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Building consensus: On the G-20 summit in Delhi, India’s presidency

The success of the G-20 summit hinges on a truce among fractious parties

India’s big moment as host of the G-20 Summit will arrive this weekend, as world leaders gather in
New Delhi for the main event marking the year of its presidency. The group is seen as a more
egalitarian version of the G-7 as it includes the leadership of the developing world, and is now the
“pre-eminent forum for global economic cooperation”. At the start of its presidency last December, it
was clear that India would be hamstrung by several events. The global economic headwinds,
exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, meant a challenging environment for New Delhi in ensuring
that all countries were willing to contribute resources for imperatives such as climate finance, and
investment in health and poverty alleviation. The Ukraine conflict and the sanctions against Russia
were next, practically splitting the G-20 down the middle. This made forging a joint statement even
last year difficult. But Indonesian President Joko Widodo was able to ensure a tenuous consensus by
travelling to Moscow and Kyiv and enlisting India’s support. India’s presidency also came amidst
continuing bilateral tensions with China over its border moves. This has become an additional
problem for India’s G-20 Sherpa team as China has played spoiler at many a meeting. The
government’s decision to hold the G-20 summit two months early, instead of in November, the
practice, has given officials less time to ensure that the Leaders’ declaration is ready; some of the
heavy lifting on building consensus will now be left to Prime Minister Narendra Modi to handle.

In the face of such odds, India’s efforts to ensure the vitality of the G-20 process have been valiant
and also a well-thought-out one. Mr. Modi made it clear from the beginning that India would not take
sides in the Ukraine conflict, and instead focused on issues affecting the global south, holding a
summit of developing countries, putting issues of food, fertilizer and energy security, multilateral
reform and global governance above geopolitical issues. India even hosted the Voice of Global South
Summit. Mr. Modi also championed the induction of the African Union into the G-20, which will be a
feather in India’s cap if it goes through. Internally, the Indian G-20 presidency has been marked by a
distinct effort to “democratise” the process by holding 220 meetings across 60 Indian cities, which,
though colossally expensive, has ensured a showcasing of India’s diversity. India’s G-20 moment is
already memorable, but the days ahead will be crucial in cementing its legacy. That legacy hinges on
ensuring a truce among its fractious members, that allows for a consensus over the vision of “One
Earth, One Family, One Future” in the next few days. [Practice Exercise]

 Red/blue coloring of words in the sentence indicates subject verb relationship; where ‘red’
denotes ‘subject’ and ‘blue’ denotes ‘verb’.

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Vocabulary
1. Consensus (noun) – agreement, accord, 11. Hamstrung (adjective) – crippled, disabled,
unity, concurrence, unanimity hindered, incapacitated, debilitated;
severely restrict the efficiency or
2. Summit (noun) – meeting, conference, effectiveness of ;
conclave, symposium, gathering
12. Headwinds (noun) – resistance,
opposition, challenge, setback
3. Presidency (noun) – administration,
13. Exacerbate (verb) – aggravate, worsen,
leadership, tenure, term, regime
inflame, intensify ;

14. Imperative (noun) – necessity, essential,

4. Hinge (on) (verb) – depend, rely, be
requirement, command
contingent on, be based on, pivot on

15. Poverty (noun) – destitution,

impoverishment, penury, deprivation
5. Truce (noun) – ceasefire, armistice,
suspension of hostilities, peace; an
agreement to stop fighting for a period of 16. Alleviation (noun) – relief, mitigation,
time ; reduction, easing ,

6. Fractious (adjective) – irritable, peevish, 17. Sanction (noun) – Restriction, ban,

quarrelsome, grouchy, testy penalty, punishment, injunction

7. Host (noun) – organizer, sponsor, 18. Split something down the middle (phrase)
presenter, master of ceremonies, – to separate, or to divide something, into
anchorman two equal parts

