}
D:\morn11>javac -d . InvalidAgeExcepiton.java
D:\morn11>javac -d. Test.java
D:\morn11>java com.tcs.project.Test
enter u r age
28
eligible for mrg

D:\morn11>java com.tcs.project.Test
enter u r age
20
Exception in thread "main" com.tcs.userexceptions.InvalidAgeExcepiton: not eligible try after some time

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Differences between checked Exception & unchecked Exception:-

User checked Exception User un-checked Exception
1. Our normal java class will become 1. Our normal java class will become un-
checked Exception class when extends checked Exception class when extends
Exception class. Exception class.
class InvalidAgeException extends Exception class InvalidAgeException extends RuntimeException
{ //logics here { //logics here
} }
2. Must handle the checked Exceptions by 2. Handling unchecked Exceptions is
using try-catch block or throws optional but it is recommended.
keyword.

Different types of exceptions

ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException:-
int[] a={10,20,30};
System.out.println(a[4]);//ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException

NumberFormatException:-
String str1="abc";
int b=Integer.parseInt(str1);
System.out.println(b);//NumberFormatException

NullPointerException:-
String str1=null;
System.out.println(str1.length());//NullPointerException

ArithmeticException:-
int b=10/0;
System.out.println(b);//ArithmeticExceptiom

IllegalArgumentException:-
Thread priority range is 1-10
1--->low priority 10--->high priority
Thread t=new Thread();
t.setPriority(11);//IllegalArgumentException

IllegalThreadStateException:-
Thread t=new Thread();
t.start();
t.start();//IllegalThreadStateException

StringIndexOutOfBoundsException:-
String str="rattaiah";
System.out.println(str.charAt(13));//StringIndexOutOfBoundsException

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NegativeArraySizeException:-
int[] a=new int[-9];
System.out.println(a.length);//NegativeArraySizeException
InputMismatchException:-
Scanner s=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("enter first number");
int a=s.nextInt();
D:\>java Test
enter first number
ratan
Exception in thread "main" java.util.InputMismatchException

ClassCastException:-
String s = new String("ratan");
Object o = (Object)s;
Object oo = new Object();
String str = (String)oo; // java.lang.ClassCastException

java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError vs java.lang.ClassNotFoundException:-
class Test1
{ void m1(){ System.out.println("Test1 class m1()"); }
}
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException
{ Test1 t = new Test1();
t.m1();
Class.forName("Emp");
}
}

Observation-1:- In Test class we are hard coding Test1 object but in target location Test1.class file is not
available it will generate java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError.

Observation-2:- In java to load .class file dynamically at runtime we are using forName() method but if
runtime the class is not available it generate java.lang.ClassNotFoundException.

Different types of Errors:-

StackOverflowError

OutOfMemoryError:-
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ int[] a=new int[100000000]; //OutOfMemoryError
}
}

ExceptionInInitializerError:-

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static int a=10/0;

ExceptionInInitializerErrorCaused by: java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero

// NoClassDefFoundError vs ClassNotFoundException :
public class NoClassDefFoundError extends LinkageError
Thrown if the Java Virtual Machine or a ClassLoader instance tries to load in the definition of a class (as
part of a normal method call or as part of creating a new instance using the new expression) and no
definition of the class could be found.

class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ new Demo().m1();
}
}
E:\>java Test
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Demo

public class ClassNotFoundException extends ReflectiveOperationException

Thrown when an application tries to load in a class through its string name using:
The forName method in class Class.
The findSystemClass method in class ClassLoader .
The loadClass method in class ClassLoader.

class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException
{ Class.forName("Ratan");
}
}

Exception handling interview Questions

1. What do you mean by Exception?

2. How many types of exceptions in java?
3. What is the difference between Exception and error?
4. What is the difference between checked Exception and un-checked
Exception?
5. Is it possible to handle Errors in java?
6. Explain exception handling hierarchy?
7. What the difference is between partially checked and fully checked
Exception?
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8. What do you mean by exception handling?

9. How many ways are there to handle the exception?
10. What is the root class of Exception handling?
11. Can you please write some of checked and un-checked exceptions in
java?
12. What are the keywords present in Exception handling?
13. What is the purpose of try block?
14. In java is it possible to write try without catch or not?
15. What is the purpose catch block?
16. What is the difference between try-catch?
17. Is it possible to write normal code in between try-catch blocks?
18. What are the methods used to print exception messages?
19. What is the purpose of printStackTrace( ) method?
20. What is the purpose of finally block?
21. If the exception raised in catch block what happened?
22. Independent try blocks are allowed or not allowed?
23. Once the control is out of try , is it remaining statements of try block is
executed or not?
24. Try-catch , try-catch-catch , catch-catch , catch-try how many
combinations are valid?
25. Try-catch-finally , try-finally ,catch-finally , catch-catch-finally how
many combinations are valid?
26. Is possible to write code in between try-catch-finally blocks?
27. Is it possible to write independent catch blocks?
28. Is it possible to write independent finally block?
29. What is the difference between try-catch –finally?
30. Is it allows to use nested try-catch in java?
31. For the method argument it us possible to provide exceptions?
32. What do you mean by exception propagation?
33. is the checked Exceptions are propagated or not?
34. If the exception raised in finally block what happened?
35. What are the situations finally block is not executed?
36. What is the relation of finally & return statement.
37. Try,catch,finally three blocks are returning value then which one taken
as a final value.
38. What is the purpose of throws keyword?
39. What is the difference between try-catch blocks and throws keyword?

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40. What do you mean by default exception handler and what is the
purpose of default exception handler?
41. What is the purpose of throw keyword?
42. If we are writing the code after throw keyword usage then what
happened?
43. What is the difference between throw and throws keyword?
44. How to create user defined checked exceptions?
45. How to create user defined un-checked exceptions?
46. Where we placed clean-up code like resource release, database
closeting inside the try or catch or finally and why ?
47. Write the code of ArithmeticException?
48. Write the code of NullPointerException?
49. Write the code of ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException &
StringIndexOutOfBoundsException?
50. Write the code of IllegalThreadStateException?
51. When we will get InputMisMatchException?
52. When we will get IllegalArgumantException?
53. When we will get ClassCastException?
54. When we will get OutOfMemoryError?
55. What is the difference between ClassNotFoundException &
NoClassDefFoundError?
56. When we will get compilation error like “unreportedException must be
catch”?
57. When we will get compilation error like “Exception XXXException has
already been caught”?
58. When we will get compilation error like “try without catch or finally”?
59. How many approaches are there to create user defined unchecked
exceptions and un-checked exceptions?
60. How to create object of user defined exceptions?
61. How to handover user created exception objects to JVM?
62. Is it possible to handle different exceptions by using single catch block
yes-->how no→why?
63. What is the purpose of try with resources?
64. Relation with Exception handling & overriding?
65. How to propagated checked & unchecked Exceptions?

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*********** Thank you ****************

Java .io package

✓ Java.io package contains classes to perform input and output operations.

✓ By using java.io package we are preforming file handling java. It possible to work with only text files
but not word & excel files.
✓ To work with excel files & word file required extra jar file like poi.jar jxl.jar files.

I/O Streams:-
➢ Byte Streams handle I/O of raw binary data.
➢ Character Streams handle I/O of character data, automatically handling translation to and from
the local character set.
➢ Buffered Streams optimize input and output by reducing the number of calls to the native API.

Input stream:- Program uses Input stream to read the data from a source one item at a time.

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Output stream:-Program uses output stream to write the data to a destination one item at a time.

Example :- creation of physical File

import java.io.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException
{ File f = new File("anu.txt");
boolean b = f.createNewFile();
if (b)
{ System.out.println("File is created successfully");
}
else
{ System.out.println("File is already existed in location");
}
}
}
Example : creation of directory
import java.io.*;

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class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException
{ //creation of File
File f = new File("anu.txt");
System.out.println(f.exists());
f.createNewFile();
System.out.println(f.exists());

//creation of directory
File f1 = new File("durga");
System.out.println(f1.exists());
f1.mkdir();
System.out.println(f1.exists());

//creation of file inside the directory (directory must present)

File f2 = new File("durga","durga.txt");
f2.createNewFile();
}
}

There are two types of streams:-

1. Byte oriented channel
2. Character oriented channel

Byte streams:-
✓ Program uses byte stream to perform input & output of byte data. All byte stream classes developed
based on InputStream & OutputStream.
✓ In byte channel the data is transferred in the from of bytes.
✓ Generally to transfer the images use byte streams.
✓ Program uses byte stream to perform input and output of 8-bit format.

To demonstrate how the byte stream works file I/O provided two main classes
✓ FileInputStream
o It is used to read the data from source one item at a time.
o To read the data from source use read() method of FileInputStream class.
public int read() throws java.io.IOException;

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read() method returns first character Unicode value in the form of integer value.

✓ FileOutputStream
o It is used to write the data to destination one item at a time.
o To write the data to destination use write() method of FileOutputStream class.
public void write(int unicode) throws java.io.IOException;
write() method is taking Unicode value of the character as a parameter.

Character streams:-
✓ Program uses character stream to perform input & output of character data. All character
stream classes developed based on Reader & Writer classes.
✓ In character channel the data is transferred in the form of characters.
✓ Generally to transfer text file data use character channel.
✓ Here the data is transferred in 16 bit format.

To work with character channel required two java classes

FileReader
o It is used to read the data from source one item at a time.
o To read the data from source use read() method of FileInputStream class.
public int read() throws java.io.IOException;
read() method returns first character Unicode value in the form of integer value.
FileWriter
o It is used to write the data to destination one item at a time.
o To write the data to destination use write() method of FileOutputStream class.
public void write(int unicode) throws java.io.IOException;
write() method is taking Unicode value of the character as a parameter.

Steps to design application:-

Step1:- create the channel.
Step 2:- read the data & store the data in temporary variable.
Step 3:- check the stream is ended or data (data flow completed or not).
Step 4:- write the data to destination file.
Step 5:- close the streams.

Example :-
import java.io.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)throws IOException
{ //Byte channel creation
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("abc.txt");
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("xyz.txt");
int c;

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while((c=fis.read())!=-1)
{ System.out.print((char)c);
fos.write(c);
}
System.out.println("read() & write operatoins are completed");
//stream closing operations
fis.close();
fos.close();
}
}
✓ While working with streams we will get two exceptions mainly FileNotFoundException , IOException
& these two exceptions are checked exceptions so must handle these exception by using try-catch
blocks or throws keyword.
✓ The above example is not recommended because when the exception raised in the middle there may
be chance of resources are not released.
✓ To overcome above problem use try-catch-finally blocks to release the resources.

Steps to design the application :-

1. Declare the resources.
2. Open the try block do the operations
3. Catch block handle the exception
4. Finally block release the resources.

Example :- application with try-catch-finally

import java.io.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ FileInputStream fis=null;
FileOutputStream fos=null;
try{
fis = new FileInputStream("abc.txt");
fos = new FileOutputStream("xyz.txt");

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int c;
while((c=fis.read())!=-1)
{ System.out.println((char)c);
fos.write(c);
}
}
catch(IOException e){ e.printStackTrace(); }
finally{
try{ if(fis!=null)fis.close();
if(fos!=null)fos.close();
}
catch(IOException io){io.printStackTrace();}
}
}
}

Example : try-with resources

when we declare the resource by using try block once the try block is completed resources are released.
import java.io.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ try(FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("abc.txt");
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("xyz.txt");)
{ int c;
while((c=fis.read())!=-1)
{ System.out.println((char)c);
fos.write(c);
}
}
catch(IOException e){ e.printStackTrace();}
}
}

Note : In CopyCharacters, the int variable holds a character value in its last 16 bits; in CopyBytes, the int
variable holds a byte value in its last 8 bits.

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Example :
import java.io.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ FileReader fr=null;
FileWriter fw=null;
try
{ fr=new FileReader("abc.txt");
fw=new FileWriter("ratan.txt");
int c;
while ((c=fr.read())!=-1)
{ fw.write(c);
}
}
catch (IOException ie){ ie.printStackTrace(); }
finally
{ try{ if(fr!=null) fr.close(); if(fw!=null) fw.close(); }
catch(IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
}
}
}
CharArrayWriter:-It is used to write the data to multiple files & this implements Appendable interface.

import java.io.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException
{ CharArrayWriter ch = new CharArrayWriter();
FileReader fr = new FileReader("abc.txt");
int a;
while((a=fr.read())!=-1)
{ ch.write(a);
}
FileWriter fw1 = new FileWriter("a.txt");
FileWriter fw2 = new FileWriter("b.txt");
ch.writeTo(fw1);
ch.writeTo(fw2);

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fw1.close();
fw2.close();
fr.close();
System.out.println("operations are completed");
}
}

Normal streams vs. Buffered Streams:-

✓ Normal streams
FileInputStream
FileOutputStream
FileReader
FileWriter

✓ Normal stream object creation

new FileInputStream("abc.txt");
new FileOutputStream("abc.txt");
new FileReader("abc.txt");
new FileWriter("abc.txt");

✓ In previous examples we are using un-buffered I/O (normal stream) .This means each read and
write request is handled directly by the underlying OS.

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✓ By using normal streams it is possible to read the data character by character ,In normal streams
each request directly triggers disk access it is relatively expensive & performance is degraded.

✓ By reading the data character by character performance decreased.

To overcome above limitations use buffered streams.

✓ Buffered Streams
BufferedInputStream
BufferedOutputStream
BufferedReader
BufferedWriter

✓ Buffered Stream Object creation

new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream("abc.txt"));
new BufferedOutputStream(new FileOutputStream("abc.txt"));
new BufferedReader(new FileReader("abc.txt"));
new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter("abc.txt"));

✓ The buffered streams are developed based on normal streams.

✓ Buffered input stream read the data from buffered memory and it interacting with hard disk only
when buffered memory is empty.

✓ By using buffered streams it is possible to read the data line by line format.

✓ When we use buffered streams, performance increased.

Example :- To work with image data.

import java.io.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ BufferedInputStream bis=null;
BufferedOutputStream bos=null;
try{
bis=new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream("desert.jpg"));
bos=new BufferedOutputStream(new FileOutputStream("ratan.jpg"));
int str;
while ((str=bis.read())!=-1)
{ bos.write(str);
}
}
catch(IOException e)

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{ System.out.println(e);
System.out.println("getting Exception");
}
finally
{ try{ if (bis != null) bis.close();
if (bos != null) bos.close();
}
catch(IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}
}
}
}

Example:- Buffered Character streams, to work with character data.

import java.io.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ try(BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new FileReader("abc.txt"));
BufferedWriter bw=new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter("ratan.txt"));)
{
String str;
while ((str=br.readLine())!=null)
{ System.out.println(str);
bw.write(str);
}
}
catch(Exception e)
{ System.out.println("getting Exception");
}
}
}

Serialization:-The process of converting java object to network supported form or file supported form is
called serialization. or
The process of saving an object to a file is called serialization. (or)
To do the serialization we required fallowing classes
1. FileOutputStream
2. ObjectOutputStream
Deserialization:-
The process of reading the object from file supported form or network supported form to the
java supported form is called deserialization.
We can achieve the deserialization by using fallowing classes.
1. FileInputStream
2. ObjectInputStream
The perform serialization our class must implements Serializable interfaces.

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Serializable is a marker interface it does not contains any methods but whenever our class is
implementing Serializable interface our class is acquiring some capabilities to perform some operations
those capabilities are provided by JVM.
Example :- Emp.java
import java.io.*;
class Emp implements Serializable
{ int eid;
String ename;
Emp(int eid,String ename)
{ this.eid=eid;
this.ename=ename;
}
}
SerializationTest.java:-
Class SerializationTest
{ public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception
{ Emp e = new Emp(111,"ratan");
//serialization [write the object to file]
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("xxxx.txt");
ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(fos);
oos.writeObject(e);
System.out.println("serialization completed");
}
}
DeserializationTest.java:-
Class SerializationTest
{ public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception
{ FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("xxxx.txt");//deserialization reading obj
ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream(fis);
Emp e1 = (Emp)ois.readObject();//returns Object
System.out.println(e1.eid+"----"+e1.ename);
System.out.println("de serialization completed");
}
}
Example :- It is possible to serialize the multiple objects but in which order we serialize same order
we have to desrialize otherwise JVM will generate ClassCastException.
import java.io.*;
class Employee implements Serializable
{ int eid;
String ename;
Employee(int eid,String ename)
{ this.eid=eid;
this.ename=ename;
}
}
class Dog implements Serializable
{ }
class Cat implements Serializable

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{ }
class Test
{ void serialization() throws Exception
{ Employee e = new Employee(111,"ratan");
Dog d = new Dog();
Cat c = new Cat();
//serialization [write the object to file]
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("xxxx.txt");
ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(fos);
oos.writeObject(e); oos.writeObject(d); oos.writeObject(c);
System.out.println("serialization of multiple objetcs completed");
}
void deserialization() throws Exception
{ //deserialization [read object form text file]
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("xxxx.txt");
ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream(fis);
Employee e1 = (Employee)ois.readObject();//returns Object
Dog d = (Dog)ois.readObject();
Cat c = (Cat)ois.readObject();
System.out.println(e1.eid+"----"+e1.ename);
System.out.println(d);
System.out.println(c);
System.out.println("deserialization completed");
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
{ Test t = new Test();
t.serialization();
t.deserialization();
}
}
Case 1: it is not possible to serialize static data members in java.
Class Test implements Serializable
{ static int eid=111;
}
Case 2:
Class Address
{ int dno;
}
Class Emp implements Serializable
{ int eno;
String ename;
Address addr;
}
✓ It is not possible to serializale Emp class because the address class is not serializable.
✓ To perform emp class serialization the corresponding all members are must be serializable.

case 3:

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Rule: In case of array or collection, all the objects of array or collection must be serializable. If any object
is not serialiizable, serialization will be failed.

Transient Modifiers :-
✓ it is the modifier applicable for only variables.
✓ If a variable declared as a transient those variables are not participated in serialization instead of
original values default values will be printed.
✓ To prevent the serialization use transient modifier.

Emp.java
import java.io.*;
class Emp implements Serializable
{ transient int eid;
transient String ename;
Emp(int eid,String ename)
{ this.eid=eid;
this.ename=ename;
}
}
Output : 0----null

File IO

1. What is the purpose of java.io package?

2. What do you mean by stream?
3. What do you mean by channel and how many types of channels present in java?
4. What is the difference between normal stream & buffered Streams?
5. What is the difference between FileInputStream & BufferedReader?
6. What is the difference between FileOutputStream & printwriter?
7. Println() method present in which class?
8. Out is which type of variable(instance /static ) present in which class?
9. To create byte oriented channel we required two class what are those classes?
10. To create character oriented channel we required two class what are those classes?
11. What is the difference between byte oriented channel and character oriented channel?
12. What is the difference between read() & readLine() method?
13. What is the difference between normal Streams & bufferd streams?
14. Wat is the purpose of write() & println() ?
15. Example classes normal Streams & bufferd streams?
16. What do you mean by serialization?
17. What is the purpose of Serializable interface& it is marker interface or not ?
18. How to prevent serialization concept?
19. What do you mean deserialization?
20. To perform deserialization we required two classes what are those classes?
21. To perform serialization we required two classes what are those classes?
22. What is the purpose of transient modifier?
23. What are advantage of serialization?
24. Serializable interface present in which package?

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25. When we will get IOException how many ways are there to handle the exceptions?
26. IOException is checked Exception or unchecked Exception?

******** Thank you ********

Multi Threading

Uni Programming:
✓ The earlier days the computer’s memory is occupied only one program after completion of one
program it is possible to execute another program is called uni programming.
✓ Whenever one program execution is completed then only second program execution will be
started such type of execution is called co operative execution, this execution we are having lot
of disadvantages.
a. Most of the times memory will be wasted.
b. CPU utilization will be reduced because only program allow executing at a time.
c. The program queue is developed on the basis co operative execution

Multiprogramming:
✓ Multiprogramming means executing the more than one program at a time.
✓ All these programs are controlled by the CPU scheduler.
✓ CPU scheduler will allocate a particular time period for each and every program.
✓ The main advantage of multithreading is to provide simultaneous execution of two or more parts
of a application to improve the CPU utilization.

Thread:
✓ Thread is a light weight task or small task of the application.
✓ Threads exist inside a process. Multiple threads can exist in a single process.
✓ Executing more than one thread simultaneously is called multithreading.

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✓ The independent execution technical name is called thread. Thread is nothing but separate path
of sequential execution.
✓ The thread is light weight process because whenever we are creating thread it is not occupying
the separate memory it uses the same memory. Whenever the memory is shared means it is not
consuming more memory.

“Multithreading in java is a process of executing multiple threads simultaneously.”

“Multithreading is a Java feature that allows concurrent execution of two or more parts of a
program for maximum utilization of CPU. Each part of such program is called a thread.”

There are two types of threads in java:

✓ User defined thread
Threads are declared by user.
✓ daemon thread
Daemon threads are executing in background Garbage Collector, Thread Scheduler..etc).

Multitasking:

Multitasking is a process of executing multiple tasks simultaneously. We use multitasking to

utilize the CPU. Multitasking can be achieved in two ways:
✓ Process-based Multitasking (Multiprocessing)
✓ Thread-based Multitasking (Multithreading)

Process-based Multitasking (Multiprocessing):

✓ Each process has its own address in memory i.e. each process allocates separate memory area.
✓ Process is heavyweight.
✓ Cost of communication between the processes is high.(Interprocess commutation )
✓ Switching from one process to another require some time for saving and loading registers,
memory maps, updating lists etc.

Thread-based Multitasking (Multithreading)

✓ Threads share the same address space.
✓ Thread is lightweight.
✓ Cost of communication between the thread is low.
✓ At least one process is required for each thread.

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Process vs. Thread:

There are two types of programming models

1. Single threaded model.
2. Multi threaded model.

Single threaded model:

✓ In java whenever execution starts from main thread, one thread started automatically is called
main thread.
✓ The below example cantinas only one thread is called main thread.

class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args) //main thread starts
{ System.out.println("Hello World!"); //main thread executing
} //main thread ended
}

Multi threaded model.

In this model create the multiple user defied threads, run those threads simultaneously is called
multithreaded model.

There are two ways to create a thread in java,

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1) By extending Thread class.

2) By implementing Runnable interface.

“Thread class & Runnable interface present in java.lang package “

First approach to create thread extending Thread class:

Step 1: Our normal java class will become Thread class when we extend predefined Thread class.
class MyThread extends Thread
{
}

Step 2: Override the run() method to write the business logic of the Thread. The run method
present in Thread class with empty implementation.
class MyThread extends Thread
{ public void run()
{ //logics here
}
}

Step 3: Create user defined Thread class object.

MyThread t=new MyThread();

Step 4: Start the Thread by using start() method of Thread class.

t.start();

ex-1:
class MyThread extends Thread
{ //logics of user thread
public void run()
{ for (int i=0;i<10;i++)
{ System.out.println("userdefined Thread");
}
}
}
class ThreadDemo
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ MyThread t=new MyThread();
t.start();

//business logic of main Thread

for (int i=0;i<10;i++)
{ System.out.println("Main Thread");
}
}
}

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First application Flow of execution:-

Whenever we are calling t.start() method then JVM will search start() method in the MyThread
class since not available so JVM will execute parent class(Thread) start() method.

Thread class start() method responsibilities

1) It will register User defined thread is into Thread Scheduler then decide new Thread is created.
2) After registering thread start() automatically calls run() to execute logics of user Thread.

Thread Scheduler:
✓ If the application contains more than one thread then thread execution decided by thread scheduler.
✓ Thread scheduler is a part of the JVM. It decides thread execution.
✓ Thread scheduler is a mental patient we are unable to predict exact behavior of Thread Scheduler it
is JVM vendor dependent.
✓ Thread Scheduler fallows two algorithms to decide Thread execution.
1) Preemptive algorithm.
2) Time slicing algorithm.
✓ We can’t expect exact behavior of the thread scheduler it is JVM vendor dependent. So we can’t say
expect output of the multithreaded examples we can say the possible outputs.

Preemptive scheduling:
In this highest priority task is executed first after this task enters into waiting state or dead
state then only another higher priority task come to existence.
Time Slicing Scheduling:
A task is executed predefined slice of time and then return pool of ready tasks. The scheduler
determines which task is executed based on the priority and other factors.

The main important application areas of the multithreading:

1. Developing video games.
2. Implementing multimedia graphics.
3. Developing animations.

Importance of main Thread:

✓ It is created automatically when program start.
✓ Because this thread effects the other ‘child’ threads.
✓ Because it performs various shutdown actions.

Life cycle stages are:

1) New / born
2) Ready
3) Running state
4) Blocked / waiting / non-running mode
5) Dead state

New: just thread is born : MyThread t=new MyThread();

Ready: ready to execute : t.start()

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Running state: If thread scheduler allocates CPU for particular thread then thread goes to running
state. The Thread is running state means the run() is executing.

Blocked State: If the running thread got interrupted of goes to sleeping state at that moment it goes
to the blocked state.

Dead State: If the business logic of the project is completed means run() over thread goes dead state.

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ex-2 : Difference between t.start() and t.run():-

✓ In the case of t.start() Thread class start() is executed, it register user defined thread into thread
scheduler then decide thread is created.

✓ But in the case of t.run() method, no new thread will be created , run() is executed like a normal
method call by the main thread.

ex-3 : No need of declare main method in separate class.

class MyThread extends Thread

{ public void run()
{ System.out.println("Thread is running.......");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ MyThread t = new MyThread();
t.start();
}
}

ex 4: It is not possible to start same thread twice : java.lang.IllegalThreadStateException

class MyThread extends Thread

{ public static void main(String[] args
{ MyThread t=new MyThread();
t.start();
t.start();
}
}

ex 5: Creating threads using anonymous inner classes approach.

class ThreadDemo
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ //anonymous inner class
Thread t1 = new Thread()
{ public void run()
{ System.out.println("user Thread-1");
}
};
t1.start();

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//anonymous inner class with nameless object

new Thread()
{ public void run(){System.out.println("user Thread-1"); }
}.start();
}
}

ex 6 : Overriding run method recommended process to write the logics

✓ It is recommended to override run() method to write the logics of the thread.
✓ In below example we are not overriding the run() method so thread class run method is executed
which is having empty implementation so we are not getting any output.

class MyThread extends Thread

{ //not overriding run() method
}
class ThreadDemo
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ MyThread t=new MyThread();
t.start();
for (int i=0;i<5;i++ )
{ System.out.println("main thread");
}
}
}

ex 7 :
✓ It is not recommended to override start method, If we are overriding start() method then JVM is
executes override start() method thread is not created.
✓ Thread is created only when thread class start method is executed.

class MyThread extends Thread

{ Public void start()
{ System.out.println(“override start method”);
}
}
class ThreadDemo
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ MyThread t=new MyThread();
t.start();
for (int i=0;i<5 ;i++ )
{ System.out.println("main thread");
}
}
}

ex 8 : It is possible to overload run() but start() method always calling 0-arg run() method.

