the message. Eg.

post office, internet,

television, radio.
Communication
4. Receiver/decoder - the recipient of the
message. The person who will decode
Human’s ability to communicate makes us the message he got from the sender.
different from all other living things. Decoding - the process of interpreting
Communication makes human interaction the encoded message received from the
possible. sender. It answers the question, “what did
From the latin word “communis” common I understand from the message I
and “communico” to confer with others. received?”
Mutual exchange of information, ideas, and 5. Feedback - reaction observed from the
understanding by any effective means. receiver which determines whether the
message is understood or not. The
A process by which people send messages
reactions, responses, or information
or ideas with one another verbally or
provided by the receiver after decoding
nonverbally.
the message from the sender. It answers
the question “what was the reply? How
The nature communication
did the receiver respond to the
1. A process of exchanging ideas between two
message?”
or more persons (reciprocal).
6. Context - setting, where communication
2. The act or process of using words, sounds,
takes place such as location, time, place,
signs, or behaviors to express or exchange
mood, etc. it affects how messages are
information or to express your ideas,
constructed, delivered, and perceived.
thoughts, feelings, etc., to someone else.
Could be formal or informal.
3. A process by which information is
7. Noise - interference. Presence of a
exchanged between individuals through a
disturbing factor that may lead to the
common system of symbols, signs, or
misunderstanding of the message.
behaviors (creating and sharing meaning).
physical/external noise.
psychological/internal noise.
Communication is a process.

Elements of communication Principles and characteristics of

1. Sender/encoder - the speaker or the communication
source of information, thought, or idea. 1. Communication is schemata-driven: stock
The sender starts the communication knowledge. Begins with what you have
process. already stocked in your brain or what you
Encoding - the process of converting the have already known.
message into words, actions, or other 2. Communication is an interpretive act: the
forms that the speaker understands. It speaker is the only one who knows the
answers the question, “How will I send exact meaning of the message
the message? Should I say it? Should I transmitted. The listener’s role is to
write it? Express it with my action?” interpret, infer or guess its meaning.
2. Medium - the immediate form which a 3. Communication does not guarantee a
message takes. Can be in the form of direct or automatic link between two
letter, email, speech. Verbal or nonverbal. minds: this form of knowledge becomes
3. Channel - the route traveled by the meaningful only to others when you
message between the sender to the initiate communication with them.
receiver. Responsible for the delivery of

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4. Communication is active, powerful, or The process of communication
forceful: communication can give varied
effects to all participants in any
communicative event. It can elicit different
meanings or reactions.
5. Communication is symbolic:
communication can consist of symbols,
signs, marks, letters, words, graphs,
pictures, or other objects that can
represent ideas. It can also be in the form
of nonverbal symbols such as body
actions, etc.
6. Communication always results in
something: there is always an outcome
when you communicate.
7. Communication is irreversible: once you
utter something (verbally or nonverbally),
the things you have said remain as it is
susceptible to different interpretations or
meanings.
8. Communication is contextual: consider
other aspects of communication settings
such as time, place, topic, occasion,
purpose, etc.
9. Communication is developmental or
progressive: you go through different
stages of language learning that begins
from birth to elementary, high school and
college levels. Verbal and nonverbal language
10. Communication is a process: several
stages of communication take place when
Nonverbal
people share ideas with one another.
A form of sharing ideas, insights,
11. Communication is ethical: any
informations
communication event is expected to apply
1. Body movements/kinesics
rules, moral values, and beliefs agreed
upon by societal members. Standards Emblems - these are body movements
must be followed. which have direct translation into words.
12. Communication is influenced by media Illustrators - these are used to accent,
and technology: in the era of knowledge emphasize or reinforce words, if
explosion or modern technology, someone is giving you direction, may
communication can take place instantly point his fingers towards the left side to
using varied modern media and devices. mean it's going to the left side.
Regulators - these are signs showing
control of the back and forth natures of
speaking and listening. They include the
head nods, hand gestures, shifts in
postures and other body movements