8. Mark (verb) – Celebrate, observe, 19. Forge (verb) – form, create, shape, mold,
recognize, acknowledge craft ;

9. Egalitarian (adjective) – equalitarian, 20. Tenuous (adjective) – weak, insubstantial,

equitable, fair, democratic fragile, shaky

10. Pre-eminent (adjective) – foremost, 21. Enlist (verb) – engage, involve, enroll, bring
leading, paramount, supreme, unparalleled
on board

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22. Amidst (preposition) – among, between, in 32. The global south (noun) – the poor
the midst of, surrounded by developing countries (of Asia, Africa, South
America, amongst others).
23. Bilateral (adjective) – mutual, reciprocal,
two-sided 33. Multilateral (adjective) – involving many
different countries, multiple-sided, many-
24. Spoiler (noun) – disrupter, saboteur, sided
wrecker, troublemaker
34. Governance (noun) – administration,
management, supervision, direction
25. Heavy lifting (noun) – the major or most
difficult part of an endeavor
35. Champion (verb) – support, promote,
advocate, defend

26. In the face of (phrase) – despite, in spite 36. Induction (noun) – introduction, initiation,
of, notwithstanding, even with, regardless
incorporation,
of
37. Feather in one’s cap (phrase) – an
27. Odds (noun) – challenges, difficulties, achievement to be proud of, accolade,
obstacles, hindrances, impediments
honor

38. Go through (phrasal verb) – (of a proposal

28. Vitality (noun) – energy, vigor, liveliness, or contract) be officially approved or
robustness, dynamism completed.

29. Valiant (adjective) – brave, courageous, 39. Distinct (adjective) – separate, different,
heroic, gallant, dauntless / distinguishable

30. Well-thought-out (adjective) – planned, 40. Democratise (verb) – make democratic,

deliberate, premeditated, carefully
popularize, universalize
considered
41. Colossally (adverb) – hugely, immensely,
31. Take sides (phrase) – to support a
tremendously, vastly
particular person or group in an argument
or disagreement 42. Showcasing (noun) – display, presentation,
exhibition

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43. Diversity (noun) – variety, assortment, 45. Legacy (noun) – inheritance, heritage,
mix, range bequest, endowment

44. Cement (verb) – solidify, strengthen,

consolidate

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Summary of the Editorial

1. The G-20 summit is taking place in New Delhi, marking the highlight of India's presidency year.

2. G-20 is viewed as a more equal alternative to the G-7 since it includes leadership from the
developing world.

3. It is now recognized as the primary forum for global economic cooperation.

4. India's presidency faced challenges right from the start, including global economic challenges
magnified by the COVID-19 pandemic.

5. Securing resources for climate finance, health, and poverty alleviation in such an environment
was difficult.

6. The Ukraine conflict and sanctions against Russia created divisions within the G-20.

7. Indonesia’s President Joko Widodo and India played crucial roles in achieving a delicate
consensus on the Ukraine issue.

8. India's ongoing border tensions with China have further complicated the G-20 dynamics.

9. The decision to hold the G-20 summit earlier than the usual November schedule put additional
pressure on India.

10. Prime Minister Narendra Modi's approach was neutral regarding the Ukraine conflict and was
centered on issues significant to the global south.

11. Modi initiated the inclusion of the African Union into the G-20.

12. India took steps to democratize the G-20 process by organizing 220 meetings in 60 cities,
showcasing India's diverse culture.

13. The efforts, though costly, made India's G-20 presidency memorable.

14. The success of the summit depends on achieving consensus among its members.

15. India's goal is to foster unity and promote the vision of “One Earth, One Family, One Future.”

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Practice Exercise: SSC Pattern based