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class MyThread extends Thread

{ public void run()
{ System.out.println("run o-arg method");
}
public void run(int a)
{ System.out.println("run 1-arg method");
}
}

ex-9 : possible to write the logics in different method then just call those methods in run() method.
class MyThread extends Thread
{ public void run()
{ m1();
m2();
m3();
}
void m1(){System.out.println("m1 method");}
void m2(){System.out.println("m2 method");}
void m3(){System.out.println("m3 method");}
}
class ThreadDemo
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ MyThread t=new MyThread();
t.start();
}
}
ex-10 : Sleep() is overloaded method

sleep() method is a static method used to stop the thread particular amount of time. Once the
time expires, thread goes to ready state.

public static native void sleep(long) throws java.lang.InterruptedException;

public static void sleep(long, int) throws java.lang.InterruptedException;

sleep() method throws InterruptedException & it is a checked exception so must handle the
exception by using try-catch or throws keyword.

class MyThread extends Thread

{ public void run()
{ for (int i=0;i<10;i++)
{ System.out.println("Thread is running......."+i);
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
}
catch(InterruptedException ie)
{ ie.printStackTrace();
}
}

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}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ MyThread t = new MyThread();
t.start();
}
}

ex-11 :
✓ Here all threads are performing same tasks.
✓ JVM will create separate stack memory for each and every thread.
✓ The below application contains four thread hence JVM will create four stack memories.

class MyThread extends Thread

{ public void run()
{ System.out.println("durgasoft task");
}
}
class ThreadDemo
{ public static void main(String[] args)//main Thread is started
{ MyThread t1=new MyThread();
MyThread t2=new MyThread();
MyThread t3=new MyThread();
t1.start();
t2.start();
t3.start();
}
}

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ex-12 :
✓ Here different threads are performing different tasks.
✓ JVM will create separate stack memory for each and every thread.
✓ The below application contains four thread hence JVM will create four stack memories.

class MyThread1 extends Thread

{ public void run()
{ System.out.println("ratan task");
}
}
class MyThread2 extends Thread
{ public void run()
{ System.out.println("Sravya task");
}
}
class MyThread3 extends Thread
{ public void run()
{ System.out.println("anu task");
}
}
class ThreadDemo

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{ public static void main(String[] args) //1- main Thread

{ MyThread1 t1 = new MyThread1();
MyThread2 t2 = new MyThread2();
MyThread3 t3 = new MyThread3();
t1.start();
t2.start();
t3.start();

//Reducing length of the code

new MyThread1().start();
new MyThread2().start();
new MyThread3().start();
}
}

ex-13: There are two types of methods in java

a. Synchronized methods
b. Non-synchronized methods

Only one thread is allows to access synchronized methods, these methods are thread safe
methods but performance will be decreased.
More than one thread is allows to access non synchronized methods, these methods are not a
thread safe methods but performance will be increased.
class A
{ public static synchronized void status(String msg)
{ for (int i=0;i<3;i++)
{ System.out.println("hi="+msg);
try{Thread.sleep(1000);}catch(InterruptedException ie){ie.printStackTrace();}
}
}
}
class MyThread1 extends Thread
{ public void run(){
A.status("ratan"); }
}
class MyThread2 extends Thread

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{ public void run()

{ A.status("durga");
}
}
class MyThread3 extends Thread
{ public void run()
{ A.status("any");
}
}
class ThreadDemo
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ new MyThread1().start();
new MyThread2().start();
new MyThread3().start();
}
}
method is non-synchronized: method is synchronized:-
G:\>java ThreadDemo G:\>java ThreadDemo
hi=durga hi=ratan
hi=ratan hi=ratan
hi=any hi=ratan
hi=durga hi=any
hi=ratan hi=any
hi=any hi=any
hi=ratan hi=durga
hi=durga hi=durga
hi=any hi=durga
ex-14 :- Thread name& id & isAlive
✓ Every Thread in java having name, default name of the main thread is main & default name of
user threads starts from Thread-0.
t1 -->Thread-0
t2 -->Thread-1
t3 -->Thread-2

✓ To set the name use setName() & to get the name use getName(),
Public final String getName()
Public final void setName(String name)

✓ To represent the current thread use currentThread() method of thread class.

public static native java.lang.Thread currentThread();

✓ To get id of a thread use getId()method.

public long getId();

✓ To check the particular thread is running or not use isAlive() method.

public final native boolean isAlive();

class MyThread extends Thread

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{
}
class ThreadDemo
{ public static void main(String args[])
{
MyThread t1=new MyThread();
MyThread t2=new MyThread();

System.out.println("t1 Thread name="+t1.getName());

System.out.println("t2 Thread name="+t2.getName());
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());

t1.setName("ratan");
t2.setName("anu");
Thread.currentThread().setName(“durga”);

System.out.println("t1 Thread name="+t1.getName());

System.out.println("t2 Thread name="+t2.getName());
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());

System.out.println("t1 Thread id="+t1.getId());

System.out.println("t2 Thread id="+t2.getId());
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getId());

System.out.println("t1 Thread alive or not="+t1.isAlive());

}
}
ex-15: Thread Priorities
✓ In java every Thread has some property. It may be default priority provided be the JVM or
customized priority provided by the programmer.
✓ Based on priority the thread scheduler allocates the CPU.
✓ The valid range of thread priorities is 1 – 10. Where 1 is lowest priority and 10 is highest priority.
✓ The default priority of main thread is 5 NORM_PRIORITY. The priority of child thread is inherited
from the parent.
✓ To represent the priority thread class contains three constants,
MIN_PRIORITY = 1
NORM_PRIORITY = 5
MAX_PRIORITY = 10
✓ Thread class defines the following methods to get and set priority of a Thread.
Public final int getPriority()
Public final void setPriority(int priority)

✓ Thread priority decide when to switch from one running thread to another this process is called
context switching.
✓ Must set the priority before starting the thread.
✓ If the more than one thread is having same priority then thread execution decide by thread
scheduler.

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class MyThread extends Thread

{ public void run()
{ System.out.println("current Thread name = "+Thread.currentThread().getName());
System.out.println("current Thread priority = "+Thread.currentThread().getPriority());
}
};
class ThreadDemo
{ public static void main(String[] args)//main thread started
{ MyThread t1 = new MyThread();
MyThread t2 = new MyThread();
t1.setPriority(Thread.MIN_PRIORITY);
t2.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
};

Case : Priority range 1-10 if we set more than 10 JVM will generate IllegalArgumentException.
MyThread t1 = new MyThread();
t1.setPriority(15); // java.lang.IllegalArgumentException

ex-16 : yield() method

✓ Yield() method causes to pause current executing Thread for giving the chance for waiting
threads of same priority.

✓ When we called yield() method the thread is not enter into waiting state, it will enter into ready
state.

✓ If there are no waiting threads or all threads are having low priority then the same thread will
continue its execution once again.

class MyThread extends Thread

{ public void run()
{ for(int i=0;i<10;i++)
{ Thread.yield();
System.out.println("child thread");
}
}
}
class ThreadYieldDemo
{ public static void main(String[] args)

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{ MyThread t1=new MyThread();

t1.start();
for(int i=0;i<10;i++)
{ System.out.println("main thread");
}
}
}

ex-17 : Thread.join(-,-) overloaded method

✓ To stop the current executing thread until completion of target thread use join() method.
✓ Join method allows one thread to wait for the completion of another thread.
✓ Join() method throws interrupted exception it is a checked exception hence handle the checked
exception by using try-catch blocks or throws keyword.

public final void join() throws java.lang.InterruptedException;

public final synchronized void join(long) throws java.lang.InterruptedException;
public final synchronized void join(long, int) throws java.lang.InterruptedException;

join() method throws InterruptedException & it is a checked exception so must handle the
exception by using try-catch or throws.

class MyThread extends Thread

{ public void run()
{ for (int i=0;i<5;i++)
{ System.out.println(“user thread”);
try{ Thread.sleep(2000); }
catch(InterruptedException e)
{ e.printStackTrace(); }

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}
}
}
class ThreadDemo
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ MyThread t1=new MyThread();
t1.start();
try{ t1.join(); }
catch (InterruptedException ie) {ie.printStackTrace();}
//logics of main thread
for (int i=0;i<5;i++)
{ System.out.println(“main thread”);
try{ Thread.sleep(2000); }
catch(InterruptedException e){e.printStackTrace();}
}
}
}

ex 18: Java.lang.Thread.Interrupted()
✓ A thread can interrupt another sleeping or waiting thread.
✓ The interrupt() is effected whenever our thread enters into waiting state or sleeping state and if
our thread doesn’t enters into the waiting/sleeping state interrupted call will be wasted.

Effect of interrupt() method call:

class MyThread extends Thread
{ public void run()
{ try
{ for (int i=0;i<10;i++ )
{ System.out.println("i am sleeping ");
Thread.sleep(5000);
}
}
catch (InterruptedException ie)
{ System.out.println("i got interupted by interrupt() call");
}
}
}
class ThreadDemo
{ public static void main(String[] args)

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{ MyThread t=new MyThread();

t.start();
t.interrupt();
}
}

No effect of interrupt() call:

class MyThread extends Thread
{ public void run()
{ for (int i=0;i<10;i++ )
{ System.out.println("i am sleeping ");
}
}
}
class ThreadDemo
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ MyThread t=new MyThread();
t.start();
t.interrupt();
}
}

ex-19: Hook Thread

➢ Shutdown hook used to perform cleanup activities when JVM shutdown normally or abnormally.
➢ Clean-up activities like
o Resource release
o Database closing
o Sending alert message
➢ So if you want to execute some code before JVM shutdown use shutdown hook

The JVM will be shutdown in fallowing cases.

c. When you typed ctrl+C
d. When we used System.exit(int)
e. When the system is shutdown ……etc

To get the Runtime class object use static factory method getRuntime()
Runtime r = Runtime.getRuntime();

To add the shutdown hook to JVM use addShutdownHook(obj) method of Runtime Class.
public void addShutdownHook(java.lang.Thread);

To remove the shutdown hook from JVM use removeShutdownHook(obj) method of Runtime Class.
public boolean removeShutdownHook(java.lang.Thread);

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Factory method: One java class method is able to return same class object or different class object is
called factory method.

class MyThread extends Thread

{ public void run()
{ System.out.println("shoutdown hook");
}
};
class ThreadDemo
{ public static void main(String[] args)throws InterruptedException
{ MyThread t = new MyThread();
//creating Runtime class Object by using factory method
Runtime r = Runtime.getRuntime();
r.addShutdownHook(t); //adding Thread to JVM hook
for (int i=0;i<10 ;i++)
{ System.out.println("main thread is running");
Thread.sleep(3000);
}
}
}
D:\DP>java ThreadDemo
main thread is running
main thread is running
main thread is running
shoutdown hook
while running Main thread press Ctrl+C then hook thread will be executed.
ex-20: Daemon threads.
✓ The threads which are executed at background to give the support to foreground thread is called
daemon threads.
ex : garbage collector,ThreadSchedular.default exceptional handler….etc

✓ Generally in java we have two types of threads

1. User thread.
2. Daemon thread.

✓ Generally all threads are created by user are called user threads if want make the daemon
thread use the fallowing method.
public final void setDaemon(boolean); used to specify the daemon thread.
public final boolean isDaemon(); to check the thread is daemon or not.

Properties of daemon thread:

❖ These threads are executing background to give support to fore ground threads.
❖ These threads are low priority threads.
❖ Whenever user threads are completes its execution all daemon threads are automatically
stopped.

class MyThread extends Thread

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{ public void run()

{ for (int i=0;i<10 ;i++)
{ System.out.println("Daemon Thread......");
try{Thread.sleep(1000);}
catch(InterruptedException ie) {ie.printStackTrace();}
}
}
}
class ThreadDemo
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{
MyThread t = new MyThread();
t.setDaemon(true);//setting daemon nature to Thread
t.start();

//main thread logic

for (int i=0;i<5 ;i++)
{ System.out.println("main Thread......");
try{Thread.sleep(1000);}
catch(InterruptedException ie){ ie.printStackTrace(); }
}
}
}

Second approach to create thread by implementing Runnable interface:

Step 1: Our normal java class will become Thread class when we are implementing Runnable interface.
class MyRunnable implements Runnable
{
}

Step2: Override run method to write logic of Thread.

class MyClass extends Runnable
{ public void run()
{ //logics here
}
}

Step 3: Creating a object.

MyClass obj=new MyClass();

Step 4: start the thread by using Thread class start method of thread class.

ex -21 : creation of Thread implementing Runnable interface :-

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class MyThread implements Runnable

{ public void run()
{ for (int i=0;i<10;i++)
{ System.out.println("userdefined Thread");
}
}
}
class ThreadDemo
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ MyThread r=new MyThread();
Thread t=new Thread(r);
t.start();

//business logic of main Thread

for (int i=0;i<10;i++)
{ System.out.println("Main Thread");
}
}
}
There are two approaches to create a thread but the recammanded approach is
implementing Runnable interface.
First approach:
Iimportant point is that when extending the Thread class, the sub class cannot extend any
other base classes because Java allows only single inheritance.
Second approach:-
✓ Implementing the Runnable interface does not give developers any control over the thread itself, as
it simply defines the unit of work that will be executed in a thread.
✓ By implementing the Runnable interface, the class can still extend other base classes if necessary.

Example-8:-
class MyThread implements Runnable
{ public void run()
{ System.out.println("Thread is running.......");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ MyThread r = new MyThread();
Thread t = new Thread(r);
t.start();
}
}

Internal Implementation of multiThreading:-

interface Runnable
{ public abstract void run();
}
class Thread implements Runnable

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{ public void run()

{ //empty implementation
}
};
class MyThread extends Thread
{ public void run() //overriding run() to write business logic
{ //write the logics here
}
};

Example-5Creating two threads by implementing Runnable interface using anonymous inner classes
class ThreadDemo
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ //application with anonymous inner classes
Runnable r1 = new Runnable()
{ public void run()
{ System.out.println("user Thread-1");
}
};
Thread t1 = new Thread(r1);
t1.start();

//application with anonymous inner classes

new Thread(new Runnable()
{ public void run()
{ System.out.println("user Thread-1");
}
}).start();

//application with lambda

new Thread(()->System.out.println(“user thread”)).start();
}
};

Volatile:-
✓ Volatile modifier is also applicable only for variables.
✓ If the values of a variable keep on changing such type of variables we have to declare with volatile
modifier. If a variable declared as a volatile then for every Thread a separate local copy will be
created. Every intermediate modification performed by that Thread will take place in local copy
instead of master copy.

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✓ Once the value got finalized just before terminating the Thread the master copy value will be
updated with the local stable value. The main advantage of volatile modifier is we can resolve the
data inconsistency problem.
✓ But the main disadvantage is creating and maintaining a separate copy for every Thread
✓ Increases the complexity of the programming and effects performance of the system.

synchronized blocks:-
✓ Synchronized vlock can be used to perform synchronization on any specific resource of the code.
✓ if the application method contains 100 lines but if we want to synchronized only 10 lines of code
use synchronized blocks.
✓ The synchronized block contains less scope compare to method.
Syntax:-
synchronized(object)
{ //code
}
Example 25 :
class Heroin
{ public void message(String msg)
{ synchronized(this){
System.out.println("hi "+msg+" "+Thread.currentThread().getName());
try{Thread.sleep(5000);}
catch(InterruptedException e){e.printStackTrace();}
}
System.out.println("hi Sravyasoft");
}
};

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class MyThread1 extends Thread

{ Heroin h;
MyThread1(Heroin h)
{ this.h=h;
}
public void run()
{ h.message("Anushka");
}
};
class MyThread2 extends Thread
{ Heroin h;
MyThread2(Heroin h)
{ this.h=h;
}
public void run()
{ h.message("Ratan");
}
};
class ThreadDemo
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Heroin h = new Heroin();
MyThread1 t1 = new MyThread1(h);
MyThread2 t2 = new MyThread2(h);
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
};

Inter thread communication :

✓ The process of communicating more than one thread each other is called inter thread
communication.
✓ The threads are communicating each other by using three methods
o wait()
o notify()
o notifyAll()
the above three methods are present in Object class.

Wait vs Sleep :-

Example-26 :-
class MyThread extends Thread
{ int total;
public void run()
{ synchronized(this){
for (int i=0;i<10 ;i++)
{ total=total+i;
}
notify();

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}
}
}
class ThreadDemo
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ MyThread t = new MyThread();
t.start();
synchronized(t)
{ System.out.println("MyThrad total is waiting for MyThread completion...");
try{
t.wait();}
catch(InterruptedException ie){System.out.println(ie);}
}
System.out.println("MyThrad total is ="+t.total);
}
}

Thread group in java :-

Java provides simple way to group more than one thread in a single object. In this case we can
suspend , resume , interrupt group of threads in single method call.
Example 27 :
class MyRunnable implements Runnable
{ public void run(){ System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()); }
}
class ThreadDemo
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ ThreadGroup tg1 = new ThreadGroup("Ratan");
new Thread(tg1,new MyRunnable()).start();
new Thread(tg1,new MyRunnable()).start();

ThreadGroup tg2 = new ThreadGroup("anu");

new Thread(tg2,new MyRunnable(),"one").start();
new Thread(tg2,new MyRunnable(),"two").start();
}
}
Example-28 : Application with lambda
class ThreadDemo

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{ public static void main(String[] args)

{ ThreadGroup tg1 = new ThreadGroup("Ratan");
new Thread(tg1,()->System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName())).start();
new Thread(tg1,()->System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName())).start();

ThreadGroup tg2 = new ThreadGroup("anu");

new Thread(tg2,()->System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()),"one").start();
new Thread(tg2,()->System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()),"two").start();

System.out.println(tg1.getName());
tg1.list();
}
}
Example-29 : ThreadGroup interruption
class MyRunnable implements Runnable
{ public void run()
{ System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());
try{Thread.sleep(1000);}catch(InterruptedException ie){ie.printStackTrace();}
}
}
class ThreadDemo
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ ThreadGroup tg1 = new ThreadGroup("Ratan");
new Thread(tg1,new MyRunnable()).start();
new Thread(tg1,new MyRunnable()).start();
tg1.interrupt();
}
}

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Multithreading

1. What do you mean by Thread?

2. What do you mean by single threaded model?
3. What is the difference single threaded model and multithreaded model?
4. What do you mean by main thread and what is the importance?
5. What is the difference between process and thread?
6. How many ways are there to create thread which one prefer?
7. Thread class& Runnable interface present in which package?
8. Runnable interface is marker interface or not?
9. What is the difference between t.start() & t.run() methods where t is object of Thread class?
10. How to start the thread?
11. What are the life cycle methods of thread?
12. Run() method present in class/interface ?Is it possible to override run() method or not?
13. Is it possible to override start method or not?

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14. What is the purpose of thread scheduler?

15. Thread Scheduler fallows which algorithm?
16. What is purpose of thread priority?
17. What is purpose of sleep() & isAlive() & isDemon() & join() & getId() & activeCount() methods?
18. Jvm creates stack memory one per Thread or all threads only one stack?
19. What is the thread priority range & how to set priority and how to get priority?
20. What is the default name of user defined thread and main thread? And how to set the name
and how to get the name?
21. What is the default priority of main thread?
22. Which approach is best approach to create a thread?
23. What is the difference between synchronized method and non-synchronized method?
24. What is the purpose of synchronized modifier?
25. What is the difference between synchronized method and non synchronized method?
26. What do you mean by demon thread tell me some examples?
27. what is the purpose of volatile modifier?
28. What is the difference between synchronized method and synchronized block?
29. Wait() notify() notifyAll() methods are present in which class?
30. When we will get Exception like “IllegalThreadStateException” ?
31. When we will get Exception like “IlleglArgumentException” ?
32. If two threads are having same priority then who decides thread execution?
33. How two threads are communicate each other?
34. What is race condition?
35. How to check whether the thread is demon or not? Main thread is demon or not?
36. How a thread can interrupt another thread?
37. Explain about wait() motify() notifyAll()?
38. Once we create thread what is the default priority?
39. What is the max priority & min priority & norm priority?
40. What is the difference between preemptive scheduling vs time slicing?

****** Thank you ******

Nested classes

Declaring the class inside another class is called nested classes it is introduced in the 1.1 version.

There are two types of nested classes in java,

1. Static nested classes
2. Non static nested classes( these are called inner classes)
a. Normal inner classes
b. Method local inner classes
c. Anonymous inner classes

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Inner class’s vs nested classes:

Inner classes are part of nested classes. The non-static nested classes are called inner classes.

Important points:

class Outer
{ class Inner
{
}
}

Note 1: The compiler will generate .class files for both inner & outer classes.
Outer class .class file name : Outer.class
Inner class .class file name : Outer$Inner.class

Note 2: It is possible to create the objects for both inner & outer classes.
Outer class Object creation : Outer o = new Outer();
Inner class object creation : Outer.Inner I = new Outer().new Inner();

Note 3: By using outer class object it is possible to call only outer class properties.
By using inner class object it is possible to call only inner class properties.

Note 4: The inner class methods are able to access outer class methods but,
Outer class methods are unable to access inner class methods.

Advantages of nested classes:

✓ It is the way logically grouping classes that are only used in the one place.
If one class required another class only one time then it is logically embedded it into that classes
make the two classes together.
• it increase the encapsulation
• it improves readability
• the inner class is able to access outer class private properties.

✓ It lead the more readability and maintainability of the code

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Nesting the classes within the top level classes at that situation placing the code is very closer to
the top level class. It improves maintenance of the project.

✓ Code optimization :
Anonymous inner classes reduce the length of the code.

✓ Nested classes always for one time usage.

If we are declaring class inside the method once the method is complete class destroyed.

Without existing one type of object there is no chance of existing another type of object we
should use Inner classes.
One functionality can exists with presence of another functionality use inner cclasses.

ex : University contains several departments but without university no chance of existing departments.
class University //outer class
{ class Department //inner class
{
}
}

ex : Map is a collection of key-value pairs & each key-value pair is entry. So map contains group of
entry’s .The entry can exists with presents of Map only.
interface Map
{ interface Entry
{
}
}

Single line about nested class’s advantage

“Nested classes enable us to logically group classes that are only used in one place, write more
readable and maintainable code and increase encapsulation.”

1. Member inner classes / regular inner classes / normal inner classes / instance inner classes:
Declaring the class inside another class is called normal inner classes.

ex- 1:
class Outer
{ private int a=10,b=20;
void m1()
{ System.out.println("outer class m1()");
}
class Inner

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{ int i=100,j=200;
void m2()
{ System.out.println("inner class m2()");
System.out.println(a+b);
System.out.println(i+j);
m1();
}
}
}
class Test
{ public static void main(String... ratan)
{ Outer o = new Outer();
o.m1();
Outer.Inner i = o.new Inner();
i.m2();
}
}

ex-2: Different variable names.

class Outer
{ int a=10,b=20;
class Inner
{ int x=100,y=200;
void add(int i,int j)
{ System.out.println(i+j);
System.out.println(x+y);
System.out.println(a+b);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ new Outer().new Inner().add(1000,2000);
}
}
o It is possible to declare the main method inside the outer class.

ex-3 : Same variable names.

class Outer
{ private int a=10,b=20;
class Inner
{ int a=100,b=200;
void m1(int a,int b)
{ System.out.println(a+b); //local variables
System.out.println(this.a+this.b); //Inner class variables
System.out.println(Outer.this.a+Outer.this.b); //outer class variables
}

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}
public static void main(String... ratan)
{ new Outer().new Inner().m1(1000,2000);
}
}

ex-4 : inside the inner class not possible to declare static members.
class Outer
{ class Inner
{ public final static int a=10;
}
}
error: Illegal static declaration in inner class Outer.Inner
✓ Inside the inner classes it is not possible to declare static members.
✓ Inside the inner classes it is not possible to declare main method because main is static.

ex -5 : Inner classes: constructor , instance blocks , static blocks

Outer classes: contractors, instance blocks
class Outer
{ Outer()
{ System.out.println("outer class cons ");
}
{ System.out.println("outer clas ins blocks");
}
static
{ System.out.println("outer clas static block");
}
class Inner
{ Inner()
{ System.out.println("inner cons");
}
{ System.out.println("inner ins block");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ new Outer().new Inner();
}
}

2. Method local inner classes:

✓ Declaring the class inside the method is called method local inner classes.
✓ The scope of method local inner class is only within the method. It means whenever the method
is completed inner class object destroyed.
✓ The applicable modifiers on method local inner classes are final & abstract .

Syntax: class Outer

{ void m1()
{ class inner

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{
}
}
}

ex-1: class Outer

{ private int a=100;
void m1()
{ class Inner //method local inner class
{ void m2()
{ System.out.println("inner class method");
System.out.println(a);
}
}
Inner i=new Inner();
i.innerMethod();
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Outer o=new Outer();
o.m1();
}
}

ex-2: class Outer

{ void show()
{ for (int i=0;i<10 ;i++ )
{ class Inner
{ public void info()
{ System.out.println("method local inner class");
}
}
new Inner().info();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ new Outer().show();
}
}

1. Static nested classes:-

✓ Declaring the class inside another class with static modifier is called static inner classes.
✓ The normal inner class is able to access both static & non-static members of outer class but static
inner class is able to access only static members of outer class.

