READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on
pages 2 and 3.

Listening to the Ocean

The results of some recent research answer some long-standing questions

A The oceans cover more than 70 per cent of the planet's surface, yet until quite recently we knew
less about their depths than about the surface of the Moon. The Moon has been far more
accessible to study because astronomers have long been able to look at its surface, first with the
naked eye and then with the telescope, both instruments that focus light. Until the twentieth
century, however, no instruments were available for the study of Earth's oceans: light, which can
travel trillions of kilometers through the vast vacuum of space, cannot penetrate very far in
seawater.

B It turns out that for penetrating water the best instrument is sound. Curious investigators have long
been fascinated by sound and the way it travels in water. As early as 1490, the artist and scientist
Leonardo da Vinci observed: If you cause your ship to stop and place the head of a long tube in
the water and place the outer extremity to your ear, you will hear ships at a great distance from
you.' It was not until 1826 that two scientists, Colladon and Sturm, accurately measured the speed
of sound in water. Using a long tube to listen under water (as da Vinci had suggested), they
recorded how fast the sound of a submerged bell traveled across Lake Geneva in Switzerland.
What these investigators demonstrated was that water is an excellent medium for sound,
transmitting it almost five times faster than its speed in air.

C A number of factors influence how far sound travels under water and how long it lasts, including
particles, salinity, temperature and pressure. Particles in seawater can reflect, scatter and absorb
certain frequencies of sound, just as certain wavelengths of light may be reflected, scattered and
absorbed by specific types of particles in the atmosphere. In 1943, Maurice Ewing and J L Worzel
conducted an experiment to test the theory that low­frequency waves, which are less vulnerable
than higher frequencies to scattering and absorption, should be able to travel great distances, if
the sound source is placed correctly. The researchers set off an underwater explosion and learned
that it was detected easily by receivers 3,200 kilometers away. In analyzing the results of this test,
they discovered a kind of sound pipeline', known as the deep sound channel'. Sound introduced
into this channel of water could travel thousands of kilometers with minimal loss of signal.

D The US Navy was quick to appreciate the usefulness of low­frequency sound and the deep sound
channel. They developed the Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS), which involved underwater
microphones, called hydrophones, that were placed on the ocean bottom and connected by cables
to onshore processing centers. It was Christopher Clark of Cornell University who soon realised
that SOSUS could be used to listen to whales. Using a SOSUS receiver in the West Indies, he
could hear whales that were 1,770 kilometers away.

E Whales are the biggest of Earth's creatures, yet these animals are r also remarkably elusive.
Scientists wishing to observe blue whales must simply wait in their ships for the whales to surface.
 A few whales have been tracked briefly in the wild in this way but not for very great distances, and
much about them remains unknown. But by using SOSUS, scientists can track the whales and
position them on a map. Moreover, they can track not just one whale at a lime, but many creatures
simultaneously. They can also learn to distinguish whale calls; researchers have detected changes
in the calls of finback whales as the seasons change, and have found that blue whales in different
regions of the Pacific Ocean have different calls.

F SOSUS has also proved instrumental in obtaining information crucial to our understanding of
climate. The system has enabled researchers to begin making ocean temperature measurements
on a global scale, measurements that are key to understanding the workings of heat transfer
between the ocean and the atmosphere. The ocean plays an enormous role in determining air
temperature ­ the heat capacity in only the upper few meters of ocean is thought to be equal to all
of the heat in the entire atmosphere. For sound waves traveling horizontally in the ocean, speed is
largely a function of temperature. Thus, the travel time of a wave of sound between two points is a
sensitive indicator of the average temperature along its path. Transmitting sound in numerous
directions through the deep sound channel can give scientists measurements spanning vast areas
of the globe. Thousands of sound paths in the ocean can be pieced together into a map of global
ocean temperatures, and by repeating measurements along the same paths over time, scientists
can track changes in temperature over months or years.

