Chapter 12 Three Dimensional Geometry (© Introduction Introduction aera In.2dimenitlonal geometry we have already studied that, i¢ possible {find two numbers in the plane, Conversely. given any ordered pair ‘© Section Formula [x u there corresponds « point im the plane whose coordinates are © Direction Cosines i Lat a fubber Ball be dropped’ vertiGally na Foon. The point on the © Direction Ratios fooFpwheré the ball strikes;jean be urilguely determined with reference to axis, taken along the length and breadth of the room ‘© Bquation ofa Line in Space However when the ball bounces back vertically upward, the position ‘© Angle between Two Lines _of the ball im. space at any moment can not be determined with reference to two axes Considered earlier At any instant, the position of ball ean be uniquely determined if in addition, we also know the © Shortest Distance bet ‘Teo Lines height of Use ball. above the floor. If the height of the ball above the © Plane foo? i¢2.S¢m and the position of the point where it strikes the ground in given by (5.4), The position of ball in space can be uniquely © Coptanaray of Two Lines determined as (5.4, 2.5). © Angle between Two Planes Zz (6.4.25) © Angle between a Line and a Plane © Distance of a Point from a Plane © Quick Recap In thie chapter we will dise bout the co-ordina point in space, equation of| don of p different forms, angle between two lines, angle between two planes, langle between a line and a plane. distance of a point from a line and ‘plane, distance between two ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited -Rogd. Ofc: Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dolhi-10005 Ph.011-476234862. Three Dimensional Geometry Board & Competitive Exams (Levelt) DISTANCE FORMULA, The distance between the points (xy. ¥;, 2) aNd (xp Yq 2) IS YO — mI On YI BP SECTION FORMULA (Internal Division’ Al yee) Pore) Bn Yu2) If P is the middle point then P. () For External Di eS Alix, Ye) nn Pe Ke) Bee Yor Ze) a(n hao Mi =m) phen (i) The Coordinate of Centroia (@) A triangle with vertices (xy. ¥y.24), Ona 2h. ys, 23)8(S BEM Yet Ye tye Are tH) (©) Centroid of tetrahedron with vertices xy. ¥4, I(r Ve. 2) Hy Yas 25) APS Oxy, Yar %) 18 a a DIRECTION COSINES In a Cartesian coordinate system {OF space, the vectors 7, j, & are unit vectors along x, y, axis respectively (form the standard base for space) ‘Any vector in the space can be writen uniquely as. OB nF a xi + yr 2k here x, y, Z are called the components of 7. Paya? the directions of 7 Is determined by the cosines of the angles between 7 and the co-ordinate axes. c. B, y are ‘said to be direction angles then cosine of these angles 05 a1, 60S i, Cos are called direction cosines of the 10)Board & Competitive Exams (Level) “Three Dimensional Geometry | 3) Note: () x—« x~f, x yuill the direction angles of a line Lin reverse direction, @ Every tine in space wil be having two set of direction cosines. (One in forward direction and ‘other in reverse direction). (iy A tine with unique direction cosines will be called as directed line. (@1) These unique direction cosines are denoted by cos a m= cos n= cos % (B+ vie not nocossarily 90° DIRECTION RATIOS ‘Any three numbers which are proportional to the direclion cosines of a line are called the direction rallos of the line. If, m, n are direction cosines and 9, b, © are direction ratios of a line, then for any nonzero i.e R. Note : Direction ratios are also said to be direction numbers. Relation Between the Direction Cosines.of a Line In aoPM cosy = z= reosy=m © ‘Similarly y= eos B =m o ‘Squaring and adding (0, (i) & (i) w+ +2 = (cos" @* cost B+ cose 7) tty B= Hee ee) ext eyte ws. = Note: () 9= 2, b= Am, e= an forany nonzero A= R Rem ent = Ke (a +62 +8) = 1 iy, alco 1 1 pee ait nr mas? ne a Verso ee faves lah sb ac? (@) Any two sets of direction ratios of a line are also proportional. Hence for any line there aro infinitely many sets of dicection ratios. (i) Any vector in terms of direction cosine can be wniten as F=reosai+rcosBj+rcosyk eos a rcos fi rcos yare projection of r along X, ¥, Z axis. , ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Office : Aakash Tow, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456,‘Three Dimensional Geometry Board & Compottive Exams (Level!) Knowledge Cloud We know that a vactor in 2-D can be represented as. V=Veosei + Vino} actually this vector is V=Veosei + veos| zo) 0 are angle of vector from the x-axis and y-axis hore 8, and = 2 respectively. We can generalize this concopt for 3-0 veotors, V=Vicosal +cosB] +00syk) hore «fy are angle of vector from x-axis, y-axis and z-axis respectively. Find the angles mado by =3/ [Any vector in 3-0 can be writen as =reosai +reosisj-+rcose ® i 6] + 2k ay ‘Comparing () and (i) 3 “6 2 conu=2, coep = P ooay ee angle with x, y and zaxib ate respectively enoo'(8), poene(S veel ‘Tho postion of the top comer of the lecture room was required. To find this a theodolito was cot Lup as in the figure below. The distance to the side wall along the x-axis ie 7 m. and following langlas ware measured AOX = 60°, AOY = 45". Calculate the coordinates of the corner relative {0 the position of theodoliteBoard & Competitive Exams (Level! ‘Three Dimensional Geometry |S) Using Remon From the other divection cosines 1 Yo 1de08h = 145 IE 1 \acosy =14 4-7 yaMeD Coordinates of coms IBM Direction Cosine of a Line formed by Joining Two Points Lot a line PQ is boing formed by joing two point P(x ys, 2) and OK, Ya 2) Let |, m, m be the direction cosines of line PO and it miakos tangle «, andy with x, y and 2 axis respectively Draw a line parallol to PO and passing through origin as Girection cosine of two parallel nes are always same, 50 Girection cosines of PQ will be z Cert MART = (3 ~ aI + a= V0) Hea 20K here PO log mF 02 VF HG, (using distance formula) Note: (). Direction ratios of line joining P and Q may bo takon as 46x, x,). H¥,— y4) and (2,2). @ Three points are said to be collinear if direction ralios of a line formed by joining two points ‘are proportional to direction ratios of line formed by Joining one point among previous two ‘Points to remaining point. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Offico : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-t10005 Ph.011-47623456,1G) Three Dimensional Geometry Board & Competitive Exams (Level) Solution : istration 3: Find the direction cosines of the line passing through the two points (1. 2,3) and (2, -3. 5) We know that the direction cosine of a line joining two points P and Q are given by mam % PQ PQ. PO here PQ= Jo Fe HF eA Pe(12,3) and O# (2-35) ‘Thus the direction cosines of line joining two points is, a 5 2 Vas as a8 Mlustration 4: Show that the points A @2. 3, 4), B (8, 4, 6) and C (6, 6, 26) are collinear. Solution : Direction cosines of AB 1 4 0 Fos’ Fioa* roa Direction cosines of BC 2 £ “ez Ya0s' a0’ Ya08" Direction cosines of AB and BC are proportional 4. Plans Try Yourself IP has coordinates (5, 4, -8). What is length OP and it's direction cosines? (O being origin) 2. Ifa line makes angle 90°, 60°, 30°, withthe negative direction of x,y, 2 axis respectively, find its direction cosines 3. Find the direction cosines of x, y and z axis. 4. Find the direction cosine of a line passing through origin and the point (x. B, 7) 5. Find the direction cosines of the line passing through (9, 1, -2) and (-2, 3. 6). 6. Find the direction ratios and the direction cosines of the vector # =F-+ J+ 7. Show that the points A (-2, 3, 5), 6 (1, 2, 3) and C (7, 0, -1) are collinear. a Show that the points A (1, ~2, -8), B (8, 0, ~2) and (11, 9, 7) are collinear and find the ratio in which 8 divides AC. EXERCISE 7 [Direction ratios and cosines] {are drawn parallel to the co-ordinate planes through the points (1. 2, 3) and (8. ~4, -5). The length of the edges of the parallelopiped s0 formed is given by 1.2.3 2345 @422 268 ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Offco : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Rood, New Delhi-110005 Ph.017-47625456Board & Competitive Exams (Levol Three Dimensional Geomety | 7 2. Aline makes some angle ©, with each of x and z-axis. Ifthe angle [5 which it makes with y-axis, is such that sin#® = 3sin*0, then cose equals 2 1 om } Os 3 2 oF Os 3. Ifthe d's of two lines are connected by the equations / + m +n = 0, [2 + m? — 1 = 0, then angle between the lines is m= @t os: oF 4. Ifaline makes angles a, B, y with the co-ordinate axes, then the value of sine + sin’ + sin?y equals ao Qt @2 os 5. Aline OP through origin © is incited? at 30° and\45" to OX and OY respectively. The angle at which itis Inclined to OZ is given by (1) 90° @ 60° @) 90° (@)_Not any angle 6. The direction cosines of a vector #, whichlls equally indined 16° OX, OY‘ ahd OZ: it || is given, the total ‘number of such vectors is given by m2 @4 as ae 7. Ifthe points (0, 1, -2), (2, 2.1) and (jn, ~8,~4) are‘coliinear, then the value of 2. and 41 are given by (1) A= 3, p=-6 @ K=3,u=6 @ A=-3.u=6 @) A= -3,n=-6 8. The graph of the equation # + 2% = 01h three dimensional space is (1) axis @ yaris @) zaxis @ yeplane 98H. 2,: by My, My be the direction cosines of two concurrent lines, then direction cosines of the line bisecting the angles between them are proportional to Ge mt im ay time OQ ttm, G+ mm tm @) 64 my + ym, + My (8) = Gem — my my mg 10. If é, my. mand frm. be the direction cosines of two mutually perpendicular lines, then the direction ‘cosines of the line perpendicular to both of them are given by (8) yng — many: Mba