Normal inner classes { int a=10;

✓ Allows both static & non-static members of static int b=20;
Outer class. class Inner
class Outer {System.out.println(a);

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System.out.println(b); int b=20;

}; static class Inner
}; { System.out.println(a);
✓ Static declarations are not allowed. System.out.println(b);//not possible
✓ Main method , static blocks are not allowed. };
✓ Object creation };
New Outer().new Inner();
✓ Static declarations are allowed.
Static nested classes:- ✓ Main method & static blocks are allowed.
Static nested classes ✓ Object creation
✓ Allows only static members of outer class. New Outer.Inner();
class Outer
{ static int a=10;
Example :-
class Outer
{ static int a=10;
static int b=20;
static class Inner
{ void m1()
{ System.out.println(a);
System.out.println(b);
}
};
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Outer.Inner i=new Outer.Inner();
i.m1();
}
};
Example :-
class Outer
{ static class Inner
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ System.out.println("inner class main");
}
}
}
G:\>javac Test.java
G:\>java Outer$Inner
inner class main
4. Anonymous inner class:-
✓ The name less inner class in java is called anonymous inner class.
✓ it can be used to provide the implementation of normal class or abstract class or interface

Application without anonymous inner classes:

class A //assume predefined class
{ void m1(){}
void m2(){}
}

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class Test extends A //user class contains logics

{ void m1(){System.out.println("m1 method");}
void m2(){System.out.println("m2 method");}
}
class TestClient //client code
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t = new Test();
t.m1();
t.m2();
}
}

Application with anonymous inner classes:-

Application with anonymous inner classes:- declaration of class out side of the main
class TestClient
{ A a = new A()
{ void m1(){System.out.println("m1 method");}
void m2(){System.out.println("m2 method");}
};
public static void main(String[] args)
{ TestClient t = new TestClient();
t.a.m1();
t.a.m2();
}
}

App with anonymous inner classes reduce the length of the code : declaration of class out side of main
class TestClient
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ A a = new A()
{ void m1(){System.out.println("m1 method");}
void m2(){System.out.println("m2 method");}
};
a.m1();
a.m2();
}
}

Example :-
class A //predefined class
{ void m1(){}
}
class TestClient
{ A a = new A()
{ void m1()
{ System.out.println("m1 method");
System.out.println(a.getClass().getName());

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}
};
public static void main(String[] args)
{ TestClient t = new TestClient();
t.a.m1();
}
}
G:\>java TestClient
m1 method
TestClient$1

✓ In above example when we create the object of A class internally A class object is not creating,
the compiler will generate one new class that class object will be created & that class is called
anonymous inner class.
✓ To get the compiler generated class use getClass() method of Object class.
TestClient$1 (.class file code ) open by using java de-compiler software
class TestClient$1 extends A
{ void m1()
{ System.out.println("m1 method");
System.out.println(a.getClass().getName());
}
final TestClient this$0;
TestClient$1()
{ this$0 = TestClient.this;
super();
}
}
The above example different ways :- reducing length of the code
public static void main(String[] args)
{ A a = new A()
{ void m1(){ System.out.println("m1 method");}
};
a.m1();
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ A a = new A()
{ void m1(){ System.out.println("m1 method");}
}.m1();
}
Example :Abstract classes vs. Anonymous inner class.
abstract class Animal
{ abstract void eat();
};
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Animal a=new Animal()
{ void eat(){ System.out.println("animals eating gross"); }
};

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a.eat();

new Animal()
{ void eat(){ System.out.println("animals eating gross"); }
}.eat();
}
}

Example :-interfaces vs. anonymous inner class.

interface It1
{ void m1();
}
class TestClient
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ It1 i = new It1()
{ public void m1(){System.out.println("m1 method");}
};
i.m1();

new It1()
{ public void m1(){System.out.println("m1 method");}
}.m1();
}
}

Example :
interface It1
{ void m1();
}
class A
{ void firstMethod(It1 i)
{ i.m1();
}
}

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class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ //approach-1
new A().firstMethod(new X());

//approach-2
new A().firstMethod(new It1(){public void m1()
{System.out.println("implementation with anonymous inner classes");}});

//approcah-3
new A().firstMethod(()->System.out.println("lambda code"));
}
}
class X implements It1
{ public void m1()
{ System.out.println("implementations in separte class");
}
}

Some possibilities:-
Case 1: Case 3:-
class A interface It1
{ class B { interface It2
{ {
} }
} }
Case 2:- Case 4:-
class A interface It1
{ interface It1 { class A
{ {
} }
} }
✓ Final
✓ Default (no modifier)

The applicable modifiers on inner classes

✓ final
✓ abstract
✓ public
✓ private
The applicable modifiers on Outer classes ✓ protected
✓ Public ✓ strictfp
✓ Abstract ✓ static
✓ Strictfp ✓ default (no modifier)

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Example 1:- private : it is possible to access private members inside the class only.
class Outer
{ private class Inner1
{
}
}
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Outer.Inner1 i = new Outer().new Inner1();
}
}
Compilation Error: Outer.Inner1 has private access in Outer

Example 2:- abstract : it is not possible to instantiate the class.

class Outer
{ abstract class Inner
{
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Outer.Inner i = new Outer().new Inner();
}
}
Compilation Error: Outer.Inner is abstract; cannot be instantiated
Outer.Inner i = new Outer().new Inner();

Example 3:- final : it is not possible to create sub class.

class Outer
{ final class Inner1
{
}
class Inner2 extends Inner1
{
}
}
Compilation error : cannot inherit from final Outer.Inner1

Nested classes

1) What are the advantages of inner classes?

2) How many types of nested class?
3) How many types of inner classes?
4) What do you by static inner classes?
5) What is the relation between inner classes & nested classes?
6) The inner class is able to access outer class private properties or not?
7) The outer class is able to access inner classes properties& methods or not?

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8) How to create object inner class and outer class?

9) .class file names of Inner & outer classes?
10) The outer class object is able to call inner class properties & methods or not?
11) The inner class object is able to call outer class properties and methods or not?
12) What is the difference between normal inner classes and static inner classes?
13) How to prevent the object creation of inner classes?
14) One inner class able to extends another inner class or not?
15) What do you mean by anonymous inner classes?
16) What do you mean by method local inner classes?
17) Is it possible to create inner class object without outer class object?
18) Java supports inner methods concept or not?
19) Is it possible to declare main method inside inner classes & outer class?
20) Is it possible to declare constructors inside inner classes?
21) If outer class variables and inner class variables are having same name then how to represent
outer class variables and how to represent inner class variables?
22) Is it possible to declare same method in both inner class and outer class?
23) What are the applicable modifiers on Outer classes?
24) What are the applicable modifiers on inner classes?
25) What are the applicable modifiers on method local inner classes?

Functional interface & lambda expressions java 8 version

Functional interface:- java 8 version

✓ Interface with only one abstract method is called Functional interface.
✓ The functional interface allows default & static methods also.
✓ This interface is also known as single abstract method interface (SAM interface).
✓ Lambda expression is used to provide the implementations of abstract methods.
✓ @FunctionalInterface annotation which can be used for compilation errors when the interface you
annotated violates the contracts of functional interface.

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Examples: predefined Function Interface

java.awt.event.ActionListener
java.lang.Runnable
java.util.Comparator

case 1:valid : Functional interface contains only one abstract method.

@FunctionalInterface
interface Greetings
{ void morning();
}

case 2:Valid : Functional interface contains only one abstract method & default, static methods also.
@FunctionalInterface
interface Greetings
{ void morning();
default void even(){}
static void goodnight(){}
}

case 3:Invalid : The functional interface allows only one abstract method but here we are
declared more than one abstract method.
@FunctionalInterface
interface Greetings
{ void morning();
void evening();
}

Lambda expression

✓ Lambda expression is introduced in java8 version.

✓ Lambda expression will reduce the length of the code & reduce the byte code increases performance
of the application.
✓ Used to provide the implementation of Functional interface.

Syntax :-
(Argument-list) -> {body}

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Argument-list: It can be empty or non-empty as well.

Arrow-token: It is used to link arguments-list and body of expression.
Body: It contains expressions and statements for lambda expression.

Lambda expression Body:-

✓ Body can be a single expression or a statement block.
✓ If we are declaring only one statement braces are optional.
✓ If we are declaring more than one statement brace are mandatory.
✓ In body if we are declaring only return value specifying return is also optional.

Example :-
interface Message
{ void morn();
}
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ //application with anonymous inner class
Message m = new Message()
{ public void morn(){System.out.println("good morning Ratan");}
};
m.morn();

//Application with Lambda Expression

Message m1 = ()->System.out.println("good morning Ratan");
m1.morn();
}
}

Example :-Lambda expression with arguments

interface Message
{ void morn(String str,int a);
}
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ //application with anonymous inner class
Message m = new Message()
{ public void morn(String str,int a)

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{System.out.println("arg-1 "+str);
System.out.println("arg-2 "+a);

}
};
m.morn("Anu",10);

//Application with Lambda Expression

Message m1 = (String str,int a)->{System.out.println("arg-1 "+str);
System.out.println("arg-2 "+a);};
m1.morn("Anu",10);

Message m2 = (str,a)->{System.out.println("arg-1 "+str);

System.out.println("arg-2 "+a);};
m2.morn("Anu",10);
}
}

✓ A lambda expression can contain zero or more arguments.

✓ You can eliminate the argument type while passing it to lambda expressions
( int a ) and ( a ) both are same.
✓ Invalid : Message m2 = (str,int a)->{ -------};

Example :- Lambda expression with return value

interface Printable
{ public String print();
}
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Printable p = ()->{return "hi ratan";};
System.out.println(p.print());

Printable p1 = ()->"hi ratan";

System.out.println(p1.print());
}
}

Example :
interface isTypeOne
{ void hasOne();
}
interface isTypeTwo
{ void hasTwo();
}
class Test
{ void first(isTypeOne o)

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{ o.hasOne();
}
void second(isTypeTwo t)
{ t.hasTwo();
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test t = new Test();
t.first(()->System.out.println("one"));
t.second(()->System.out.println("second"));
}
}

Example :-
interface Executable
{ void execute();
}
class Runner
{ public void run(Executable e)
{ System.out.println("run method code....");
e.execute();
}
};
public class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Runner r = new Runner();
//anonymous inner class
r.run(new Executable(){
public void execute()
{ System.out.println("execute method block of java code.....");
}
});

//lambda expression
r.run(() -> System.out.println("execute method block of code....."));

}
};

Example:- lambda expression ambiguity problems

interface Executable
{ int execute(int a);
}
interface StringExecutable
{ int execute(String a);
}
class Runner
{ public void run(Executable e)

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{ System.out.println("run method code....");

int x = e.execute(10);
System.out.println("return value="+x);
}
public void run(StringExecutable e)
{ System.out.println("run method code....");
int x = e.execute("ratan");
System.out.println("return value="+x);
}
};
public class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Runner r = new Runner();
//lambda expression
r.run((int a) -> 10);
r.run((String a) -> 20);
// r.run(a ->100); compilation error: ambiguity problem
}
};

Example :-
interface Executable
{ int execute(int a,int b);
}
class Runner
{ public void run(Executable e)
{ int x = e.execute(100,200);
System.out.println("return value="+x);
}
};
public class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ int c=10;
new Runner().run((int a,int b) -> a+b+c);
}
};

Annotations (meta data)

✓ Annotations are introduced in 1.5 versions it represent metadata of the program.

✓ Annotations can be used attach the some additional information to the interfaces,classes,methods,c
✓ onstructors which can be used by compiler and JVM.
✓ Annotations are executed by using predefined tool APT(Annotation Processing Tool ).

Meta annotations:-

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✓ It specifies information about annotation. These are present in java.lang.annotation package.

✓ The meta annotations are
o @Retention
o @Target
o @Documented
o @Inherited
o @Repeatable

Annotation @Retention : Retention policy determines at what point the annotation is available
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
The marked annotation is retained only in the source level and is ignored by the compiler.
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.CLASS)
The marked annotation is retained by the compiler at compile time, but is ignored by (JVM).
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
The marked annotation is retained by the JVM so it can be used by the runtime environment

Annotation Target specification: @Target

✓ Marks another annotation to restrict what kind of Java elements the annotation may be appliedto.
✓ The target annotation specify one of the fallowing element,
@Target(ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE) can be applied to an annotation type.
@Target(ElementType.CONSTRUCTOR ) can be applied to a constructor.
@Target ( ElementType.FIELD ) can be applied to a field or property.
@Target(ElementType.LOCAL_VARIABLE) can be applied to a local variable.
@Target(ElementType.METHOD ) can be applied to a method-level annotation.
@Target(ElementType.PACKAGE) can be applied to a package declaration.
@Target(ElementType.PARAMETER) can be applied to the parameters of a method.
@Target(ElementType.TYPE) can be applied to any class, interface or enumeration.

@Documented - Marks another annotation for inclusion in the documentation.

Whenever we are using this annotation those elements should be documented by using javadoc tool.

@Inherited –
Marks another annotation to be inherited to subclasses of annotated class (by default
annotations are not inherited to subclasses).

@Repeatable - Specifies that the annotation can be applied more than once to the same declaration.

Uses of annotations:-
❖ Information for the compiler
Annotations are used by the compiler to detect suppress warnings or errors based on rules.
Example :- @Override this one makes the compiler to check the method correctly override or not
@FunctionalInterfacemakes the compiler to validate interface is functional interface or not.

❖ Documentation
Annotations can be used in software applicationsto ensure the quality of the code like bug
finding, report generation…etc

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❖ Code generation
Annotations used to generate the code or xml files using meta data information present in the
code.

❖ Runtime processing
Annotations that are used in runtime objectives like unit testing, dependency injection…etc

1) @Override
✓ It instructs the compiler to check parent class method is overriding in child class or not if it is
not overriding compiler will generate error message.
✓ In below example if are not declaring @override annotation a new method of marry(int a)
created in child class.

Predefined support :-
@Target(ElementType.METHOD)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
public @interface Override {
}

Example :
class Parent
{ void marry()
{}
};
class Child extends Parent
{ @Override
void mary()
{ }
};
E:\>javac Test.java
error: method does not override or implement a method from a supertype

2) @SuppressWarnings –
✓ Instructs the compiler to suppress the compile time warnings specified in the annotation parameters.

Predefined support :
@Target({TYPE, FIELD, METHOD, PARAMETER, CONSTRUCTOR, LOCAL_VARIABLE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
public @interface SuppressWarnings {
String[] value();
}

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Example-1:-
import java.util.*;
class Student
{ @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public static void main(String[] args)
{ ArrayList al = new ArrayList();
al.add("ratan");
al.add("anu");
al.add("sravya");
System.out.println(al);
}
};

3) @Deprecated - Marks the method as obsolete. Causes a compile warning if the method is used.
This annotation represent the marked element is no longer be used. The compiler generates
warning message when we used that marked element.

Example :-
class Test
{ @Deprecated
void m1()
{ System.out.println(“m1 method”);
}
}
class Demo
{ @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
public static void main(String[] args)
{ new Test().m1();
}
}
Example -2:-
import java.awt.*;
class Student
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Frame f = new Frame();
f.show();
}
}
4) @FunctionalInterface - Specifies that the type declaration is intended to be a functional interface,
since Java 8.Annotations applied to other annotations (also known as "Meta Annotations"):

Predefined support :
@Documented
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
public @interface FunctionalInterface { }

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Example :
@FunctionalInterface
interface It1
{ void m1();
}

ENUMARATION (1.5 version)

✓ Enumeration is used to declare group of named constants.

✓ Declare the enum by using enum keyword.
✓ Enum used to declare the constants like
o Directions
o Month names
o Week days……etc

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public enum Day {

SUNDAY, MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY,
THURSDAY, FRIDAY, SATURDAY
}
Without enum if you want constants:
class Test With enum if we want constants
{ public static final String str1; enum Directions
public static final String str2; { NORTH, SOUTH, EAST,WEST;
public static final String str3; }
}

ex 2: It is possible to declare the enum inside the class.

class Gmail
{ enum Mail
{ INBOX,COMPOSE,SENT;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Mail[] mm = Mail.values();
for (Mail mmm : mm)
{ System.out.println(mmm);
}
}
}
ex 3 : inside the enum possible to declare constructor this constructor executed for every constant
because every constant is object.
enum Week
{ MON,TUE,WED;
Week()
{ System.out.println("0-arg cons");
}
}
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Week[] w = Week.values();
for (Week ww : w)
{ System.out.println(ww+" "+ww.ordinal());
}
}
}
ex -1:
enum Week
{ MON,TUE,WED; //public static final
}
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Week w1 = Week.MON;
Week w2 = Week.TUE;
Week w3 = Week.WED;

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System.out.println(w1+" "+w2+" "+w3);

Week[] w = Week.values();
for (Week ww : w)
{ System.out.println(ww+" "+ww.ordinal());
}
}
}

//internal enum code

public final class Week extends Enum
{ private Week(String s, int i)
{ super(s, i);
}
public static final Week MON;
public static final Week TUE;
public static final Week WED;
private static final Week VALUES[];

static
{ MON = new Week("MON", 0);
TUE = new Week("TUE", 1);
WED = new Week("WED", 2);
VALUES = (new Week[] {
MON, TUE, WED
});
}
}

1. enums internally treated as class format.

2. enums are by default final so we can not create child enums.
3. enums are by default public
4. the default super cls of enum is : Enum
5. enum keyword to declare the enum : Enum is default super
6. enums also compiler generated .class files
7. enums contians private cons : so not possbile to create the obj
8. Every enum constant by default public static final.
9. eums to decalre user defined cons
10. every enum constant is object.
ex 4: Observation
Case 1: Inside the enum if are declaring only constants these constants ends with semicolon is optional.
enum Week
{ MON,TUE,WED
}

case 2: Inside the enum if we are declaring constants along with some other elements like constructor or
method in this case group of constants must be first line must ends with semicolon.

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enum Week
{ MON,TUE,WED;
Week()
{ System.out.println("0-arg cons");
}
}
ex 5: inside the enum possible to declare the constructor,main method instance,static blocks.
enum Week
{ MON,TUE(10),WED(10,20); //public static final
static
{ System.out.println("staic block");
}
{ System.out.println("ins block");
}
Week()
{ System.out.println("0-arg cons");
}
Week(int a)
{ System.out.println("1-arg cons");
}
Week(int a,int b)
{ System.out.println("2-arg cons");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ System.out.println("enum main method");
}
}
if the application contains static variables & static blocks then the execution order is top to bottom.
a. first static constants are executed
b. static blocks are execcuted
E:\>java Week
ins block
0-arg cons
ins block
1-arg cons
ins block
2-arg cons
staic block
enum main method
ex 6 : It is possible to take the enum as a switch argument.
enum Day
{ SUNDAY, MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY, FRIDAY, SATURDAY
}
class Test
{ public static void main(String args[])
{ Day day = Day.SUNDAY;
switch(day)
{ case SUNDAY: System.out.println("sunday");

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break;
case MONDAY: System.out.println("monday");
break;
default: System.out.println("other day");
break;
}
}
}
in above example we are passing enum as switch argument so the case labels must be enums constants.

ex 7: Accessing the enums constants

a. using normal import
b. using static import
//Fish.java
package com.tcs.enumscons;
enum Fish
{ GOLD,STAR,CAT;
}

//normal import : access the static data using class-name

package com.tcs.client;
import com.tcs.enumscons.Fish;
class MainTest
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ System.out.println(Fish.STAR);
System.out.println(Fish.GOLD);
System.out.println(Fish.CAT);
}
}
//static import : access static data directly without using class-name
package com.tcs.client;
import static com.tcs.enumscons.Fish.*;
class MainTest
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ System.out.println(STAR);
System.out.println(GOLD);
System.out.println(CAT);
}
}
Enumeration

1) What is the purpose enum in java?

2) How to declare enum & compiler will generate .class files or not?
3) enum constants are by default modifiers are?
4) What is the difference enum & Enum?
5) What is the purpose of values() & ordinal() methods?
6) What is the difference between java enum & other language enums.
7) Is it possible to declare main method & constructor inside the enum or not?

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8) Is it possible to provide parameterized constructor inside the enum?

9) Inside the enum group of constants ends with semicolon is optional or mandatory?
10) What is the difference between java enum and java class?
11) Is it possible to crate object for enum or not?
12) For enum inheritance concept is applicable or not?
13) When the enum constants are loaded?
14) Enums are able to implement interfaces or not?
15) What is the difference between enum& Enumeration & Enum?
16) Can you use enum constants switch case in java?
17) What is the modifier applicable for enum constructor?
18) Is it possible to declare the enum inside the class & inside the method ?
19) What is the difference between normal import & static import?
20) When we access enum constants outside of the package directly without using enum name then
normal import required or static import required?

Material by Mr. Ratan...........

********* Thank you : Completed: Thank you: Believes only practical Knowledge************

Arrays

✓ Arrays are used to represent group of elements as a single entity but these elements are
homogeneous &fixed size.
✓ The size of Array is fixed it means once we created Array it is not possible to increase and
decrease the size.
✓ Array in java is index based first element of the array stored at 0 index.
✓ By using arrays possible to store primitive data & object data.

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Advantages of array:-
✓ Code optimization:Instead of declaring individual variables we can declare group of elements by
using array it reduces length of the code.
✓ Flexibility:We can store the group of objects easily & we are able to retrieve the data easily.
✓ RandomAccess : We can access the random elements present in the any location based on index.

First element element at 5th position

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 index
Length is 9

There are two approaches to declare the array

Approach 1:-
int[] a; declaring
a = new int[5]; instantiation
a[0]=10; initialization
a[1]=20;

Approach 2:- int a[]={10,20,30,40}; //declaring, instantiation, intialization

Possible syntaxes:
int[] values;
int []values;
int values[];

Example :- different ways to print array data.

package com.dss;
public class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ int[] a = {10,20,30};
//1-way
System.out.println(a[0]);
System.out.println(a[1]);
System.out.println(a[2]);

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//2-way
for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++)
{ System.out.println(a[i]);
}

//3-way
for(int aa:a)
{ System.out.println(aa);
}
}
}

Example :
✓ when we create the array the array is created with default values later initialization is performaed.
package com.dss;
public class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ int[] a = new int[3];
for(int aa:a)
{ System.out.println(aa);
}

String[] s = new String[3];

s[0]="ratan";
s[1]="anu";
for(String ss:s)
{ System.out.println(ss);
}
}
}

Example : finding null index vales.

String[] s = new String[3];
s[0]="ratan";
for(int i=0;i<s.length;i++)
{ if(s[i]==null)
System.out.println(i);
}
Example:- adding the objects into Array and printing the object data.
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Emp e1 = new Emp(111,"ratan");
Emp e2 = new Emp(222,"anu");
Emp e3 = new Emp(333,"sravya");

Emp[] e = new Emp[3];

e[0]=e1;

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e[1]=e2;
e[2]=e3;
for (Emp ee:e)
{ //System.out.println(ee); in this line toString() executed prints hashcode
System.out.println(ee.eid+”---”+ee.ename)
}
}
}

Example:- printing array elements with elements and default values.

class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Emp[] e = new Emp[5];
e[0]=new Emp(111,"ratan");
e[1]=new Emp(222,"anu");
e[2]=new Emp(333,"sravya");
for (Object e1:e)
{ if (e1 instanceof Emp)
{ Emp e2 = (Emp)e1;
System.out.println(e2.eid+"----"+e2.ename);
}
if (e1==null)
{ System.out.println(e1);
}
}
}
}
Output:-
E:\>java Test
111----ratan
222----anu
333----sravya
null
null

✓ In above example if the location contains null value but we are trying to call the e2.eidJVM will
generate NullPointerException so to overcome this problems use if-else condition to check the data.

Example:-process of adding different types Objects in Object array

this.eid=eid;
Emp.java: this.ename=ename;
class Emp }
{ int eid; }
String ename;
Emp(int eid,String ename) Student.java:-
{//conversion of local to instance class Student

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{ int sid; this.sid=sid;

String sname; this.sname=sname;
Student(int sid,String sname) }
{//conversion of local to instance }

Test.java
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Object[] a= new Object[6];
a[0]=new Emp(111,"ratan");
a[1]=new Integer(10);
a[2]=new Student(1,"anu");
a[3]=new String(“ratan”);

for (Object a1:a)

{ if (a1 instanceof Emp)
{ Emp e1 = (Emp)a1;
System.out.println(e1.eid+"---"+e1.ename);
}
if (a1 instanceof Student)
{ Student s1 = (Student)a1;
System.out.println(s1.sid+"---"+s1.sname);
}
if (a1 instanceof Integer)
{ System.out.println(a1);
}
if (a1 instanceof String)
{ System.out.println(a1);
}
if (a1==null)
{ System.out.println(a1);
}
}
}
}

Example : Finding minimum & maximum element of the array

class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ int[] a = new int[]{10,20,5,70,4};
for (int a1:a)
{ System.out.println(a1);
}

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//minimum element of the Array

int min=a[0];
for (int i=1;i<a.length;i++)
{ if (min>a[i])
{ min=a[i];
}
}
System.out.println("minimum value is ="+min);

//maximum element of the Array

int max=a[0];
for (int i=1;i<a.length;i++)
{ if (max<a[i])
{ max=a[i];
}
}
System.out.println("maximum value is ="+max);
}
}
Example :- copy the data from one array to another array
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ int[] copyfrom={10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80};
int[] copyto = new int[7];
System.arraycopy(copyfrom,1,copyto,0,7);
for (int cc:copyto)
{ System.out.println(cc);
}
}
}
Example :- copy the data from one array to another array
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ int[] copyfrom={10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80};
int[] newarray=java.util.Arrays.copyOfRange(copyfrom,1,4);
for (int aa:newarray)
{ System.out.println(aa);//20 30 40
}
}
}
Example : To get the class name of the array
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ int[] a={10,20,30};
System.out.println(a.getClass().getName());
}
}

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Example :- Taking array elements from keyboard by using scanner class.

import java.util.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ int[] a=new int[5];
Scanner s=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("enter values");
for (int i=0;i<a.length;i++)
{ System.out.println("enter "+i+" value");
a[i]=s.nextInt();
}

//printing the data

for (int a1:a)
{ System.out.println(a1);
}
}
}

Example : Method parameter is array & method return type is array

class Test
{ static void m1(int[] a) //method parameter is array
{ for (int a1:a)
{ System.out.println(a1);
}
}
static int[] m2() //method return type is array
{ System.out.println("m1 method");
return new int[]{100,200,300};
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test.m1(new int[]{10,20,30,40});
int[] x = Test.m2();
for (int x1:x)
{ System.out.println(x1);
}
}
}

Example :- find the sum of the array elements.

class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ int[] a={10,20,30,40};
int sum=0;
for (int a1:a)
{ sum=sum+a1;

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}
System.out.println("Array Element sum is="+sum);
}
}

declaration of multi dimensional array:-

int[][] a;
int [][]a;
int a[][];
int []a[];

Example :-
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ int[][] a={{10,20,30},{40,50,60}};
System.out.println(a[0][0]);//10
System.out.println(a[1][0]);//40
System.out.println(a[1][1]);//50
}
} 0 1

10 20 30 10 20 30
0 1 2 0 1 2

Example:-
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ String[][] str={{"A.","B.","C."},{"ratan","ratan","ratan"}};
System.out.println(str[0][0]+str[1][0]);
System.out.println(str[0][1]+str[1][1]);
System.out.println(str[0][2]+str[1][2]);
}
}

Collections framework (java.util)

Collection definition :

✓ The main objective of collections framework is to represent group of object as a single entity.
✓ In java Collection framework provide very good architecture to store and manipulate the group
of objects.