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 that signal the beginning and end of the 6. Time (chronemics) - the effect of time in
interaction. one’s behavior. There are two kinds of
Display of feelings - a person’s face and people based on time; punctual and late.
body movement may convey how
intense his emotions is; as tight hug
may signify an intimate relationship. Communication and Globalization
Adaptors - used in adapting to the
communication situation. Usually, these
Globalization - international sin
are implied meanings that the speaker
Examples:
like to mean. They are usually
unintentional. gestures/behaviors/beliefs/religions
interpretations differ in every country.
Posture, facial expression, eye contact
2. Paralanguage - refers to the ways of eye contact
saying something. It includes such Individualism - we are seeing you but may
characteristics. kanya-kanyang traits (ex: hospitality)
Rate - speed of speaking
Important Terms to Remember
Pitch - highness or lowness of tone
Volume - loudness 1. Co-cultures
Quality - pleasing or unpleasing sound Refers to a group of people who differ in
3. Body Types, physical appearance and some ethnic or sociological way from the
object language - involves form of parent culture (iba't ibang ethnics).
clothing, make up, jewelry and hairstyle. 2. Accommodation
Physical attributes of a person may mean Co-culture members maintain their
something to the people around her. cultural identity while striving to establish
4. Space and distance - concerns the way relationships with members of the
a person uses the space around him as dominant culture. Group na may
well as the distance where he stands. dominant culture (ex: filipino pumunta sa
Intimate distance - people are in direct US but still do same culture)
contact with each other or are in no 3. Assimilation
more than 18 inches apart. Counterpart. Co-culture members
Personal distance - people may stay attempt to fit in with members of the
anywhere from 18 inches to 4 feet dominant culture. (pumunta ng ibang
from each other as in casual and bansa and will try to fit in/ gagayahin ang
personal conversations. kultura nila)
Social distance - when talking to a 4. Collectivistic Culture
person unknown to the speaker, he It refers to cultures in which group goals
must keep a distance of 4 to 12 feet. are stressed.
Public distance - distance more than 5. Cultural Imperialism
12 feet typically used in public The expansion of dominion if one culture
speaking. over another culture.
5. Touch (tactile) - sense of touch. Kind of 6. Cultural Relativism
touch used in communication reflects Acceptance of other cultural groups as
meaning about the relationship between equal in value to one's own
the sender and the receiver. (counterpart).

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7. Culturally Confused 19. Low-power-distance Cultures
Lacking an understanding of cultural Pertains to the cultures that believe that
differences. power should be used only when
8. Culture legitimate.
System of knowledge, beliefs, values, 20. High-power-distance Cultures
customs, behaviors, and artifacts that Based on power differences in which
are acquired, shared, and used by subordinates defer to superiors.
members during daily living. 21. Masculine Culture
9. Diversity Pertains to the cultures that value
It refers to the recognition and valuing of aggressiveness, strength and material
differences such factors as age, gender, symbols of success.
race, ethnicity, ability, religion, education, 22. Melting Pot Philosophy
marital status, sexual orientation and The view that different cultures should be
income. assimilated into the dominant culture.
10. Ethnocentrism 23. Multiculturalism
Tendency to see one's own culture as Refers to the engagement with and
superior to all others. respect towards people from distinctly
11. Globalization different cultures.
Increasing economic, political and 24. Prejudice
cultural integration and interdependence Positive or negative prejudgment.
of diverse cultures. 25. Separation
12. Individualistic Cultures The means co-culture members use to
Pertains to the culture in which individual resist interacting with members of the
goals are stressed. dominant culture.
13. Intercultural Communication
Way of interpreting and sharing Writing a Reaction Paper
meanings with individuals from different Reaction Paper
cultures. (nagpapalitan ng culture) ⤷ An analysis and an evaluation of the material
14. Interethnic Communication presented.
Refers to interaction with individuals of A reaction paper should…
different ethnic origins . Make sure to give a detailed overview of
15. Intracultural Communication the experience and tell what exactly was
Refers to the interaction with members taken out of the experience.
of the same racial or ethnic group or Be more than a simple summary of the
co-cultural as yours. (two or more culture material that you are reacting upon.
in one nation) Include your opinion or reaction to the
16. Interracial Communication material.
Way of interpreting and sharing of A reaction paper can take a variety of forms…
meanings with individuals from different You may compare the work to other related
races. material;
17. Low-context Communication You may come up with ways to improve the
Encourages directness in work;
communication. You may express what you learned;
18. High-context Communication You may concur with the work or argue.
Tradition-bound communication system
which depends on indirectness.

