ANAPHY LAB 14.

BASE – safely supports the microscope

MICROSCOPE (PARTS) KEYWORDS TO REMEMBER;

❖ MAGNIFICATION – to enlarge
❖ RESOLUTION – to have a clear view
and details
❖ BODY TUBES – hollow tube that keeps
the lenses, ocular, and the objective as
a set distance
❖ OBJECTIVE LENS – contribute to the
total magnification
❖ DIAPHRAGM – controls the amount of
light
❖ STAGE – is a tray like structure that
supports the whole thing

BODY POSITIONS
1. TUBE - holder of the eye piece
2. ROTATING OBJECTS – rotates objects
3. LOW POWER OBJECTIVE – magnifies
up to 4x
4. MEDIUM POWER OBJECTIVE –
magnifies up to 10x
5. HIGH POWER OBJECTIVES –
magnifies up to 43x
6. STAGE LED – used to keep the slide in
place
7. DIAPHRAGM – control the light through
specimen; low amount of light ❖ ANATOMICAL POSITION – is a person
8. EYE PIECE – magnifies the image standing erect with face forward, upper
produced by the microscope limbs hanging to the sides and palms of
9. LIGHT SOURCE – serves as light the hand facing forward
through the diaphragm, serves as ❖ SUPINE – lying face
viewing upward
10. NECK – carries the base, use to ❖ PRONE – lying face
transport Downward
11. STAGE – holds the specimen to slide in
place
12. COARSE ADJUSTMENT – makes large
changes in focus, quick focusing by
moving the objective lens
13. FINE ADJUSTMENT – fine focus the
image when viewing
DIRECTIONAL TERMS PLANES
❖ SUPERIOR – up
❖ INFERIOR – down
❖ ANTERIOR – front
❖ POSTERIOR – back
❖ PROXIMAL – nearest
❖ DISTAL – distant
❖ MEDIAL – toward midline
❖ LATERAL – away from the midline
❖ SUPERFICIAL – structure close to the
surface of the body
❖ DEEP – toward the interior of the body

BODY PARTS AND REGIONS

❖ CENTRAL REGION – head, neck, and
trunk
➢ Trunk can be divided into; ❖ SAGITTAL – separates right to left
❖ Thorax – chest vertically
❖ Abdomen – region between thorax ❖ MEDIAN – passes through midline of
and pelvis the body dividing it into equally right and
❖ Pelvis – inferior end of trunk left
associated with hips ❖ TRANSVERSE/HORIZONTAL –
❖ UPPER LIMB separates body to superior and inferior
➢ Arm – shoulder to elbow (up and down)
➢ Forearm – elbow to wrist ❖ FRONTAL – vertically from right to left
❖ LOWER LIMB (LEGS) dividing body into anterior and posterior
➢ Thigh – hip to knee (front and back)
➢ Leg – knee to ankle
❖ ABDOMEN
➢ Can be divided into 4 KEYWORDS TO REMEMBER;
sections/quadrants and 9 regions
➢ SAGGITAL – divides left and
right
➢ CORORNAL – divides anteriorly
➢ TRANSVERSE/HORIZONTAL –
divides superiorly

BODY CAVITIES
❖ CAVITY – empty space
❖ TRUNK CONTAINS 3 LARGE
ACTIVITY (Thoracic, Abdominal,
Pelvic)
 ❖ THORACIC CAVITY CELL LIFE CYCLE
➢ Surrounded by rib cage
➢ Separated from abdominal cavity
by muscular diaphragm
➢ Divided into right and left parts by
median structure called
MEDIASTINUM

❖ ABDOMINAL CAVITY
➢ Bounded by abdominal muscles
➢ Contains stomach, intestines,
liver, spleen, pancreas, and
kidneys

❖ PELVIC CAVITY
➢ Small space enclose by
bones of pelvis
➢ Contains urinary bladder,
part of the large intestines,
and internal reproductive
organs