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✓ Collection API contains group of classes and interfaces that makes it easier to handle group of
objects.

Arrays vs. Collections:

Both Arrays and Collections are used to represent group of objects as a single entity but
the differences are as shown below.

Limitations of Arrays Advantages of Collections

1) Arrays are used to store homogeneous data 1) Collections to store both

(similar data). homogeneous & heterogeneous data.

2) Arrays are capable to store primitive & 2) Collections are capable to store only
Object type data object data.

3) Arrays are fixed in size, it means once we 3) Collections can grow and shrink in
created array it is not possible to increase & size automatically when objects are
decrease the size based on our requirement. added or removed.

4) Arrays does not contains underlying Data 4) Collection classes contains

underlying data structure hence it
structure hence it is not supporting
supports predefined methods so
predefined methods so operations are
operations are easy.
become complex.

5) With respect to memory arrays are not 5) With respect to memory collections
recommended to use. are recommended to use.

6) If you know size in advance arrays are 6) In performance point of view

recommended to use because it provide collections will give low performance
good performance. compare to arrays.

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✓ All collection framework classes & interfaces : java.util package.

✓ The root interface of the collection classes is : Collection
✓ The root interface of the map classes is : Map
✓ The parent interface of the Collation is : Iterable (java.lang)
✓ Collection frame work introduced in : jdk 1.2 version

Collection vs. Collections:

Collection is a root interface of collection frame work whereas Collections is utility class it
contains methods to perform operations.

The key interfaces of collection framework:

1. Java.util.Collection
2. Java.util.List
3. Java.util.Set
4. Java.util.SortedSet
5. Java.util.NavigablaSet
6. Java.util.Queue
7. Java.util.Enumeration
8. Java.util.Iterator
9. Java.util.ListIterator
10. Java.lang.Comparable --->java.lang package
11. Java.util.Comparator

12. Java.util.Map
13. Java.util.SotedMap
14. Java.util.NavigableMap
15. Map.Entry

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Characteristics of Collection frame work classes:

The collections framework contains group of classes but every class is used to represent group of
objects as a single entity but characteristics are different.

1) The collect ion framework classes introduced Versions

2) Heterogeneous data allowed or not allowed.

All most all collection framework classes allowed heterogeneous data except two classes
i. TreeSet
ii. TreeMap

3) Null insertion is possible or not possible.

4) Duplicate objects are allowed or not allowed.

Inserting same object more than one time is called duplication.
add(e1)
add(e1)

5) Insertion order is preserved or not preserved.

In which order we are inserting element same order output is printed then say
insertion order is preserved otherwise not.
Input --->e1 e2 e3 output --->e1 e2 e3 insertion order is preserved
Input --->e1 e2 e3 output --->e2 e1 e3 insertion order is not-preserved

6) Collection classes’ methods are synchronized or non-synchronized.

If the methods are synchronized only one thread is allowed to access, these methods are
threading safe but performance is reduced.
If the methods are non-synchronized multiple threads are able to access, these methods are not
thread safe but performance is increased.

Collection frame work classes are non-synchronized except java 1.0 version classes(Vector,HashTable)

7) Collection classes underlying data structures.

Every collection class contains underlying data structure hence it supports predefined methods.

8) Collection classes supported cursors.

The collection classes are used to represent group of objects as a single entity & To retrieve
the objects from collation class we are using cursors.

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Summary of collections framework:

✓ List interface implementation classes.
✓ Set interface implementation classes.
✓ Queue interface implementation classes.
✓ Map interface implementation classes
✓ Collection data sorting.
✓ Cursors in collections.

List interface

Collection(i) 1.2 version

extends

List(i) 1.2 version

implements implements implements

ArrayList(c LinkedList(c) Vector(c)

1.0 version
)
1.2 version 1.2 version extends

Stack(c)
1.0 version

Legacy classes(introduced in 1.0 version)

I = Interface C = class

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List interface Implementation classes:

1) ArrayList
2) LinkedList
3) Vector
4) Stack

Legacy classes: The java classes which are introduced in 1.0 version .
1) HashTable
2) Properties
3) Stack
4) Vector
5) Dictionary <abstract class>
6) Enumeration<interface>

Java.util.ArrayList:
To check the predefined support use javap command,
D:\ratan>javap java.util.ArrayList

public class java.util.ArrayList<E>

extends java.util.AbstractList<E>
implements java.util.List<E>,
java.util.RandomAccess,
java.lang.Cloneable,
java.io.Serializable

✓ Usually collection data is transferred from one JVM instance to other JVM instance. To support
this requirement, every collection class must be inherited from java.io.Serializable interface.
Serializable is a marker interface providing serialization capabilities.

✓ Also, collection data can be copied. Hence, every collection class must be inherited from
java.lang.Cloneable interface. Cloneable is a marker interface providing Cloneing capabilities.

✓ ArrayList and Vector classes implements java.util.RandomAccess, which is marker interface, to

indicate that they support constant data access time.

ArrayList:
1) ArrayList Introduced in 1.2 version.
2) ArrayList stores Heterogeneous objects(different types).
3) In ArrayList it is possible to insert Null objects.
4) Duplicate objects are allowed.
5) ArrayList preserved Insertion order it means whatever the order we inserted the data in the same
way output will be printed.
6) ArrayList methods are non-synchronized methods.
7) The under laying data structure is Resizable array.
8) By using cursor we are able to retrieve the data from ArrayList : Iterator , ListIterator

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ex-1:
Case 1 : Up to 1.4 versions we must create wrapper class object then add that object into ArrayList.

import java.util.ArrayList;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ ArrayList al = new ArrayList();
al.add(new Integer(10));
al.add(new Character('c'));
al.add(new Double(10.5));
System.out.println(al);
System.out.println(al.toString());
}
}

Case 2: From 1.5 versions onwards add the primitive data into ArrayList , that data is
automatically converted into wrapper object format is called Auto boxing.

Code before compilation:

import java.util.ArrayList;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ ArrayList al = new ArrayList();
al.add(10);
al.add('a');
al.add(10.5);
System.out.println(al.toString());
}
}

Code after compilation:

import java.util.ArrayList;
class Test
{ public static void main(String args[])
{ ArrayList arraylist = new ArrayList();
arraylist.add(Integer.valueOf(10));
arraylist.add(Character.valueOf('a'));
arraylist.add(Double.valueOf(10.5));
System.out.println(arraylist.toString());
}
}

✓ When we add the primitive data into ArrayList it is automatically converted into wrapper object
format is called autoboxing.
✓ Whenever we are printing arraylist reference internally it calls toString() method on every object.
✓ toString() present in object class returns String representation of object(class-name@hashcode).
✓ String,StringBuffer,all wrapper classes toString() method overriding to return content of the object.

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ex-2: working with object data.

Emp.java: Student.java
class Emp class Student
{ int eid; { int sid;
String ename; String sname;
Emp(int eid,String ename) Student(int sid,String sname)
{ //conversion of local to instance { //conversion of local to instance
this.eid=eid; this.sid=sid;
this.ename=ename; this.sname = sname;
} }
} }

Test.java
package com.dss;
import java.util.ArrayList;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ArrayList al = new ArrayList();
al.add(10);
al.add("ratan");
al.add(new Emp(111, "ratan"));
al.add(new Student(1, "anu"));
al.add(null);
System.out.println(al.toString());

for(Object o : al)
{ if(o instanceof Emp)
{ Emp ee = (Emp)o;
System.out.println(ee.eid+"--"+ee.ename);
}
if(o instanceof Student)
{ Student ss = (Student)o;
System.out.println(ss.sid+"---"+ss.sname);
}
if(o instanceof String)
{ System.out.println(o);
}
if(o instanceof Integer)
{ System.out.println(o);
}
if(o==null)
{ System.out.println(o);
}
}
}
}

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ex 3:
✓ Arrays are by default type safe it means the array contains only specific type of data.
Int array ---> stores only int data
String array ---> stores only String data
✓ Collections are not type safe (no guarantee on data) it means the collections can store different
types of objects.
ArrayList al = new ArrayList();
al.add(10);
al.add(“ratan”);
✓ If the collections are not type safe while reading the data at runtime we have to perform,
1. Type checking
2. Type casting

if the collections are not type safe, while reading the data we have to do (typecheckig& type casting).
package com.dss;
import java.util.ArrayList;
public class Test3 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ArrayList al = new ArrayList();
al.add(new Emp(111, "ratan"));
al.add(new Student(1, "durga"));

Student s = (Student)al.get(1);
System.out.println(s.sid+" "+s.sname);

Object o = al.get(0);
if(o instanceof Student)
{ Student s1 = (Student)o;
System.out.println(s1.sid+" "+s1.sname);
}
if(o instanceof Emp)
{ Emp e1 = (Emp)o;
System.out.println(e1.eid+" "+e1.ename);
}
}
}

To overcome above two problems to provide the type safety to the collections use generics.

✓ The generics are used to provide the type safety to the collections, it allows only similar type of data,
if we are trying to add different types of object compiler generates error message.
✓ When we provide type safety to the collection the advantages are ,
o No type checking.
o No type casting.
Generic version of ArrayList used to store only homogeneous data.(type safety)
ArrayList<String> al = new Arrraylist<String>();
al.add(“ratan”);
al.add(“anu”);

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ex-4:
import java.util.ArrayList;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//arrays are type safe
int[] a={10,20,30};
for(int aa:a)
{ System.out.println(aa);
}

//normal version of collection: not type safety

ArrayList al = new ArrayList();
al.add(new Emp(111, "ratan"));
al.add(new Student(1, "anu"));
for(Object o:al)
{ if(o instanceof Emp)
{ Emp e = (Emp)o;
System.out.println(e.eid+"---"+e.ename);
}
if(o instanceof Student)
{ Student s = (Student)o;
System.out.println(s.sid+"---"+s.sname);
}
}

//generic version of collection: provides type safety

ArrayList<Emp> a1 = new ArrayList<Emp>();
a1.add(new Emp(111,"ratan"));
a1.add(new Emp(222,"anu"));
for (Emp e : a1)
{ System.out.println(e.eid+"---"+e.ename);
}
}
}

Observation : if the generic version contains null values we have to print the data using below code.
ArrayList<Student> a2 = new ArrayList<Student>();
a2.add(new Student(1,"ratan"));
a2.add(new Student(2,"anu"));
a2.add(null);
for (Student s : a2)
{ if(s==null) System.out.println(s);
else System.out.println(s.sid+"---"+s.sname);
}

Note : Arrays are used to store the homogeneous data & collection generic version used to store
homogeneous data but collections provides more flexibility with respect to the memory &
operations.

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Ex-5: Basic operations on ArrayList

package com.dss;
import java.util.ArrayList;
public class Test5 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ArrayList al = new ArrayList();
al.add(10);
al.add(10.5);
al.add("durga");
al.add("ratan");
al.add(10);
al.add(null);
System.out.println(al);
System.out.println(al.size()); //finding size of the ArrayList

al.add(3, "anu"); //Adding the data at specified index

System.out.println(al); //[10, 10.5, durga, anu, ratan, 10, null]

al.remove(2); // int value is by default index format to remove

al.remove("anu"); // passing object data to remove
System.out.println(al); // [10, 10.5, ratan, 10, null]

al.set(1, "xxx"); //set() : used to replace the data

System.out.println(al);

System.out.println(al.isEmpty()); //checking isempty or not

al.clear(); //removes all elements
System.out.println(al.isEmpty());
}
}

observation: when we remove the data by passing numeric value it is by default treated as index value.
ArrayList al = new ArrayList();
al.add(10);
al.remove(10); // java.lang.IndexOutOfBoundsException:

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ArrayList constructors :

Constructor-1 public java.util.ArrayList();

The default capacity of the ArrayList is 10 once it reaches its maximum capacity then size is
automatically increased by
New capacity = (old capacity*3)/2+1 = 16

Constructor-2 public java.util.ArrayList(int user-capacity); create ArrayList with initial capacity

ArrayList al = new ArrayList (20);
New capacity = (old capacity*3)/2+1 = 31

Constructor-3 public java.util.ArrayList(java.util.Collection)

Adding one collection data into another collection.
ArrayList a1 = new ArrayList();
a1.add(10);
ArrayList a2 = new ArrayList(a1);
a2.add(20);
System.out.println(a2); //10 20

Ex-6 There are two ways to add one collection data into another collection.
i. By using constructor approach.
ii. By using addAll() method
✓ To add only one collection data into another collection use constructor approach.
✓ To add more than one collection into single collection use addAll() method.

import java.util.ArrayList;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//constructor approach
ArrayList<String> a1 = new ArrayList<String>();
a1.add("ratan");
ArrayList<String> a2 = new ArrayList<String>(a1);
a2.add("durga");
System.out.println(a2);

//addAll() method to add the data

ArrayList<String> b1 = new ArrayList<String>();
b1.add("aaa");
ArrayList<String> b2 = new ArrayList<String>();
b2.add("bbb");
ArrayList<String> b3 = new ArrayList<String>();
b3.addAll(b1);
b3.addAll(b2);
b3.add("ccc");
System.out.println(b3);
}
}

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Ex-7:
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Emp e1 = new Emp(111,"ratan");
Emp e2 = new Emp(222,"Sravya");
Emp e3 = new Emp(333,"aruna");
Emp e4 = new Emp(444,"anu");

ArrayList<Emp> a1 = new ArrayList<Emp>();

a1.add(e1);
a1.add(e2);

ArrayList<Emp> a2 = new ArrayList<Emp>();

a2.addAll(a1);
a2.add(e3);
a2.add(e4);

System.out.println(a2.contains(e1));
System.out.println(a2.containsAll(a1));
a2.remove(e1);
System.out.println(a2.contains(e1));
System.out.println(a2.containsAll(a1));

//printing the data

for (Emp e:a2)
{ System.out.println(e.eid+"---"+e.ename);
}
}
}

Observation :
a2.removeAll(a1); // it removes all a1 data except a2.
a2.retainAll(a1); // it removes all a2 data except a1

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ex 8: Adding similar elements n times

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ ArrayList<String> a1 = new ArrayList<String>(Collections.nCopies(10,"ratan"));
for (String s: a1)
{ System.out.println(s);
}
}
}

Ex 9: Creation of sub ArrayList & swapping data

Create sub ArrayList by using subList(int,int) method of ArrayList.

public java.util.List<E> subList(int, int);

To swap the data from one index position to another index position then use swap() method.
public static void swap(java.util.List<?>, int, int);

package com.dss;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;

public class Test10 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
ArrayList<String> a1 = new ArrayList<String>();
a1.add("ratan");
a1.add("anu");
a1.add("durga");
a1.add("sravya");

System.out.println("Before swapping :" + a1);

Collections.swap(a1, 1, 3);
System.out.println("After swapping :" + a1);

ArrayList<String> a2 = new ArrayList<String>(a1.subList(1, 4));

a2.add("aaa");
System.out.println(a2);
}
}

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Ex-10: conversion process

Arrays to collection : Arrays.asList()

Normal version of collection to array : toArray ()
Generic version of collection o array : toArray (argument)

import java.util.*;
class ArrayListDemo
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{
//Conversion of array to ArrayList by using asList() method
String[] str={"ratan","Sravya","aruna"};
ArrayList<String> a1 = new ArrayList<String>(Arrays.asList(str));
a1.add("ratan”);
a1.add("anu");
for (String s: a1)
{ System.out.println(s);
}

//Conversion of generic version of ArrayList to array by using toArray(T) method

ArrayList<String> a2= new ArrayList<String>();
a2.add("anu");
a2.add("Sravya");

String[] s = new String[al.size()];

a2.toArray(s);
for (String ss:s)
{ System.out.println(ss);
}

//conversion of normal version ArrayList to Array by using toArray() method

ArrayList a3= new ArrayList();
a3.add(10);
a3.add('c');
a3.add("ratan");

Object[] o = a3.toArray();
for (Object oo :o)
{ System.out.println(oo);
}
}
}

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java.util.LinkedList : Before the LinkedList examples check the cursors.

public class java.util.LinkedList extends java.util.AbstractSequentialList

implements java.util.List<E>, java.util.Deque<E>,
java.lang.Cloneable,java.io.Serializable.
1) Introduced in 1.2 version.
2) Heterogeneous objects are allowed.
3) Null insertion is possible.
4) Insertion order is preserved.
5) Linked List methods are non-synchronized.
6) Duplicate objects are allowed.
7) The under laying data structure is double linkedlist.
8) cursors :- Iterator,ListIterator.

LinkedList constructors: To check the constructor use javap command or API documentation.
LinkedList(); it builds empty LinkedList.
LinkedList(java/util/Collection) Used to add one collection data into another collection.

ex-1: LinkedList basic operations.

import java.util.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ LinkedList<String> l=new LinkedList<String>();
l.add("B");
l.add("C");
l.add("D");
l.add("E");
l.addLast("Z");
l.addFirst("A");
l.add(1,"A1");
System.out.println("original content:-"+l);

l.removeFirst();
l.removeLast();
System.out.println("after deletion first & last:-"+l);

l.remove("E");
l.remove(2);
System.out.println("after deletion :-"+l);

l.set(2,”ratan");
System.out.println("after seting:-"+l);

System.out.println(l.isEmpty());
l.clear();
System.out.println(l.isEmpty());
}
}

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Ex-2:
package com.dss;
public class Book {
int id;
String name,author;
public Book(int id, String name, String author) {
this.id = id;
this.name = name;
this.author = author;
}
}

package com.dss;
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.ListIterator;
public class Test2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
LinkedList<Book> l = new LinkedList<Book>();
l.add(new Book(111, "java", "ratan"));
l.add(new Book(222, "c", "durga"));
l.add(new Book(333, "cpp", "anu"));

//By using listIterator Adding new Book object & remove : C

ListIterator<Book> lstr=l.listIterator();
lstr.add(new Book(444, "Python", "sravya"));
while(lstr.hasNext())
{ Book b = lstr.next();
if(b.name.equals("c"))
lstr.remove();
}

//print the data using for-each loop

for(Book b : l)
{ System.out.println(b.id+" "+b.author+" "+b.name);
}
}
}
ex-3: Adding one collection data into another Collection.
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ ArrayList<String> al = new ArrayList<String>();
al.add("ratan");
LinkedList<String> linked = new LinkedList<String>(al);
linked.add("anu");
System.out.println(linked);
}
}

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ArrayList vs. LinkedList:

✓ ArrayList internally uses dynamic resizablearray to store the elements

LinkedList internally uses double linkedlist to store the elements.

✓ Insertion, remove data on Arraylist is slow because when we perform the operations internally it
requires more shift operations.
But insertion,remove on LinkedList is faster because shift operations are not required.

✓ With respect the memory Arraylist is recommended.

With respect the memory LinkedList is not recommended.

✓ ArrayList is implements RandomAccess interface hence the data Access fast.

But LinkedList not implementing RandomAccess interface hence the data Access slow.

✓ Arraylist needs to be resized when runs out of space.

LinkedList nodes are allocated & released when necessary.

✓ RandomAccess is marker interface present in java.util package provides read operations

capabilities.

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Vector: (legacy class introduced in 1.0 version)

public class java.util.Vector extends java.util.AbstractList

implements java.util.List<E>,java.util.RandomAccess,
java.lang.Cloneable,java.io.Serializable

1) Introduced in 1.0 version it is a legacy class.

2) Heterogeneous objects are allowed.
3) Duplicate objects are allowed.
4) Null insertion is possible.
5) Insertion order is preserved.
6) The under laying data structure is growable array.
7) Vector methods are synchronized.
8) Applicable cursors are Iterator,Enumeration,ListIterator.

Note : Vector is same as ArrayList but.

Vector methods are synchronized.
ArrayList methods are non-synchronized.

Constructor 1:- public java.util.Vector();

new Vector();
The default initial capacity of the Vector is 10
Once it reaches its maximum capacity it means when we trying to insert 11 element that
capacity will become double[20 40 ….etc].

Constructor 2: public java.util.Vector(int user-capacity);

Vector<String> v = new Vector<String>(2);
System.out.println(vv.capacity()); //2
v.add("aaa");
v.add("bbb");
System.out.println(v.capacity()); //4

Constructor 3: public java.util.Vector(int user-capacity, int user-increment-value);

Vector<String> v = new Vector<String>(2,5);
System.out.println(v.capacity()); //2
v.add("ratan");
v.add("aruna");
v.add("Sravya");
System.out.println(v.capacity()); //7

Constructor 4: public java.util.Vector(java.util.Collection):Adding one collection data into another

ArrayList<String> al = new ArrayList<String>();
al.add("no1");
Vector<String> v = new Vector<String>(al);
v.add("ratan");
System.out.println(v);

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Ex-1:
package vectorEx;

import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Vector;

public class Test2 {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Vector<Integer> v = new Vector<Integer>();
for(int i=1;i<=30;i++)
{ v.add(i);
}
System.out.println(v); //1-30

//remove the odd elements by using Iterator cursor

Iterator<Integer> itr = v.iterator();
while(itr.hasNext())
{ Integer i = itr.next();
if(i%2==0)
System.out.println(i); // even printed
else
itr.remove();
}
System.out.println(v); // even printed
}
}

Ex-2 : Copying data from Vector to ArrayList:- use copy() method of Collections class.

import java.util.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ ArrayList<String> al = new ArrayList<String>();
al.add("ratan");
al.add("anu");

Vector<String> v = new Vector<String>();

v.add("durga");
v.add("sravya");
Collections.copy(al,v);
System.out.println(al);
}
}

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ex-3:
package vectorEx;
public class Product {
int id;
String name;
int cost;
public Product(int id, String name, int cost) {
this.id = id;
this.name = name;
this.cost = cost;
}
}

package vectorEx;

import java.util.Enumeration;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.ListIterator;
import java.util.Vector;
public class Test3 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Vector<Product> products = new Vector<Product>();
products.add(new Product(111, "pen", 20));
products.add(new Product(222, "fan", 300));
products.add(new Product(333, "light", 200));

//print the data using Enumeration

Enumeration<Product> e = products.elements();
while(e.hasMoreElements())
{ Product p = e.nextElement();
System.out.println(p.id+" "+p.name+" "+p.cost);
}

//print the data by using iterator

Iterator<Product> itr = products.iterator();
while(itr.hasNext())
{ Product p = itr.next();
System.out.println(p.id+" "+p.name+" "+p.cost);
}

//print the data by using ListIterator

ListIterator<Product> lstr = products.listIterator();
while(lstr.hasNext())
{ Product p = lstr.next();
System.out.println(p.id+" "+p.name+" "+p.cost);
}
}
}

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Stack: (legacy class introduced in 1.0 version)

1) It is a child class of vector.
2) Introduce in 1.0 version, it is a legacy class.
3) It is designed for LIFO(last in fist order ).

ex-1 :
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Stack<String> s = new Stack<String>();
s.push("ratan");
s.push("anu");
s.push("durga");
System.out.println(s);
System.out.println(s.size());

System.out.println(s.peek()); //to return last element of the Stack

s.pop(); //remove the data top of the stack
System.out.println(s);
System.out.println(s.search("durga")); //1 last added object will become first

System.out.println(s.isEmpty());
s.clear();
System.out.println(s.isEmpty());
}
}

Ex-2: conversion of arrays to stack.

package com.dss;
import java.util.Stack;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String[] s = {"ratan","anu","durga"};
Stack<String> stack = new Stack<String>();
for(String str : s)
{ stack.push(str);
}
System.out.println(stack);
}
}

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Collection framework Cursors:

There are three ways to read the data from collection classes
1. By using for-each loop
2. By using get() method
3. By using cursor

There are three types of cursors in java

a. Enumeration
b. Iterator
c. listIterator

Property Enumeration Iterator ListIterator

Purpose Read the data Read the data Read the data
Is legacy? Yes 1.0 No 1.2 version No 1.2 version
It is applicable for Only legacy classes For all classes Only for list classes
Universal or not No Yes no
Hot to get the object Using elements() Using iterator() method Using listIterator()
method method
Navigation Only forward Only forward Bi-directional
Methods hasMoreElements(); hasNext() 9-methods
nextElement(); next() , remove()
Operations Only read Read & remove Read & remove
&update & add
Class or interface Interface Interface Interface
Normal & generic type Supports both Support both Support both

ListIterator methods:
public abstract boolean hasNext();
public abstract E next();
public abstract boolean hasPrevious();
public abstract E previous();
public abstract int nextIndex();
public abstract int previousIndex();
public abstract void remove();
public abstract void set(E); //replacement
public abstract void add(E);

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ex-1: Enumeration Cursor

package com.dss;
import java.util.Enumeration;
import java.util.Vector;
public class Test1 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Vector<String> v = new Vector<String>();
v.add("ratan");
v.add("anu");
v.add("durga");
//Read the data by using Enumeration :normal version : type Casting Required
Enumeration e = v.elements();
while(e.hasMoreElements())
{ String s = (String)e.nextElement();
System.out.println(s);
}
//Read the data by using Enumeration : generic version : type Casting not Required
Enumeration<String> e1 = v.elements();
while(e1.hasMoreElements())
{ String s = e1.nextElement();
System.out.println(s);
}
}
}
Ex-2: Iterator Cursor
package com.dss;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Iterator;
public class Test2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ArrayList<String> al = new ArrayList<String>();
al.add("ratan");
al.add("anu");
al.add("durga");
//Read the data by using iterator : normal version : Type casting required
Iterator itr = al.iterator();
while(itr.hasNext())
{ String s = (String)itr.next();
System.out.println(s);
}
//read the data by using iterator : generic version : Type Casting not required
Iterator<String> itr1 = al.iterator();
while(itr1.hasNext())
{ String s = itr1.next();
System.out.println(s);
}
}
}

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Ex-3: ListIterator Cursor.

package com.dss;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.ListIterator;

public class Test3 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
ArrayList<String> al = new ArrayList<String>();
al.add("ratan");
al.add("anu");
al.add("durga");

//ListIterator cursor : with generic version : print the data forward & backward direction
ListIterator<String> lstr2 = al.listIterator();
while(lstr2.hasNext())
{ String s = lstr2.next();
System.out.println(s);
}
while(lstr2.hasPrevious())
{ String s = lstr2.previous();
System.out.println(s);
}
}
}
ex-4 : Reading the data using (for-each , get() , cursor )
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ ArrayList<String> al =new ArrayList<String>();
al.add("ratan");
al.add("anu");
al.add("sravya");

//1st approach to read the data using for-each loop

for (String a : al )
{ System.out.println(a);
}
//2nd approach to print Collection data using get () method
String s = al.get(0);
System.out.println(s);
// 3rd approach : Generic version of cursor
Iterator<String> itr2 = al.iterator();
while (itr2.hasNext())
{ String str =itr2.next();
System.out.println(str);
}
}
}

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Ex 5: Iterator cursor removes data.

package com.dss;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Iterator;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ArrayList<String> al =new ArrayList<String>();
al.add("ratan");
al.add("anu");
al.add("sravya");

Iterator<String> itr = al.iterator();

while(itr.hasNext())
{ String s1 = itr.next();
if(s1.equals("ratan"))
itr.remove();
}
System.out.println(al);
}
}

ex -6:
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ ArrayList<String> al =new ArrayList<String>();
al.add("ratan");
al.add("anu");
al.add("sravya");

ListIterator<String> lstr = al.listIterator();

lstr.add("suneel");
while(lstr.hasNext())
{ String s = lstr.next();
if (s.equals("anu"))
{ lstr.set("Anushka");
}
if (s.equals("ratan"))
{ lstr.remove();
}
}
System.out.println(lstr);
}
}
✓ Sunnel object is added at first position because when we create the iterator cursor the cursor is
pointing to before first record.