1. Based on the passage, which of the following inferences can be made about the G-20 summit
under India's presidency? [Editorial page]
A. The G-20 summit under India's presidency was conducted with ease due to the lack of any
global challenges.
B. India's relationship with China was smooth and contributed positively to the G-20
meetings.
C. The early scheduling of the G-20 summit gave officials ample time to prepare for the
Leaders' declaration.
D. The success of the G-20 summit in Delhi relied heavily on India's ability to bridge divides
and facilitate consensus among the member nations
2. Considering the passage, which factor contributed to Indonesia being able to achieve a
consensus amidst the G-20 tensions?
A. India's decision to hold the G-20 summit two months early.
B. The global economic challenges intensified by the COVID-19 pandemic.
C. Indonesian President Joko Widodo's trips to Moscow and Kyiv and securing India’s backing.
D. The fact that the G-20 is seen as a more egalitarian version of the G-7.
3. Which of the following statements about the G-20 summit in Delhi under India’s presidency
is INCORRECT?
A. The G-20 is seen as a more egalitarian version of the G-7.
B. Indonesian President Joko Widodo traveled to Moscow and Kyiv to create a consensus
without India's support.
C. The Ukraine conflict and sanctions against Russia caused divisions within the G-20
members.
D. The government decided to hold the G-20 summit two months earlier than the usual
practice in November.
4. According to the passage, which of the following best represents India's approach during its
G-20 presidency?
A. India sided with specific countries on geopolitical conflicts.
B. India focused predominantly on the Ukraine conflict and its implications.
C. India emphasized issues that largely affect developing countries and global unity.
D. India reduced the number of meetings to minimize the costs associated with the G-20
summit.
5. Which of the following best describes the tone of the passage regarding India's role in the G-
20 summit?
A. Critical
B. Ambivalent
C. Appreciative
D. Pessimistic
6. What was a significant effort made internally by India during its G-20 presidency to promote
inclusivity?

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A. By solely hosting meetings in Delhi to maintain a centralized approach.

B. By limiting the discussions only to economic matters and sidelining other issues.
C. By hosting 220 meetings across 60 Indian cities to showcase India’s diversity.
D. By excluding the African Union from participating in the G-20 discussions.
7. What is the main theme of the passage?
A. The economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on global economies.
B. The challenges and accomplishments of India's presidency during the G-20 summit.
C. The rising tensions between India and China.
D. The role of the African Union in global affairs.
8. Select the most appropriate option that can substitute the underlined segment in the given
sentence.
The commanders entered by force into terrorists’ camp.
A. broke down
B. broke with
C. broke into
D. broke off
9. Sentences with spelling errors are given. Select the sentence with No error.
A. Making healtcare more affordable is something I would do as Prescident.
B. Making healtcare more afordable is something I would do as President.
C. Making healthcare more affordable is something I would do as President.
D. Making healthcare more afordable is something I would do as Prescident.
10. Select the INCORRECTLY spelt word.
A. Receipt
B. Technically
C. Harrasment
D. Vaccinate
11. Select the most appropriate option to fill in the blank.
Yesterday, I ate only a __________ of apples for my dinner.
A. pier
B. pear
C. pare
D. pair
12. Select the most appropriate meaning of the given idiom
After the financial discrepancies were found in the audit, the CFO was on the mat with the
board of directors.
A. To be praised
B. To be under scrutiny or criticism
C. To be relaxing
D. To be promoted
Comprehension
The crash-landing of Luna-25, the Russian spacecraft that was scheduled to reach the moon a
couple of days ahead of India’s Chandrayaan-3, is a ______1_____ reminder of the