Maly: CMe ~ fa 2) Mala ~ Maly: MyMg — Ma fg ~ Fam (8) mg Fam, | Ag MAM = Mela — May 8) Meg Maly a= Mala MYIMy — ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Offco : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa load, New Dolhi-110005 Ph.011-476234561B) Tivee Dimensional Geometry Board & Competitive Exams (Level) EQUATION OF A LINE IN SPACE [AS we have already studied standard equations of line in different forms in Cartesian form in two dimensional space. A line is uniquely determined if © Itpasses through one point and has a given direction (®__epasses through two given points. Equation of a line through a given point and parallel to a given vector Let © is orgin and consider a ne which passes through A lel to BA. oO variable point P having position vector 7 les on this ine. 1p From diagram, using vector mangle addon ‘AP -OP-OA with position vector é, also this line I= par AER ‘Note : () Each value of 2. will give @ now point on the given tno. (This is also called the parametric form of the equation ofthe line. Find the vector equation of a ih thrSugh the point (5, 2, 4) ana which is parallel to the vector 31+2j-ak? Solution : si+2j-ak We know that equation of ine passing throligh a point having position vector and which ks parallel to 6. P= (61 +2) 4k) A(F + 27 ~BRY Derivation of Cartesian Form from Vector Form Let the co-ordinates of the given point A be (xy, ¥z, 2) and direction ratios of a tine parallel to this line are 4, B, ¢. Consider a variable point P (x,y,z). Then 7 = (xi + yy] +248) + 2(al + bj +f) Od + yeh) = (al ye] +28) +201 +b) +k) s oaemy x1 ¥—y 2% abBoard & Competitive Exams (Level!) ‘Three Dimensional Geometry | llustration 6: Find the equation of line in Gartesian form passing through (0, 1, 2) and is parallel to a vector Solution : which have direction ratios (8, ~1, 1)? We know that equation of line in Cartesian form which passes through (x, Ys. 3) and i parallel to.a vector having direction ratios (a,b,c) is given by Here Gy yn 219210 42) @be)=6-11) ‘80 equation will be Try Yourself 8. Find the vector equation of a line through the point (-3, 2, —4) and is parallel to the vector Bi +2j+ak 10. Find the vector equation of a line passing through origin and is parallel to a vector formed by joining point 4 (2, 4, 6) and B (-3, 2, 8) 11. Find tho equation of line which passes through a point (1, 2, 3) and is parallel to a vector having airaction ratios (3, 4, 2), 412. Find the equation of line which passes through a point where line glven by 5" = ¥=2 _2=4 cate the x ae ond le parte othe tow Z = #4. 22 Equation of a Line through Two given Points Lot 0 is origin, now consider a life fassing through two points A and 6 having position vectors a and 6 respectively. Let a variable point having position vector F lies on thi line From diagram, using vector triangle addition in AOAB, Vector triangle addition in A OAP OA» AB 08 AB- ba AB 2.48 OA + AB = OP é P-asa-a). AER Note : For each value of 2, there will be a new point on the given line. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-t10005 Ph.011-4762545010) Tiree Dimensional Geometry Board & Competitive Exams (Level) Mlustration 7: Find the equation of line passing through the points (0, 1, -2) and (3, 4, 9) Solution : We know that equation of ine passing through two point A(x, J, 23) nd BX, ¥y, 2,)§s given by Faa+nb-a) Fn (]-28)+ 281-43] +58). Re R. Derivation of Cartesian Form from Vector Form Lot two points tx, yi. 2)) and Bl, Y= 2) les on the given line, so equation of line in vector form. Fed+nb-a) and + yd + 2+ Ml — 58 +0 Wi + Za 208) yp zh = Ceh yd + 2R+ ee — 0 +e — Yd 2g — 20K Kem team). YH RW). BRA HM eB) om lMlustration 8 : Find the equation of line through the points P(2, 4, 4) and Q(6) 2, ~3) in Cartesian form Solutio We know that equation of tine paising through two poinis Pix, ¥j, %) and Ox, Yar 2) 9 Cartesian form is given by x= nye vy ee Mom Ye Be here, (a ¥u = (BH 4) (6 Yor 2D PG 2-3) Raz oyet 80 equation of ine [234 e+ Try Yourself 13, Find the equation ofthe line in vector form passing through the points (1, 1, 0) and (-3, -2, -7) 14. Find the equation of the line in vector form passing through the points (2, ~1, 3) and (3, 1, 2). 15. Find the equation of line through the points P{1, 2, 3) and Q(3, 4, 5) in Cartesian form. 16. Find the equation of line through the origin and a point where line the z-axis, ‘Aakath Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Offco Aakash Towa, 8, Pusa Road, New Deli-110005 Ph.017-47625456Board & Competitive Exams (Level!) Three Dimensional Geometry [141 ANGLE BETWEEN TWO LINES [Let L, and L, be two given lines passing Uwough origin and having direction ratios (@, by, 6,) and (ap, By) respectively. Consider two points A and 6 on lines L, and L, respectively. The angle between two directed lines OA and (OB can be calculated as Zz OA. 0B =|OA||08 | cose (ay + by) + c4R)- (al + by] + coh)) Wed + BP ref of rod veh oo-| yay + bib + C102 Jabot v2 Jal of vo ‘The angle botwoon the lines in terms of sin 8 is given by costo [| _Gs t hobs + ee VO GR bh rch (ed 08 eB) (oR LOE TGS OF + Emam Lob, Fee Veet + 08 + cP fd +08 +2) arb @ bE Hebe Hea - ak +05 +08 ag ob + Note: To calculate angle between two given lines we just need two vectors which are paraite! to given lines. I ines are not passing through origin thon also we can find out parallel vectors to the given lines ‘50 angle botween these two lines can also be calculated. I instead of direction ratios, direction cosines are given then, if direction cosines of two given lines 2 (,, ™, M,) and (lz My, Ry) respectively then angle between these two lines Is given by (008 0 = ff, fy + my +4 Mal as It meene= eet also sin = Y(byimg = latm)? + (mmyng ~ Mm_MmP + (Pala ~ Mah ae Different Cases Related to Angle between Two Lines @ Heo o=0 90° (ines are perpendicular to each other) le + myng + rng = 0 OF ayy + byby + C4Cq = 0 W Msino=o 0 = 0° ore 180° (2) 00° (ines are parallel to each other) ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Offca = Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Doihi-110005 Ph.011-4782345612)) Three Dimensional Geometry Board & Competitive Exams (Level! o vector equation of two lines are? 0 = 180° (lines are antiparallel to each other) (hme — bam + (ming man + (nly meh? = 0 possi only when (amg — amy) = 0. (yng — mg) = 0 and (ryba~ Maly) = 0 | lee Oe ee +25, and’? =, +15; thon acute angle between tase two mos eono =| S| I, 1165 Mustration ‘Aline makes an angle a, fi, y/and 5 with the dlagonals of a cube, prove that cont a+ cost p+ cont yreorton 4 Angle between two ibs given by 2000 = FF: .5, and Bare poral vectors to @Nén ines) B11) “O90 ore Pe ~) Four diagonal of cube are OE AD, 86 sd CF (Fs paral 0 af + J + 1) AD is parallel to a(-7+] +k) BG is parallel to/a(od—] +h) CF is paralel to ali J+) Let the equation of gvan ine is Mila) + ky, OS mf re dvecon cosines) angle between OE ahd given tne Fa cosa = m4) a @onc| nea. 30x41 angle between AD and given tne oar coup = 86-Lemen) p= Cte % y angle between BG and given tine (oo ect=men) Ba,,0) a i) ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd! Offco Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams (Level!) “Thvee Dimensional Geometry | 13 angle beeen GF and given tine a—m+n) cost = can ae a) ‘Squaring and adding (,(H). (i) and (vy) Cameny sctemeny? cos? «+ cos? B + cos? 7 + cos? 6 = 4 sae ont y= & Ae ome ont) 4 Ilustration 10 : Find the angle between the pair of lines given by ‘Solution : 50 angle between these twortines: Try Yourself 117. Find the angle between the lines given by (2) +3] +ak)2 (ai 4] + 5%) 18. Find the angle between the lines + Deas j+k) end 7 (25 jv tai + 37h) 19. Find the angle between the pair of lines 242 ang XH y-2_ 2-3 i J and other is a tine passing through two points (1. 2, 4) and (4, 3, -1)? ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-t10005 Ph.011-4762545014) Trree Dimensional Geometry Board & Competitive Exams (Level) Point and Line (2) Position of point with respect to a tine © the point (a.B.7) Hes on the tine Xm yoy 2 pit = tot = 2=® thon fe true #166 lig on = 8 +25, thon 6 = a+ AB ie always true for KER (©) Foot of perpendicular image, and perpendicular distance of point with respect to a line ‘© Let point A= (0.8.x) and the tine is #4 YY ZH, Ala. 8.1) In 55h toh a “The image of Ais B and the foot of BetBendicular is M. Let Mm x, +20, Yam, 234 an) Direction ratio of AM are (mm) are (% + Alen ys BAM—B. z+ Y= (hmm) Now use 1, + mm, + nn, = 0 to find By % we got M and then & and distance AB, '¢ Lot the tine 7 ~ 3 4-AB land point has pésition vector & 1M = Foot of perpendicular B= Image of A. Let +2b). As AM-B=0 = @+2b-2). 5-0 6b +08.6-.6 a With the help of A. we may find M, and then B and distance AB by | AB ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Offco Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams (Level! Three Dimensional Geometry |/15 ‘2 Distance of @ from the line can be calculated as |F-a| sine Mustain 11: Find te foo of prpendetar tom P29, 119 ene ‘Solution: —_Let PQ be perpendicular tothe given straight ine X31. ¥=3- 22 The coordinates of Q may be taken as (2K— 1, 3K + 3, -K- 2) and hence 22K — 1-2) +33K+3+3)—(-K-2-1)=0 P23. 