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Ex- 7: Adding Book objects into ArrayList then removing the data using Iterator cursor.
Book.java
package com.dss;
public class Book {
int id;
String name;
String author;
public Book(int id, String name, String author) {
this.id = id;
this.name = name;
this.author = author;
}
}

Test.java
package com.dss;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Iterator;

public class Test5 {

public static void main(String[] args) {

ArrayList<Book> books = new ArrayList<Book>();
books.add(new Book(111, "java", "ratan"));
books.add(new Book(222, "C", "anu"));
books.add(new Book(333, "CPP", "durga"));

Iterator<Book> itr = books.iterator();

while(itr.hasNext())
{ Book b = itr.next();
if(b.id==111)
itr.remove();
if(b.name.equals("CPP"))
itr.remove();
}

//print the remaining data

for(Book b:books)
{ System.out.println(b.id+" "+b.name+" "+b.author);
}
}
}

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Collection Data Sorting

✓ It is possible to sort the collection data by using sort() method of Collections class and by default it
perform ascending order .
✓ if we want to perform sorting data must satisfies the below conditions,
o The data must be homogenous
o Must implements Comparable interface.

✓ In java String,all wrapper classes are implementing comparable interface by default.

✓ To perform sorting internally JVM uses compareTo() method
o if you want perform sorting of two diff object JVM will generate ClassCastException.
o If you are perform sorting with null obj JVM will generate NullPointerExcpetion.

import java.util.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ ArrayList<String> al = new ArrayList<String>();
al.add("ratan");
al.add("anu");
al.add("Sravya");
System.out.println("ArrayList data before sorting="+al);
Collections.sort(al);
System.out.println("ArrayList data after sorting ascending order="+al);

LinkedList<Integer> l = new LinkedList<Integer>();

l.add(10);
l.add(3);
l.add(20);
l.add(5);
System.out.println("Before sorting: "+l);
Collections.sort(l);
System.out.println("After sorting: "+l);

}
}
Case 1: if we are trying to perform sorting of heterogeneous data , while performing comparison(by
using comapreTo() method) JVM will generate java.lang.ClassCastException
ArrayList al = new ArrayList();
al.add("ratan");
al.add(10);
Collections.sort(al);

Case 2: when we perform sorting of data if the data contains null value while performing comparison
(by using compareTo()) JVM will generate java.lang.NullPointerException.
ArrayList al = new ArrayList();
al.add("ratan");
al.add(null);
Collections.sort(al);

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Ex:
If we want to perform descending order use Collections.reverseOrder() method along with
Collection.sort() method.
Collections.sort(list , Collections.reverseOrder());

package com.dss;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;

public class Test1 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
ArrayList<String> al = new ArrayList<String>();
al.add("ratan");
al.add("anu");
al.add("durga");
al.add("sravya");
System.out.println("Before sorting:"+al);
Collections.sort(al,Collections.reverseOrder());
System.out.println("After sorting:"+al);
}
}

Java.lang.Comparable :
✓ If we want to sort user defined class like Emp based on eid or ename with default natural sorting
order then your class must implements Comparable interface.

✓ Comparable interface present in java.lang package it contains only one method compareTo(obj) then
must override that method to write the sorting logics.

✓ If your class is implementing Comparable interface then that objects are sorted automatically by
using Collections.sort(). And the objects are sorted by using compareTo() method of that class.
“ratan”.compareTo(“anu”) ==> +ve ==>change the order
“ratan”.compareTo(“ratan”) ==> 0 ==>no change
“anu”.compareTo(“ratan”) ==> -ve ==>no change

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Ex :
Emp.java: Normal version of comparable performing sorting of eid
class Emp implements Comparable
{ int eid;
String ename;
Emp(int eid,String ename)
{ this.eid=eid;
this.ename=ename;
}
public int compareTo(Object o)
{ Emp e = (Emp)o;
if (eid == e.eid ) return 0;
else if (eid > e.eid) return 1;
else return -1;
}
}

Emp.java : Generic version of Comparable performing sorting of ename

class Emp implements Comparable<Emp>
{ int eid;
String ename;
Emp(int eid,String ename)
{ this.eid=eid;
this.ename=ename;
}
public int compareTo(Emp e)
{ return ename.compareTo(e.ename);
}
}

Test.java: use any one Emp.java file to perform sorting

import java.util.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ ArrayList<Emp> al = new ArrayList<Emp>();
al.add(new Emp(111, "ratan"));
al.add(new Emp(444, "anu"));
al.add(new Emp(333, "durga"));
al.add(new Emp(222, "sravya"));

Collections.sort(al);

for(Emp e : al)
{ System.out.println(e.eid+" "+e.ename);
}
}
}

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Java.lang.Comparable vs. java.util.Comparator:

Property Java.lang.Comparable Java.util.Comparator

1. Sorting logics Here we are mixing both We can separate the

business logics & sorting sorting logics & normal
logics in single class. logics in different classes.

2. Properties sorting Only one property sorting Multiple properties sorting

3. Sorting method
Int compareTo(Object o1)
int compare(Obj o1,Obj o2)
This method compares this
This method compares o1
object with o1 object and
and o2 objects. and returns a
returnsa integer.Its value has
integer.Its value has
following meaning
following meaning.
positive – this object is
greater than o1
positive – o1 is greater
than o2
zero this object equals to o1
negative this object is less zero –o1 equals to o2
than o1 negative– o1 is less than
o1

4. Method calling to
Collections.sort(List) Collections.sort(List, Compar)
perform sorting

5. package Java.lang Java.util

6. which type of sorting Default natual sorting only For customized sorting
order& customized also. order.

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Comparator sorting:
Emp.java:
class Emp
{ int eid;
String ename;
Emp(int eid,String ename)
{ this.eid=eid;
this.ename=ename;
}
}
EidComp.java:- normal version of comparator : type casting required
import java.util.Comparator;
public class EidComp implements Comparator{
public int compare(Object o1, Object o2) {
Emp e1 = (Emp)o1;
Emp e2 = (Emp)o2;
if(e1.eid==e2.eid) return 0;
else if(e1.eid>e2.eid) return 1;
else return -1;
}
}

EnameComp.java:- generic version of comparator : type casting not required

import java.util.Comparator;
class EnameComp implements Comparator<Emp>
{ public int compare(Emp e1,Emp e2)
{ return (e1.ename).compareTo(e2.ename);
}
}
Test.java:-
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ ArrayList<Emp> al = new ArrayList<Emp>();
al.add(new Emp(333,"ratan"));
al.add(new Emp(222,"anu"));
al.add(new Emp(111,"Sravya"));
Collections.sort(al,new EidComp());
Iterator<Emp> itr = al.iterator();
while (itr.hasNext())
{ Emp e = itr.next();
System.out.println(e.eid+"---"+e.ename);
}
}
}
Sorting of emp name : Collections.sort(al,new EnameComp());
Sorting of emp id : Collections.sort(al,new EidComp());

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Collection data Cloning & serialization process

In Collection frame work every class implements Cloneable & Serializable interfaces to support
cloning process & serialization process.

ex1:
package com.dss;

import java.io.Serializable;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.RandomAccess;

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
ArrayList<String> al = new ArrayList<String>();
System.out.println(al instanceof List);
System.out.println(al instanceof Cloneable);
System.out.println(al instanceof Serializable);
System.out.println(al instanceof RandomAccess);

LinkedList<String> l = new LinkedList<String>();

System.out.println(l instanceof List);
System.out.println(l instanceof Cloneable);
System.out.println(l instanceof Serializable);
System.out.println(l instanceof RandomAccess); //false
}
}

ex2: Cloning process : The process of creating exactly duplicate objects is called cloneing.
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ LinkedList<String> linked= new LinkedList<String>();
linked.add("First");
linked.add("Second");
linked.add("Third");
linked.add("Random");
System.out.println("Actual LinkedList:"+linked);

LinkedList<String> copy = (LinkedList) linked.clone();

System.out.println("Cloned LinkedList:"+copy);
}
}
E:\>java Test
Actual LinkedList:[First, Second, Third, Random]
Cloned LinkedList:[First, Second, Third, Random]

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ex-3 : Serialization process : To perform serialization the class must implements Serializable interface.

package com.dss;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
import java.util.ArrayList;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
ArrayList<Emp> al = new ArrayList<Emp>();
al.add(new Emp(111, "ratan"));
al.add(new Emp(222, "anu"));

//Serialization process
FileOutputStream outputStream = new FileOutputStream("abc.txt");
ObjectOutputStream objectOutputStream = new ObjectOutputStream(outputStream);
objectOutputStream.writeObject(al);
outputStream.close();
objectOutputStream.close();
System.out.println("serialization process completed......");

//Deserialization process
FileInputStream inputStream = new FileInputStream("abc.txt");
ObjectInputStream objectInputStream = new ObjectInputStream(inputStream);
ArrayList<Emp> arraylist = (ArrayList<Emp>)objectInputStream.readObject();
outputStream.close();
objectInputStream.close();
System.out.println("Deserialization process completed......");
for(Emp e:arraylist)
{ System.out.println(e.eid+"---"+e.ename);
}
}
}
Observation :
class Emp implements Serializable { }
class Student { }
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args) {
ArrayList al = new ArrayList();
al.add(new Emp());
al.add(new Student());
}
}
✓ To perform serialization of ArrayList inside the arraylist all objects must be serializable objects.
✓ In above example serialization of Arraylist data is not possible because the Student obj is not
implements seralizable interface.

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Set interface implementation classes

Collection(i) 1.2 v

extends
1.2v
Set(i)
implements extends

1.2 v HashSet(c) SortedSet(i) 1.2V

extends extends
1.4 v
LinkedHashSet(c) NavigableSet(i) 1.6v

implements

TreeSet(c) 1.2v

List vs. Set : List allows duplicates & set duplicates not allowed.

Java.util.HashSet:
public class java.util.HashSet extendsjava.util.AbstractSet
implements java.util.Set<E>, java.lang.Cloneable, java.io.Serializable

1) Introduced in 1.2 version.

2) Heterogeneous objects are allowed.
3) Duplicate objects are not allowed if we are trying to insert duplicate values then we won't get
any compilation &Execution errors simply add method returns false .
4) Null insertion is possible but if we are inserting more than one null it return only one null value
(because duplicates are not allowed).
5) The under laying data structure is HashTable.
6) Insertion order is not preserved it is based on the hash code of the object (hashing mechanism).
7) Methods are non-synchronized.
8) It supports only Iterator cursor to retrieve the data.

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Constructors:
1. public HashSet(); it creates default HashSet.
new HashSet();
default capacity: 16 default fill ratio : 0.75

2. Public HashSet(int user-capacity);

New HashSet(10);
It create the HashSet by specified capacity. Default fill ratio 0.75

3. Public HashSet(int capacity,float fillRatio);

new HashSet(10,0.56);
It initialize both capacity and fillratio(also called as load factor).

4. Public HashSet(java/util/Collection); Adding one collection data into another collection data.
HashSet<String> h1 = new HashSet<String>();
h1.add("ratan");
HashSet<String> h2 = new HashSet<String>(h1);
h2.add("no1");
System.out.println(h2);

ex: import java.util.*;

class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ HashSet<String> h = new HashSet<String>();
h.add("ratan");
h.add("anu");
h.add("durga");
h.add("ratan");
Iterator<String> itr = h.iterator();
while (itr.hasNext())
{ String str = itr.next();
System.out.println(str);
}
}
}

ex: when we insert duplicates it insert the first value & ignores the next occurrences.
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ HashSet<String> h = new HashSet<String>();
System.out.println(h.add("ratan")); //true
System.out.println(h.add("ratan")); //false
System.out.println(h.add("ratan")); //false
System.out.println(h);
}
}

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Java.util.LinkedHashSet:

public class java.util.LinkedHashSet extendsjava.util.HashSet

implements java.util.Set<E>,
java.lang.Cloneable,java.io.Serializable

1. Introduced in 1.4 version and It is a child class of HashSet.

2. Heterogeneous objects are allowed.
3. Duplicate objects are not allowed if we are trying to insert duplicate values then we won’t get any
compilation &Execution errors simply add method return false.
4. Insertion order is preserved.
5. Null insertion is possible only once(because duplication is not possible).
6. The under laying data structure is LinkedList & hashTable.
7. Methods are non-synchronized.
8. It supports only Iterator cursor retrieve the data.

Note : HashSet not preserved insertion order but LinkedHashset preserved insertion order.

Conastructors:-
Public LinkedHashSet();
Public LinkedHashSet(java/util/Collection<? extends E>);
Public LinkedHashSet(int capacity);
Public LinkedHashSet(int capacity,float fillRatio);

ex : Eliminating duplicates by using Set interface.

ArrayList<String> al = new ArrayList<String>();
al.add("anu");
al.add("anu");

LinkedHashSet<String> lh = new LinkedHashSet<String>(al);

lh.add("aaa");
System.out.println(lh);

ex: Set data sorting.

Set<Integer> integers = new LinkedHashSet<>();
integers.add(5);
integers.add(10);
integers.add(0);
integers.add(-1);
System.out.println("Original set: " +integers);
// Collections.sort(integers); This throws error since sort method accepts list not collection
List list = new ArrayList(integers);
Collections.sort(list);
System.out.println("Sorted set: "+list);
Collections.sort(list, Collections.reverseOrder());
System.out.println("Reversed set: " +list);

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ex : inserting Emp data into LinkedHashSet & removing data using Iterator cursor.

Emp.java :
package com.dss;
public class Emp {
int eid;
String ename;
public Emp(int eid, String ename) {
this.eid = eid;
this.ename = ename;
}
}

Test.java:
package com.dss;

import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.LinkedHashSet;

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
LinkedHashSet<Emp> h = new LinkedHashSet<Emp>();
h.add(new Emp(111, "ratan"));
h.add(new Emp(222, "anu"));
h.add(new Emp(333, "durga"));

Iterator<Emp> itr = h.iterator();

while(itr.hasNext())
{ Emp e = itr.next();
if(e.eid==111)
itr.remove();
if(e.ename.equals("durga"))
itr.remove();
}

for(Emp e : h)
{ System.out.println(e.eid+" "+e.ename);
}
}
}

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Java.util.TreeSet:

public class java.util.TreeSet extends java.util.AbstractSet<E>

implements java.util.NavigableSet<E>,
java.lang.Cloneable, java.io.Serializable

1. TreeSet introduced in 1.2 version.

2. Heterogeneous data is not allowed.
3. Insertion order is not preserved but it sorts the elements in some sorting order.
4. Duplicate objects are not allowed.
5. Null insertion is possible only once.
6. TreeSet Methods are non-synchronized.
7. The underlying data Structure is Balanced Tree.
8. It supports Iterator cursor to retrieve the data.

TreeSet Constructors:
TreeSet() Constructs a new, empty tree set, sorted according to the natural ordering of its elements.

TreeSet(Collection<? extends E> c)

Constructs a new tree set containing the elements in the specified collection, sorted according to
the natural ordering of its elements.

TreeSet(Comparator<? super E> comparator)

Constructs a new, empty tree set, sorted according to the specified comparator.

TreeSet(SortedSet<E> s)
Constructs a new tree set containing the same elements and using the same ordering as the
specified sorted set.

Ex-1:
package com.dss;
import java.util.TreeSet;

public class Test1 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
TreeSet<String> t = new TreeSet<String>();
t.add("ratan");
t.add("anu");
t.add("durga");
System.out.println(t);

TreeSet<Integer> t1 = new TreeSet<Integer>();

t1.add(10);
t1.add(2);
t1.add(3);
System.out.println(t1);
}
}

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✓ When we insert the data in TreeSet, by default it prints the data in sorting order(ascending or
alphabetical order) because it is implementing SortedSet interface.
✓ To perform the sorting internally it uses compareTo() method and it compare the two objects it
returns int value as a return value.

Case 1: TreeSet t=new TreeSet();

t.add("anu");
t.add(10); // java.lang.ClassCastException
System.out.println(t);
TreeSet allows homogeneous data, if we are trying to insert heterogeneous data while
performing sorting by using compareTo() JVM will generate java.lang.ClassCastException (becauseit is
not possible to compare integer data with String) .

Case 2: TreeSet t=new TreeSet();

t.add("ratan");
t.add(null); //java.lang.NullPointerException
System.out.println(t);
➢ If the TreeSet contains data if we are trying to insert null value at the time of comparison JVM
will generate //java.lang.NullPointerException.
➢ In java any object with comparison of null it will generate java.lang.NullPointerException.

Ex-2: constructor-4 example : TreeSet(SortedSet<E> s)

Constructs a new tree set containing the same elements and using the same ordering as the
specified sorted set.
package com.dss;
import java.util.SortedSet;
import java.util.TreeSet;
public class Test4 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
TreeSet<Integer> t = new TreeSet<Integer>();
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++)
{ t.add(i);
}
System.out.println(t);

SortedSet<Integer> s1 = t.subSet(3, 7);

TreeSet<Integer> t1 = new TreeSet<Integer>(s1);
System.out.println(t1);

SortedSet<Integer> s2 = t.tailSet(4);
TreeSet<Integer> t2 = new TreeSet<Integer>(s2);
System.out.println(t2);

SortedSet<Integer> s3 = t.headSet(6);
TreeSet<Integer> t3 = new TreeSet<Integer>(s3);
System.out.println(t3);
}
}

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Ex-3: constructor-3 example

TreeSet(Comparator<? super E> comparator)
Constructs a new, empty tree set, sorted according to the specified comparator.

package com.dss;

import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.TreeSet;

public class Test2 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
TreeSet<String> t = new TreeSet<String>(new MyComp());
t.add("ratan");
t.add("anu");
t.add("durga");
t.add("sravya");
System.out.println(t);

TreeSet<Integer> t1 = new TreeSet<Integer>(new MyComp1());

t1.add(10);
t1.add(3);
t1.add(7);
t1.add(20);
System.out.println(t1);
}
}

class MyComp implements Comparator<String>

{ @Override
public int compare(String s1, String s2) {
return -s1.compareTo(s2);
}
}

class MyComp1 implements Comparator<Integer>

{ @Override
public int compare(Integer i1, Integer i2) {
return -i1.compareTo(i2);
}
}

Check all possibilities :

return i1.compareTo(i2);
return -i1.compareTo(i2);
return i2.compareTo(i1);
return -i2.compareTo(i1);

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Ex-4: constructor-3 example

TreeSet(Comparator<? super E> comparator)
Constructs a new, empty tree set, sorted according to the specified comparator.

Product.java
package com.dss;
public class Product {
int id;
String name;
double cost;
public Product(int id, String name, double cost) {
this.id = id;
this.name = name;
this.cost = cost;
}
}

Test.java
package com.dss;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.TreeSet;

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
TreeSet<Product> t1 = new TreeSet<Product>(new MyCom2());
t1.add(new Product(111, "chair", 1000.56));
t1.add(new Product(333, "pen", 100.56));
t1.add(new Product(222, "bottle", 10000.56));
t1.add(new Product(444, "phone", 2000.56));

for(Product p : t1)
{ System.out.println(p.id+" "+p.name+" "+p.cost);
}
}
}

class MyCom2 implements Comparator<Product>

{ @Override
public int compare(Product p1, Product p2) {
return -p1.name.compareTo(p2.name);
}
}

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ex -5 program to insert StringBuffer data into TreeSet to perform sorting in alphabetical order.

import java.util.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ TreeSet<StringBuffer> t = new TreeSet<StringBuffer>(new MyComp());
t.add(new StringBuffer("ccc"));
t.add(new StringBuffer("aaa"));
t.add(new StringBuffer("bbb"));
System.out.println(t);
}
}
class MyComp implements Comparator<StringBuffer>
{ public int compare(StringBuffer sb1,StringBuffer sb2)
{ String s1 = sb1.toString();
String s2 = sb2.toString();
return -s1.compareTo(s2);
}
}

Ex -6 : write a program to insert String & StringBuffer object into TreeSet perform sorting.

import java.util.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ TreeSet t = new TreeSet(new MyComp());
t.add("ratan");
t.add(new StringBuffer("sravya"));
t.add("anu");
t.add(new StringBuffer("suneelbabu"));
t.add("sri");
System.out.println(t);
}
}
class MyComp implements Comparator
{ public int compare(Object o1,Object o2)
{ String s1 = o1.toString();
String s2 = o2.toString();
return -s1.compareTo(s2);
}
}

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Ex-7 : Basic operations on TreeSet.

public E lower(E); it print lower object of specified object

public E higher(E); it print higher object of specified object
public java/util/SortedSet<E> subSet(E, E); it print subset
public java/util/SortedSet<E> headSet(E); it print specified object above objects
public java/util/SortedSet<E> tailSet(E); it print specified objects below values
public E pollFirst(); it print and remove first
public E pollLast(); it print and remove last.

import java.util.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{
TreeSet<Integer> t=new TreeSet<Integer>();
t.add(50);
t.add(20);
t.add(40);
t.add(10);
t.add(30);
System.out.println(t); //10 20 30 40 50

System.out.println(t.headSet(30)); //[10,20]
System.out.println(t.tailSet(30)); //[30,40,50]
System.out.println(t.subSet(20,50)); //[20,30,40]

System.out.println("last element="+t.last()); //50

System.out.println("first element="+t.first()); //10

System.out.println("lower element="+t.lower(50)); //40

System.out.println("higher element="+t.higher(20)); //30

System.out.println("print & remove first element="+t.pollFirst()); //10

System.out.println("print & remove last element="+t.pollLast()); //50

System.out.println("final elements="+t); //20 30 40

System.out.println(t.remove(30));
System.out.println("final elements="+t); //20 40
}
}

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Queue interface

Queue fallows FIFO(first in first out)

A Queue is a collection for holding elements prior to processing.

Each Queue method exists in two forms:

✓ one throws an exception if the operation fails, and
✓ The other returns a special value if the operation fails (either null or false, depending on the
operation).

Example :- in priorityQueue insertion order is not preserved.

public abstract E remove(); // it removes the data
public abstract E poll();
It is used to retrieves and removes the head of this queue, or returns null if this queue is empty.
public abstract E element();//It is used to retrieves, but not remove, the head of this queue.
public abstract E peek();
It is used to retrieves, but does not remove, the head of this queue, or returns null if this
queue is empty.

import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.PriorityQueue;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
PriorityQueue<String> pq = new PriorityQueue<String>();
pq.add("ratan");
pq.add("anu");
pq.add("durga");
pq.add("sunny");
pq.add("xxx");
System.out.println(pq);

System.out.println(pq.peek());
System.out.println(pq.poll());
System.out.println(pq);

pq.remove();

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pq.remove("xxx");
System.out.println(pq);

Iterator<String> itr = pq.iterator();

while(itr.hasNext())
{ String s = itr.next();
System.out.println(s);
}
}
}

Assignment : create the class Book with fields : id, name , author, quantity
Create the PriorityQueue add 3-book objects print the data

Note : if we are adding the data in priorityQueue the data must be homogeneous & must
implements comparable interface.

Map interface:-

1.2v
Map(i)
implements implements

1.2 v HashMap(c) SortedMap(i) 1.2V

extends extends
1.4 v
LinkedHashMap(c NavigableMap(i) 1.6v
)
implements

TreeMap(C) 1.2v

✓ Map is used to store two objects at a time in the form of key value pairs. Here the key is object &
value is object.
✓ The key value pair is known as entry, the map contains group of entries.
✓ In map the keys must be unique but values we can duplicate.

Java.util.HashMap:-
public class java.util.HashMap extendsjava.util.AbstractMap
implements java.util.Map
java.lang.Cloneable,java.io.Serializable

1) introducedin 1.2 version.

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2) Heterogeneous data allowed.

3) Underlying data Structure is HashTable.
4) Duplicate keys are not allowed but values can be duplicated.
5) Insertion order is not preserved it is based on hashcode.
6) Null is allowed for key(only once)and allows for values any number of times.
7) Every method is non-synchronized.

Constructors:-
HashMap(); it creates default HashMap.

HashMap(java/util/Mapvar); Adding one map data into another .

HashMap(int capacity); It creates the hashmap with specified capacity but the default capacity is 16.

HashMap(int capacity, float fillRatio);

It creates the hashMap with specified capacity & fillRatio.(default capacity is 16 & default fill ratio 0.75)

Entry:-
✓ The each and every key value pair is called Entry.The Map contains group of entries.
✓ Entry is sub interface of Map interface hence get the entry interface by using Map interface.
interface Map
{ interface Entry
{ public abstract Object getKey();
public abstract Object getValue();
public abstract Object setValue();
}
}
✓ To get all the keys use keyset() method.
public java/util/Set<K> keySet();

✓ To get all the values use values() method.

public java/util/Collection<V> values();

✓ To get all the entries use entrySet() method.

public java/util/Set<java/util/Map$Entry<K, V>> entrySet();

Example :
package com.dss;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Map.Entry;
import java.util.Set;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
HashMap<Integer, String> h = new HashMap<Integer,String>();
h.put(111, "ratan");

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h.put(222, "anu");
h.put(333, "durga");
System.out.println(h);

Set<Integer> s = h.keySet();
System.out.println(s);

Collection<String> s1 = h.values();
System.out.println(s1);

Set<Entry<Integer,String>> s2 = h.entrySet();
Iterator<Entry<Integer,String>> iterator = s2.iterator();
while(iterator.hasNext())
{ Entry<Integer, String> e = iterator.next();
System.out.println(e.getKey()+"----"+e.getValue());
}
}
}
Java.util.LinkedHashMap:-
public class java.util.LinkedHashMap extends java.util.HashMap
implements java.util.Map

1) interdicted in 1.4 version

2) Heterogeneous data allowed.
3) Underlying data Structure is HashTable & linkedlist.
4) Duplicate keys are not allowed but values can be duplicated.
5) Insertion order is preserved.
6) Null is allowed for key(only once)and allows for values any number of times.
7) Every method is non-synchronized.