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Guidelines in Writing a Reaction Paper Globalization brings increasing
interconnectedness among different
Introduction - Should include a concise, one
populations and cultures. This has been
sentence, focused thesis. This is the
successful through the use of Internet,
focused statement of your
popular culture media, and international
reaction/response.
travel.
Body - should contain paragraphs that
provide support for your thesis. Each
Importances of Having One's Culture
paragraph should contain one idea. Topic
A. Individual and social benefits of culture
sentences should support the thesis, and the
Intrinsic Benefits - Culture experiences
final sentence of each paragraph should
are opportunities for leisure,
lead into the next paragraph.
entertainment, learning and sharing
Conclusion - can be a restatement of what
experiences with others. From museums
you said in your paper. It also be a comment
to theaters to dance studios to public
which focuses your overall reaction. Finally,
libraries, culture brings people together.
it can be a prediction of the effects of what
Improved learning and valuable skills for
you are reacting to.
the future - Cultural heritage broadens
Note: your conclusion should include no new
opportunities for education and lifelong
information.
learning, including a better
understanding of history.
Better health and well-being -
Local and Global Communication in Participation in culture contributes to
Multicultural Setting Culture healthy populations in several ways.
Creativity and cultural engagement have
CULTURE AND CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION been shown to improve both mental and
Culture physical health. Participation in the arts
⤷ From a french term, which derives from the can relieve isolation and promote identity
Latin: “colere” means to tend to the earth and formation and intercultural
grow, or cultivation and nature. understanding.
⤷ Culture encompasses religion, food, what we Vibrant Communities - Culture helps
wear, how we wear it, our language, marriage, build social capital, the glue that holds
music, what we believe is right or wrong, how communities together. Cultural activities
we sit at the table, how we greet visitors, how such as festivals, fairs, or classes create
we behave with loved ones, and a million other social solidarity and cohesion, fostering
things social inclusion, community
⤷ shared patterns of behaviors and interactions, empowerment, and capacity-building,
cognitive constructs and understanding that are and enhancing confidence, civic pride,
learned by socialization; can be seen as the and tolerance.
growth of a group identity fostered by social
patterns unique to the group. B. Economic benefits of culture
Contribution to Job Creation - Economic
Cultural Globalization opportunities created by culture have
involves the formation of shared norms taken on greater importance as
and knowledge with which people economies transition from the industrial
associate their individual a n d collective model and work based on physical labor,
cultural identities to a new model in which knowledge and
creativity drive productively and growth.