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uncertainties involved in making a landing on extra-terrestrial surfaces. In the last four years,
spacecraft from four different countries have tried to land on the moon, and failed. For each
one of these countries — Israel, India, Japan and Russia — it was the first attempt to land on
the moon. Each one of them failed in the last stage, just ahead of, or during, the process of
landing. It may have sounded alarmist then, but former ISRO chairman K Sivan’s “15 minutes
of terror” remark in the context of the Chandrayaan-2 mission was a realistic description of the
final stages of a moon landing. In a sense, the name Luna-25 was misleading. It would be
____2_____ to think that this particular mission was a continuation of the Luna series of moon
probes launched by the then Soviet Union in the 1960s and 1970s. The current round of moon
missions are ______3_____ different from those that were sent off half a century ago. The
technology and materials are new, the fuel is new, and even the purpose and motivation is
very different. It is no surprise, then, that when countries resumed their interest in going to
the moon in this century, they began almost from ______4______, with the Orbiter missions.
Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate combinations of words
13. Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank 1.
A. Grim
B. Planned
C. Lamentable
D. Outward
14. Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank 2.
A. Intense
B. Crucial
C. Challenging
D. Erroneous
15. Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank 3.
A. Ultimately
B. Drastically
C. Pleasantry
D. Insidiously
16. Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank 4.
A. Emerging
B. Scratch
C. Chronicle
D. In the end
17. Some sentences are given below. While the first and the last sentences (1 and 2) are in the
correct order, the sentences in between are jumbled up. Arrange the sentences in the
correct order to form a meaningful and coherent paragraph.
1. The oceans hold untrammelled opportunities for the prosperity of our planet.
A. The oceans are reservoirs of global biodiversity, critical regulators of the global weather
and climate, and support the economic well-being of billions of people in coastal areas.

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B. The term ‘blue economy’ includes not only ocean-dependent economic development,
but also inclusive social development and environmental and ecological security.
C. The G20 countries together account for around 45% of the world’s coastlines and over
21% of the exclusive economic zones (EEZs).
D. It is therefore not surprising that the most prosperous cities and countries are
endowed with a coast.
2. Recognising the contribution of the ocean economy for sustainable development, Prime
Minister Narendra Modi said, “To me, the blue chakra in India’s flag represents the
potential of the... ocean economy.”
A. DCAB B. CDAB C. CDBA D. DABC
18. Arrange the following sentences to form a coherent paragraph.
P. The modern cities of today have sky-touching flats and apartments as part of their housing
system
Q. The traditional house with only a ground floor, verandas and cow-dung-painted
R. Our ancestors used to live in such houses
S. Outer walls is now history
A. PQSR B.PRSQ C.SRQP D.QSRP
19. Arrange the following sentences to form a coherent paragraph.
P. The adage, “No one is perfect,” fits us, the mortals, to a ‘T’
Q. We all are born with certain qualities: positive (studious, religious) and negative (greedy,
selfish)
R. Which cannot be branded as either positive or negative
S. There are, of course, certain qualities
A. SPRQ B.PRQS C.SRPQ D.PQSR
20. Arrange the following sentences to form a coherent paragraph.
P. I am not sure how many of us are aware of the discreet, invisible and slender demarcation
line that exists in any relationship
Q. But I personally feel that most of the people give a damn to this and act as they wish or like
R. This; yes, it is a never-ending process one has to live with
S. I have experienced and still experiencing and am still learning
A. QSPR B.PSRQ C.QSRP D.PQSR