1) a ° 2918 snd nonce tno or {225-3318} + rE BB 631 14 cs > pa= 5 uni, Two Lines Let two lines are o w16) Tiree Dimensional Geometry Board & Competitive Exams (Level!) (2) Angle between () and (i) is given by Netmums +1 T+ md +n JB +m oF = 18 = 90°, thon fy + myng + mn, =0 For (i) and (v), we have cos = by ms cos = Br Bio 907, then 6, 8, =0 (elfe] (©) Point of intersection © General point on (9s (5, #2, Amy #24) General point on (i) IS Oi + hala Ye tAaMa te + ate) For point of intorsection KAW a hat ” YAM = We Ham, oO) Zt hm =z than i) Now we find 2,2 by any above two Sduations and if those Value atistied remaining equation then lines intersect otherwise not + For point of intereaction of () ond OS) we put +B, = +245) ‘and find "2,, 2 by comparing the coefficients @f 7.) {lét) and if these Values satisfies the coefficient (of &, thon tine intersect otherwise Rot 1 () and (i) intersect, then we may have Mam Ya e% mom om ty 1 (W), (v) intersect, then [a-a.8 6)-0 11. The Cartasian equation of a line are x +1 = 6y—2= 1 z. Find its direction ratios and write down its ‘equation in vector for. 12. Show that ifthe axes are rectangular, the equation of the line through the point (x, yy, 2;) at right angle to the tines Xa Yin Z; Xe ¥ oF ig 2am von. Rm me My” MMMM MaMa 18. Find the co-ordinates of the point where the line through (3, 4, 1) and (6, 1, 6) crosses xy-plane. xot_y+2 273 7 6 3 which is at a distance of 3 units from 414. Find the co-ordinates of those points on the line the point (1, -2, 3). ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rog. Offco : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams (Level! ‘Three Dimensional Geometry |/47 15. Find tne equation ofthe tine drawn trough the pint, 0, 2)tomeetatright angles the ine 24 ¥2 - 2 18. Find the angle between te par of tne. ) Se2A PN gan ang Ht Y98 298 32 (i) F314 2]—ak42(7+2]+2R), 787-28 +u(37 +2] +6) jow that the two lines %>1=¥=22-8 ang X—4 _¥=1 47. Show that the two 1 3222 Go ana X41 intersection of these lines. 2 intersect. Find 0 the point of 18. Show that the line represented by equation x = ay +.B, z= ey + d in symmetrical form is SHORTEST DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO LINES In space generally there are three types of lines (The ines which are parallel to each other. (@) The lines which are intersecting’ ata single, point (il) The lines which are not parallel nd neither intorsecting Third type of lines are said to be skawilings and are z non-coplanar. (Shortest distance between two parallel tines inthe, Perpendicular distance between them. To calculate this Perpendicular distance take a point on one. of the ine. ro. fd thon drow a perpendicular om tia portato Othet x2 ™ line, this length of perpendicular will be the shortest distance between parallel ines. Lot the equation of two parallel tines is Sivon By N Lahn aoe bya ay 0B Hare two points A(G,) and C(@,)° lle on the tine L to ty roopectiny. : em) 8, Perpendicular from C to L,7mect at 8 Let the angle between AC and AB is 0, here we need to calouiate BC: in aABC, ‘BC =|4,~4, [sino 4, 1 -4)x61 Atay 18,4, 1161 (6, -a)x51 falco sind = Hence distance between the given parallel lines ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office = Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456,18) Tiree Dimensional Geometry Board & Competitive Exams (Level) Mlustration 12 : Find the shortest distance between the lines J, and /; whose vector equations are Fad + fy+n@i+4]—-2k) and F = (2i+3))+4(6/ +8] 4%) respectively Solution : Comparing J, and J, with Pa dyrB. &=i+], &=21+9] and 5=3i+4]-2k {as lines J, and f, are parallel to each other. (a ay | ‘Also we know that shortest distance between parallel lines is given by = [== ‘0 distance between J, and J is given by _ (Gs 2i x03 +4) -26) [25 i jk ip — 8) xB = Whee 27) (by 4j—2K)= f ®| = bal 2)-26 hore a 4 1+ 2])(Gha4j -2RV= 21-274] -R)] = 26 Distance between J, and ly f= 29) Shortest Distance Betwoon Two Skew Lines in Vector Form ‘We will now calculate the shortest distance between. Wo skew lines. Let, and; be two skew lines whose equations are given by ‘2v8| 2s Pay 28, Stns Consider two points S(d,) and RU) on lines J, and J, respectively. We know that shortest distance between two lines will be always along the perpendicular to both |, and J,. This shortest distance is the projection of ‘SR along the direction of shortest distance, RD) Q se) ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogal Offco Aakash Towa, 8, Pusa Road, Now Dalhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams (Level) “Three Dimensional Geometry | 19 BB, 1x61 ‘The unit vector along PS will be given by Shortest distance PG = af Lot © be angle between SR and PO thon shortest distance (d) = | SR |cose 1B “The shortest distance between the ines which are intersecting aa single point wil be zo Istration 13 : Find shortest distance between the lines =(51+7] +38) +A (6) fos 28) and 7 = (01 +13] + 15K) +9(-P JR) ‘The distance between two ines: Fm RB and 7 - Bpeybiy is given by s ~&) Gest 16, x61 Shortest Distance between Two Skew Lines in Cartesian Form Lot the equation of two skew lines in Cartesian form is given by a ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office: Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-4762545620) Three Dimensional Geometry Board & Competitive Exams (Level ‘The shortest distance between the lines wil be given by em Yen 22-2 er en ab Koes — bac) + (cya, — C04) +1 wot 7 [As shortast distance is given by Solution : pa-% Yen 22 a mG 22 bee 1D P+ 4G xa ~ CaF + (Abo ~ Aah) a (4 — Xe Se Yu 7-8, Toby, By og. -2. 4) ) Try Yourself 21. Find the shortest distance between the lines /, and J, whose vector equations are (7 A(2T43]448) and F = (2h 4+3))+n(2h +3] +4k) © Fa —jyradr)+ay ‘and a line which is parallel to previous line and passes through a point where line ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Offco Aakash Tow, 8, Pusa Road, Now Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams (Level! ‘Three Dimensional Geometry 121 123. Find the shortest distance between the lines (2i+3)+4k) and 7 i — jy t@i-3] + 4k) 24. Find the shortest distance between the lines Pais j—-k+A03i—j) and e Kew(2i+9h). 25. Find the shortest distance between the lines ot y=2_ 203 ang X=1_ y=? 5 274 "7 26. Find the shortest distance betwoen the fir 4 ang X=1- CConsition for two lines to be intersecting and their point of intersection. tp ay~an) lm ms B— Ba Im Me YY oa _y-By_ 2 xe; _y-Be_ 2-12 Two ines ~7 St = Xt = FE ane Me will intersect if point of intersection wil be x, = 04 + I Ys = By tM 24 = 5 + MF EXERCISE 12. [Brortest distance between two lines] 19. The shortest distance betwoen the tines 52 ana 252 =¥. 1 2 O Fe @ i 3 oO @ Je 20. The vector aquation ofthe line of shortest distance between the ines given by 7 =(3i +8) +3) +a(3F and #=(-2i -7] +68) +u(-21 +2] +48) 1 oven by ( t(61+15]-28) @) (9i-+0)-+9%)+4(01+19)-98) ©) (si-8)+38)+(3i)e @) 6 +15)-3k-+1(37+8] +38) ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Ofleo : Aakash Towor, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-4762345622)| Tivee Dimensional Geometry Board & Competitive Exams (Level) 21, The shortest distance between the lines 7 +16 Is (B and & are colineat) mo bbxe| ot 22. Tholines 7 =(7+]+k)a+3k and f= (j-2)-+k)B+ 38 (1) Intersect at right angles (2) Are skew (9) Are paraiel (2) Makes angle % with each other 23, The shortest distance between the lines F =, + dit and Betis is ) [a-m a a] iy Se A Be Gi] 24, The pont on the ine 225 a dbtanco 6 Lame point (2028-28) ) @-8.-2) oh 4,-7.2) @ ©.2,-1) © 5. 2s. Yon EAT Ta (1) Paratol tines @) intersecting ines @ Perpendicular skew-ines (4) Makes angle % with each other PLANE ‘A plane is detormined uniquely using following conditions | © The normal to the plane and its distance from the origin is given, the equation of plane G@ It passes through a point and is perpendicular to a given direction, (GW) ttpasses through three given noncolinear points. normal form. Equation of a Plane in Normal Form : (Vector Form) We can use the fact that a ine joining any two points In the plane is perpendicular to the normal tothe plane. Consider a plane whose distance from ongin is d. Let Of is the normal vector perpendicular to the given plane, ‘Aakath Educational Services Limited - Rage! Offco : Aakash Towar, 8, Puss Road, New Deli-110005 Ph.011-47625456Board & Competitive Exams (Level) “Three Dimensional Geometry |/23) ‘Then ON = dit, lot P be any point on the plane. Now NP and ON ‘are perpendicular to each other. Let position vector of Fis 7. Tis is the vector form of the equation of the plane. a IMustration 18 : Find equation of plane whieh js at a diStance of 7 tm ofgin ana its normal vector from orgin Is ofa] nak Solution: Lot Ha 3/—4] +48 pa sins]+ak a Hence required equation of the plane is 7 (sinaieakye 3 Oa at Equation of Plane in Normal Form (Cartesian Form) \We know that equation of plane in normal form (vector form) Is glven by F.h=d_ ~() (d's distance from origin. is unit vector normal to plane from exigin) Let coordinates of point P in Cartesian plane are (x,y. 2) 50 Pax vyja ck Let f, m, m be the direction cosines of fi. then A= M+ mr]+nk Using in (D, be my + mz = “This Is the Cartesian equation of the plane in the normal form, Note: |, m,n are direction cosines not direction ratios. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Offico : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-t10005 Ph.011-47623456,24) Three Dimensional Geometry Board & Competitive Exams (Level!) Try Yourself 27. Find the vector equation of the plane which is at @ distance of § unit from origin and normal vector from origin is 7+2)—2%. 28. Find the direction cosines of the unit vactor perpendicular tothe plane 7-(6] -3]~2R)=3. passing through origin. 