Constructors:-
LinkedHashMap(); it creates default HashMap. Default capacity : 16 default fill ratio : 0.75
LinkedHashMap(java/util/Map); Used to add one map data into another map.
LinkedHashMap(int user-capacity); It creates the hashmap with specified capacity.
LinkedHashMap(int user-capacity, float fillRatio); creates hashMap with specified capacity & fillRatio.

Test.java:
package com.dss;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Map.Entry;
import java.util.Set;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
HashMap<Emp, Student> h = new HashMap<Emp,Student>();
h.put(new Emp(111, "ratan"),new Student(1, "aaa"));
h.put(new Emp(222, "anu"),new Student(2, "bbb"));

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Set<Entry<Emp,Student>> s2 = h.entrySet();
Iterator<Entry<Emp,Student>> iterator = s2.iterator();
while(iterator.hasNext())
{ Entry<Emp, Student> e = iterator.next();
Emp ee = e.getKey();
System.out.println(ee.eid+"----"+ee.ename);
Student ss = e.getValue();
System.out.println(ss.sid+"--"+ss.sname);
}

for (Entry<Emp, Student> m:h.entrySet())

{ Emp e = m.getKey();
System.out.println(e.eid+"---"+e.ename);
Student s = m.getValue();
System.out.println(s.sid+"---"+s.sname);
}
}
}
There are two approaches to add one map data into another map
1. constructor approach
2. by using putAll() method
constructor approach is used to add only one Map data into another Map.
putAll() method is used to add more than one map data into another Map.

import java.util.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ //constructor approach
LinkedHashMap<Integer,String> h1 = new LinkedHashMap<Integer,String>();
h1.put(111,"ratan");
LinkedhashMap<Integer,String> h2 = new LinkedHashMap<Integer,String>(h1);
h2.put(222,"anu");

for (Map.Entry m : h2.entrySet())

{ System.out.println(m.getKey()+"---"+m.getValue());
}

//by using putAll() to add the data

LinkedHashMap<Integer,String> h11 = new LinkedHashMap<Integer,String>();
h1.put(111,"ratan");

LinkedHashMap<Integer,String> h22 = new LinkedHashMap<Integer,String>();

h2.put(222,"anu");

LinkedHashMap<Integer,String> h33 = new LinkedHashMap<Integer,String>();

h33.putAll(h11);
h33.putAll(h22);

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for(Entry<Integer, String> e :h3.entrySet())

{ System.out.println(e.getKey()+"--"+e.getValue());
}
}
}

Java.util.TreeMap:-
public class java.util.TreeMap extends java.util.AbstractMap
implements java.util.NavigableMap,java.lang.Cloneable, java.io.Serializable

1) This class is introduced in 1.2 version.

2) It allows homogeneous data if we are trying to insert heterogeneous data at runtime while perform
sorting JVM will generate ClassCastException.
3) Duplicate keys are not allowed but values can be duplicated.
4) Insertion order is not preserved it is based on some sorting order of keys.
5) The underlying data structure is red-black trees.
6) For empty treeset it is possible to insert null key once, but if the treeset contains data if we are
inserting null keys at runtime we will get NullPointerException but for the values any number of null
values insertion possible.

Constructors:-
TreeMap(); it will create empty treemap that will be sorted by using natural order of its keys.

TreeMap(java/util/Comparator); It create treemap that will be sorted by using customized sorting oder.

TreeMap(java/util/Map); adding one map data into another map

TreeMap(java/util/SortedMap); It creates the treemap by initializing sortedmap data.

Observations of TreeMap:
Case1:- TreeMap h = new TreeMap();
h.put(444,"ratan");
h.put(222,"anu");
h.put(111,"aaa");
System.out.println(h);//{111=aaa, 222=anu, 444=ratan}
In treemap when we insert the data that will be printed in sorting order based on key.

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Case 2:- TreeMap h = new TreeMap();

h.put(444,"ratan");
h.put("ratan","aaa"); //java.lang.ClassCastException
System.out.println(h);
Treemap allows homogeneous data, if we are inserting heterogeneous data while performing sorting it
will generate java.lang.ClassCastException.

Case 3:- TreeMap h = new TreeMap();

h.put(444,"ratan");
h.put(null,"aaa"); //java.lang.NullPointerException
System.out.println(h);
If the treemap contains data then we are adding null value hence while performing sorting it will
generate java.lang.NullPointerException(any object with comparisionof null it will generate
NullPointerException )

Example:- TreeMap data sorting (Constructor-2)

import java.util.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ TreeMap h = new TreeMap(new MyComp());
h.put("ratan",111);
h.put("anu",222);
h.put("zzzz",333);
System.out.println(h); //{zzzz=333, ratan=111, anu=222}
}
}
class MyComp implements Comparator <String>
{ public int compare(String s1,String s2)
{ //place the comments check the output
return s1.compareTo(s2);
//return s2.compareTo(s1);
//return -s1.compareTo(s2);
//return s2.compareTo(s1);
}
}

Example : adding one map data into another map (constructor-3)

TreeMap<Integer, String> t1 = new TreeMap<Integer,String>();
t.put(10,"ratan");
t.put(20,"anu");

TreeMap<Integer, String> t2 = new TreeMap<Integer,String>(t1);

t.put(10,"ratan");
t.put(20,"anu");
System.out.println(t2);

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Example :- creating new TreeMap by passing sortedMap data (constructor-4)

import java.util.SortedMap;
import java.util.TreeMap;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
TreeMap<Integer, String> t = new TreeMap<Integer,String>();
t.put(10,"ratan");
t.put(20,"anu");
t.put(5,"durga");
t.put(3,"sunny");
System.out.println(t);

SortedMap<Integer, String> sm = t.subMap(5, 20);

TreeMap<Integer, String> tt = new TreeMap<Integer,String>(sm);
System.out.println(tt);
}
}
Example:-
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ TreeMap<Integer,String> h = new TreeMap<Integer,String>();
h.put(111,"ratan");
h.put(222,"anu");
h.put(333,"aaa");
h.put(444,"aaa");
h.put(555,"ccc");
System.out.println(h);
h.remove(555);
System.out.println(h.firstEntry());
System.out.println(h.lastEntry());
System.out.println(h.firstKey());
System.out.println(h.lastKey());
System.out.println(h.lowerKey(222));
System.out.println(h.higherKey(222));

//creation of new TreeMap by passing SortedMap data

SortedMap s1 = h.headMap(333);
TreeMap t1 = new TreeMap(s1);
System.out.println(t1);

//creation of new TreeMap by passing SortedMap data

SortedMap s2 = h.tailMap(333);
TreeMap t2 = new TreeMap(s2);
System.out.println(t2);
}
}

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Example :-
Ceiling() it return current provided value or greater value but if treemap does not contains same
or greater value then it returns null .
floor():- it returns current value or less value but if treemap does notcontains same value or less
then it return null.
pollFirstEntry:- it removes first entry & it prints that entry.
pollLastEntry():- it removes last entry and it prints that entry.

import java.util.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ TreeMap h = new TreeMap();
h.put(111,"ratan");
h.put(222,"anu");
h.put(444,"aaa");
System.out.println(h);
System.out.println(h.ceilingKey(222));
System.out.println(h.ceilingEntry(333));
System.out.println(h.floorKey(222));
System.out.println(h.floorEntry(333));
System.out.println(h.ceilingKey(666));

Map.Entry m1 = h.pollFirstEntry();
System.out.println(m1.getKey()+"---"+m1.getValue());

Map.Entry m2 = h.pollLastEntry();
System.out.println(m2.getKey()+"---"+m2.getValue());

System.out.println(h);
}
}

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Java.util.HashTable:-
public class java.util.Hashtable extends java.util.Dictionary
implements java.util.Map,java.lang.Cloneable, java.io.Serializable

1. Introduced in the 1.0 version it’s a legacy class.

2. Heterogeneous data allowed for both key & value.
3. Duplicate keys are not allowed but values can be duplicated.
4. Every method is synchronized hence only one thread is allowed to access it is a Thread safe but
performance is decreased.
5. Null is not allowed for both key & Value , if we are trying to insert null values we will get
NullPointerException.
6. The underlaying datastructure is hashtable.

Constructors:-
HashTable();it creates default HashMap.
HashTable (java/util/Map<? extends K, ? extends V> var);
it creates the HashMap by initializing the values specified in var.
HashTable (int capacity);
It creates the hashmap with specified capacity but the default capacity is 11.
HashTable (int capacity, float fillRatio);
It creates the hashMap with specified capacity & fillRatio.

Example:-
import java.util.Hashtable;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Set;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Hashtable<Integer,String> h = new Hashtable<Integer,String>();
h.put(1,"one");
h.put(2,"two");
h.put(3,"three");
System.out.println(h);
System.out.println(h.get("1"));//one
System.out.println(h.isEmpty());
h.remove(3);
System.out.println(h.containsKey("1"));
System.out.println(h.containsKey("3"));
System.out.println(h.containsValue("one"));
System.out.println(h.size());
System.out.println(h.isEmpty());
h.clear();
System.out.println(h.isEmpty());
}
}

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Ex:
import java.util.Hashtable;
import java.util.Enumeration;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Enumeration names;
String key;

Hashtable<String, String> hashtable = new Hashtable<String, String>();

// Adding Key and Value pairs to Hashtable

hashtable.put("Key1","ratan");
hashtable.put("Key2","anu");
hashtable.put("Key3","durga");

names = hashtable.keys();
while(names.hasMoreElements()) {
key = (String) names.nextElement();
System.out.println("Key: " +key+ " & Value: " +
hashtable.get(key));
}
}
}

Java.util.IdentityHashMap:-
public class java.util.IdentityHashMap extends java.util.AbstractMap
implements java.util.Map,java.io.Serializable, java.lang.Cloneable

It is same as hashmap except one difference,

In case of Hashmap JVM will use equals( ) method to identify duplicate keys.(it performs content
comparison)
In case of identityhashmap JVM will use ==operator to identify the duplicate keys.(it perform
reference comparison)

Example:-
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ //equals() method to identify duplicate keys.
HashMap<Integer,String> h = new HashMap<Integer,String>();
h.put(new Integer(10),"ratan");
h.put(new Integer(10),"anu");
System.out.println(h);

//== operator to identify duplicate keys.

IdentityHashMap<Integer,String> h1 = new IdentityHashMap<Integer,String>();
h1.put(new Integer(10),"ratan");
h1.put(new Integer(10),"anu");

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System.out.println(h1);
}
}
E:\>java Test
{10=anu}
{10=anu, 10=ratan}

Java.util.WeakHashMap:-
public class java.util.WeakHashMap extends java.util.AbstractMap
implements java.util.Map

WeakHashMap is same as HashMap except fallowing difference,

If an object is associated with hashmap that object is not destroyed even though it does not contains
any reference type.
But in case of weakhashmap if the object does not contains reference type that object iseligible for
garbage collector even though it associated with weakhashmap.

HashMap h.put(a,"ratan");
import java.util.*; System.out.println(h);
class A a=null;
{ public String toString() System.gc();
{ return "A"; System.out.println(h);
} }
public void finalize() }
{System.out.println("object destroyed"); E:\>java Test
} {A=ratan}
}; {A=ratan}
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args) WeakHashMap
{ HashMap h = new HashMap(); import java.util.*;
A a= new A(); class A

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{ public String toString() h.put(a,"ratan");

{ return "A"; System.out.println(h);
} a=null;
public void finalize() System.gc();
{System.out.println("object destroyed"); System.out.println(h);
} }
}; }
class Test E:\>java Test
{ public static void main(String[] args) {A=ratan}
{WeakHashMap h = new WeakHashMap(); {}
A a= new A(); object destroyed

Conversion of non-synchronized version to synchronized :

✓ Generally collection class methods are non- synchronized by default but it is possible to get
synchronized version of Collection classes.

To get synchronized version of List interface use fallowing Collections class static method
public static List synchronizedList(List l)
ArrayList al = new ArrayList();
List l = Collections.synchronizedList(al);

To get synchronized version of Set interface use fallowing Collections class static method
public static Set synchronizedSet(Set s)
HasSet h = new HashSet();
Set h1 = Collections.synchronizedSet(h);

To get synchronized version of Map interface use fallowing Collections class static method
public static Map synchronized Map(Map m)
HashMap h = new HashMap();
Map m = Collections.synchronizedMap(h);

To get synchronized version of TreeSet use fallowing Collections class static method
Collections.synchronizedSortedSet(SortedSet<T> s)
TreeSet t = new TreeSet();
SortedSet s = Collections.synchronizedSortedSet(t);

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To get synchronized version of TreeMap use fallowing Collections class static method
Collections.synchronizedSortedMap(SortedMap<K,V> m)
TreeMap t = new TreeMap();
SortedMap s = Collections.synchronizedSortedMap(t);

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Java.util.Properties:
✓ To get the flexibility of modifications use properties file.
✓ In standalone applications(JDBC) or web-applications(web sites) the data is frequently changing
like,Database username,Database password,url,driver …etc
✓ in above scenario for every change must perform modifications in all .java files but it is
complex.to overcome this problem use properties file.
✓ Properties file is a normal text file with .properties extension & it contains key=value formatted
data but both key and value is string format.
✓ Once we done modifications on .properties file that modifications are reflected all the .java files.

abc.properties :
username = system
password = manager

Test.java:-
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args) throws FileNotFoundException,IOException
{ //locate properties file
FileInputStream fis=new FileInputStream("abc.properties");
//load the properties file by using load() method of Properties class
Properties p = new Properties();
p.load(fis);

//get the data from properties class by using getProperty()

String username = p.getProperty("username");
String password = p.getProperty("password");

//use the properties file data

System.out.println("DataBase username="+username);
System.out.println("DataBase password ="+password);
}
}

Collections

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1) What is the main objective of collections?

2) What are the advantages of collections over arrays?
3) Collection frame work classes are present in which package?
4) By using collection framework classes is it possible to store primitive data?
5) What is the root interface of collection framework?
6) What is the root interface of Map?
7) List out implementation classes of List interface?
8) What is the parent interface of Collection interface?
9) What are the collection classes not allowed heterogeneous data?
10) Can you please tell me some of the legacy classes present in collection framework?
11) What do you mean by auto-boxing?
12) Arrays are type safe or not?
13) How to provide type safety to the collection?
14) What is the purpose of generic version of collection classes?
15) What is tsshe difference between general version of ArrayList and generic version of ArrayList?
16) What is purpose of generic version of ArrayList & arrays?
17) What is the difference between normal version of collections & generic version of collection?
18) What are the ways to add one Collections data into another collection?
19) What is the difference between removeAll() & retainsAll()?
20) When we get the IndexOutOfBoundsException?
21) When we get the ArraysIndexOutOfBoundsException?
22) When we will get StringIndexOutOfBoundsException?
23) How to convert Collection data to arrays & Arrays data to collection?
24) How to convert arrays to collections & collections to arrays?
25) What is the difference between ArrayList and LinkedList?
26) How to decide when to use ArrayList and when to use LinkedList?
27) What is the difference between ArrayList & vector?
28) Arrays used to hold homogeneous data but what is the purpose of generic version of Collection?
29) What is the purpose of RandomAccess interface and it is marker interface or not?
30) All collection classes are commonly implemented Serializable & Cloneable what is the purpose?
31) What do you mean by cursor and how many cursors present in java?
32) How many ways are there to retrieve objects from collections classes what are those?
33) What is the purpose of Enumeration cursor and how to get that cursor object?
34) What are the cursors used to retrieve the objects forward & backward direction?
35) What is the purpose of Iterator and how to get Iterator Object?
36) What is the purpose of ListIterator and how to get that object?
37) What is the difference between Enumeration vs Iterator Vs ListIterator?
38) What are the applicable cursors on ArrayList,Vector,LinkedList?
39) List out implementation classes of set interface?
40) What is the difference between HashSet & linkedHashSet?
41) What is the purpose of TreeSet class?
42) What is the difference between Set & List interface?
43) How to perform the sorting of collection data?
44) To perform the sorting what are the conditions?
45) To perform the default sorting it internally uses which method?
46) What is the difference between collection & collections?
47) What is the difference between comparable & comparator?

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48) When we will get ClassCastException?

49) When we will get the NullPointerException?
50) In Comparable by using which method we are writing sorting logics?
51) Is it possible to compare two different objects?
52) What is the difference between compreTo() & equals() method?
53) In Comparator by using which method we are writing sorting logics?
54) What is the purpose of Map interface?
55) List out implementation classes of map interface?
56) What do you mean by entry.
57) How to get all values objects , key objets,entry objects?
58) What is the difference between HashMap & LinkedHashMap?
59) How many ways are there to add one map data into another Map?
60) What is the difference between TreeSet and TtreeMap?
61) What is the difference between IdentityHashMap & WeakHashMap?
62) What is the difference between HashTable and Properties file key=value pairs?
63) HashTable null values are allowed or not?
64) What do you mean by properties file and what are the advantages of properties file?
65) By using properties file we can declare different type of data or not?
66) What is the difference between HashTable & HasMap?
67) How to convert non-synchronized version of method into synchronized version method?

********** Thank you ***********

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INTERNATIONALIZATION (i18N)

I18N enables the application to support in different languages.

➢ Internationalization is also called as i18n because in between I & n 18 characters are present.
➢ By using Locale class and ResourceBundle class we are enable I18n on the application.
➢ Local is nothing but language + country.
➢ For making your application to support I18n we need to prepare local specific properties file it
means for English one properties file & hindi one properties file …etc.
➢ The property file format is key = value
➢ The properties file name fallowed pattern bundlenamewith language code and country code.
o ApplicationMessages_en_US.properties.
➢ In single web application contains different properties file all the properties files key must be
same and values are changed local to Locale.

Java.util.Locale:-
➢ Locale Object is decide properties file based on argument you passed and then it display locale
specific details based on Properties file entry.
Locale l = new Locale(args[0],args[1]);
Locale l = new Locale(en,US);
D:\5batch>javap java.util.Locale
Compiled from "Locale.java"
public final class java.util.Locale extends java.lang.Object i
public static final java.util.Locale ENGLISH;
public static final java.util.Locale FRENCH;
public static final java.util.Locale GERMAN;
public static final java.util.Locale ITALIAN;
public static final java.util.Locale JAPANESE;
public static final java.util.Locale KOREAN;
public static final java.util.Locale CHINESE;
public static final java.util.Locale SIMPLIFIED_CHINESE;
public static final java.util.Locale TRADITIONAL_CHINESE;
public static final java.util.Locale FRANCE;
public static final java.util.Locale GERMANY;
public static final java.util.Locale ITALY;
public static final java.util.Locale JAPAN;
public static final java.util.Locale KOREA;
public static final java.util.Locale CHINA;
public static final java.util.Locale PRC;
public static final java.util.Locale TAIWAN;
public static final java.util.Locale UK;
public static final java.util.Locale US;
public static final java.util.Locale CANADA;
public static final java.util.Locale CANADA_FRENCH;

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To get particular language and country code use fallowing example:-

import java.util.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Locale l = Locale.FRANCE;
System.out.println(l.getLanguage());
System.out.println(l.getCountry());
}
}
D:\5batch>java Test
fr
FR
Java.util.ResourceBundle:-
Creates ResourceBundle object by passing Local object then by using ResourceBoundle we are
able to get data form properties file that is decide by Locale.
➢ It is possible to create ResourceBundle Object without specifying Locale it will take
default properties file with default language.
ResourceBundle bundle1 = ResourceBundle.getBundle("Application");
➢ It is possible to create ResourceBundle Object by specifying default Locale object.
ResourceBundle bundle2 = ResourceBundle.getBundle("Application",Locale.FRANCE);
➢ It is possible to create ResourceBundle object by creating new user Locale Object
ResourceBundle bundle3 = ResourceBundle.getBundle("Application",new Locale("ratan","RATAN"));

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Application 1:-
Steps to design application:-
Step-1:- prepare properties files to support different languages and countries.
Application.properties default properties file(base properties file)
Application_fr_FR.properties French properties file
Allication_ratan_RATAN.properties Ratan country properties file

Step 2:- create locale object it identified particular language and country and it decides
execution of properties file.
Locale l = new Locale(“en”,”US”);
The above statement specify language is English and country united states
Locale l = new Locale("fr","CA");
Locale x = new Locale("fr","FR");
The above two locales specifies France language in Canada & France
Instead of hard coding language name and country name get the values from command prompt
at runtime.
Public static void main(String[ ] args)
{ Locale l = new Locale(args[0],args[1]);
}
D:\5batch>java Test fr FR

Step 3:-create ResourceBundle by passing Locale object.

//if no local is Matched this property file is executed [default property file]
ResourceBundle bundle1 = ResourceBundle.getBundle("Application");
//it create ResourceBundle with local that is already defined [France properties file ]
ResourceBundle bundle2 = ResourceBundle.getBundle("Application",Locale.FRANCE);

Step 4:- fetch the text form ResourceBundle

String msg = Bundle.getString(“wish”);
System.out.println(msg);

Application.properties:-
countryname = USA
lang = eng

Application_fr_FR.properties:-
countryname = canada
lang = france

Allication_ratan_RATAN.properties:-
countryname=Ratan
lang= ratan

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Test.java:-
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{
//if no local is Matched this property file is executed
ResourceBundle bundle1 = ResourceBundle.getBundle("Application");
//it create ResourceBundle with local that is already defined
Locale l1 = Locale.FRANCE;
ResourceBundle bundle2 = ResourceBundle.getBundle("Application",l1);
//it creates ResourceBundle with new user created Locale
Locale l2 = new Locale("ratan","RATAN")
ResourceBundle bundle3 = ResourceBundle.getBundle("Application",l2);
System.out.println(bundle1.getString("countryname")+"--"+bundle1.getString("lang"));
System.out.println(bundle2.getString("countryname")+"--"+bundle2.getString("lang"));
System.out.println(bundle3.getString("countryname")+"--"+bundle3.getString("lang"));
}
}
Output:-
D:\5batch>java Test
USA--eng
Canada--france
Ratan--Ratan
APPLICATION 2:-
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ //creates local object with the help of arguments
Locale l = new Locale(args[0],args[1]);
//it creates resource bundle with local passed from as command line arguments
ResourceBundle bundle = ResourceBundle.getBundle("Application",l);
System.out.println(bundle.getString("countryname"));
System.out.println(bundle.getString("lang"));
}
}
D:\5batch>java Test x y
USA
eng
D:\5batch>java Test fr FR
canada
france
D:\5batch>java Test ratan RATAN
Ratan
ratan

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Application before internationalization:-

import java.util.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{ System.out.println("hello");
System.out.println("i like you");
System.out.println("i hate you");
}
}
We are decide to print this messages in different languages like Germany, French…..etc then we must
translate the code in different languages by moving the message out of source code to text file it looks
the program need to be internationalized(supporting different languages).

Application.properties:-
wish = hello
lovely = i love you
angry = i hate you

Application_fr_FR.properties:-
wish = hlloe
lovely = i evol you
angry = i etah you

Application_hi_IN.properties:-
wish=\u0c39\u0c46\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c4a
lovely=\u0c07 \u0c32\u0c4a\u0c35\u0c46 \u0c2f\u0c4a\u0c09
angry=\u0c07 \u0c39\u0c24\u0c46 \u0c09

import java.util.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Locale l = new Locale(args[0],args[1]);
ResourceBundle rb = ResourceBundle.getBundle("Application",l);
System.out.println(rb.getString("wish"));
System.out.println(rb.getString("lovely"));
System.out.println(rb.getString("angry"));
}
}
D:\5batch>java Test fr FR
D:\5batch>java Test x y hlloe
hello i evol you
i love you i etah you
i hate you D:\5batch>java Test hi IN
??????
? ???? ???
? ??? ?

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Conversion of any language to Unicode values:-

Step 1:- download Unicode editor from internet www.higopi.com

Step 2:- unzip the file and click on index.html page select language and type the words.

Step 3:- copy the content and save the data in text file and while saving select Unicode.

Step 4:- convert the above language to Unicode character format.