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Answers
1. D 2.C 3.B 4. C 5. C 6. C 7. B 8.C 9.C 10.C 11.D
12. B 13.A 14.D 15.B 16.B 17.A 18.A 19.D 20.B [Practice Exercise]
Explanations
1. D) The success of the G-20 summit in Delhi relied heavily on India's ability to bridge divides
and facilitate consensus among the member nations.
The passage indicates that the G-20 summit faced several challenges under India's presidency.
These challenges included the global economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Ukraine
conflict and sanctions against Russia, as well as India's own bilateral tensions with China. Given
these challenges, and the mention that "some of the heavy lifting on building consensus will
now be left to Prime Minister Narendra Modi to handle", it can be inferred that the success of
the summit was heavily dependent on India's ability to mediate and facilitate a consensus
among the various parties
2. C) Indonesian President Joko Widodo's trips to Moscow and Kyiv and securing India’s
backing.
The passage mentions that despite the Ukraine conflict and the resulting tensions within the
G-20, President Joko Widodo of Indonesia was able to ensure a tenuous consensus by traveling
to both Moscow and Kyiv and by gaining India’s support. This indicates that his efforts were
significant in achieving this consensus.
3. B) Indonesian President Joko Widodo traveled to Moscow and Kyiv to create a consensus
without India's support.
The passage mentions that Indonesian President Joko Widodo was able to ensure a tenuous
consensus by traveling to Moscow and Kyiv and enlisting India’s support. This means he did
seek India's support, so option B is incorrect.
4. C) The passage mentions that India did not take sides in the Ukraine conflict and instead
prioritized issues affecting the global south. Moreover, the text highlights various initiatives,
like the summit of developing countries and the focus on food, fertilizer, energy security, and
global governance. This emphasis on broader global issues and unity aligns with the described
vision of "One Earth, One Family, One Future."
5. C) Appreciative
Throughout the passage, the tone is appreciative of India's efforts despite numerous
challenges. Words and phrases such as "India's efforts to ensure the vitality of the G-20
process have been valiant," "a well-thought-out one," and "India's G-20 moment is already
memorable" suggest a positive and admiring tone towards India's role and initiatives.
6. C) The passage states that "Internally, the Indian G-20 presidency has been marked by a
distinct effort to “democratise” the process by holding 220 meetings across 60 Indian cities,"
emphasizing India's intent to promote inclusivity and showcase its diverse culture and
heritage.
7. B) The challenges and accomplishments of India's presidency during the G-20 summit.

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The central focus of the passage is on India's presidency during the G-20 summit, its
challenges, such as the global economic headwinds due to the pandemic, tensions between
nations, and India's proactive measures, such as the induction of the African Union, efforts to
build consensus, and holding multiple meetings across its cities. All these points showcase the
theme of India's journey during its G-20 presidency.
8. C) 'entered by force into' के बदऱे 'broke into' का प्रयोग होगा क्योंकक इस context में वह शब्द
सबसे उपयक् ु त होता है जो बऱपव ू क
व ककसी स्थान में प्रवेश करने का अथव दे ता है ; जैस— े The
thieves broke into the house.
 'broke into' will be used instead of 'entered by force into' because in this context, it is the
most appropriate phrase that means to forcibly enter a place; Like— The thieves broke into
the house.
9. C) Making healthcare more affordable is something I would do as President.
10. C) The INCORRECTLY spelt word is 'Harrasment'. The correct spelling is 'Harassment' which
means "aggressive pressure or intimidation" उत्पीड़न, सताना.
11. D) 'Pair' का प्रयोग होगा क्योंकक पूरे संदर्व में , sentence सेव की मात्रा की चचाव कर रहा है ।
 'Pair' should be used because in the entire context, the sentence is discussing the quantity
of apples.
12. B) On the mat (phrase) – To be under scrutiny or criticism /

13. A) 'Grim' "grim" sentence Luna-25

crash-landing ए
ए, 'Grim' context 'Planned' ,
'Lamentable' , औ 'Outward' , context
 'Grim' should be used because it indicates something that is severe or not good. The
sentence is pointing to the crash-landing of Luna-25 as a caution of how uncertain it is to
land on extraterrestrial surfaces, making 'grim' the most apt here. Whereas, 'Planned'
implies something intentional, 'Lamentable' means regrettable, and 'Outward' means
external, which don't fit in this context.
14. D) 'Erroneous' Sentence Luna-25
Luna 1960s औ 1970s
ए, 'Erroneous' 'Intense'
, 'Crucial' , औ 'Challenging' ,
context
 'Erroneous' should be used because it means incorrect or misleading. The sentence implies
that thinking Luna-25 was a continuation of the old Luna series from the 1960s and 1970s

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would be a misconception, making 'erroneous' apt. On the other hand, 'Intense' means
strong or severe, 'Crucial' implies crucial importance, and 'Challenging' means requiring
effort or skill, which don't align with the context.
15. B) 'Drastically' "'Drastically' " Sentence
mention ,
ए 'Drastically' 'Ultimately' , 'Pleasantry'
, औ 'Insidiously' औ , context

