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Microbiology at Glance

Microbiology at glance

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83 views10 pages

Microbiology at Glance

Microbiology at glance

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shaileshchoudhary723
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85 A. Systemic Bacteriology ©. Mycology A. SYSTEMIC BACTERIOLOGY Disease producing bacteria may be gram positive or Gram negative. These may be cocci or bacilli. Some bacteria are acid-fast on Zichl-Neelsen staining. Characteristic features of different bacteria are shown in Table 85.1. 1. Gram positive cocci AR Staphylococcus (present in clusters) Gi) Streptococcus (present in chains) “{(iii) Pneumococcus (present in pairs) 2. Gram negative cocei (i) Neisseria (present in pairs) ah ‘Table 85.1 Characteristics of Different Bacteria ESSENTIALS OF MICROBIOLOGY AT GLANCE B. Virology |. Gram positive bacilli ( Corynebacteria (can be stained with Albert's Staining) (iiClostridium (Anaerobic) Gram negative bacilli (i) Members of Enterobacteriaceae (oxidase negative) (ii) Vibrio (curved bacilli and oxidase positive) ii) Pseudomonas (oxidase positive) Acid-fast bacilli () Mycobacteria Helical bacteria (i Spirochaetes = Bacteria “Morphology Cate Diseases Diagnosis 1 'Staplolococeus _|* Gram positive _. [On blood agar, |» Boils Dee Sena laweus 7 | cocek colonics are 2-4 mm,|+ Carbuncles . | to demonstrate + Nowmotile 7 [pinhead size) in| Abseesses | Gram positive coe + Tum in diameter |diameter, cular, |+ Wound infections, |+ solation of *Armogedn ee smooth cme“ |*Oseanyeis ~ | Sater by cate ‘dusters ~Jopague, with beta .|+ Food poisoning,” | on Mood agar * Imaemoiysis + |+ Nosocomial infections” Gram poutine [Steptocogaa | Gram positive On Blood agar, |> Sore throat (cute |+ Sear examination coe |progenes coos colonics are small | tonailitis andor | of specimen to . Nowmotie (0310 mm, pharyngitis) ‘Senwonstate Gram NT ind + 0Sum in diameter pinpoint), ctculas, |+ Impetigo postive cocs in ‘Arranged in + Arranged in chains |semitransparent, | + Cellulitis chains: low convex with a |+ Scarlet fever _|+ Isolation of wide zone of beta |+ Acute rheumatic | bacteria by culture mats around eer ‘on blood agar ‘ ori Scanned with CamScanner 672 Q Unit VII: Microbiology at Glance Table 85.1 (Contd.) =| Oo Merino Cte Pheer eros | % |e Gram positive |Bnrercocews — |+ Gram pontine [On MacContey’s + Wound infection oni {fecal coset | medium, colonies | + Urinary tract + Novmote Nowmotie [ety ee pk |" ifection | | + Arranged in pairs = Arranged in pairs |in colour, On bloods Subacute bacterial |«Bil-asculin | | cri cor chim Grn cort cans Joa colonis are andor | ajo ow | sully non- + Sepicvemia aemolytic but alpha Infection of billary|* Ability to grow at | or beta haemolysis | tact 45°C ponte nay be preset in Arranged in pairs | = Iym in diameter [shaped with alpha felon ‘Arranged in pairs-| acm | tee | pa Gram negative , | Neiseria |» Gram negative [On Blood aga)” |» Meningitis |» Gram staining cose meningis, |" coc chocolate agar, |+ Meningococcal | of CSF smear j;Nowsmotie ~ |. Nommotie. _|eotonies are small" | septicaemia shows Gram + Arranged in pairs * 06m. in |/(1 mm in dame, sxe dices + Oxidase postive diameter ound, convex, ese ma £ + Arranged in pairs translucent — inside polymorphs GGiploeoe wir ° (Gonractaary aghcen sides + Antigen detection ‘atened incor - + Loation of bacteria by cuter, on Blood agar oo chocolate apne [Neiserls |» Gram negate [On chocolate |> Gonorthoca > |» Gram staining | [smorrhoeae | covet aga colonies ae |+ Ophthaimia 7 | of urethral + Non-motie7 smal round, grey, | neoostorum scharge shows Arrange in pairs translucent, convex ae Giplocoee) wih “7 cova djcet sides | concave (per or Ree ee bacteria by cule on chocolate agar © Cormebacteram|= Gram posive [Ox Teli? Wood |» Diphhera Dir phere eet Dies mie + Nom mote Fe eee for demonseg Took green and [colour po emer metachromatic 2 =< gamle appar | on tell blood a bluish black when ee oa Albert stain we + Arranged in chins ets? patern | + M6 x 0608 un] Gram postive | Clarion |+ Gram postive |= Thean be prowa ln |» Gas gungreney, |= Dies 7 baci pevines | bai with | Robern cooked ek imictOsOPy foemlag “| subterminal spore | meat