29. Find the equation of plane in Cartesian form which is at a distance of 5 unit from origin and. its normal vector from origin is parallel to a vector formed by Joining points A(1, 2, 3) and BG, -4, -6). 30._ Find the distance of the plane 2x~ 3y + 42 = 6 trom the origin. To find out the Coordinates of 1¢ Foot of Perpendicular drawn from the Origin to the given Plane : Lot Pis the foot of perpendicular, ten op xjtyiezk Lot equation of plane in Cartesian Yor ie ox + by +ez—d=0 Now the equation of plane in normal form, * b « « xe “ = -0 Veteitet ler ep ect Vata wet aban ct Equation of ine OP (a ine BerBéndicula to the plane) (OP passing through (0, 0. 0) and slifstion ratios a b e Jace latvctre Veep ro y 2 oO a Vet eeee® Vat serc? Jerse 25 the perpendicular distance from origin = a Vat abt ve Coordinates of foot of perpendicular ad ba, o4_) Bae awe aor ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Offco : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47625456Board & Competitive Exams (Level! ‘Three Dimensional Geomety [25 Iustration 16 : Find the coordinates of the foo! of the perpendicular from O(0, 0, 0) to the plane 3x — 4y + 52 Proto Solution: Let he coordinates of fot of perpendicular Pts, yy 2) fom point Of, 0, 0) Equation of plane a none form 3, 4, , 5 +See vero 0" eo” * Yea*~* Eauaton of te AP (normal plane) ye see eo Yeo Teo ws op =v2 0 conndiets of fot of penrendder 3-4 ee) Equation of a Plane Perpenaiicul x Leta point (8) les inthe plane whidh s perpendicuiar to BN). Let any variable point in the plane is PC?) *P AP is perpendicular to BN ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Offco : Aakash Tow, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-4762345626) Tiree Dimensional Geometry Board & Compettive Exams (Level) FILE In space there can be infinite plane which are perpendicular to a given vector but only one plane (Unique) exist which is perpendicular to a given vector and passes through a fixed point. IMlustration 17 : Find the vector equation of the plane which passes twrough the point (3, 2, 9) and perpendicular to.a line with direction ratios (1, 2.1) Solution : We know that vector equation of a plane passing through a point A(@) and perpendicular to a normal vector 7 1s given"BY (R= a)-f4=0 80 equation of plane in (vector form) will be (6-382) +38). +23 — 31. Find the foot of perpendicular drawn from the point P(O, 0, 0) to the plane x + 2y + 2z= 13. Consider the plane 10x + Sy + 4z = 20, find the point which is closest to origin and also find the direction cosines of the normal to plane. Find the equation of the plane through the point P(S, 3, ~1) perpendicular to the line in space: Piemereetneretetest coer Ea 251 (vector tom) 34. Find the equation of the plane through the point (0, 1, 2) ané perpendicular to the tine = (1+ J)+ QT J +). (Vector form) Equation of @ Let A(x, yy, 2) be the given point and P(x, y, 2) be the variable point. Let normal vector i Is having direction ratios A, 8, C'respectively. Also the equation of such 2 plane in vector form is given by lane Perpendicular to a given Vector and passing through a given point (Cartesian form) [eel yd] + 2-2) (Al + 8) + Ch) = 0 80 equaton of plane in Gortesian form wal be given by [at +t + BO n= 9] or Ax 4 By + C2 Any + By, + Cz, ‘Aakath Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Offco : Aakash Towa, 8, Puta Read, New Deli-110005 Ph.011-47625456Board & Competitive Exams (Level) “Thvee Dimensional Geometry | 27 Mustration 18 : Find the Cartesian equation of the plane passing through point A(t, 2, 3) and which is perpendicular to a vector A= 2) -3).4.4k Solution: We know that equation of a plane in Cartesian form passing through point A and normal vector Fi is given by Alex) + BY 9) + O(2—2))= 0 = 2x1) 3-2) + 42-9) =0 = 23+ 4z—8=0 + Beara Equation of Plane passing through Three Noncollinear Points (Vector Form) Let A, B, C be three noncolinear points lying on the plane. Let A variable point in the plane is P. "Now two vectors lying in the plane ara AB 6 8 BG-6-6 ‘A vector in the plane can also be written as ap. ‘As a vector in the plane which is perpandicular t two given vectors AB and BC will be (nofmal Vector to the plane) fi= (ABxBC) = (B-a)x(e—B) as AB and fi are perpendicular to each other so WP n= ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa load, New Delhi-110005 Ph 011-47623456,2B) Tiree Dimensional Geometry Board & Competitive Exams (Level) GOO rie ‘Three points lying in a plane must be noncolinear to determine this plane uniquely. Because three points which are colinear wil form a vector and form a given vector infinite plane can be formed. ay 8 lustration 19: Find the vector equation of a plane passing through three points A(O, 0, 2). (1, ~1. 1), C3, 4,5). Solution \We know that vector equation of a plane passing through three points (a), B(6) and (2) Is ‘ven by (Fa) [8xB Bed Ska —0 6-5 = (3) +4)+5K)- 0] +h) i+ 5] 44k ‘80 equation of plane wil BS (7-28) 0 7B) (2 +9) Hay) = or -28){T-8] + 7h] <0 hore i -j-Ay xi +5] +4k) Try Yourself 35. Find the equation of a plane passing through origin and which is perpendicular to a normal vector 21+ J-R. (Cartesian form) ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rug. Offcv : Aakash Tow, 8, Pusa Read. New Deli-110005 Ph.011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams (Level!) “Three Dimensional Geometry /29) '36._ Find the equation of the plane through the points (1. to the plano 6x — 2y-+ 27 = 9. 37. Find the equation of the plane through the points A(3, 2, 0), B(1, 3, 38. Find equation of the plane through (2, 1, 4), (1,1, 2) and (4, 1, 1). 2) and (2, -2, 2) and is perpendicular 4) and C(0, -2, 3). Equation of a Plane passing through Three Points in Cartesian form Lot ACxy. Yq. 2): BUXas Yq. 2) aNd Clxy, Yor Z) Bo thre points lying in the given plane. Let Pix, y, 2) be a variable point Ijing inthe plane =O HW 22k xa +7 yad] +22 (x— xa Hy vad + (2-24 ih FB = (p= HN Ya Ya) ee BIR a =a +a = Yad +2 22k Equation of plane in vector form passing trough three points will be (FA) (A886) ‘Substituing AP, AB and BG are expressing in determinant form emmy yy 2m Poh YaWn Hz] 0 la-x Y— 3—a4 + Find the equation of plane! passing though twee points A(0. 1. 2), 6. 4. 1), C2 4, 2) in Cartesian form. ‘Solution ‘We know that équatioh of plane passing through three points A, 8, C in Cartesian form is, Xm YY BOR, Maoh Yaa BB aX YaYa #5 ~ 2) +0 here three points are-A(O, 1. 2); 8(3, 4, ~1) and OV. 4, 2) eo y-1 2-2 ls-0 4-1 1-2-0 10 equation of plane 7 Pine |y-3 4-4 24 x yt 22) a3 3 ox + (1 y) @—3) + 32-2) ox +6-Gy+ 32-6 9x—6y+32=0 Seay sz] ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Offico : Aakash Towor, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-4762345830) Three Dimensional Geometry Board & Competitive Exams (Level! Equation of Plane in Intercept Form We know that equation of a line In Cartesian form (2-D system) can be writen In intorcept form as oh tac in pre acy ey Similarly equation of a plane in Cartesian form (9-D) system can be writen. Lot tho equation of plane in Cartesian form is Ax + By + Cz+D=0, hore D+ 0 “0 Lot the plane makes intorcapt a, b, © along x, y and z axis respectively. Hence the plane meets x, y, 7 axis at (a, 0,0), (0. 8, 0) and (0, 0, ¢) respectively. Therelore Aa+D=0 coD=0 ow Substituting these values in (0). This is the equation of plane in intercopt form. istration 21 : Find the equation of plane having intercepts 3. 4, 5 on x, ¥, 2 axes respectively. Solution : The equation of plane intercept form is given by Dox isy +127 = 60 Try Yourself 29, Find the equation of the plane containing the points P(2, 5, —1), QX6, —1, 0) and R(2, 1,4). 40. A plane moets the coordinates axis in A, B, C such that the centroid of the ABC Is the point (@, By). Find the equation of plane in intercept form. 41. A variable plane is at a constant distance p from the origin and meets the coordinate axes in 14,4 16 ‘A,B, C. Show that locus ofthe centroid ofthe tetrahedron OABC is rt ye tae = ae ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Offco Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams (Level!) “Three Dimensional Geometry (ST [Equation of plane] 26. Find the image of the point PQS, 5, 7) in the plane 2x+ y+ z= 16. 27. Find the equation of the line of intersection of the planes 4x + 4y — Sz = 12, 8x + 12y — 132 = 32 in the symmetric form 28. The equation of the plane passing through the points (0, —1, -1), (-4, 4, 4) and (4, 8, 1) is given by (0) Sk=Ty4 24420 @ Set Ty-11244=0 ©) ax-Ty 4 etd 4) Ge- Ty 4112+ 4=0 29. A.variable plane moves in euch a way that the sum of the reciprocals ofits intercepts on the three co-ordinate {axes is constant. Show that the plane passes through the fixed point. 20. A vector 1 of magnitude 8 Units Is inclined to axis at 45°, axis at 60° and an acute angle with z-axis. If the plane passes through @ point (/2,—1, 1) and is normal to, then find its equation in vector form. 31. Find the vector equation of a plane which le at a distance of 8 units from the origin and which Is normal 10 the vector 274 j-+2% 22, Reduce he aquation 7(3/- 4) +12h)m 5 to morta frm and hendd find the length of porpendicuar rom the cig to tho pane 33. Find equation ofthe plane passing through the pois PC. 1, IMG 1, 2NIRCS. 