 'Drastically' should be used because it implies a significant change or difference. The

sentence highlights how modern moon missions are vastly different from the older ones,
making 'drastically' appropriate. On the other hand, 'Ultimately' means in the end,
'Pleasantry' means in a light or humorous manner, and 'Insidiously' implies in a gradual and
deceitful way, which don't fit in this context.
16. B) 'Scratch' "scratch" Sentence mention
,
ए 'Scratch' 'Emerging' , 'Chronicle' ,औ
'In the end' , context
 'Scratch' should be used because it means starting from the very beginning. The sentence
mentions that when countries resumed their interest in going to the moon in this century,
they started almost from the beginning, making 'scratch' fitting here. Whereas, 'Emerging'
means coming out, 'Chronicle' implies a record of events, and 'In the end' means finally,
which don't fit in this context
17. A) DCAB
D: "It is therefore" implies this sentence is a continuation or conclusion based on a previously
stated fact. Since Sentence 1 mentions the oceans and their prosperity, D logically follows it as
it speaks about the prosperity of coastal regions.
C: This sentence provides a statistic specifically related to countries (which were mentioned in
D) and their coastlines, making it the logical next step after D.
Following Sentence C, we expect more details on why these coastlines and their associated
economies are so important.
A: This sentence elaborates on the significance of the oceans, providing reasons that align with
the theme established by Sentences 1, D, and C. Additionally, the mention of "economic well-
being" connects well with the economic zones mentioned in C
B: This sentence defines the term 'blue economy', which serves as a direct link to the economic
and environmental themes discussed in A. Moreover, the mention of the 'blue economy'
connects smoothly to the final sentence about the "blue chakra" representing the "ocean
economy."

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18. A) PQSR
P: Sentence P introduces the topic about modern cities and their current housing system.
Q-S: Sentence Q seems to be a continuation from a previous thought about housing (which P
provides) since it contrasts "modern cities" with the description of a "traditional house." The
incomplete thought in Q ("The traditional house with only a ground floor, verandas, and cow-
dung-painted") is completed by S ("Outer walls is now history"). This connection is vital in
understanding the flow of ideas, making it clear that Q should be followed by S.
R: Sentence R mentions "such houses," which is referring to the traditional houses described in
Q. This reference necessitates Q to come before R.
19. D) PQSR
P: The sentence "The adage, 'No one is perfect,' fits us, the mortals, to a ‘T’" introduces a
general statement about imperfection in humans.
Q: After introducing the idea of imperfection in humans (P), the sentence "We all are born)"
provides specifics, giving examples of both positive and negative qualities that humans may
possess. This directly relates to the idea introduced in P, hence making Q a logical follow-up.
S: After discussing specific positive and negative qualities in Q, the sentence "There are, of
course, certain qualities" naturally leads the reader to consider other kinds of qualities not yet
mentioned.
R: This sentence "Which .." provides the specifics for the introductory statement made in S.
The use of the word "Which" at the beginning of R is a strong clue, as it typically refers back to
something previously mentioned (in this case, the "certain qualities" from S).
20. B) PSRQ
P: The sentence starts with "I am not sure how many of us are aware", which is an
introduction to a topic.
S:"I have experienced and still experiencing and am still learning" is a continuation of the
personal context mentioned in P ("I am not sure..."). The use of "experienced" and "learning"
indicates the author's personal journey with the topic introduced in P.
R: The word "This" in R is a demonstrative pronoun, which typically refers to something
previously mentioned. In this case, "This" refers to the experience or learning the author
mentions in S.
Q: The sentence Q starts with "But", a contrastive conjunction. It's used to introduce an idea
that contrasts with a previously stated idea. Q contrasts the personal experience of the author
(mentioned in S and R) with the behavior of "most people". The reference "this" in Q logically
connects back to the "never-ending process" mentioned in R.

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