both (RCM) Secon Gay senate gar + Koation of bacteria ; io by culture on RCM! * Copaited and blood agar tosridum —|+ Gram postive +1 canbe grown in |+ Tetanus. % ‘eum * | basil wth Roberton cooked | poe ee spherical, terminal | meat broth (RCM) Gam spores and bod agar aa Shum sppearance Fidel + oation of bacteria by culture on RCM, and blood agar Ch 85: Essentials of Microbiology at Glance Q 673 Table 88.1 (Contd.) toe General entmres | Bacteria ‘Morphology ‘Culture Diseases Diagnosis Tnterobactericeae [> Gram negative | Escher — ea a ol Gram eave + Can tow on Blas rary tact | tion of | Nats ae Beer agar infection (UTI) | bacteria by culture Non + Moile | On MacConteys |+ Diarrhoea L Cie anare 1-3jm x 0.4-0.7um | agar, colonies are _|+ Septicaemia + Non capsulated | | Non spring fermentation (Lactose fermenter colonies-LF) 7 | Shigelasp > Gram negative |>Can grow on [+ Ballary Spear | olation of | tect ordinary mei Bacteria by caltre | |sNonMotie —_|+0n MacConkey's | 13m 0Sum | aga, colonies ae | circular, conver, | colourless (nor | | Inctove fermenting: | L NLFY_ a ‘Salmonella [> Gram negative [> Can grow on (Entec fever | Isolation of tril Silay media. |+ Gastroenteritis | bacteria by culture + Motie On MacConkeys |+Septcaemia—_|+ Demonstration of [tum 50am | agar, colonies are antibody in serum Cicily, colorless due to norlactore fermestation- NLP 7 | ibro Gram mepave [Vibrio cholerae + Gram negative [Selective media [Cholera > olation of = Curved or comma | rear comma | sacha ie a tec rom shaped baci Shaped bail | agar (BSA) is faass by clr on| + Motile eiisym%02.04 | for isoition of Hltive media | Oridate positive xm ¥ cholerae c | + Actively motile | faces. (Garting motility) a fimmimmass Gram mine [Poedinonat [Gram negative [Can gow on |+Nowsenial |= 1solton of baci lcruginosa | baci frdinary medias. | infections bacteria by culture + Matile |- Motile util agar. (+ Urinary tact Oxidase positive [183 pm x 05pm |+On MacConkeys | infection | fans colhiesare_|+ Wound and burns pale or colourless | infections {on lactoe fermenter, NLP) Tir semophitn Gram meat |Haemaphiar —|>Gram meatve [+n lod agar or Mesingi, || Drst miossony ‘at [ecemoins | ete | Chocolate aa, | Act eins | to demonstrate |. Non-motie | Pima % 03 ym | small opaque |-Pocumonin,’ | Gram negative | Non-sporng |: Non-motike olonies appear + Bronchitis cocobact Lees + Antigen detection Plemorphic in specimen by latex agglutination, ‘CIEP 7 | tolation of bacteria by etre 12 [Mobacieria \On Zick Nedkca |The baci gow | Tuberolosis [+ Direct microscopy (ZN) staining slowly (in weeks). «| ~ Pulmonary ‘of specimen to aaa as |+Lonensicn knsen | — Extrapulmonary | demonstrate AFB Sender sight | (LD) metam is sed ty 2N staining fr slightly curved | for growing it. 7 |. Isolation of | | ‘bacilli, |+ Colonies on this bacteria by culture Acids ‘medium are ry, on L medion | Non-motie rout, ough, bull = [Sum 03 ym | coloured. It has x luxuriant growth: (eugonic growth) ‘Zn Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner 2. The largest virus is the smallpox virus (300 nm) and the smallest is the parvovirus (20 nm), 8. Shape The overall shape of virus particles varies in different groups 1, Pox virus is brick shaped, 2. Rabies virus is bullet shaped. ©. Structure (Fig. 85.1) 1. Virus consists of a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a Protein coat called capsid, 2. The capsid is composed of protein subunits known as capsomers. 3. Certain viruses also contain envelope that surrounds the nucleic acid. 4. Protein subunits on the surface of the envelope, are called peplomers, eplomer Envelope Capsomer Capsid ‘Nucleic |Nucleocapsia ‘acid Fig. 8511 Virus particle as Ill. Cultivation of virus AAs viruses multiply only in living cell, they cannot be grown on any of the inanimate culture medium. Three methods are employed for the cultivation of viruses: |, Animal inoculation: Infant mice are used in the isolation of arboviruses. ‘Table 85.2: DNA Viruses Ch A: Essentials of Microbiology at Glance Q 675 2. Embryonated egg inoculation: Embryonated hen’s exas are inoculated with the specimen using syringe. The eggs are incubated and observed for the growth of organisms Different routes of inoculation are used for different viruses. 