SEROUS MEMBRANE
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
❖ Line the trunk cavities and covers the
organs of these cavities ➢ The integumentary system consists of
❖ VISCERAL – organ the skin and accessory structures, such
❖ PARIETAL – wall as hair, glands, and nails.
❖ PERICARDIAL ACTIVITY – around the
heart
❖ PLEURAL CAVITY – surround each SKIN
lungs
❖ ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY –
contains membrane lined with cavity
called peritoneal cavity
❖ MASENTERIES – consists of two
layers of peritoneum, attach the
intestinal organs to the abdominal
cavity, and anchors organs to the body
wall ad provides pathways for nerves
and blood vessels
❖ RETROPERITONEAL – covers the
organ kidneys, adrenal glands,
pancreas, parts of the intestine, and
urinary bladder
 ➢ The skin is made up of two major tissue ❖ Nerves, hair follicles, smooth muscles,
layers: the epidermis and the dermis. glands, and lymphatic vessels extend
➢ The epidermis is the most superficial into the dermis.
layer of skin. ❖ Dermal papillae are projections toward
➢ It is a layer of epithelial tissue that the epidermis found in the upper part
rests on the dermis. of the dermis.
➢ The dermis is a layer of dense ❖ The dermal papillae contain many
connective tissue. blood vessels.
➢ The skin rests on the subcutaneous ❖ The dermal papillae in the palms of the
tissue, which is a layer of connective hands, the soles of the feet, and the tips
tissue. of the digits are arranged in parallel,
➢ The subcutaneous tissue is not part curving ridges that shape the
of the skin. overlying epidermis into fingerprints
and footprints.
❖ Layer of skin composed where we
EPIDERMIS can find the collagen
❖ The epidermis prevents water loss and
resists abrasion SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE
❖ The epidermis, known as the
coetaneous membrane, is a ❖ Also called HYPODERMIS
keratinized stratified squamous ❖ Made up of loose connective tissues,
epithelium. including adipose tissues
❖ The epidermis is composed of distinct ❖ Contains about half of the body’s stored
layers called strata. lipids. Functions as PADDING and
❖ Keratin gives the stratum corneum its INSULATION
structural strength. ❖ Responsible for some of the difference
in appearance between men and
women and of the same sex
STAGES
a) New cell formation by Mitosis
b) Older cells are pushed to the surface NAILS
c) Cells change shape and chemical
composition
d) Keratinization
e) Outer layer of dead epithelial cells
(resists abrasion and forms a
permeability barrier)

DERMIS
❖ The dermis is composed of dense
collagenous connective tissue
containing fibroblasts, adipocytes,
and macrophages.
 ❖ They can be caused by sunburn or
brief exposure to very hot or very
cold objects, and they heal without
scarring in about a week.

SECOND-DEGREE BURN
❖ Second-degree (partial-thickness) burns
damage both the epidermis and the
➢ NAIL BODY - Visible Part dermis.
➢ NAIL ROOT - part of the nail covered by ❖ If dermal damage is minimal, symptoms
skin include redness, pain, edema, and
➢ CUTICLE ( EPONYCHIUM) blisters.
➢ LUNULA - small part of the nail matrix ❖ Healing takes about 2 weeks, and no
in a crescent shape scarring results.
❖ If the burn goes deep into the dermis,
the wound appears red, tan, or white;
BURNS can take several months to heal and
might scar
➢ A burn is injury to a tissue caused by
heat, cold, friction, chemicals,
electricity, or radiation. THIRD-DEGREE BURN
❖ Third-degree (full-thickness) burns
DEGREES OF SKIN damage the complete epidermis and
dermis.
❖ The region of third-degree burn is
usually painless because sensory
receptors in the epidermis and
dermis have been destroyed.
❖ Third-degree burns appear white, tan,
brown, black, or deep cherry red.

SKELETAL SYSTEM
❖ Average adult skeleton contains 206
bones
FIRST-DEGREE BURN ❖ AXIAL - Skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid
bone, vertebral column, and rib cage
❖ A first-degree (superficial) burn involves (thoracic cage).
only the epidermis and is red and
painful. ❖ APPENDICULAR - Bones of the upper
❖ Slight edema, or swelling, may be limbs, the lower limbs, and the girdles
present.
 ➢ PATELLA – knee cap

KEYS TO REMEMBER; KEYWORDS TO REMEMBER;

❖ SKULL- whole head - PARTS OF THE APPENDICULAR
❖ RIB CAGE SKELETON
❖ VERTEBRAL COLUMN ➢ HEAD
❖ UPPER EXTREMITY – Whole shoulder ➢ GREATER TROCHANTER – c part of
to the tip of our finger the bone
❖ LOWER EXTREMITY – hips to feet ➢ LESSER TROCHANTER – the lower
❖ AXIAL SKELETON – skull to the hips part of intertrochanteric line
(whole middle bones) ➢ MEDIAL CONDYLE – two white part
❖ APPENDICULAR SKELETON – both under the bone, also in order to identify
shoulder down to the fingers (whole the medial condyle always check if the
arms) white femur or head above the bone is
align under the white part of the bone on
the left
LOWER LIMB
➢ LATERAL CONDYLE – right side under
Consist of bones of the THIGH, LEG, ANKLE the bone
and FOOT ➢ RIB CAGE - the bone in the middle
who protects the heart and lungs
❑ THIGH – region between the hip and the ➢ OSTEOPOROSIS – brittleness of the
knee it contains a single bone called bone for old people
femur ➢ KYPHOSIS - also known as “BAKO” in
bisaya, is a stoop forward posture
➢ The head of femur articulates with the
➢ LORDOSIS - means excessive
acetabulum of the hip bone
curvature
➢ CONDYLES – distal end of femur,
articulates with the tibia

➢ EPICONDYLES – located medial and

lateral to condyles