G Researchers are also using other acoustic techniques to monitor climate. Oceanographer Jeff
Nystuen, for example, has explored the use of sound to measure rainfall over the ocean.
Monitoring changing global rainfall patterns will contribute to understanding major climate change
as well as the weather phenomenon known as El Nino. Since 1985, Nystuen has used
hydrophones to listen to rain over the ocean, acoustically measuring not only the rainfall rate but
also the rainfall type, ranging from drizzle to thunderstorms. By using the sound of rain under water
as a 'natural' rain gauge, the measurement of rainfall over the oceans will become available to
climatologists. In this way, modern society continues to benefit from the investigations of those
who, like Leonardo da Vinci, pursued the answers to some basic questions of nature.
Questions 1 - 4

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1 In the past, it was easier for scientists to study the Moon than the oceans.
2 Techniques for investigating the Moon are the same as techniques for researching the ocean.
3 Measuring temperature changes in the ocean using sound is more time­consuming than other
methods.
4 Hydrophones can distinguish different kinds of rain.

Questions 5-8

Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs, A-G.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

5 examples of things that affect the distance sound can travel in water
6 details of the connection between ocean temperatures and climate
7 details of ways in which light and sound are similar
8 reference to a long­term study of different types of weather
Questions 9-13

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.

9 According to the passage, who conducted research into the rate at which sound travels in water?
A Leonardo da Vinci
B Colladon and Sturm
C Ewing and Worzel
D Jeff Nystuen

10 According to the passage, who conducted research into the distances certain types of sound
waves travel in water?
A Leonardo da Vinci
B Colladon and Sturm
C Ewing and Worzel
D Christopher Clark

11 SOSUS allows whale researchers to

A follow a number of whales at the same time.
B protect whales as they migrate.
C imitate whale calls of different species.
D change the whales' direction of travel.

12 Finback whale calls change

A when scientists track them.
B at different times of year.
C when whales communicate with other species.
D when whales come to the surface.

13 SOSUS allows scientists to

A make accurate maps of the ocean floor.
B measure water level changes.
C investigate ocean currents.
D measure variations in temperature.
READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on
pages 6 and 7.

Boring buildings

There could be more than an economic or nostalgic price to impersonal retail and high-rise
construction; boring architecture may take an emotional toll on the people forced to live with it.

A A growing body of research in cognitive science illuminates the physical and mental toll bland
cityscapes take on residents. Generally, these researchers argue that humans are healthier when
they live surrounded by variety or work in well­ designed, unique spaces, rather than unattractive,
generic ones. Urban policy professor Justin Hollander and architect Ann Sussman review scientific
data to help architects and urban planners understand how, exactly, people respond to their built
surroundings, particularly at work. People, they argue, function best in intricate settings, not 'big,
blank, boxy offices'.

B Indeed, that's what Colin Nellard, a neuroscientist at the University of Waterloo in Canada, has
found in his work. Five years ago, Nellard became interested in a certain building ­ the gigantic
Whole Foods Market 'plopped into' a notoriously textured part of lower Manhattan in New York.
Nellard partnered with the Guggenheim Museum to analyze what happens when someone walks
out of a tiny neighborhood restaurant and encounters a full city block with nothing but 'the long,
blank facade of the Whole Foods Market' building.

In 2011, Nellard led small groups on Lower East Side walks to measure the effect of the urban
environment on them. Participants recorded their response to questions at each stopping point
and wore sensors that measured skin conductance, a response to emotional excitement. Passing
the monolithic Whole Foods Market, people's state of arousal plummeted. Physiologically, Nellard
explained, they were bored. To describe this place, they used words like 'bland' and 'passionless'.
In contrast, one block east at the other test site ­ a 'lively sea of restaurants with lots of open doors
and windows' ­ people measured high levels of excitement, and they listed words like 'lively', and
'socializing'. Nellard explains that the main objective of urban design should be to produce some
kind of novelty or change every few seconds; otherwise, we become cognitively disengaged.

C The trick, it seems, is to design a world that excites but doesn't overload our faculties with a
constant barrage of information. We are, as animals, programmed to respond to thrill,' said
professor Brendan Walker. In Walker's 'thrill laboratory' at the University of Nottingham in the UK,
devices measure heart rate and skin conductance to see how people respond to adrenaline­
producing experiences such as a roller­coaster ride. A thrilling encounter moves us quickly from a
state of equilibrium to a desirable 'disorientation'. 'Humans want a certain element of turmoil or
confusion,' he said. 'Complexity is thrilling whether in an amusement park or architecture.'