5,4) 34. The tine of intersection ofthe planes F:(31=J+k)=1 andit(I+4j~2h) =2 Is paral to the vector () 24 7}+138 @) airiisk ©) -2I-7}+13k ai —-7)-19% end Ffty = dy (i) respectively ‘A point lying on ms should aise lia on x; and x, 80 will ‘satisfying (D) and (i) Boi =a ad Bory = dy “Therefore for all values of 2 (being any arbitrary const.) Bol 4309 Since Bis an arbitrary point so can be replaced by 7 hence oF b+ Rey represents a plane x, which passes through intersection of plane x, and i, ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Office : Aakash Tow, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-4762345632)) Three Dimensional Geometry Board & Compottive Exams (Level) FILE ‘Aline through the intersection of two given planes ‘m):7-7i,= dy and mz: 7-7, = dp will be parallol 10 (Fra) llustration 22 : Find the vector equation of a plane passing through intersection of two planes Pi +aj sk (4,0, 1) 9 and 7.(2/-3]+4k)=6 and which also passes through the point Solution : We know that equation of plane passing through 7-f, = d, and 7-fi = de is given by Fi + Mig) dy thd ‘Substituting given values: F.(3+ 2a)7 + (4-3a)] + (64 4A)R) =~ 946% This plane passes through (-1, 0, 1) s0 (7+ BB+ DIMA 32] + BH AK) = 9.46: (428) 454 4-94 6H, 247-9462 4 + {d+ 2j-28] [ai + 97) Bh)= 6) Equation of Plane passing through Intersection of Two Planes in Cartesian form ‘The equation of plane , passing throug intersection of two planes, and x, given by Foy =d, and Fig = dy Pea ody dd In Cartesian form Fa yeah Ad +B] +Ok Fy = Ai +B] +Cxk (9 +99 + RMA +A) + (By ABDI] (G+ ACM 4, Hy [AxrBy+Oz Yea By +O =| ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Offco : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Raed, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47625456Board & Competitive Exams (Level! Three Dimensional Geomety |33) and Find the equation of plane passing through the intersection of plane 2x + 3y + 42 —5 3x + 4y— 72+ 8 = 0 and also passing through (1. 1. 1) Iustration 2: ‘Solution: We know that equation of plane passing through intersection of A,x + Byy + Cyz~ dy = 0 and Ak + Buy + C2 dy = Oi given by (Arcs Bry + Oued) + (AX + Bay + Op2—dg) = 0 (2x+3y +42-5)+ A(x +4y—72+8) passes through (1. 2, 3) so (2434 4-5)403+4-748) xe aye sey Fere Dare 8)=0 x4 2y+152—18=0 Try Yourself 42. Find he vector equation of plane containing ine of intersection of plane 7 (af —j-R) = and plane 7-(3/ + j+2k)=0 and passing through (—1, 1, 2). 43. Find the equation of the plane through the line of intersection of 7-(2i—3}+-4f)=1 end 7G -])s4=0 and perpendicular to #.(21—] +R)+8~0 (1,0, and passing through the ine of intersection 4 44, Find an equation forthe plane through P Of the planes x + y—2z = 1 and x + 3y— 148. Find the equation of plane containing the line of intersection of the planes x + y +z 2x+ Sy + 4z + § = O and passing through (1, 0, 1) ‘and COPLANARITY OF TWO LINES Let the two lines are aoa o = ap+uby w Now two lines passes trough points Ai) and Bt@,) [Aakash Educational Services Limited - gd. Office = Askash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dei-110005 Pho11-4762345834") Three Dimensional Geometry Board & Competitive Exams (Level! ‘Aliso three vectors are coplanar if their scalar triple product is zero Hore three vectors are ay — 8, B, and B, For coplananty of lines (1) and (i) a] [80 xB In Cartesian form condition can be writen as awit) zk Baxley) rak Baki em) rok ian smd emi 0 hore codon wil be po—x Yen a hmm hom om ‘Show that the lines =. Solution The lines Kem Yas 2a thm mm ‘Substituting the values: p-2 1-9 1-2) Te A et eresiin —s0n “ inaaraeasagese Try Youre te, Stow tat ne 2=2- E84. ae 47, Find x such that four points A(3, 2, 1), B4, x, 6), C(4, 2, -2) and D(6, 6, ~1) are coplanar. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogdl Offco Aakash Towa, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph.017-47623456Board & Competitive Exams (Level! ‘Three Dimensional Geometry || 35 ANGLE BETWEEN TWO PLANES. ‘Let equation of two given planes are: Poa. Potiy =a Here fi, and fi, are normals to the given planes. ‘Angle between two normals of these planes wil bbe given by iy fg Tata ‘Angle between planes = Angle between two normals (ffi) 8) TTT ()ttthese two planes are perpendicular to each other if ° Fy-fa~0 tn Cartan form Fai +B) + Ok ‘bo planes Al Osi ocak iy he = RAT BB TO, = 0) (@) I these two planes are parallel to each other then ie o Be istration 28 : Find the angle between Galpin gen by 3x + ay — z= 6 and Sx + 10y—20=14. Using (recor mete Solution : The angle between two planes is given by cose = Tif ° we OY 080 TTT] foro Ay =9T +4j—8k fig = 81 +10) -208 1540100 188 195 YES ab T00-~E™ BI VERE BR ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Offico : Aakash Towor, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-4762345836) Tiree Dimensional Geometry Board & Compottive Exams (Level!) Try Yourself “48, Find the angle between the planes 2x + y— 22 = 5 and Sx - Gy 22 = 7. Using vector method. 49._ Find tho anglo botwoon tho planes 2x—y + 3z= 6 and x+ y+ 2z=7. ANGLE BETWEEN A LINE AND A PLANE The angle between two tines Is given by cose = Bb 18,1151 To calculate angle between a line and plane we wil frst calculate the angle between normal tothe plane and Lot the equation of plane is 7 77= d, and equation of lin@ is 7 = 4 3B Let the angle between line and plane is @ then angle betwoen normal and line will bo (@0 = €)- BA re angle between norm ean be given by, cos(90" 0) = Here ang tal and plane Gan be given by.cos(@0"=0) = 1nd the plane 7-(3i + ]+k + Find the angle between the line # =(-+]+h)+A(2l —J-+k). Angle between a ine and @ plane is given by sind = FF Hore 6 6 so o-sn{ [8) ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd! Offce Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams (Level!) “Three Dimensional Geometry 137) Try Yourself £0. Fin he angle between tne no 22 land plane 2x+y-32+4=0, 51. Find the angle between the ine 7 = (7 +2]—)+2(7 J+) and the plane 7. (2i—j-+ R= 4: DISTANCE OF A POINT FROM A PLANE ‘Let the equation of plane P, is acd (0 (@istance trom oni) Let the position vector of point Whose distance is (o.be calculated from plane (i) is & Equation of a piane parallel to (9 and passing through Pa) 28 it passes through P(@) 90 (3). wil satisfy it Hence equation of a plane parallel to (i) and passing through P(é) a) A-0 2s plane P, and plane P, are parallel so Po-NN Perpendicular distance of F trom plane P, = Perpendicular distance between plane P, and P, ON-ON'=|0-a-A1 ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Ofico : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456,38) Three Dimensional Geometry Board & Competitive Exams (Level) 80 distance of a point P(a) from plane 7.75 = d da. In Cartesian Form : Let coordinates of point P are (xy. ¥y, 2) and equation of plane is Aes By + Cr= REO =O 50 distance of point P from plane eee f + By, + Cz) d VA +B +O Va B+ lustration 27 : Find the distance of the point (2,0, 8) from the plane whose Gquiation is x + y— 22 = 0. Solution Distance of a point Px, y,.2))ffom a plane Ax + By + Cz= 0 is given by [Ax + By +025 VaR BOF iax244% [ vetea | Ne ve Knowledge Cloud a ‘The diatance between two paral planes 7.) = dy and 7-f3 = dy i gen by =Shl Try Yourself 52. Find the perpendicular distance from the point P(2, 3, ~4) to the plane x + 2y + 32= 13, 53. Find the perpendicular distance of the point P13, 1, 2) from the plane passing through the line (of intersection of the planes x — 2+ z=, and 2x +y+2= 8 and parallel to the line with direction ratios 1, 2, 1 ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Offco : Aakash Towa, 8, Pusa Rood, New Delhi-110005 Ph.017-47625456Board & Competitive Exams (Level) “Three Dimensional Geometry | 39 ‘To Find the Distance of a point from the Let equation of given tine is 2. and given point is A(x, ya, 2) from which we have to find out the distance. Hore PA = (x, x) +02 0) #@ 208 Here distance of line trom given point is = OA =1PAsing| «eq |PAxt + i+ nh PAVE mE =1PAx(ii+mj+nk)| here (I, m,n) are direction cosines. A la Ye 22) _|PAx(oi +65 + cf) Tat BTakT | NO*e (bac) ae direction ratios. IMlustration 28 : Find the distance of point (2, 0,1) fom the line whose symmetric equation are x2 yet za Solution: Distance of line from a given point -| Ax (ai + bj + of ai +t) ck = Shy) —2k [Pxcai +-4j 22k) _ |-3k-2i| ortera | ta vo cctanco wt bo =| Point and Plane (Position ‘+ Consider that A Oy. Ys: 21) Bm (ip Yes Hy) Pie ax + by toz+d=0 1s tax, + by, + 02, + dy = 0, ax; + by, + 02; + dy = 0, then both A and & lia on the plane P. + It (ax, + by, + 62, + 44) (ax, + by, + 2, + 04) + 0, then none of A oF B ies on the plane. I (ax, + by, + €2, + 6) (ax, + by, + 62, + d,) = 0, then al least one of A or B les on the plane. Wax, + by, + €2, + oh) (ax, + by, + G2, + d,) > 0, then both A and B lie in same side of the plane. o. 8 P aA 38 ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Office : Aakash Tow, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456,40) Tiree Dimensional Geometry Board & Compotiive Exams (Level!) 5 It (ax, + by, + 62; + oh) (ax + by, + €2, + d,) <0 then both A and B lle in opposite sides of plane. a 8 = ° . 5 A (i) Foot of perpendicular, image, perpendicular distance of a point with respect to a plane Let the point ie R= (%. Y. 2) and the plane Is ax + by + ez += 0. A isthe foot of perpendicular ftom # to the plane Lot the image of R'is 8. Here we may wita aquation of Rp oroe) RA atone [ seatsoe ax by reat d=0 Hence lot Am (x, 42%, ¥,+BR, 2 +eA) A satisfies the plane hence AX 4 BAY DL, + DA) CL, HCA) ED =O Ble Be) In goneral if A'= (x, ¥ 2) then, FER YOY Eakin a be ewer Similarly if 8 = (% y, 2), then Va, 2a 8 _ Blan thy, +e D be BENS Now we may calculate RA ax+by+ez+d=0 a Let P= 0%. yy. %)- Hore PA ic the distance of F from the piano in the direction 17 + mj+ nk. First hero we find the equation of PA that is 2GE AFM FB 3. Thon wo find point A which isthe point of intersection ofthe ine and plane land then the distance PA. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Offco Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams (Level!) ‘Three Dimensional Geometry | 41 Try Yourself 54. Find the distance of the point (-2, 3, -6) from the line ~*2 = ¥53 = 3 x42 yt 32 [anatysis of ptanc] 35. Show thatthe normals to the planes x—y-+ z= 1, 3x + 2y—2+2= 0 are inclined at an angle of 90°. 36. A variable plane, which remeine at a constant distance 3p from the origin, cuts the co-ordinate axes at ABC. Find the locus of the cantroid of tangle ABC. 7. Find the equation of the planes bisecting the angles between the planes 2x — y+ 2z +3 = 0 and Bray tor=8 =O. 38. ICfor a plane, the intercepts on thé cBtordinale ates are ©, 4, 4 then\the langth of the perpendicular from the orion on to the planes 55. Find the point on the line ‘ata distance 3/2 from the point (1, 2, 3). os a3 f os wt 22. 12,-1 se ot opus RD ee ln tn ot pe () 2x+y-32+6=0 @) 2x ~y*3z~ 1450 Oa Mees so. Wage 2 ats rca rae ren prt yet, ten Sues 41, ‘The equation of the plane through thé"intersection of the planes x+y +z = 1 and 2x+3y—z+4= Oand paraliel to sca fs (y-sero @ 3-z+8-0 @ yeareene @ syoaes £2, The va of auch at 25% os nthe plane 2e—4y +2 78 7 et (8) No real vee ws 2x-1_2-y_z04 2 28 aa @-4 @2 4) -2 43. Ifthe plane 2x—y + 2= 0 is parallel to the lino then the value of @ is ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Offico : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456,42)) Three Dimensional Geometry Board & Competitive Exams (Level) 44, the angle @ between the line “=* and the plane 2x-y+Jiz+4=0 is such that sino. The value of Ais me a 3 oF a 5 3 2 45, The distance of the point of intersection of the line point (-1, -5, ~10) is 13 az on we SOLVED EXAMPLES Example 1: Find the equation of the’ plane through the line of interSectioA Of the planes 2x — y= 0 and 32 y= O and perpendicular to tho plano 4 + 5y ~ 32 = 8. Solution : The equation of the plane throulgi'thé line of intersectionjof the lanes 2x ~ may be watien as (2x~y) + k(Sz—y)= 0 > 2e-(1+ hy + ake which will be perpendicular tothe plane ax + 5y—22=8 8-50 +H) —oK= = 8-5 5k —-9%=0 ‘and the plane xy + 2 = § trom the Oana a2—y: 3 aed quired equation of the plane is Example 2: Solution: Lat te given plane X4 XE and 60,0.) Let any, az, AZ beth projection ofthe area of tangle ABC on x=, y= x and z= x plane. Th 1 moet the coordinate axes in the point Ala, 0, 0), B(0, 6, 0) ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd! Offco Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams (Level ‘Toree Dimensions! Geomety (A) Now axy = Zlo(b-0)+0(0-0)+0]= 22 sitary aye 30 and azn Hence a2 = a8, + AG, + Ab, = 4 (a?b? + b?c? +c2a) = aero oa? (2,0, = = Water “Ata, 0,0) Example 3: Obtain the equation of the plane through the point (+ 2K) and perpendicular to the ine of intersection ofthe planes 7-(31—]+h)=1 and F-i-+4)~2k)=2 Solution: The ine of intersection ofthe given plane wil be perpendicular tothe both vectors af j-+# and 744] 28 and so it will be parallel to (37 —j-+)x(i +4] —2k) =n ahs 7]e13k ‘The required plane passes through the given point (i+ 272k) and is pefpendicular to = 21-47] +43 and hendeits equation is (F< 2) A} (-2! 4 77639K) Example 4 Solution : ‘Any point on them may be taken as (8+ 2A,—-1-9A, 24) and (7—Sp.g ~7-+ 2H) In ordor that the glvon straight ines intersect (coplanar) we must have a42n= 7-34, = A+ aH-4=0 Baturt=0 A—2+5=0 haw and-2 +A =7+ Solving first two equations by cross-multiplication4A) Three Dimensional Geometry Board & Competitive Exams (Level! 7a =.= 1, = 2 which satisty the third equation. Thus the given straight lines intersect each other at (1, 2, ~3) and hence the given straight lines are coplanar Now the equation of the plane containing the given straight lines is x3 yer ze 2 1]oo -3 1 2 DMFT NENT E+ DET =O 3 oxty+z=0. Example § : Find the shortest distance between the lines aT Solution : ‘The equations of straight ines in.vector form are given by F (31 +8] + 3h) HAT jk) ond 7 = (-31 7] +6R)+ wal 2] + 48) We know that the shori@st-distafce bewdamlstraight tines 7=@FAb and 7=E+nd to [bedi ._|l6f+15929 Joi jvk af +2] rahi Example 6: Equation of the line of the shortest distance between the lines 5 => 2a %et andBoard & Competitive Exams (Level!) “Three Dimensional Geometry (45: ‘Solution : xy xo2_y-1_ 242 273 3 5 2 Line of shortest distance and @ x-2im ys = 3 2 wy s31= Example 7: Solution : Example 8 = Solution : The equation of the plane through the line of intorsection of the planes x+y +2—6=0, 2x + By + 4z +5 = 0 and the point (1. 1, 1) is 7-94 82-0 @ mryter=0 2-2-9214 (20x + 23y + 202-69 = 0 Equation plane will be (et ye 2-6) +2 (2x4 3244245) =0 This passes through (1, 1, 1) so wil satisfy It “34a (14) =0 3 = aed Equation plano 20x + 23y + 262-69 =0 ‘The vortices of a totrahodran are O(0,.0..0). A(t, 21). B(2, 1-3) and Gf-1. 1, 2) the angie between faces OAB and ABC Is o @ 30° Normal to plane OAB = GA OB 2 G42] AUT + 7438) hej 2iv6i +2) AQ. 2.1) Normal to plane ABC = Soe. 1.2) ‘Angle between the plane OAB and ABC (cas) + o'(Gs) ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Ofico : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47625456,AG) Three Cimonsional Geometry Board & Compotiive Exams (Level!) Example 9: Length of the perpendicular from origin to the plane passing rough the three non-colinear points abe ie o @ & © laxbebxcvexal Solution: The equation of the plane passing through three non-colinear pointe &, 6.8 ao where = (x5 + 5x8 +e) Length of te perpendicular trom ongin = 2-S-4) . IF _ ta Be ~ [dsb +66 +880] Example 10: A variable plane at a constant alstance from origit Cuts axos af A, B,C then prove that locus Of centroid of AABG Is? vy? + 2-2 = Gp Solution : (0.0.0) cr0.0.8 Let centroid of triangle Is (a, 8, 9) = on OR 6 p= O2B8 aby 228887 cep “ Now the distance of (0, 0, 0) from the plane in p 1 7 aaa la? BP otBord & Competitive Exams (Level! “Three Dimensional Geomety | 47 By ©, (, Hy + aad Gay * er * Gu “PF = te pts yt= op? Hence locus of (a, By) sx? +? + 22 = op? Se Gaicneaaa 1. Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line: Ifa straight line makes angles «rf. with the “¥” ve direction of x, ¥ and 2 axis respectively, then cos «, cos i and cos y are called direction cosines of the line and is denoted by /, m,n. Thus |= cos a, m= cos By, = cosy And if a. b, ¢ are proportional to /, m,n then a. b, ¢ are called direction ratios of the line. Also 24 PoP = 4, butar+ bre ctet a » n= Vere Jatveve " Jatv pve 3. Py Yu 2s te. Yo Z) ar@ two given points, then direction ratios of PO are x, — Ye~ Yoo 2 ~ 2, and direction cosines of PQ are oN sng BOB PQ” PO PO 4. Angle between two lines having direction cosines (y, ,. 1%) an (lp, Max a) C08 @ = Mil + my, + My 5. Angle between two lines having diraction ratios (a, by. ¢,) and (a. by. ¢,) aya + bby + oie [a + bF + oF Jag + bs + 03 6. _Iftwo lines are perpendicular then core =0 ly + mym, + mn = 7. If two lines are parallel then 2 for aay + bibs + oye = 0 mm sino=o > patart [8 If ln space two lines are nether intersecting nor parallel, then these lines are sald to be skew lines. 2. Skew lines He in itferent plane. 10. Angle between skew line is the angle between two intersecting lines drawn from any point (goneraly origin) parallel to each of skew lines. 11. Vector equation of a line passing through the given point whose position vector is 3 and paral toa given vector B ie F= a+ 95. 12. Equation of a tine passing through the given point (x,, ¥,, 2) and having direction cosines wom yo 2 1m, nis4B) Three Dimensional Geometry Board & Competitive Exams (Level! 13. Vector equation ofa line passing through two points having position vector @ an Fad 406-8) 14, Equation ofa tne passing through two points Ate, Y- 24) and Bt Yo. 2) wom yon aon Hom Ye A 15, Ifo he acute angle between 16. If 0 i the acute angle between the two lines ere eae hmm hm ~ then ‘cose = lp + mm, + m5 | Uy, ys) ANA (ly, My M,) Fe direction cosines of two given lines. 17. Shortest distance between two skew lings is always measured along @ line segment perpendicular to both the given lines. 18, Shontost distance between lines In vector form. pes Yes 22-4 a abe eaten OY Ten Bae Co — 0207 + (by — a2 20. Distance between parallel lines (vector form) |B x(a ~ &)| wey 21. Distance between parallel ines ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogel Offco Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams (Level!) ‘Three Dimensional Geometry | 49 @ 2 2. a ‘Equation of plane in normal form #-fi= a {7 is normal unit vector tothe given plane and dis perpendicular distance from origin. Equation of plane which is at @ distance d from origin in Cartesian form e+ my+nz=d (I, m,n) ate direction cosines of the normal vector to the plane. Fano ‘Equation of plane passing through a given point (x, ys, 2,) And which Is perpendicular to fi= Ai +8]+Ck (Cartesian form) A=) + BY ~¥x) +C(2= 23) = 0 Equation of plane passing through thrae noncatinear points A(@), 6(6) and C(@) (Vector form) 8 16 -a)x(6-ay=0 Equation of a plane passing through three noncollingar points A(xy. 4. 