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 Contribution to Tourism - Culture makes In Mediterranean European countries, Latin
a significant contribution to the tourism America and Sub Saharan Africa, it is
industry, further supporting job creation normal or a t least widely tolerated to arrive
and encouraging infrastructure half an hour late for a dinner invitation,
development. whereas; in most northern European
Cultural Planning - municipalities are countries this would be considered
recognizing the contribution of culture to extremely rude.
sense of place, quality of life, and In England, the thumb and forefinger
community and economic prosperity together to form an 'O' means Ok, whereas;
through a process called "cultural ni France it means 'nothing' or 'without any
planning." value'.
Laughing is considered a sign of happiness
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES in most countries, but in Japan it is
⤷ Culture influences many parts of people's lives considered a sign of confusion,
including the food, dress, opinions, identity, embarrassment or insecurity.
music, buildings, manners, social interaction and In most countries, shaking the head from
language. We need to understand others' cultural side to side means 'No', whereas; in India
background to make sense of different shaking the head from side to side means
viewpoints and opinions. Cultural awareness is 'Yes'.
important in creating cross-cultural understanding “Keep your shirt on!” may be a frequently
and acceptance. Cultural awareness can give us heard idiom in the US but if you’re traveling
a better understanding of our own culture and in South Korea, it’s a smart piece of advice
how it is perceived by outsiders. for men. Yes, even at the beach.
⤷ Culture is the customary beliefs, social
forms and materials traits of a racial, religious or CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN TERMS USED
social group. Moreover, culture makes up a large
FART: We all know the English meaning of
part of our day to day life. Thus, cultural
the word fart, but did you know that fart
differences include differences in food, clothes,
means speed in Danish, Norwegian, and
religion and language.
Swedish? if that doesn't make you snicker
enough, the words for speed bump in each
SONG GRAMPLES OF CULTURAL
language are fartbump, fartshump, and
DIFFERENCES
farthinder.
GIFT: In German, a gift is not quite as
pleasant as in English - it means poison!
Taking it a step further, gift in the
Scandinavian languages can mean both
poison and marriage. These two meanings
are related and stem from the same root
word, to give
CRAP: In Romanian, crap means carp,
which is a type of commonly-eaten fish. To
be fair, English has a fish called a crappie.
BRAT: brat means brother in Russian,
Polish, Ukrainian, Croatian, and Serbian.
Next time you call your brother a brat, just
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN EXPRESSIONS

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 tell him you're learning one of these who are different in gender or race or nationality
languages or affectional orientation.
KISS: Kiss has a more juvenile meaning in
Swedish - pee.. Sensitivity to Gender
PRESERVATIVE: In France, a préservatif ⤷ is being aware that there are differences
means condom. In fact, many European between male and female, but those differences
languages have variations of preservatives are not universal.
that all mean condom.
LOL: in Dutch it means fun Aspect of Gender
1. Assignment. This is the gender from birth,
SLUT: in Swedish, it means end (and
either being male or female, it is also the
rhymes with loot). if you happen to see Slut
gender prescribed by the society.
on screen after watching a film, it's the
2. Role. This is the set of behaviors,
equivalent to The End. And Slutstation is
mannerisms and other traits that society use
just the last stop on a train route.
to express as part of the assigned gender.
3. Identity. This is what we think the gender
HOW TO BE CULTURALLY AWARE
should be at any given time.
Engage with other's cultures by aksing
4. Attribution. This is the gender assigned to
questions.
people when we first meet them and is
Be Open! Don't get into the habit of thinking based on a set of cues that differentiate from
your way is the only way of doing culture to culture.
something.
Think about what you can learn from them HOW TO INCREASE GENDER SENSITIVITY
no matter how unusual it is.
Invite someone to share his/her culture with
you.
Overcome stereotypes

CULTURAL SENSITIVITY
⤷ Cultural sensitivity begins with a recognition
that there are differences between cultures.
These differences are reflected in the ways that
different groups communicate and relate to one
another. Cultural sensitivity is more than an
awareness that there are differences in culture in
order to interact effectively either through verbal
or non-verbal communication. People who don't CULTURAL APPRECIATION VS. CULTURAL
recognize differences between cultures fall on APPROPRIATION
stereotyping and discriminating minority groups.
⤷ Cultural sensitivity is an attitude and way of APPROPRIATION
behaving in which you are aware of and The action of taking something for one's
acknowledge cultural differences; it's crucial for own use, typically without the owner's
such global goals as world peace and economic permission.
growth as well as for effective interpersonal
Taking intellectual property, traditional
communication (Franklin & Mizell, 1995). Without
knowledge, cultural expressions, or artifacts
cultural sensitivity there can be no effective
from someone else's culture without
interpersonal communication between people
permission. This can include unauthorized

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 use of another culture's dance, dress,
music, language, folklore, cuisine,
traditional medicine, religious symbols, etc.

APPRECIATION
The recognition and enjoyment of the good
qualities of someone or something.
When elements of a culture are used while
honoring the source they came from. It is
important to note that appreciation involves
respect and value

HOW TO CREATE CULTURAL AWARENESS

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