D Psychologists have found that awe­inspiring moments can potentially improve our well­being. One
study conducted by Melanie Rudd, Kathleen Vohs and Jennifer Aaker of Stanford University in the
US showed that the feeling of 'awe' can make people more patient and less materialistic. In an
 experiment, the researchers showed students 60­second clips of waterfalls, whales, or astronauts
in space. After only a minute of virtual images, those who said they were awed also felt less
pressed for time. And in another variation, people made hypothetical choices between physical
and experiential goods of equal monetary value. Those who had just 'felt awe' were more likely to
choose an experience over a possession, a choice that is linked with greater satisfaction in the
long run. In other words, a visual buzz­ whether architectural or natural ­ might have the ability to
change our frame of mind, making modern­day life more satisfying and interactive.

E It's important to note, however, that architectural boredom isn't about how pristine a street is.
People often confuse successful architecture with whether an area looks pleasant. On the
contrary, when it comes to city buildings, people often focus too narrowly on aesthetics, said
Charles Montgomery, author of Happy City: Transforming Our Lives Through Urban Design. Some
of the happiest blocks in New York City, he argues, are 'kind of ugly and messy'.

In 2014, Montgomery's Happy City lab conducted an experiment in which he found a strong
correlation between messier blocks and pro­social behavior. Montgomery sent researchers, posing
as lost tourists, to places he coded as either 'active' or 'inactive' facades. He concluded that the
former had a high level of interest, that is they were messy, while the latter had no special features
such as long warehouse blocks. Pedestrians at active sites were nearly five times more likely to
offer assistance than at inactive ones. Of those who assisted, seven times as many at the active
site offered use of their phone.

F Fortunately, it's not necessarily a dichotomy ­ new architecture can achieve the optimal level of
cacophony and beauty. Take the 2006 Hearst Tower in midtown Manhattan. Designed by architect
Norman Foster, Hearst Tower is a glass­and­steel skyscraper, 40 stories of which are designed in
a triangular pattern, differing in style from the 1920s Art Deco base. From the outside, the facade
jolts city dwellers from their daily commutes, while energizing employees who enter it each
morning. For many who walk by, Hearst Tower's design may not be the easiest to understand; it's
both sleek and old. The top looks like it traveled from the future. Inside, workers travel upon
diagonal escalators, up a three­story water sculpture, through the tower's historic atrium, flooded
with light. Few New Yorkers who pass by would find this building boring. And they're likely to be
happier ­ maybe even nicer to each other ­ because of it.
Questions 14-18

Reading Passage 2 has six sections, A-F.

Which section contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.

14 a description of a building that has a positive effect.

15 a reference to architecture affecting people's performance in their jobs.
16 examples of the intensity of people's reactions in two urban settings.
17 details of a study where seeing certain pictures reduced people's stress.
18 a claim about feelings experienced in response to both architecture and leisure settings.

Questions 19-23

Look at the following statements (Questions 19-23) and the list of researchers below.

Match each statement with the correct researcher, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D, in boxes 19-23 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

19 The aim of good city planning is to provide variety in architecture.

20 People in untidy areas were more helpful.
21 People who had recently felt amazed, placed less importance on material goods.
22 'Attractive' places are not necessarily the most enjoyable places to be.
23 One particular building failed to provide visual stimulation.

List of Researchers

A Colin N Nellard
B Brendan Walker
C Rudd, Vohs and Aaker
D Charles Montgomery
Questions 24-26

Complete the summary below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.

Hearst Tower

Norman Foster's Hearst Tower was built in 2006. The 40­storey modern triangular ­ patterned building
is made of glass and steel, contrasting with the base which is in the style of the 1920s. The sight of the
building's 24 …………….. has a striking impact on commuters and employees.

Some passers­by may find the building's design confusing, as it mixes old and new elements. Inside
the tower 25…………….. carry employees up past a large water sculpture in the light­filled 26
……………..
READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3.