2:) Ble. Yo Z2) and (Obs. Ys, 25) (Cartosian form) Ham YK 2H Mem Ye 22 aK Ya-Vs HZ =o Equation of plane in intercept form 4, b, ere intercept alona x. y and 2 axis respectively. Equation of plane passing through intersection of two planes. #7 = a and Fy = dy te iven by 7 Uy + ie) = dy +Adz, whore 21s any nonzero constant Equation of plane passing trough intersection of two plane: AK + BY + C2 + D,=0, A,X + By + Gz + D, = 0 glven by Axt By + C+D) +MAx+ By + Cz+D,)=0. ‘Two tines are coplanar if (Vector form) B40 and 7 = 8, +25, (8:4) B, xB.) =0 = 2 are coplanar if (Cartesian form) Xn 22| be be ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Offa : Askaeh Tower, 8, Pusa Rosd, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-4762545050) Three Dimensional Geometry Board & Compottive Exams (Level) 33, Angle between two planes Fofiqm dy and F-fy = dy i mire is given by cost 34, Angle between line / =a+25 and plane 7-/ sa aren by ano =| eae 35. The angle @ betwoan the planes (Cartesian form) Aut By + C2 = d, and Axx + Bay + Caz = dy Aft BiB + CC, [ae hana 36. Distance of a point (4) from a given plane 7-i=d is given by |d—-Ai] 37, The distance of a point (x, yy. 3) from the plane Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 i given by Jax + By, al 1s glven by cost Va +B +O 38, Any point on a given line 39, Equation of angle bizector of two given straight lines. 7 = +28 and F Fads 9(6+6) Loyd | 40, The distance between two parallel planes 7. 1, and F.7d, 9 glven by 41, Intercepts of the plane #.A=a upon the x,y. Zaxes are respectively aao4 TATA RA ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Offco : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Raed, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47625456Set-1 School/Board Examinations Very Short Answer Type Questions : 1. Find the vector joining the points P(2, 9. 0) and Q{-1, ~2, ~4) directed from P to @. Also find direction ratio and direction cosine. +3 y-5_ 246 a 3. Find the distance between the twé pafallel planed) ‘The Cartesian equation of a line is ~ Find the vector equation of the line: wyrxt2y-87=2 o myixe2y—S2=11 . 4. Find the equation of line through the origin and orthogonal tothe plane 2x — y/* 3 5. Find the angie between lines 5 ~ 7 27274 47a 8 6. Find the coordinates of the foot of penpendidular drawn trom the! point (2,5, 7) on the x-axis, 7. For any two lines 7 = +48 an 7 ~Gixud Find the cof that these to lines are coplanar. 8. Find a point through which tine Pa (1+#)/ +2231») +@— 21% passes. 6 8. Find the vector equation of a lar hich ig at a distance of 5 units from origin and its normal vector ‘rom origin ls 25 +2) -5k 10. Planes are drawn through the points (4. 0, 2) and (2, 3, -2) parallel to coordinate planes. Find the longthe of the edges of the rectangular paralleiopiped so formed Short Answer Type Questions : 11. Find the angle betwoen the two lines which are in the same direction as the two vectors a= -4i-3j—-7k Basi 43] 45k. Their exercae book ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd Offic = Aakash Tower. 8, Pusa Road, Now Dei-110005 Ph.011-47623456“Toree Dimensional Geometry Board & Compettve Exams (Level!) 12. Find the vector and Cartesian equation ofthe lie through the point (5, 2, ~4) and which fe parallel to the vector 3f-+2)-8% 19, Find the shortest distance between the /, and J, whose vector equations are Ta Je2@i-J4R) 14, Show that the tines X43 are perpendicular to each others, 15. Find the vector equation of the plane passing through the points (2, 5, ~8). Q(-2. -9. 8) and 716, 3. ~8). 16. Find the Cartesian equation of the plane #.(i-+ j—& Hat yet_2et gy #28 y-8_ 2-7 17. Fd the shontstdtancebotwoon the nes 21a YEN. ZH gpg 28 8267 12, Find he vector and Cartesian equation ofthe plane whic pases ough he pt (2,4) and paren (he in oth dreaion rales 8 19. Fd the permet arn of te ng i BY hg equations 2x yaeae maex + 5y— 22 20. Find the foot of perpndluer dain fom the pol P<, 2, 4) 0 the pane ay» 2219 21. Pd he equation ot plane that asses RGR te pot (1, Ie) apeendcr te plane 3x + bese ake rorpheg sr 22 Funacoornatos of pot hor he oughta pals AB) 1) an BE 4-9) oes te Broine 23. Find the shots distance botweon the at, enht dn = (+2) 4) +22i +3] + 6K) F=(Gi+3) Bh) + m2i +3] 468) 24, Find the vector and Carteslan eqiaton of the plane which paso thcugh the point (5, 2.4) and perpenchular {ote tne ith drecton eon (223) 25. Find the Cartesian equation of the plane F{(6>20/ +(3"0)) +(25+ i 26. Find the point of intersection of the lino’ 6. sow yw zy oe oy BY 27. Find the foot of the perpendicular drawn trom the point (6, ~2, 5) to the straight line passing through the point (4.4. 2) having divection ratios 1, 4-3. (rere eB +B") 28. Aine **2 22 cats the v2 plane and xy plane atA and 6 wespectvey. Find 2 Lot A= (1, 2,3), Blas (3, 4:5) thon (1) Difestion ratios of AB line’ eainot be (2, 2, 2) (2), Direction ratios ot Ad are (-1, 1, —1) @) Direction ration of AB aro (1. 1. 1) @) Direction™Gosine of AB line may be (er es) The distance of point Pla, b,c) from the x-axis is \orve? @ are © Vata? we ‘The angle between the lines 2x = ay = -2 and era ny= az is oo @) 9 @ 45° (@) 30° tne tines =O ¥ #4 21 ang xery ko 2 4 the value of kis ms @o os @- ‘are at right angles, then ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Ofc : Aakash Tower, 8, Puss Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams (Level!) x-2_y-3 2-4 10. The tnos 252-453-254 ang MA =2 2-8 oe tana 1-15? - 25 are coptaner i () k=0k=2 KE pas 2 °@ 42528 ) k= 3 kes 11. the tines xtt_y_z ‘are paral to each other. then value Beet 24 of s, twill be 5 17 a 6% age s 7 @ 39 4a 12 Find the distance of plane through (1, 1,-4)/and xotly-tlet perpendicular tothe tine *54= ¥=1- 229 trom the origin is a 4 o> as 7 OE wt 13. Tho oquation of ine through the poirt @ 1. 3) and which is equally inclined to axis, x2 oy P-% @ o OR BB 4 15. 16 "7. “Three Dimensional Geometry | 55 A point ata distance of /6 from the origin which Wes on the straight ine X=1-¥=2_2+4 G1Atg2 2 wa be (9 4. e029 5,10, 6) 52-8 o&22 #622) “The equation of ai parallel to z-axis passing through (a, b,c) and “The eauation of the ine passifig through the point (1, 2,=4) and perpendicular to lines Be y+19 | 16 @ a ® ae js] and B=21-K, then the point of intersection of the lines Fxa-Bxd and Pubuaxb i m1.) 2 6-1.1) ® @1.-1) @) 1.1) ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-t10005 Ph.011-4762545056) Three Dimensional Geometry 8. 19, a 24 Board & Competitive Exams (Level) Distance between two paral planes 2x + y +22 and dx + 2y" 4245 =O le a 6 o> a> 7 2 os @ 3 ‘The stance ofa point (1,2 3) fom the plane x— y+ 28 and parallel tothe ine 2=% = 2 is 7 @1 os 1% ‘The plane passing through the point (-2, ~2, -3) and Containing the line joining the points (1, 1, 1) anc (1,1, 2) makes an intercept a, b,c along x. yand a4at axis respectively, then T+ 42 ms @a @s @1 Equation of plane parallel to 3x + Ay + 82~6 = 0, 6x'* By + 10z~ 16 = 0 and equidistant from them! () axsay+sz=7 — @) ax+4y+5z=10 © Bx+8y+ 10z=0 4) Bxe8y+ 10723 I the plane 3x ~ 4y + 5z = 0 is parallel to willbe. wt as 2 ota w2 Lines 7 =a, +25, and 7 = ay +8, wale in a plane i () xd =0 @) G5, xB, =0 @) 8) (6, xb)=0 () 5x5, =0 “Te equation ofa plane through the point (2, 9. 1) and (15°) and poralel fo one ()atyeae=? @ysaz=7 @ x-az=7 ( yeare7 25. 26. ar. 28. 29. a 2. The tine. les exactly in the 7. then value of kis plane 2x 4y +2 m7 @7 @1 (@) No real value Find the equation of plane containing the tine xty—2=0=2x~y-+2 and passing through the point (1, 2,1) () at 2y+2=1 @ x-ytz=0 @xryrz=0 — (@) 2x+3y42=2 The direction ratios of the normal to the plane passing through origin and line of intersection of the planes x + 2y +32 = 4 and 4x + Sy + 224 can be (4.2.3) @ 20 @ 23.1) @ @1.2) ‘A.unit vector normal tothe plane through the points 7, 2] ana 3k is (1) si3j +28 @ F62]+38 ef sa] 2k is2jssk ey Ses @ er The tines x = ay ¥b, z= cy +d and x= ly + 8, 25 cy «vill be perpendicular if and only if Maer or $4= 0 @) aa tor =0 ees b= 0) aa + bb’ + oe = 0 The planes x— ay + 42-1 =0 and ke — Ay +32 ‘0 are perpendicular then value of kis: ( 24 @ 2 @ 2 @o ‘The equation of a plane passing through the Intersection of planes x +2y+ 32-5 =O and 3x ~ 2y— 21 = 0 axes and cutting equal intercepts fom the ox and o2 axes, (1) Sxeay+az-3: @) Sx+2y+52-9) @ Sx+2y+4az-9 (@) 2e-ayeaze ‘The locus represented by xy + yz = 0 fs (1) Pair of perpendicular lines (2) Pair of paraliel ines (@) Pair of parallel planes (@) Pair of perpendicular planes ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Offco : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams (Level! 33 2s. a7. 28 39 ‘The roltection of point (a, B, 7) in the xy-plane Is 1) (@, B,0) 2 0.0.9 @) Co-B.y @) (8-9 ‘The sine of the angle between the straight line x2 48 2 and plane 2x-2y+2-5=0 10 4 © oe O oe 23 v2 @ 28 a2 2512443 225 i parattel to the te tne ine AS44492 25 oe paral to th lane px + 2y—2+5= 0, hen the vale of p we @2 4 1 ot 4 1 distances of (-1, 2, 9) from x.y. z axis aed, dy, dy tospoctively and the distantoe from x9, ¥2, 2x planes are da. dy, dy thon tho valud'oF Seats O) JE+VIB+JO+6 @) V2+V8+6 @) VE+Vi9+7 @) Vas Ber A ling with direction cosings, proportional to 2.11.2 moots each of the lines X= y+ a= 2nd Xs a= 2y = 22. The co-ordinates ofeach of the, points of intersection is (1) @a, 8a, 8a), (2a, a, a) @) Ga, 2a, 30), (a, a, a) ©) (a, 20, 30), (a, @, 20) (@) (3a, 32, 3a), (2, a, a) ‘The equation of the plane containing the line xed 259 = 242 and the point (0, 7,7) is GO) xryee @ xtyez=0 Qxvyez @ xtyez [Miscellaneous] A plane x-~ 3y + Sz = d passes through the point (2,4), Intercepts on the axes are (1) 1,-5.8 @) 1,-5.3 @) ~16,5,-3 (4) 1,-6, 20 a 43. 