3. Tissue culture: Tissue culture of human or animal cells is used for cultivation of viruses. Three types of tissue culture are available: (a) Organ culture (b) Explant culture (©) Cell culture Cell culture is routinely employed for diagnostic virology. Tissues are dissociated into the component cells. These cells are washed and suspended in a growth medium. The cell suspension is distributed in glass or plastic bottles. These cell cultures are inoculated by the specimen. Growth of viruses is observed. IV. Classification of viruses ‘Viruses are broadly classified into DNA and RNA viruses. Some of these viruses are given below: ‘A. DNA Viruses (Table 85.2) 1. Poxvirus B.RNA Viruses (Table 85.3) 1. Orthomyxovirus 2. Paramyxovirus: 3. Picornavirus 4, Rhabdovirus: 5. Togavirus 6, Flavivirus 7. Retrovirus 8.Coronavirus Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner Route of infection ie Diagn + Mumps + Direct contact [+ Demonstration of vis in with infected saliva | secretions of theoat and saliva oF aerosols from | by immunoftuorescence infected patient |» folation of virus + Serology ‘ Measles * By inhalation = Demonstration of ‘ral particles by mmunofluorewence + Isolation of views | + Respiratory contact with |» Demonstration of virus of syncytial virus contaminated hands | immunofluorecence and surfaces + Isolation of virus | + Highly contagious _|+ Serology | 4 [Rhabdoviruses [> Bullet shaped = Rabies vis |> Rabies By bite of rabid dog |+ Demonstration of wil | + Single stranded RNA . . ‘or other animals | antigen in corneal smear by genome > ‘immunofluoreseene = | + 75% 180 am + Dengue virus [+ Dengue fever» By bite of infected |» Demonstration of IgM) + Single stranded RNA. Aedes aegypti antibody in serum by ELISA genome mosquito + Demonstration of NSI + 40-50 nm in diameter Japanese *Tapanese | By bite of infected |+ Demonstration of JE virus encephalitis virus | encephalitis species of culicine | specific IgM antibodies in | mosquito serum or CSF. | + Kyesamur forest |+ Kyasanurforest_ | By bite of infected | Detection of IgM antibody disease (KFD) | disease tick by ELISA, eet Described under Table 85.4 Hepatitis Viruses PEncoeed___—__[ Ras vat aa Gem [Wy manos Towa . Single stranded RNA socal) + Through placenta | Serology (ELISA for } genome + Congenital ‘ntbody detection) i |= 50-70 nm in diameter rubella aE } i = Diarehoca in| Faecal + Demoasiration i ‘ |e children faeces by ELISA B + Detection of antibody in ood by ELISA. = Detection of antibody serum by ELISA L 678 Q_ Unit VII: Microbiology at Glance Table 85.4 (Contd,) = c. MYCOLOGY Fungi are eukaryotic organisms. They are obligate or facultative aerobe, They exist as saprophytes, parasites ‘or commensals. 1. General Properties 1. Fungi possess rigid cell walls. 2. The cytoplasmic membrane contains sterols. 3. The cytoplasm contains true nuclei with nuclear membrane, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. 4, Fungi may be unicellular or multicellular. 5. They divide asexually, sexually or by both processes. IL. Classification of fungi Based on morphology, there are four main groups of fungi. 1. Yeasts 2. Yeast like fungi 3. Moulds 4. Dimorphie fungi 1. Yeasts (Round to oval unicellular fungi. Reproduce by budding. (iii) Form creamy mucoid colonies on culture media, (iv) The important pathogenic yeast is Cryptococcus neoformans. 2. Yeast like fungi (i) They grow partly as yeasts and partly as chains of elongated budding cells joined end to end forming pseudohyphae. (ii) They form creamy mucoid colonies. (iii) Example is Candida albicans. Detection of en HEP Saget [mete stck injury | antibody in serum by l poe RNA |+ Sexual contact ELISA Pee we | Sterner to newborn am in ameter = ae 1 Blood anasto J Shale mranded RNA | Hep Vrs Ase wi emis Neate tick try ae |+ Simultaneous infecti | Near coats ean |" Smhouby any | Saal ca ‘of hepatitis. (coinfection) is require’ trea br SRF aepai Fv Henao aot [*Faeoorioue | Tecee Aad I+ Single stranded RNA | (HEV) hepatitis A virus ELISA — 2PcR 238 nn in itr 3, Moulds () They grow as branching filaments called hyphae usually 2-10 um in width. Hyphae may be septate or non-septate. (ii) They reproduce by sexual or asexual methods (ii) Aspergillus, Penicillium and Rhizopus are fey examples of moulds. Dimorphic fungi (i) They exist as yeast in