Marketing and the information age

A For the early practitioners of marketing in information. While some of the information
the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the used is gathered by government bodies
business of selling was simply a matter of such as the Australian Bureau of Statistics
continually finding new customers. By and Statistics New Zealand, most of it is
contrast, marketing managers in the current purposefully gathered by marketing
era recognise the importance of gathering organisations for client companies. In the
information about the market and about process, computer technology is used to
potential customers. They recognise that if manipulate the data and then to present the
companies are to be profitable, customers information in such a way that executives
must gain and retain their perceptions of can readily identify any problems or issues,
value from the brands they buy over a long and quickly arrive at solutions.
time frame, rather than from a single D In order to produce superior value and
transaction. This also means that satisfaction for customers, marketing
customers must see value in returning managers need information at almost every
continually to the stores where they shop, turn. They need information about
as well as to the service providers they deal customers­end­users and resellers ­ as well
with. as competitors and governmental and other
B Marketing practitioners and marketing forces in the marketplace. One marketing
scientists have never worked more closely executive put it this way: "To manage a
than they currently do. There are many business well is to manage its future; and
reasons for this, including the fact that this to manage the future is to manage
is the information age where convergence information." Increasingly, marketers are
in telecommunications, media and viewing information not just as an input for
technology is causing old ways to be making better decisions but also as an
challenged, and new methods and tools to important strategic asset and marketing
be tested. Customer expectations have tool. As household incomes increase,
risen as new technologies allow new choice widens and buyers become better
approaches. For instance, the subscriber ­ discriminating, so sellers need information
TV music channel Channel (V), encourages about how buyers respond to different
its viewers to sign up for text messages products and advertising campaigns.
and email alerts that tell them when their E The supply of information has also
favourite artists and songs are about to be increased greatly. It has been suggested by
broadcast. Competitive advantage lies in the futurist and bestselling author John
being able to recognize which customers Nainbitt that the United States and, by
can be given greater attention, not just observation, developed countries such as
because they demand it but because it Australia, New Zealand and Singapore are
makes commercial sense to provide high moving from industrial to information­based
levels of product quality and service. economies. These post­industrial
C Modern marketing information systems rely economies earn 70­80% of their Gross
on information technology to enable Domestic Product from services, and have
marketing intelligence to be gathered and entered what some commentators have
to store and analyse marketing research
 termed the 'Information Age' or the G One solution is to use a Marketing
'Information Technology Era'. Information System (MIS). This consists of
F One study found that with all the people, equipment and procedures which,
information now available through when put together, are able to gather,
supermarket scanners, a packaged goods analyse, evaluate and distribute needed,
product controller is bombarded with one timely and accurate information to
million to one billion new numbers each marketing decision­makers. The MIS
week. As Naisbitt points out: 'Running out begins and ends with marketing managers.
of information is not a problem, but First, it interacts with these managers to
drowning in it is. Yet marketers frequently assess the information needs they have.
complain that they lack information of the Next, it develops the needed information
right kind but have plenty of the wrong kind, from internal records, marketing
or they claim that marketing information is intelligence activities and the research
so widely spread throughout the process. The analysis unit processes the
organisation that it takes great effort to data to make it more useful and, finally, the
locate even simple facts. In addition, MIS distributes it to managers in the right
subordinates may withhold information they form and at the right time to help them
believe will reflect badly on their make better marketing decisions.
performance and important information H However, the costs of obtaining,
often arrives too late to be useful, or on­ processing, storing and delivering
time information is not accurate. So information can mount quickly. In some
marketing managers need better cases additional information will do little to
information. Although marketing change or improve a manager's decision,
organisations have greater capacity to or the costs of the information will exceed
provide managers with information, they the returns from the improved decision. For
often do not use it well. As a result, many example, if an organization estimates that
marketing organisations are now studying launching a new product without any further
their managers' information needs and information will yield a profit of $500,000,
designing information systems specifically then it would be foolish to spend $30,000
to meet those needs. for additional information that would
increase the profit to only $525,000. By
itself information is valueless ­ its value
comes from its use.
Questions 27-31

Reading Passage 3 has eight paragraphs, A-H.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 27-31 0n your answer sheet

27 the fact that there may be too much information to cope with
28 the relevance of generating repeat business
29 an example of personalised marketing
30 an illustration of a situation where commissioning new information research might not be advisable
31 how the greater wealth of customers enables them to select from a broader range of products

Questions 32-36

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes 32-36 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

32 The majority of marketing statistics are gathered by government agencies.

33 The move from an industrial to an information­based economy has happened more quickly in
New Zealand than in Australia.
34 Employees sometimes hide information that gives a poor impression of them.
35 Managers frequently fail to make good use of the information they receive.
36 Marketing information has to be used to be valuable.
Questions 37-40

Complete the flow-chart below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.

The Marketing Information System (MIS)