45, “Three Dimensional Geometry {157 ‘The postion vectors of points A and B are j— +38 and 374+3]-2% respectively. The equation of a Blane is 7 (87 +2)—7k)=0. The points A and (1) Ue on tho plano @) Are on the same sie of the plane {®) Are on the opposite sides of the plane (4) Nothing can be sai ‘The vector equation ofthe plane through the point (2,1, 1) and passing through the line of intorsection of the plane #,7+3)-&)=0 and FG +2h=0 1) FG49}41%)=0 @) FUs9] 41%) =6 © FU-3j-13%)=0 ‘The tines x ty +23 = 0 =2x-y+52—6 and xny e+ 1=0= 2x4 y+ Te— kare coplanar then’ K equals: (@) F42i-3]-4k)=0 «) 10 en 2 as The line 7 3 4AB wit not meet the plane 7-Fi=q ' ane @ @) BiieO.dieg @Qdr-0a%eq A) BAe, ina The plane 7 hq will contain the line 7 1) BRe0.an—g — @) BiivOdiea @ 6 a) =a “The projection of the tine segment joing the points (1, 2,3) and (4, 5, 6) on the. plane Betyez= tis m4 @ vs @s we The line x + 2y—2-3=0=x+ 3-2-4415 parallel to () xy plane @) y-zplane © zxplane @) zaxis ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-476234565B Three Dimensional Geometry Board & Competitive Exams (Level) 47, ‘The shortest distance between the ines x=y=z 48 The co-ordinates of the paint P on the line y and the tine 2x-+y +2 — ye 22-218 FaG+]+ky+A-i+]—R) which is nearest to the origin is oy aw of wo 8 aaa ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Offco : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Raed, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47625456Chapter 12 Three Dimensional Geometry SOLVED EXAMPLES Example 1: Find the Image of the point (p,q, #) with respect to the plane 2x + y + 2 = 6. Hence find the xot_y-2_ 2-3 with respect to the plane. 52 =2 52 with respect tothe pl Solution: Let Bip’, q’, 7) be the imagalot A(p, 4.) with respect to the given plane 2x+ y+ image ofthe tine Ae. an) = AB is perpendicular to the given plane and $9 its ‘equation is given by xop_y-a_zor TF hap.a.n Any point on the line AB may be taken a8)p + 22, @ +2.) Let the coordinates of B be (p + 23, 1A a) tna he coordinates OFM are (e+ ° thine 9 on the given plane a il 7) which lies on the given pl fence 29+ a va ee a = le Hence the required image of the given point (p, q,/) with respect to the plane a | 8-2p 3 3 (p+32240=29-2" g tg, (12-P-20-2 8-2p420-r ,, 8=20-a+2r os The given straight ine is xt y-2 2-3 7a ‘Any point on this tine may be taken as (1 + 2u, 2+ 1, 3+ 4y) ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogc. Ofce: Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa load, Now Delhi-110005 Ph, 011-4762345660) Three Dimensional Geometry JE (Advanced) (Lovet Lot two points on the line be P(t. 2, 3) and O(3, 3, 7) forw=0,u=1 Let F” and @' be the image of P and @ respectively with respect to the given plane Hence the required image of the given tine *>4-.¥=2 - £3 win respect to the given pane 3y-5_3z-8 Prove that the lines whose aifeation cosines are given, by the equations | sm + n= 0 and in — 5 mn + 2nl = 0 are mutwaly perpendicular. Solution : Let J, my, m; and ly, m) Ry be. the’ Girection’GBBines of the two lines’ salistying the equations [+ m+ n=O and Sin ~ Sin + 2nl = 0 ims 6m + mm) — 210 HO, Sim + Sim + Sm? 20? ~2im = 0 + 286m 5ma-0 “ + 3 —4in— 50? =0 tla 8 nym 3 ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rog. Offce: Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Dahi-110005 Ph 011-47623456SEE (Advanced) (Lovell) “Three Dimensional Geometry (161 Ma ame 757 3 o From (0) and (i) it follows that hp + mm, + any ‘The two straight lines are perpendicular Example 37 If, my. 1y7lg my, nly My, gare drecton cosines of three mutually perpendicular fines OA 08, OC thon show that the fino OF whose dracon cosines are proportional 1 1, ly ly im, #1, my my ©, ny, tako equal angles with thom. Solution: According tothe question, OA, OB and OC are mutually perpendicular to each other hhenco Wl# mgm nyng= 0 y+ mam, + nun, = 0 1, + mam, ng =8 Let m,n be the drgeton gosines of OP, then 1 7 a [1th mem, $M, +h cm nt 1 Tiana amin Lhe the vo Let 6, be the erigla Between OA and OP. then sr I amg My yg M3 Fy EY +t els > Boe ‘Similarly, @ and y be the angle Bétwoen OB and OP, between OC and OP respectively, then cos 0 4 cosp = i, + mfp in, = Fe 1 cosy = ty + mm, + nny = we 050 = cose = cosy = _OP makos equal angle with OA, OB and OC. Example 4: Two systems of rectangular axes have the same origin. if'@ plane cuts them at distances , b,c, and a, b, 6, fom the origin. a4 Feta ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - ogc. Offico : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa load, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623458, Show that i+ aj62) Trvee Dimensional Geometry EE (Advanced) (Levert) Solution : Let the plane intersects two rectangular systems (x, y, 2) and (X, ¥, Z) at a, by, 6, and a, bp, 6 respectively. Then the equation of the plane in the two systoms are givan by “ 2 2 y e y Hence the length of perpendicular drawn from x ‘origin to the plane wil be same in bath the x system Example 5: Find the shortest distahce between an} two opposte edges Of 2 etfahadral formed by the planes yornOnsz=Oxrynoneyer= Bag Solution : The oiven planes are yer=0 xtz=0 xey=0 and xty tae Be. Clearly the ft three planes intersect at (0, 0, 0) zex-0/|\ EOP wy Let OAC be the tetrahedral Lot the equation of one of the pair of opposite edges OA and BC be: ytz=0,.x42=0 xtysO.xtytz= Ba which can be expressed in symmetrical form a8 y=0_ 2-0IEE (Ravanced) Lovett) “Three Dimensional Geometry (163) aa AT Let m,n the direction cosines of the line of shortest distance, then J+ m-=n=0 and |-m=0 toma VP emt en? 1 a4 we 4 mana ee 6 Hence the longth of shortest distance = 2+ U2 yim + ee 219) 1 4 2 = [plo 00-or+ a Z| a Example 6: STATEMENT-1 > There vil.be exactly two lines\which are making an aigle 30° with = = 3°24 and passing through (1, 1, 1) and 'STATEMENT-2 : From any point outside the lite L these are two lines which are making an angio fouiion: —Clety tase eri mo BU ina BG SH 8 Pl and making an aoe 0 (+3) wan ne oe oe ait. @.0. 0) ‘The statement 1 and 2 are correct and statement 2s a correct explanation of statement 1 Example 7: STATEMENT-1 : The direction ratios of the line joining origin and point Pa, b, ©) are a, b, 6 and STATEMENT-2:1FP(x. 3:3) boa point in space then recon cosines of OP are 5. Yo, E, P| for or] ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Offico : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456G4!) Three Dimensional Geometry SJE (Advanced) (Lovett) Solution : (x2) 40, 0, 0) x Bonga Jenn imi i coin et nl sie I sa ences rection aos ar x Jz ‘The statoment 1 and 2 are correct and statement 2 is a correct explanation of statement 1 and Example 8 = () A plane passing through the point with position (p)_F = +mb+né. where m and n vector & and parallel to vectors Band & ‘are scalars (©) A plane passing through the points with position vectors & ahd.b. and paralo! to the vector 6 (©) A plane passing through three points With ° position vectors 8.5,é (©) A tine passing through the points with position. (6) F = +m{b~a)+ nb vector & and parallel to the vector 6 —é Solution: A> (p), B > (8), > (9, 3 @) (A) The equation of a'plafe passing through the point wth position vector @ and parallel to vectors B&G can be put in the form J (a4 x6)=0 99 the vectors 74,5 &E are coplanar. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogal Offco : Aakash Towa, 8, Pusa Road, Now Dalhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456JE (Advanced) (Levelt) ‘Three Dimensional Geometry | 65 =Wba-85a ‘iso F-8,B,6 being coplanar, Fa can be exprassed as a linear combination of Band &, that is 7d = bond giving 7 = +mb-+né, () The equation of the plane passing through & and B and parallel to & can be putin the form 0 as the vectors F— 7—B and & are coplanar, (©) The equation of the plane passing through th points 4,6 & & Is (7-4) (6-ayx(@—a)=0 a 8,28 and KE ae coplanar (D) The equation of a line passing through the point @ and 7 parallel to 6-¢ is given by Mb -€). Example 9 : Find the reflection of plane 2x ~ Sy + 42 — On te ple xy += 3 Solution : Levee poison the pie 2x By Ar -9 = 0be a(2.0,0) 00.1. 0) ans {0.0.2} Lot image of A, B and C be AN Bt ahd 4 yo 0 A29) 2a 3 Equation of plane A’ B.C 5 Syst 2 Sy. ae 4 +d z-dleo 3 43,9 2 +3 29 Ss 4e-sy+2z-15=0 ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rog Office : Askssh Tower, 8, Puss Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456(66) Three Dimensional Geometry SJE (Advanced) (Lovett) Example 10 : Solution : IW the direction cosines of a variable straight line In two adjacent positions be |. m,n andl + a m+ m, n + én, then find the intintely smal! angie 80 between two positions. ‘As per given situation Prmen (1+ 89 + (m+ bmp + (n+ Bn) 1(1- 8) + mn(om + 8m) +0( +0) [P+ + nF reat) + (mm) + (0-48) wet) via oa Value of if there exists a plane passing through tne tine X43. YE 2*1 and perpendicuar to the!line By =1_2+4 tne = 1.6 mo @4 on w 2 SECTION -B Objective Type Questions (More than one options are correct) “The airection cosines of a ine equally inclined with the coordinate axes are 444 RBS 444 144 “Fas ORES Let PN be the perpendicular from the point (1, 2,3) to xy-plane. I OP makes an angie ce with positive direction of the z-axis and ON makes an ‘angle P with the positive direction of x-axis, where (O's the ongin (and fare acute angles), then @) cosacos i= wae 0) tans @ tanp=2 ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Offco Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456