the host tissue and in the cultures at 37°C, and as hyphae forms in the sil and in the cultures at 22-25°C. (ii) Most of these are pathogenic to man. (iii) Blastomyces dermatitidis and Histoplasma capsulatum are some examples of dimorphic fungi Mycology Mycology is the branch of Microbiology that deals with the study of fungi. Ill. Classification of fungal diseases Infection caused by fungus is known as mycoses. Fungal infections are of three clinical types: 1, Superficial mycoses: Involves skin, hair nail and mucosa, 2, Subcutaneous tissue, 3. Systemic mycoses: Involves internal organs. Another term is opportunistic mycoses. Some saprophytic fungi usually do not produce disease but may cause infection under special conditions such #8 immunocompromised individuals and in terminal stage of chronic disease. These are called opportunistic fun. Characteristic features of fungi under superficid mycoses, subcutaneous mycoses, systemic mycoses #™ mycoses; Involves _ subcutaneous Scanned with CamScanner opportunistic mycoses are shown in Tables 85.5 to 85.8 respectively. IV. Laboratory Diagnosis Laboratory diagnosis of mycoses consists of following: 1. Direct Microscopy (i) KOH preparation: Specimen is placed in a drop of 10% KOH for detecting fungal elements. This preparation is examined under microscope. It is used in specimens such as skin, hair, nails and tissue, (ii) Gram staining: It is done to observe Gram positive yeasts as in case of Candida species. (ii) India Ink Preparation: India ink preparation may be used for detection of capsulated yeast. ‘Table 85.5: Superficial mycoses Ch 85: Essentials of Microbiology at Glance © 679 (iv) Tissue stains: These are used for detecting fungt in tissues. Methenamine silver stain and Periodic ‘Acid Schiff (PAS) stain are examples of tissue stains. 2. Culture Culture is used for gro used for fungi include: (i Sabouraud’s dextrose agar (SDA) SDA with antibiotics ~~ i) Brain heart infusion agar (BHI) ~ 1g fungi. The culture media 3. Serological Tests ’ These are used for detection of fungal antigen or antibody. One example of such tests is latex agglutination test. ‘S.No Disease __Name of the fungus Glinical features ‘Specimens Diagnosis 1 [Piiyrass versicolor [+ Malaseziafufur |= Hypo or Hyper pigmented|» Skin serapings from _ |= Potassium hydroxide (KOH) patches on the skin lesion preparation shows unbranched yphae with yeas ke cells [a Princ nigra = Exophialawernedki|+ Brown to black patches oa» Skin scrapings from — |= KOH preparation shows browa| palms and sles lesion branched septate hyphae and budding yeast cells 3 [Black Piedra Piedra horiae fection of aie salt [> Hair KOH preparation shows dark + Datk nodules on hair of| septate hyphae sealp a [White Piedra /Trichasporonbeigelii__|» Infection of bait (cap or |= Hair KOH preparation shows beard) ‘greenish Brown hyphae. + Pale nodule on shaft of hair 5 [Dermatophytonis |» Trichophyton sp + Infection of skin hair and |» Skin, Hair, Nail |» KOH preparation shows Tinea corporis (body: |* Microsporum sp. ail branched septate hyphae. ringworm + Bpudermophyton sp. + Spores surrounding the hai. Tinea crus (goin) + Tinea pedis (fet): athelte’foot| + Tinea capitis (salp) + Tinea unguium l (cai): Onychomycosis slain shows characters large number fof endospores within the Pus and skin | KOH preparation shows cigar shaped bionsy yeast cells + As itis dimorphic fungus, hyphae rms may’ be present on culture, kin serapings |* KOH prparation shows copper coloured cells, called seleronic bodies a Scanned with CamScanner a {680 Q_Unit Vil: Microbiology at Glance eg Bopey [+ Colure on Seborae skin sora reveals hyphae at 29°C and yeaa | skin scrapes | See ‘yan + Serohony + Skin test anaemia = Ueerative lesions om kin oF mucosa Asymptomatic Sputum |r Culture on Sabourauds deo "Mild pulmonary disease |* Pus reveals lyphae at 25°C and yeas Disseminated lesions Biopsy of | 3c Cima atomeosis | afected tsewe |+ Seolony . + Skin test [Primary polmonary infection [> Sputum May spread to mouth, nose, |* Hmph nodes and adjacent |* Biopsy of |37°- skin, lected tissue = Asymptomatic Sputum __|+ Culture on Sabouraud' dextre Ramon asowe | Tone biopsy | Relies 25°C and ean {Dosen dase ar Scanned with CamScanner

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