Syntax:- native2ascii -encoding encoding-name source-file destination-file
D:\>native2ascii -encoding unicode t.txt output.txt

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Application :-
Application.properties:-
wish = hello
lovely = i love you
angry = i hate you

Application_fr_FR.properties:-
wish = hlloe
lovely = i evol you
angry = i etah you

Application_tl_IN.properties:-
wish=\u0c39\u0c46\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c4a
lovely=\u0c07 \u0c32\u0c4a\u0c35\u0c46 \u0c2f\u0c4a\u0c09
angry=\u0c07 \u0c39\u0c24\u0c46 \u0c09

Test.java:-
import java.util.*;
import java.awt.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Locale l = new Locale(args[0],args[1]);
ResourceBundle b = ResourceBundle.getBundle("Application",l);
Frame f = new Frame(); //to create frame
f.setVisible(true); //to provide visibility to frame
f.setSize(300,75);//to align the frame set bounds
f.setLayout(new FlowLayout());//to set the frame proper format
//creation of buttons with labels
Button b1 = new Button(b.getString("wish"));
Button b2 = new Button(b.getString("lovely"));
Button b3 = new Button(b.getString("angry"));
//adding buttons into frame
f.add(b1);
f.add(b2);
f.add(b3);
}
}

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Test.java:- example
import java.util.*;
public class Test {
static public void main(String[] args) {
String language;
String country;
Locale currentLocale;
ResourceBundle messages;
if (args.length != 2)
{ language = new String("en");
country = new String("US");
}
else
{ language = new String(args[0]);
country = new String(args[1]);
}
currentLocale = new Locale(language, country);
messages = ResourceBundle.getBundle("Application", currentLocale);
System.out.println(messages.getString("wish"));
System.out.println(messages.getString("lovely"));
System.out.println(messages.getString("angry"));
}
}
D:\5batch>java Test
hello
i love you
i hate you
D:\5batch>java Test x y
hello
i love you

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i hate you
D:\5batch>java Test tl IN
??????
? ???? ???
? ??? ?
D:\5batch>java Test fr FR
hlloe
i evol you
i etah you
Example :- display Date in different Locale.
DateFormat.DEFAULT,
DateFormat.SHORT,
DateFormat.MEDIUM,
DateFormat.LONG,
DateFormat.FULL

Test.java:-
import java.util.*;
import java.text.DateFormat;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{
Date d = new Date();
//default locale en US
DateFormat df1 = DateFormat.getDateInstance(DateFormat.DEFAULT,Locale.getDefault());
System.out.println(df1.format(d));
//date of fresh
DateFormat df2 =DateFormat.getDateInstance(DateFormat.MEDIUM,Locale.FRENCH);
System.out.println(df2.format(d));
//date of Italy
DateFormat df3 =DateFormat.getDateInstance(DateFormat.SHORT,Locale.ITALY);
System.out.println(df3.format(d));
}
};

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Example on time format:-

import java.util.*;
import java.text.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{Date d = new Date();
DateFormat df1 = DateFormat.getTimeInstance(DateFormat.DEFAULT,Locale.getDefault());
System.out.println(df1.format(d));
DateFormat df2 = DateFormat.getTimeInstance(DateFormat.MEDIUM,Locale.FRENCH);
System.out.println(df2.format(d));
DateFormat df3 = DateFormat.getTimeInstance(DateFormat.SHORT,Locale.ITALY);
System.out.println(df3.format(d));
}
};
Example on both data and Time format:-

import java.util.*;
import java.text.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Date d = new Date();
DateFormat df1 = DateFormat.getDateTimeInstance(DateFormat.FULL,DateFormat.FULL,Locale.getDefault());
System.out.println(df1.format(d));
DateFormat df2 = DateFormat.getDateTimeInstance(DateFormat.FULL,DateFormat.FULL,Locale.FRENCH);
System.out.println(df2.format(d));
}
};

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Internationalization

1) What is the main importance of I18n?

2) What is the purpose of locale class?
3) What is the format of the properties file?
4) Local class present in which package?
5) What do you mean by properties file and what it contains?
6) What is the purpose of ResourceBundle class and how to create object?
7) How to convert different languages characters into Unicode characters?
8) What is the command used to convert different language characters into Unicode characters?
9) Who decides properties file executions?
10) What is the method used to get values from properties file?
11) By using which classes we are achieving i18n?
12) What is the default Locale and how to get it?
13) Is it possible to create your own locale?
14) What is purpose of DateFormat class and it is preset in which package?
15) What are the DataFormat Constantans’ to print Date & time?
16) How to print date in different Locales?
17) How to print time in different locales?
18) How to print both date & time by using single method?
19) What do you mean by factory method? getBundle() is factory method or not?
20) How to get particular locale language & country?

****** Thank you *******

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JVM Architecture

✓ JVM is a software it is a specification that provide the runtime environment in which the java
byte code executed.
✓ JVM is a platform dependent software(installing along with JDK software).
✓ Java is developed with the concept of WORA which runs on a VM(virtual machine).
✓ The JVM understandable file format is .class file it contains byte code.

Note : java is a platform independent language but JVM is platform dependent.

Operations of JVM:-
✓ Loading the byte code into memory. Converting byte code instructions into machine instructions.
✓ Allocating sufficient memory space for class properties.
✓ Providing runtime environment in which java byte code is executed.
✓ JVM implementation is known as JRE(java runtime environment)
✓ JVM is interpreter to execute java program line by line.

JVM perform mainly four actions :-

1) Loading .class file byte code into memory [class loader sub system]
2) Memory areas
3) Running application [Execution engine]
4) Native method interface.

JVM Architecture:-

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Class loader subsystem:-

1. It is used to load the .class file into memory. Read the data from .class file hard disk loading into
2. It verifies the byte code instructions.
3. It allots the memory required for the program.
It perform three activities,
a. Loading
Reading .class file information and storing .calss file binary information in
method area.
The JVM will create the class Class object to access the class binary information.
b. Linking
a. Verification
Byte code verifier will verify whether the generated byte code proper or not. If
the verification fails we will get Verification error.
b. Preparation
JVM will allocate memory for static variables & assign default values but not
original values & original values are assigned in initialization.
c. Resolution
c. Initialization
Load he student class---> create the class obj ---> stored in heap (form of class obj not student object)

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Emp.java
class Emp
{ private int eid;
private String ename;
public void setEname(String ename)
{ this.ename=ename;
}
public void setEid(int eid)
{ this.eid=eid;
}
public int getEid()
{ return eid;
}
public String getEname()
{ return ename;
}
}
Test.java
import java.lang.reflect.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException
{ Class c = Class.forName("Emp");
//To get declared methods
Method[] m = c.getDeclaredMethods();
for (Method mm :m)
{ System.out.println(mm);
}

//To get declared variables

Field[] f = c.getDeclaredFields();
for (Field ff :f)
{ System.out.println(ff);
}
}
}
G:\>java Test
public void Emp.setEname(java.lang.String)
public java.lang.String Emp.getEname()
public void Emp.setEid(int)
public int Emp.getEid()
int Emp.eid
java.lang.String Emp.ename

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Class class object :-

For every loaded .class file only one Class obj is created by JVM eventhough we are using that
class multiple times.
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Emp e1 = new Emp();
Class c1 = e1.getClass();

Emp e2 = new Emp();

Class c2 = e2.getClass();

System.out.println(c1.hashCode());
System.out.println(c2.hashCode());
System.out.println(c1==c2);
}
}
G:\>java Test
705927765705927765true
Different types of Class loader:-
1) Bootstrap class loader.
✓ It loads the predefined class present in rt.jar file. rt.jar contains all predefined
classes.(c:/program files/java/jdk/jre/rt.jar)
✓ It is developed in non-java code.
2) Extension class loader.
✓ It loads the .calss fils present in ext folder. This folder present C:\Program
Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_65\jre\lib
✓ It is implemented in java code. The class file name is
sun.misc.Launcher$AppClassLoader@15db9742
3) Application class loader.
✓ It loads the .class files present application level path (Test.class, Emp.class)
✓ It is implemented in java. The class file name is
sun.misc.Launcher$ExtClassLoader@5c647e05
Jar file creation :-G:\>jar -cvf Emp.jar Emp.class [It will create Emp.jar file]
To load this jar file place this jar file ext folder.
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ //String is predefined class present in rt.jar
System.out.println(String.class.getClassLoader());
// Application level class present in current directory
System.out.println(Test.class.getClassLoader());
//present in ext folder (in the form of jar)
System.out.println(Emp123.class.getClassLoader());
}
}
G:\>java Test
null
sun.misc.Launcher$AppClassLoader@15db9742
sun.misc.Launcher$ExtClassLoader@5c647e05

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Heap area:-It is used to store the Objects. Class object is stored in heap memory.

Runtime data area:-this is the memory resource used by the JVM and it is 5 types
Method Area:-It is used to store the class data and method data.
Java stacks:-
➢ Whenever new thread is created for each and every new thread the JVM will creates PC(program
coubter) register and stack.
➢ If a thread executing java method the value of pc register indicates the next instruction to
execute.
➢ Stack will stores method invocations of every thread. The java method invocation includes local
variables and return values and intermediate calculations.
➢ The each and every method entery will be stored in stack. And the stack contains grounp of
enteries and each and every entry stored in one stack frame hence stack is group of stack
frames.
➢ Whenever the method complets the entry is automatically deleted from the stach so whatever
the functionalities declared in method it is applicable only for respective methods.
Java native method stack is used to store the native methods invocations.

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Runtime data areas exclusive to each thread.

PcRegister : it store the next instruction to be executed.
Native method interface:-
Native method interface is a program that connects native methods libraries (C header files)
with JVM for executing native methods.

Native method library: It contains native libraries information.

Execution engine:-
It is used to execute the instructions are available in the methods of loaded classes.
It contains JIT(just in time compiler) and interpreter used to convert byte code instructions into machine
understandable code.

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Networking(java.net package)
Introduction to networking:-
1) The process of connecting the resources (computers) together to share the data is called
networking.
2) Java.net is package it contains number of classes by using that classes we are able to
connection between the devices (computers) to share the information.
3) Java socket programming provides the facility to share the data between different
computing devices.
4) In the network we are having to components
a. Sender(source) :The person who is sending the data is called sender.
b. Receiver(destination) : The person who is receiving the data is called receiver
In the network one system can acts as a sender as well as receiver.
5) In the networking terminology we have client and server.
Client:- who takes the request & who takes the response is called client.
Server:- The server contains the project
1. It takes the request from the client
2. It identifies the requested resource
3. It process the request
4. It will generate the response to client

Categories of network:-
We are having two types of networks
1) Per-to-peer network.
2) Client-server network.
Client-server:- In the client server architecture always client system acts as a client and server system
acts as a server.
Peer-to-peer:- In the peer to peer client system sometimes behaves as a server, server system
sometimes behaves like a client the roles are not fixed.

Types of networks:-
Intranet:- It is also known as a private network. To share the information in limited area
range(within the organization) then we should go for intranet.

Extranet:- This is extension to the private network means other than the organization , authorized
persons able to access.

Internet:- It is also known as public networks. Where the data maintained in a centralized server
hence we are having more sharability. And we can access the data from anywhere else.

The frequently used terms in the networking:-

1) IP Address
2) URL(Uniform Resource Locator)
3) Protocol
4) Port Number
5) MAC address.
6) Connection oriented and connection less protocol

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7) Socket.
IP Address:-
1) IP Address is a unique identification number given to the computer to identify the computer
uniquely in the network.
2) The IP Address is uniquely assigned to the computer it is should not duplicated.
3) The IP Address range is 0-255.
125.0.4.255 ----> Valid 124.654.5.6 ----> Invalid
4) Each and every website contains its own IP Address we can access the sites through the
names otherwise IP Address.
Site Name :-www.google.com IP Address :-74.125.224.72
Example:-
import java.net.*;
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
{ Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("please enter site name");
String sitename=s.nextLine();
InetAddress in=InetAddress.getByName(sitename);
System.out.println("the ip address is:"+in);
}
}

G:\ratan>java Test
please enter site name
www.google.com
the ip address is:www.google.com/216.58.199.196

G:\ratan>java Test
please enter site name
aaa
Exception in thread "main" java.net.UnknownHostException: aaa

Protocol:-
The protocol is a set of rules fallowed in communication.
✓ TCP(Transmission Control Protocol)(connection oriented protocol)
✓ UDP (User Data Gram Protocol)(connection less protocol)
✓ Telnet
✓ SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
✓ IP (Internet Protocol)

MAC (media access control):-

MAC address is a unique identifier for NIC(Network interface protocol). A network protocol can have
multiple NIC but one unique MAC.

Port number:
The port number is used to identify the different applications uniquely .And it is associated with the ip
address for communication between two applications.

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URL(Uniform Resource Locator):-

1) URL is a class present in the java.net package.
2) By using the URL we are accessing some information present in the world wide web.
http://www.Sravyasoft.com:10/Corejava_ratan.asp

Protocol path port path

The URL contains information like
a. Protocol : http://
b. Server name IP address : www.Sravyasoft.com
c. Port number of the particular application and it is optional(:10)
d. File name or directory name Corejava_ratan.asp
Example:-
import java.net.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
{ URL url=new URL("http://www.Sravyasoft.com:10/index.html");
System.out.println("protocal is:"+url.getProtocol());
System.out.println("host name is:"+url.getHost());
System.out.println("port number is:"+url.getPort());
System.out.println("path is:"+url.getPath());
System.out.println(url);
}
}
Communication using networking :-
In the networking it is possible to do two types of communications.
1) Connection oriented(TCP/IP communication)
2) Connection less(UDP Communication)

Connection Oriented:-
a) In this type of communication we are using combination of two protocols TCP,IP.
b) In this communication acknowledgement sent by receiver so it is reliable but slow.
To achieve the fallowing communication the java peoples are provided the fallowing classes.
a. Socket
b. ServerSocket

Connection Less :- (UDP)

1) UDP is a protocol by using this protocol we are able to send data without using Physical
Connection.
2) In this communication acknowledgement not sent by receiver so it is not reliable but
fast.
3) This is a light weight protocol because no need of the connection between the client and server .
To achieve the UDP communication the java peoples are provided the fallowing classes.
1. DataGrampacket.
2. DataGramSocket.

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Socket:-
1) Socket is used to create the connection between the client and server.
2) Socket is nothing but a combination of IP Address and port number.
3) The socket is created at client side.
Socket s=new Socket(int IPAddress, int portNumber);
Socket s=new Socket(“125.125.0.5”,123); Server IP Address. Server port number.
Socket s=new Socket(String HostName, int PortNumber); Socket s=new Socket(Sravyasoft,123);
Client.java:-
import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
class Client
{ public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception
{ //to write the data to server
Socket s=new Socket("localhost",5555);
String str="ratan from client";
OutputStream os=s.getOutputStream();
PrintStream ps=new PrintStream(os);
ps.println(str); //write the data to server
//read the data from server
InputStream is=s.getInputStream();
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(is));
String str1=br.readLine();
System.out.println(str1);
}
}
Server.java:-
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
class Server
{ public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
{ //To read the data from client
ServerSocket ss=new ServerSocket(5555);
Socket s=ss.accept();
System.out.println("connection is created ");
Thread.sleep(2000);
//Read the data from client
InputStream is=s.getInputStream();
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(is));
String data=br.readLine();
System.out.println(data);
Thread.sleep(2000);
//write the data to the client
data=data+"this is from server";
OutputStream os=s.getOutputStream();
PrintStream ps=new PrintStream(os);
ps.println(data);
}
}

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Java.awt package

✓ AWT(Abstract Window Tool kit) is an API to develop GUI , window based applications in java.
✓ AWT components are platform dependent it displays the application according to the view of
operating system.
✓ AWT is a package it will provide very good predefined support to design GUI applications.
✓ Awt is heavy weight because these components are using operating system resources.
✓ By using java.awt package we are able to prepare static components to provide the dynamic nature
to the component use java.awt.event package.(it is a sub package of java.awt).

component :-The root class of java.awt package is Component class.

Container:-It is a component in awt that contains another components like Button,TextField…etc
The classes that extends container classes those classes are containers such as Frame,
Dialog and Panel.

Window :- Window class creates a top level window. Window does not have borders and menu bar.
Panel : it is a sub class of Container. Panel does not contain title bar, menu bar or border.
Frame : The Frame is the container that contain title bar and can have menu bars. It can have other
components like button, textfield etc.

AWT Component Hierarchy:-

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Java.awt.Frame:-
✓ Frame is a container it contains other components like title bar, Button, Text Field...etc.
✓ When we create a Frame class object. Frame will be created automatically with invisible mode, so to
provide the visible nature to the frame use setVisible() method of Frame class.
public void setVisible(boolean b) where b=true visible mode b=false invisible mode.
✓ When we created a frame, the frame is created with initial size 0 pixel heights & 0 pixel width hence
it is not visible.To provide particular size to the Frame use setSize() method.
public void setSize(int width,int height)
✓ To provide title to the frame use,public void setTitle(String Title)
✓ When we create a frame, the default background color of the Frame is white. If you want to provide
particular color to the Frame we have to use the following method.
public void setBackground(color c)

Example-1:- There are two approaches to create Frame in java

1. By creating object of Frame class.
2. By extending the Frame class.

Approach 1:- Creation of Frame by creating Object of Frame class.

import java.awt.*;
class Demo
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Frame f=new Frame();
f.setVisible(true);
f.setSize(400,400);
f.setBackground(Color.red);
f.setTitle("myframe");
}
};

Approach 2:-Taking user defined class by extending Frame class.

import java.awt.*;
class MyFrame extends Frame
{ MyFrame()
{ setVisible(true);
setSize(500,500);
setTitle("myframe");
setBackground(Color.green);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ MyFrame f=new MyFrame();
}
}

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Example : Displaying text on the screen

✓ To display some textual message on the frame override paint() method.
public void paint(Graphics g)
✓ To set a particular font to the text use Font class present in java.awt package
Font f=new Font(String type,int style,int size);
Font f= new Font("arial",Font.Bold,30);
import java.awt.*;
class MyFrame extends Frame
{ MyFrame()
{ setVisible(true);
setSize(500,500);
setTitle("myframe");
setBackground(Color.red);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ MyFrame t = new MyFrame();
}
public void paint(Graphics g)
{ Font f=new Font("arial",Font.ITALIC,25);
g.setFont(f);
g.drawString("hi ratan how r u",100,100);
}
}
✓ In above example when we create the MyFrame class object ,jvm will executes MyFrame class
constructor just before this JVM will execute Frame class zero argument constructor.
✓ The Frame class zero argument constructor calling repaint() method & this method will access
predefined Frame class paint() method. But as per the requirement overriding paint() method
will be executed.

Layout Managers:-
When we are trying to add the components into container without using layout manager the
components are overriding hence the last added component is visible on the container instead of all.
To overcome above problem to arrange the components into container in specific manner use
layout manager.
Definitions:-
The layout managers are used to arrange the components in a Frame in particular manner. or
A layout manager is an object that controls the size and the position of components in a container
Different layouts in java,
1) java.awt.FlowLayout
2) java.awt.BorderLayout
3) java.awt.GridLayout
4) java.awt.CardLayout
5) java.awt.GridBagLayout

java.awt.FlowLayout
The FlowLayout is used to arrange the components into row by row format. Once the first row is
filled with components then it is inserted into second row. And it is the default layout of the applet.

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Java.awt.BorderLayout:-
The BoderLayout is dividing the frame into five areas north,south,east,west,center so we can
arrange the components in these five areas.
To represent these five areas borderlayout is providing the fallowing 5-constans

public static final java.lang.String NORTH;

public static final java.lang.String SOUTH;
public static final java.lang.String EAST;
public static final java.lang.String WEST;
public static final java.lang.String CENTER;

import java.awt.*;
class MyFrame extends Frame
{ Button b1,b2,b3,b4,b5;
MyFrame()
{ //this keyword is optional because all methods are current class methods only
this.setSize(400,400);
this.setVisible(true);
this.setTitle("BorderLayout");
this.setLayout(new BorderLayout());
b1=new Button("Boys");
b2=new Button("Girls");
b3=new Button("management");
b4=new Button("Teaching Staff");
b5=new Button("non-teaching staff");
this.add("North",b1);
this.add("Center",b2);
this.add("South",b3);
this.add("East",b4);
this.add("West",b5);
}
}
class Demo
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ MyFrame f=new MyFrame();
}
};

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Example 2: project level reduce the length of the code.

import java.awt.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Frame f = new Frame("BorderLayout");
f.setVisible(true);
f.setSize(300,300);
f.setLayout(new BorderLayout());

f.add(new Button("NORTH"),BorderLayout.NORTH);
f.add(new Button("SOUTH"),BorderLayout.SOUTH);
f.add(new Button("EAST"),BorderLayout.EAST);
f.add(new Button("WEST"),BorderLayout.WEST);
f.add(new Button("CENTER"),BorderLayout.CENTER);
}
}

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Preparation of components:-
Label: -Label is a constant text which is displayed along with a TextField or TextArea.
Constructor: Label l=new Label();
Label l=new Label(“user name”);

TextField:-TextField is an editable area&it is possible to provide single line of text.Enter Button doesn’t
work on TextField.
To set Text to the textarea : t.setText(“Sravya”);
To get the text form TextArea : String s=t.getText();
Constructors: TextFiled tx=new TextFiled();
TextField tx=new TextField(“ratan”);

TextArea:-TextArea is a Editable Area&enter button will work on TextArea.

Constructors: TextArea t=new TextArea();
TextArea t=new TextArea(int rows,int columns);
TextArea t=new TextArea(String text, int rows,int columns);
✓ To set Text to the textarea : ta.setText(“Sravya”);
✓ To get the text form TextArea : String s=ta.getText();

Button :- Used to perform operations by clicking.

Example :-
import java.awt.*;
class MyFrame
{ MyFrame()
{ Frame f=new Frame();
f.setVisible(true);
f.setTitle("ratan");
f.setBackground(Color.red);
f.setSize(400,500);
f.setLayout(new FlowLayout()); //information about layout check next page
Label l1=new Label("user name:");
Label l2=new Label("user password:");

TextField tx1 = new TextField(30);

TextField tx2 = new TextField(30);

Button b = new Button("login");

f.add(l1);
f.add(tx1);
f.add(l2);
f.add(tx2);
f.add(b);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ MyFrame f = new MyFrame();
}
}

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1. Choice:-List is allows to select multiple items but choice is allow to select single Item.
Choice ch=new Choice();
✓ To add items to the choice :add()
✓ To remove item from the choice based on String :choice.remove(“HYD”);
✓ To remove the item based on the index position :choice.remove(2);
✓ To remove the all elements : ch.removeAll();
✓ To inset the data into the choice based on the position :choice.insert(2,”ratan”);
✓ To get selected item from the choice :String s=ch.getSelectedItem();
✓ To get the selected item index number : int a=ch.getSelectedIndex();

2. List: List is providinglist of options to select.

CONSTRUCTOR:-
List l=new List();It will creates the list by default size is four elements.
List l=new List(3); It will display the three items size and it is allow selecting the only one.
List l=new List(5,true); It will display five items and it is allow selecting the multiple items.
✓ To add the elements to the List : list.add(“c”);
✓ To add the elements to the List at specified index : list.add(“ratan”,0);
✓ To remove element from the List : list.remove(“c”);
✓ To get selected item from the List : String x=l.get SelectedItem();
✓ To get selected items from the List : String[] x=s.getSelectedItems()
Example :-
import java.awt.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Frame f=new Frame();
f.setVisible(true); f.setTitle("ratan");
f.setBackground(Color.red); f.setSize(400,500);
f.setLayout(new FlowLayout());
//Choice information
Choice ch=new Choice();
ch.add("c"); ch.add("cpp"); ch.add("java");
ch.add(".net"); ch.remove(".net"); ch.remove(0);
ch.insert("ratan",2); f.add(ch);
System.out.println(ch.getItem(0));
System.out.println(ch.getItemCount());
//List information
List l=new List(3,true);
l.add("c"); l.add("cpp"); l.add("java"); l.add(".net");
l.add("ratan"); l.add("arun",0); l.remove(0); f.add(l);
System.out.println(l.getItem(0));
System.out.println(l.getItemCount());
}
}

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3. Checkbox: - The user can select more than one checkbox at a time.
Checkbox cb2=new Checkbox(“MCA”);
Checkbox cb3=new Checkbox(“BSC”,true);
✓ To set a label to the CheckBox explicitly : cb.setLabel(“BSC”);
✓ To get the label of the checkbox :String str=cb.getLabel();
✓ To get state of the CheckBox : Boolean b=ch.getState();
4. RADIO BUTTON:-
✓ AWT does not provide any predefined support to create Radio Buttons directly.
✓ It is possible to create RadioButton by using two classes.
o CheckboxGroup
o Checkbox
step 1:- Create Checkbox group object. CheckboxGroup cg=new CheckboxGroup();
step 2:- pass Checkboxgroup object to the Checkbox class argument.
Checkbox cb1=new Checkbox(“male”,cg,true);
Checkbox cb2=new Checkbox(“female”,cg,false);
✓ To get the status of the RadioButton :String str=Cb.getState();
✓ To get Label of the RadioButton :String str=getLabel().
Example:-
import java.awt.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ Frame f=new Frame();
f.setVisible(true); f.setTitle("ratan");
f.setBackground(Color.red); f.setSize(400,500);
f.setLayout(new FlowLayout());

Label l1 = new Label("Qualifications:");

Label l2 = new Label("Gender:");
Checkbox cb1=new Checkbox("SSC",true);
Checkbox cb2=new Checkbox("DEGREE");
Checkbox cb3=new Checkbox("MCA");
Checkbox cb4=new Checkbox("BTECH");
f.add(l1); f.add(cb1); f.add(cb2); f.add(cb3);f.add(cb4);
System.out.println(cb1.getLabel());
System.out.println(cb2.getState());

CheckboxGroup cg=new CheckboxGroup();

Checkbox r1=new Checkbox("male",cg,true);
Checkbox r2=new Checkbox("female",cg,false);
f.add(l2); f.add(r1); f.add(r2);
System.out.println(cb1.getLabel());
System.out.println(cb1.getState());
}
}

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Event delegation model:-

1. When we create a component the components visible on the screen but it is not possible to
perform any action on that component because those components are by default static.
Example:Whenever we create a Frame it can be minimized and maximized and resized but it is
not possible to close the Frame even if we click on Frame close Button. Because frame is a static
component so it is not possible to perform actions on the Frame.

2. To make static component into dynamic component we have to add some actions to the Frame.
To attach these actions to the Frame component we need event delegation model.
Event: Event is nothing but a particular action generated on the particular component.
1. When an event generates on the component the component is unable to respond because
component can't listen the event.
2. To make the component listen the event we have to add listeners to the component. Wherever
we are adding listeners to the component the component is able to respond based on the
generated event.
3. java.awt.event package contains listeners and event classes for event handling.
4. The listeners are different from component to component.
A component delegate event to the listener and listener is designates the event to appropriate
method by executing that method only the event is handled. This is called Event Delegation Model.

Added listener to the Handling method

component

Delegates
Handling method
component Delegates listeners Delegates

Delegates
Click the button(event is raised)
Handling method

To attach a particular listener to the Frame we have to use following method

Public void AddxxxListener(xxxListener e)
Where xxx may be ActionListener,windowListener
The Appropriate Listener for the Frame is “windowListener”
ScrollBar:-
1. By using ScrollBar we can move the Frame up and down.
ScrollBar s=new ScrollBar(int type)
Type of scrollbar
1. VERTICAL ScrollBar
2. HORIZONTAL ScrollBar
To create a HORIZONTAL ScrollBar:-
ScrollBar sb=new ScrollBar(ScrollBar.HORIZONTAL);
To get the current position of the scrollbar we have to use the following method.
public int getValue()
To create a VERTICAL ScrollBar:-
ScrollBar sb=new ScrollBar(ScrollBar.VERTICAL);

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Appropriate Listeners for Components:-

GUI Component Event Name Listner Name Lisener Methods
1.Frame Window Event Window Listener 1.Public Void WindowOpened(WindowEvent e)
2.Public Void WindowActivated(WindowEvent e)
3.Public Void WindowDeactivated(WindowEvent e)
4.Public Void WindowClosing(WindowEvent e)
5.Public Void WindowClosed(WindowEvent e)
6.Public Void WindowIconfield(WindowEvent e)
7.Public Void WindowDeiconified(WindowEvent e)

2.Textfield ActionEvent ActionListener Public Void Actionperformed(ActionEvent ae)

3.TextArea ActionEvent ActionListener Public Void Actionperformed(ActionEvent ae)

4.Menu ActionEvent ActionListener Public Void Actionperformed(ActionEvent ae)

5.Button ActionEvent ActionListener Public Void Actionperformed(ActionEvent ae)

6.Checkbox ItemEvent ItemListener Public Void ItemStatechanged(ItemEvent e)

7.Radio ItemEvent ItemListener Public Void ItemStatechanged(ItemEvent e)

8.List ItemEvent ItemListener Public Void ItemStatechanged(ItemEvent e)

9.Choice ItemEvent ItemListener Public Void ItemStatechanged(ItemEvent e)

10.Scrollbar AdjustmentEvent AdjustmentListener Public Void AdjustementValueChanged

(AdjustementEvent e)

11.Mouse MouseEvent MouseListener 1.Public Void MouseEntered(MouseEvent e)

2.Public Void MouseExited(MouseEvent e)
3.Public Void MousePressed(MouseEvent e)
4.Public Void MouseReleased(MouseEvent e)
5.Public Void MouseClicked(MouseEvent e)

12.Keyboard KeyEvent KeyListener 1.Public Void KeyTyped(KeyEvent e)

2.Public Void KeyPressed(KeyEvent e)
3.Public Void KeyReleased(KeyEvent e)

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Event handling code:-

It is possible to write the event handling code in fallowing ways
In different class.
zSame class
By using anonymous inner classes.

Steps to perform event handling:-

1) Prepare the required components.
2) Implements the listener interface override the methods to write the even handling code.
3) Add the listener to the component.

Applying WindowListener on the Frame :-

The Frame contains WindowLister it contains 7-methods listed below.
windowActivated(WindowEvent e)
Invoked when the Window is set to be the active Window.
windowClosed(WindowEvent e)
Invoked when a window has been closed as the result of calling dispose on the window.
windowClosing(WindowEvent e)
Invoked when the user attempts to close the window from the window's system menu.
windowDeactivated(WindowEvent e)
Invoked when a Window is no longer the active Window.
windowDeiconified(WindowEvent e)
Invoked when a window is changed from a minimized to a normal state.
windowIconified(WindowEvent e)
Invoked when a window is changed from a normal to a minimized state.
windowOpened(WindowEvent e)
Invoked the first time a window is made visible.

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In below example we are providing even handling code in separate class :-

***PROVIDING CLOSING OPTION TO THE FRAME****
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
class MyFrame extends Frame
{ MyFrame()
{ this.setSize(400,500); //here this keyword is optional because it is a current class
this.setVisible(true);
this.setTitle("myframe");
this.setBackground(Color.green);
this.addWindowListener(new myclassimpl());
}
}
class myclassimpl implements WindowListener
{ public void windowActivated(WindowEvent e)
{ System.out.println("window activated");
}
public void windowDeactivated(WindowEvent e)
{ System.out.println("window deactivated");
}
public void windowIconified(WindowEvent e)
{ System.out.println("window iconified");
}
public void windowDeiconified(WindowEvent e)
{ System.out.println("window deiconified");
}
public void windowClosed(WindowEvent e)
{ System.out.println("window closed");
}
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e)
{ System.out.println("window closing");
System.exit(0);
}
public void windowOpened(WindowEvent e)
{ System.out.println("window Opened");
}
};
class Demo
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ MyFrame f=new MyFrame();
}
};

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**PROVIDING CLOSEING OPTION TO THE FRAME BY USING WINDOWADAPTOR CLASS **

In above example when our implements the windowListener interface then we must
override all (7)the methods of WindowListener interface .but to close the frame we required only
one method that is windowCloseing( ) method.
To overcome above limitation use WindowAdaptor class it contains all empty
implementations of interface methods.
Note : if our class implements WindowListener interface we must override all the methods of
windowListener interface . But if our class extends windowAdaptor class it is possible to override
application required methods.
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
class MyFrame extends Frame
{ MyFrame()
{ this.setVisible(true);
this.setSize(500,500);
this.addWindowListener(new Listenerimpl());
}
};
class Listenerimpl extends WindowAdapter
{ public void windowClosing(WindowEvent we)
{ System.exit(0);
}
};
class Demo
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ MyFrame f=new MyFrame();
}
};
Writing event handling code in anonymous inner class:-
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
class MyFrame extends Frame
{ MyFrame()
{ this.setVisible(true);
this.setSize(500,500);
this.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter()
{ public void windowClosing(WindowEvent we)
{ System.exit(0);
}
});
}
}
class Demo
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ MyFrame f=new MyFrame();
}
};

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Example :- WRITE SOME TEXT INTO THE FRAME

import java.awt.*;
class MyFrame extends Frame
{ MyFrame()
{ this.setVisible(true);
this.setSize(500,500);
this.setBackground(Color.red);
this.setTitle("ratan");
}
public void paint(Graphics g)
{ Font f=new Font("arial",Font.BOLD,20);
g.setFont(f);
this.setForeground(Color.green);
g.drawString("HI BTECH ",100,100);
g.drawString("good boys &",200,200);
}
}
class FrameEx
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ MyFrame f=new MyFrame();
}
};

Example : CardLayout
import java.awt.*;
class MyFrame extends Frame
{ MyFrame()
{ this.setSize(400,400);
this.setVisible(true);
this.setLayout(new CardLayout());
Button b1=new Button("button1");
Button b2=new Button("button2");
Button b3=new Button("button3");
Button b4=new Button("button4");
Button b5=new Button("button5");

this.add("First Card",b1);
this.add("Second Card",b2);
this.add("Thrid Card",b3);
this.add("Fourth Card",b4);
this.add("Fifth Card",b5);
}
}
class Demo
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ MyFrame f=new MyFrame();
}
};

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Example :- GRIDLAYOUT
import java.awt.*;
class MyFrame extends Frame
{ MyFrame()
{ this.setVisible(true);
this.setSize(500,500);
this.setTitle("rattaiah");
this.setBackground(Color.red);
this.setLayout(new GridLayout(4,4));
for (int i=0;i<10 ;i++ )
{ Button b=new Button(""+i);
this.add(b);
}
}
};
class Demo
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ MyFrame f=new MyFrame();
}
};

Example :-ACTIONLISTENER
The below example we are preforming addition and multiplications when we click add & mul
buttons. So whenever we clicking button the button is able to listen the even to do this add the Listener
to button.
The appropriate listener for button is ActionListener.

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
class MyFrame extends Frame implements ActionListener
{ TextField tx1,tx2,tx3;
Label l1,l2,l3;
Button b1,b2;
int result;
MyFrame()
{ this.setSize(250,400);
this.setVisible(true);
this.setLayout(new FlowLayout());
l1=new Label("First Value :");
l2=new Label("Second Value :");
l3=new Label("Result :");

tx1=new TextField(25);
tx2=new TextField(25);
tx3=new TextField(25);

b1=new Button("add");
b2=new Button("mul");

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b1.addActionListener(this);// this represent current class object

b2.addActionListener(this);
this.add(l1);
this.add(tx1);
this.add(l2);
this.add(tx2);
this.add(l3);
this.add(tx3);
this.add(b1);
this.add(b2);
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)
{ try{
int fval=Integer.parseInt(tx1.getText());
int sval=Integer.parseInt(tx2.getText());
String label=e.getActionCommand();
if (label.equals("add"))
{ result=fval+sval;
}
if (label.equals("mul"))
{ result=fval*sval;
}
tx3.setText(""+result);
}
catch(Exception ee)
{ ee.printStackTrace();
}
}
};
class Demo
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ MyFrame f=new MyFrame();
}
};

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Example :LOGIN STATUS

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
class MyFrame extends Frame implements ActionListener
{ Label l1,l2;
TextField tx1,tx2;
Button b;
String status="";
MyFrame()
{ setVisible(true);
setSize(400,400);
setTitle("girls");
setBackground(Color.red);
l1=new Label("user name:");
l2=new Label("password:");
tx1=new TextField(25);
tx2=new TextField(25);

b=new Button("login");
b.addActionListener(this);
tx2.setEchoChar('*');

this.setLayout(new FlowLayout());

this.add(l1); this.add(tx1); this.add(l2);

this.add(tx2); this.add(b);
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
{ String uname=tx1.getText();
String upwd=tx2.getText();
if (uname.equals("Sravya")&&upwd.equals("dss"))
{ status="login success"; }
else
{ status="login failure"; }
repaint();
}
public void paint(Graphics g)
{ Font f=new Font("arial",Font.BOLD,30);
g.setFont(f);
this.setForeground(Color.green);
g.drawString("Status:----"+status,50,300);
}
}
class Demo
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ MyFrame f=new MyFrame();
}
};

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Example :
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
class MyFrame extends Frame implements ActionListener
{ String label="";
MenuBar mb;
Menu m1,m2,m3;
MenuItem mi1,mi2,mi3;
MyFrame()
{ this.setSize(300,300);
this.setVisible(true);
this.setTitle("myFrame");
this.setBackground(Color.green);

mb=new MenuBar();
this.setMenuBar(mb);

m1=new Menu("new");
m2=new Menu("option");
m3=new Menu("edit");
mb.add(m1);
mb.add(m2);
mb.add(m3);

mi1=new MenuItem("open");
mi2=new MenuItem("save");
mi3=new MenuItem("saveas");

mi1.addActionListener(this);
mi2.addActionListener(this);
mi3.addActionListener(this);
m1.add(mi1); m1.add(mi2); m1.add(mi3);
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
{ label=ae.getActionCommand();
repaint();
}
public void paint(Graphics g)
{ Font f=new Font("arial",Font.BOLD,25);
g.setFont(f);
g.drawString("Selected item....."+label,50,200);
}
}
class Demo
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{MyFrame f=new MyFrame();
}
};

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Example :- MOUSELISTENER INTERFACE

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
class myframe extends Frame implements MouseListener
{ String[] msg=new String[5];
myframe()
{ this.setSize(500,500);
this.setVisible(true);
this.addMouseListener(this);
}
public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e)
{ msg[0]="mouse clicked......("+e.getX()+","+e.getY()+")";
repaint();
}
public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e)
{ msg[1]="mouse pressed......("+e.getX()+","+e.getY()+")";
repaint();
}
public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e)
{ msg[2]="mouse released......("+e.getX()+","+e.getY()+")";
repaint();
}
public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent e)
{ msg[3]="mouse entered......("+e.getX()+","+e.getY()+")";
repaint();
}
public void mouseExited(MouseEvent e)
{ msg[4]="mouse exited......("+e.getX()+","+e.getY()+")";
repaint();
}
public void paint(Graphics g)
{ int X=50;
int Y=100;
for(int i=0;i<msg.length;i++)
{ if (msg[i]!=null)
{ g.drawString(msg[i],X,Y);
Y=Y+50;
}
}
}
};
class Demo
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ myframe f=new myframe();
}
};

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Example : ITEMLISTENER INTERFACE

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
class myframe extends Frame implements ItemListener
{ String qual="",gen="";
Label l1,l2;
CheckboxGroup cg;
Checkbox c1,c2,c3,c4,c5;
Font f;
myframe()
{ this.setSize(300,400);
this.setVisible(true);
this.setLayout(new FlowLayout());

l1=new Label("Qualification: ");

l2=new Label("Gender: ");

c1=new Checkbox("BSC");
c2=new Checkbox("BTECH");
c3=new Checkbox("MCA");

cg=new CheckboxGroup();
c4=new Checkbox("Male",cg,false);
c5=new Checkbox("Female",cg,true);

c1.addItemListener(this);
c2.addItemListener(this);
c3.addItemListener(this);
c4.addItemListener(this);
c5.addItemListener(this);

this.add(l1); this.add(c1); this.add(c2);

this.add(c3); this.add(l2); this.add(c4);
this.add(c5);
}
public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent ie)
{ if(c1.getState()==true)
{ qual=qual+c1.getLabel()+",";
}
if(c2.getState()==true)
{ qual=qual+c2.getLabel()+",";
}
if(c3.getState()==true)
{ qual=qual+c3.getLabel()+",";
}
if(c4.getState()==true)
{ gen=c4.getLabel();
}

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if(c5.getState()==true)
{ gen=c5.getLabel();
}
repaint();
}
public void paint(Graphics g)
{ Font f=new Font("arial",Font.BOLD,20);
g.setFont(f);
this.setForeground(Color.green);
g.drawString("qualification------>"+qual,50,100);
g.drawString("gender-------------->"+gen,50,150);
qual="";
gen="";
}
}

class Demo
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ myframe f=new myframe();
}
};
Example :-KEYLISTENER INTERFACE
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
class myframe extends Frame
{ myframe()
{ this.setSize(400,400);
this.setVisible(true);
this.setBackground(Color.green);
this.addKeyListener(new keyboardimpl());
}
};
class keyboardimpl implements KeyListener
{ public void keyTyped(KeyEvent e)
{ System.out.println("key typed "+e.getKeyChar());
}
public void keyPressed(KeyEvent e)
{ System.out.println("key pressed "+e.getKeyChar());
}
public void keyReleased(KeyEvent e)
{ System.out.println("key released "+e.getKeyChar());
}
}
class Demo
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ myframe f=new myframe();
}
};

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Example : CHECK LIST AND CHOICE

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
class myframe extends Frame implements ItemListener
{ Label l1,l2;
List l;
Choice ch;
String[] tech;
String city="";
myframe()
{ this.setSize(300,400);
this.setVisible(true);
this.setLayout(new FlowLayout());

l1=new Label("Technologies: ");

l2=new Label("City: ");

l=new List(3,true);
l.add("c"); l.add("c++"); l.add("java");
l.addItemListener(this);

ch=new Choice();
ch.add("hyd"); ch.add("chenni"); ch.add("Banglore");
ch.addItemListener(this);

this.add(l1); this.add(l); this.add(l2); this.add(ch);

}
public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent ie)
{ tech=l.getSelectedItems();
city=ch.getSelectedItem();
repaint();
}
public void paint(Graphics g)
{ Font f=new Font("arial",Font.BOLD,20);
g.setFont(f);
String utech="";
for(int i=0;i<tech.length ;i++ )
{ utech=utech+tech[i]+" "; }
g.drawString("tech:-------"+utech,50,200);
g.drawString("city---------"+city,50,300);
utech="";
}
}
class Demo
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ myframe f=new myframe();
}
};

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Example :- AdjustmentListener
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
class myframe extends Frame implements AdjustmentListener
{ Scrollbar sb;
int position;
myframe()
{ this.setSize(400,400);
this.setVisible(true);
this.setLayout(new BorderLayout());

sb=new Scrollbar(Scrollbar.VERTICAL);
this.add("East",sb);

sb.addAdjustmentListener(this);
}
public void adjustmentValueChanged(AdjustmentEvent e)
{ position=sb.getValue();
}
public void paint(Graphics g)
{ g.drawString("position:"+position,100,200);
repaint();
}
}
class scrollbarex
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ myframe f=new myframe();
}
};

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SWINGS

1. Sun Micro Systems introduced AWT to prepare GUI applications but awt components not satisfy
the client requirement.
2. An alternative to AWT Netscape Communication Corporation has provided set of GUI
components in the form of IFC(Internet Foundation Class) but IFC also provide less performance
and it is not satisfy the client requirement.
3. In the above context[sun &Netscape] combine and introduced common product to design GUI
applications is called JFS(java foundation classes) then it is renamed as swings.

Differences between awt and Swings:

✓ AWT components are platform dependent but Swings components are platform independent
because these components are completely written in java .
✓ AWT components are heavyweight component but swing components are light weight
component.
✓ AWT components consume more number of system resources Swings consume less number of
system resources.
✓ AWT is provided less number of components whereasa swing provides more number of
components.
✓ AWT doesn’t provide Tooltip Test support but swing components have provided Tooltip test
support.
✓ In awt to close the window : windowListenerwindowAdaptor
In case of swing use small piece of code.
f.setDefaultCloseOption(JFrame.EXIT-ON-CLOSE);
✓ In case of AWT we will add the GUI components in the Frame directly but Swing we will add all
GUI components to panes to accommodate GUI components.
✓ The awt classes & interfaces are present in java.awt packages & swing classes are present in
javax.swing package.

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Example :-
package swingss;

import java.awt.Color;
import java.awt.FlowLayout;

import javax.swing.JButton;
import javax.swing.JFrame;
import javax.swing.JLabel;
public class MyFrame extends JFrame{
public MyFrame() {
setVisible(true);
setSize(300, 300);
setTitle("MyFrame");
setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
setLayout(new FlowLayout());
JLabel label = new JLabel("Hello World:");
JButton button = new JButton("click me");
add(label);
add(button);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
MyFrame f = new MyFrame();
}
}

Example 2:-
package swingss;
import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;
class Test2 extends JFrame
{ JLabel l1,l2,l3,l4,l5,l6,l7;
JTextField tf;
JPasswordField pf;
JCheckBox cb1,cb2,cb3;
JRadioButton rb1,rb2;
JList l;
JComboBox cb;
JTextArea ta;
JButton b;
Container c;
Test2()
{ setVisible(true);
setSize(150,500);
setTitle("SWING GUI COMPONENTS EXAMPLE");
setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
setLayout(new FlowLayout());
getContentPane().setBackground(Color.red);

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setBackground(Color.green);
l1=new JLabel("User Name");
l2= new JLabel("password");
l3= new JLabel("Qualification");
l4= new JLabel("User Gender");
l5= new JLabel("Technologies");
l6= new JLabel("UserAddress");
l7= new JLabel("comments");
tf=new JTextField(15);
tf.setToolTipText("TextField");
pf=new JPasswordField(15);
pf.setToolTipText("PasswordField");
cb1=new JCheckBox("BSC",false);
cb2=new JCheckBox("MCA",false);
cb3=new JCheckBox("PHD",false);
rb1=new JRadioButton("Male",false);
rb2=new JRadioButton("Female",false);
ButtonGroup bg=new ButtonGroup();
bg.add(rb1); bg.add(rb2);
String[] listitems={"cpp","c","java"};
l=new JList(listitems);
String[] cbitems={"hyd","pune","bangalore"};
cb=new JComboBox(cbitems);
ta=new JTextArea(5,20);
b=new JButton("submit");
add(l1);
add(tf); add(l2); add(pf);
add(l3); add(cb1); add(cb2); add(cb3);
add(l4); add(rb1); add(rb2); add(l5);
add(l); add(l6); add(cb); add(l7);
add(ta); add(b);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Test2 f=new Test2();
}
};

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Example 3:
package swingss;

import java.awt.BorderLayout;
import java.awt.Color;
import java.awt.FlowLayout;

import javax.swing.ImageIcon;
import javax.swing.JButton;
import javax.swing.JFrame;
import javax.swing.JLabel;

public class MyFrame extends JFrame{

public MyFrame() {
setVisible(true);
setSize(200, 200);
setTitle("MyFrame");
setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
setLayout(new BorderLayout());//setting layout to frame

JLabel label = new JLabel(new ImageIcon("F:\\corejava images\\download.jpg"));

add(label);
label.setLayout(new FlowLayout());// setting layout to back ground image

JLabel label2 = new JLabel("Hello World:");

JButton button = new JButton("click me");
label.add(label2);
label.add(button);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
MyFrame f = new MyFrame();
}
}

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Example 4:-
package swingss;

import java.awt.FlowLayout;
import java.awt.event.ActionEvent;
import java.awt.event.ActionListener;

import javax.swing.ButtonGroup;
import javax.swing.JButton;
import javax.swing.JFrame;
import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
import javax.swing.JRadioButton;
public class MyFrame2 extends JFrame implements ActionListener {
JRadioButton button1,button2;
JButton button;
public MyFrame2() {
setVisible(true);
setTitle("MyFrame");
setSize(300, 300);
setLayout(new FlowLayout());

button1 = new JRadioButton("Male");

button2 = new JRadioButton("Female");
button = new JButton("click");

ButtonGroup group = new ButtonGroup();

group.add( button1);
group.add( button2);
add(button1); add(button2); add(button);
button.addActionListener(this);
}
@Override
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
if(button1.isSelected())
{ JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this, "U r selected Male option thankyou");}
if(button2.isSelected())
{ JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this, "U r selected Female option thankyou");}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
MyFrame2 frame2 = new MyFrame2();
}
}

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Example 5:
package swingss;

import javax.swing.JFrame;
import javax.swing.JScrollPane;
import javax.swing.JTable;
public class MyFrame3 extends JFrame {
public MyFrame3() {
setVisible(true);
setSize(400, 200);
setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);

String[][] data={{"101","ratan","10000"},{"102","anu","20000"},{"101","durga","30000"}};
String[] col={"Eid","Ename","Esal"};
JTable jTable = new JTable(data,col);
add(jTable);

JScrollPane jScrollPane = new JScrollPane(jTable);

add(jScrollPane);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ MyFrame3 frame3 = new MyFrame3();
}

Application 6: - JCOLORCHOOSER
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.event.*;
class MyFrame extends JFrame implements ChangeListener
{ JColorChooser cc;
Container c;
MyFrame()
{ this.setVisible(true);
this.setSize(500,500);
this.setTitle("SWING GUI COMPONENTS EXAMPLE");
this.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);

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c=getContentPane();
cc=new JColorChooser();
cc.getSelectionModel().addChangeListener(this);
c.add(cc);
}
public void stateChanged(ChangeEvent c)
{ Color color=cc.getColor();
JFrame f=new JFrame();
f.setSize(400,400);
f.setVisible(true);
f.getContentPane().setBackground(color);
}
}
class Demo
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ MyFrame f=new MyFrame();
}
};

Application 7: JFILECHOOSER
import java.io.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.event.*;
class MyFrame extends JFrame implements ActionListener
{ JFileChooser fc;
Container c;
JLabel l;
JTextField tf;
JButton b;
MyFrame()
{ this.setVisible(true);
this.setSize(500,500);
this.setTitle("SWING GUI COMPONENTS EXAMPLE");
this.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
c=getContentPane();
l=new JLabel("Select File:");

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tf=new JTextField(25);
b=new JButton("BROWSE");
this.setLayout(new FlowLayout());
b.addActionListener(this);
c.add(l); c.add(tf); c.add(b);
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
{ class FileChooserDemo extends JFrame implements ActionListener
{ FileChooserDemo()
{ Container c=getContentPane();
this.setVisible(true);
this.setSize(500,500);
fc=new JFileChooser();
fc.addActionListener(this);
fc.setLayout(new FlowLayout());
c.add(fc);
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
{ File f=fc.getSelectedFile();
String path=f.getAbsolutePath();
tf.setText(path);
this.setVisible(false);
}
}
new FileChooserDemo();
}
}
class Demo
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ MyFrame f=new MyFrame();
}
};

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Java.awt.Applet
✓ The applet is runs on browser window to display the dynamic content on browser window.
✓ The applet does not contains main methods to start the execution but it contains life cycle
methods these methods are automatically called by web browser.
✓ To run the applet in browser window we need to install plugin in.

The applet contains four life cycle methods

a. Init ()
b. Start()
c. Stop()
d. Destroy()

These methods are called by applet viewer or web browser

Init() : used to initialize the applet and it called only once.
Start() : it invoked after init() method to start the applet then the applet become visible.
Stop() : it is used to stop the applet then the applet become invisible.
Destroy(): it called after stop method it gives to applet last chance to cleanup.

Java.awt.component class provide one life cycle method of applet

Public void paint(Graphics g)
The above method used to paint the applet to print the data in applet.

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Steps to design the application:-

1. Create the applet by extending Applet class.
2. Then configure the applet in html code.

Applet First Application:-

Test.java:-
import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.*;
public class Test extends Applet {
public void paint(Graphics g) {
g.drawString("Hello, world this is applet first example!", 150, 150);
}
}

Firstapplet.html
<html>
<body>
<applet code="Test.class" height="300" width="300"/>
</body>
</html>
Execution : appletviewer Firstapplet.html

Running applet:-
It is possible to run the applet in two ways
1) By using html file
Configure the applet in html file then open the html file in browser window.
Click on Firstapplet.html then the applet is displayed on browser window.

2) By using applet viewer tool

Run the application by using below command
Appletviewer Firstapplet.html

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Application 2:
Test.java:-
import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
public class Test extends Applet
{ String msg="";
public void paint(Graphics g)
{ Font f=new Font("arial",Font.BOLD,20);
g.setFont(f);
g.drawString("Durga Software Solutions "+msg,100,200);
}
public void init()
{ msg=msg+"initialization"+" ";
System.out.println("init()");
}
public void start()
{ msg=msg+"starting"+" ";
System.out.println("start()");
}
public void stop()
{ msg=msg+"stoping";
System.out.println("stop()");
}
public void destroyed()
{ msg=msg+"destroyed";
System.out.println("destroy()");
}
};
Configuration of Applet:-
<html>
<applet code="Test.class" width="500" height="500">
</applet>
</html>

Execution : appletviewer Firstapplet.html

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Application 3: displaying image on applet.

Test.java:
import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
public class Test extends Applet {
Image picture;
public void init() {
picture = getImage(getDocumentBase(),"flower.jpg");
}
public void paint(Graphics g) {
g.drawImage(picture, 30,30, this);
}
}

Firstapplet.html
<html>
<body>
<applet code="Test.class" height="300" width="300"></applet>
</body>
</html>

Execution : appletviewer Firstapplet.html

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Different types of methods in java (must know

information about all methods)
1) Instance method 14) Static factory
2) Static method method
3) Normal method 15) Pattern factory
4) Abstract method method
5) Accessor methods 16) Template method
6) Mutator methods 17) Default method
7) Inline methods 18) Public method
8) Call back methods 19) Private method
9) Synchronized methods 20) Protected method
10) Non-synchronized 21) Final method
methods 22) Strictfp method
11) Overriding method 23) Native method
12) Overridden method
13) Instance Factory
method

Different types of classes in java (must know

information about all classes)
1) Normal class /concrete class /component class
2) Abstract class /helper class
3) Tightly encapsulated class
4) Public class
5) Default class
6) Adaptor class
7) Final class
8) Strictfp class
9) JavaBean class /DTO(Data Transfer Object) /VO (value
Object)/BO(Business Object)
10) Singleton class
11) Child class
12) Parent class
13) Implementation class

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Different types of variables in java (must know

information about all varaibles)
1) Local variables 6) Protected variables
2) Instance variables 7) Volatile variables
3) Static variables 8) Transient variables
4) Final variables 9) Public variables
5) Private variables

Material by Mr. Ratan...........

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