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This paper 'A Discussion of the BP Oil Spill' tells that The world we live in can be an amazing, awe-
inspiring place. Most people would probably prefer to be remembered as the generation that were
responsible for great changes in society instead of the generation that ultimately was accountable for
its destruction, The BO oil spill, give humanity an opportunity to see the dangers in their industrial
acts and now have the scientific and technological means to change that legacy. Before we jump into
the remedy we shall see the preparedness methods first, as its much more. Chakrabarty et al. (2012)
reported that the concentrations of Corexit 9500 used during the DWH response were not toxic to
indigenous microbes in the deep-water plume that included bacterial species capable of degrading the
dispersant components, which include hydrocarbons, glycols, and DOSS. Only 3% of the failures
were associated with large-diameter lines, whereas 59% were associated. Operators of aircraft or
boats spraying dispersant need guidance. Some skimmers have trained observers onboard to recover
any entrained sea turtles and to report impacts. Acute biological effects are expected to be slight in
most open-sea. DNA surveys for bacterial 16S rRNA genes from samples collected in June revealed
the dominance of Cycloclasticus and Colwellia, likely degrading propane and ethane preferentially
(Kessler et al., 2011; Valentine et al., 2010). Among these were Oleispira antarctica, Thalassolituus
oleivorans, and Oliphilus messinensis, all of which are bacteria known to degrade hydrocarbons and
tolerate low temperatures that occur in the deep sea. Concern about the effects of dispersants on
birds and marine. Finally, this work will provide technical recommendations and will propose
potential advancements and improvements in oil spill modeling. Located 250 miles south of Houston,
Texas, in the Gulf of Mexico, it, also, threatened coastal Louisiana and Florida. It has had disastrous
impacts on the environment in the region and has adversely affected people inhabiting that region.
This oil spill dispersed about eleven million gallons of oil into Alaskan waters and the oil damaged
coastlines. International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP). Environmental
protection and human health promotion was the main. The alternative to using dispersants would
have been to allow additional oil from the Macondo wellhead to impact GoM coastal marshes and
beaches. Similar to skimming, two boats will often tow a fire-retardant collection boom to
concentrate enough oil to burn. Since businesses touch such a large segment of our society, codes of
ethics must be established and followed to protect the general public. Chemical dispersion is never
done close to the shore, in shallow waters, near coastal communities, or when there is a potential for
winds to carry the chemical spray away from its intended target. I will be contrasting the Deepwater
Horizon and the Exxon Valdez oil spills, but I will be doing a little bit of comparing as well.
Register for a free account to start saving and receiving special member only perks. However, they
have determined that a certain ratio has a limited amount of risk. Also, the herring business never
recovered and only 10 of the 31 species recovered. The focus of this strategy was on promoting
environmental and health. Communicating with responders and decision makers on other ships, on
shore at a command post, or even farther away in the lower 48 states will be an enormous challenge.
In contingency planning, as well as in its implementation, the. Small droplets are easier to disperse
throughout a water. These currents are weaker, but have crucial impact on the oil transport. 4.3. Spill
Response Planning and Environmental Impact Assessment As described above, all analyzed oil spill
models are deterministic trajectory models that predict the movement of an oil spill based on a
specific scenario and varying over time under the prevailing metocean conditions. Deep sea blowout
models are separately reviewed as the processes, the driving models and the data required
differentiate, whether these are coupled or not with surface spill models. 4.1. Operational Response
Models Operational oil spill modeling has the goal of providing support to response authorities in
case of an oil spill, by forecasting the transport and fate of the spill, within a short time period (a few
hours) of notification of the spill occurrence.
Once deployed, response equipment has the potential to ice-over, encounter high winds, or be
grounded from dense fog. On the first day of the spill, Exxon requested an open-burn permit from
the State of Alaska. The. There were 63 incidents of pipeline failures as a result of storm loading.
Done By: Benjamin Lee Liu Wei Wei Li Bailin Rowell Tan. All of the hard booms on shorelines in
Mississippi, Alabama, and the Florida Panhandle were removed by September 7, 2010, and they
were inspected, cleaned, repaired if possible, and stored at sites along the Gulf Coast for further
redeployment should the need arise. 7. Environmentally, the reopening of the Transocean Deepwater
facility is, despite the changes and innovations the company has claimed to prevent a similar
occurrence, could be asking for another disaster. Presently, the BP Transocean Deepwater Horizon
may reopen despite this disaster and continue to obtain oil from the Gulf of Mexico.(Mervin, 2011).
Ethically speaking, is this a risk worth taking. These facts may be weighed when considering the net
environmental benefit to having used dispersants to respond to the DWH oil spill. Of special interest
is the chapter on the biological effects of oil itself and of oil treated with chemical dispersants. They
range from environmental issue to economic, ecological, ethical, politics and policies. If we were to
assume that pipeline systems are all good for at. Acute toxicity of chemically dispersed oils is
generally similar to. Among the public segments that were affected the most by this oil spill. Samuel
O Salufu, SPE, University of Ibadan; and Samson O Ibukun, SPE, Laser. Chris Grant (on boat,
right), a consultant representing the State of Louisiana, uses a pole to check for oil in the marsh
island's sediment. (NOAA) Download Image. The Obama administration also received criticism for
not responding to this crisis quickly enough. Harnessing The Power of Content To Drive Consumer
Behavior, Digiday Content M. The researcher would refer to three microeconomic aspects that can be
focused on the article and show its impact on the real world. Moreover, MEDSLIK-II predicts the
transport of the surface slick due to the water currents and the wind. The fate of the oil in the
subsurface plume remains an active field of research. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please
consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals. Based on
feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read
thousands of publications on our website. While handling the oil spill issue, the company ought to
have avoided. No cases of harmful or prolonged smoke exposure were reported. Work to understand
the fate and effects of the spilled oil is ongoing. At the large scale, the overall biodegradation rate is
increased when dispersants are used effectively (Venosa and Holder, 2007; Venosa and Zhu, 2003).
However, there is considerable dispute as to what are the most effective options for the values of the
drift factor and angle in combination with the sufficient vertical resolution of ocean forecasting
models to resolve the vertical structure of the current flow, so that the motion of the surface layer is
computed accurately. During the DWH oil spill response, chemical oil dispersants were also injected
directly into the stream of oil and gas flowing from the damaged wellhead located 1,522 m below
the surface of the ocean. Acute biological effects are expected to be slight in most open-sea.
As of August 2010, little free-floating oil was remaining, and most of the residual oil was found
along the marsh fringe, where low-pressure flushing was deemed more appropriate (see Appendix D
in SCAT, 2010). The author states that the oil spill was due to a gas leak that was in the oil rig which
resulted from the accumulation of hydrocarbons at the Mexican Gulf. A conceptual flow diagram of
the OpenDrift model is included in Figure 3. Slicks on very calm water to which dispersants were
applied were. To this day, fishermen continue to find shrimp with improperly formed eyes and crabs
with malformed or absent claws. OECD Global Forum on the Environment dedicated to Per- and
Polyfluoroalkyl Su. MET Norway uses in-house high-resolution ocean circulation and meteorological
models as forcing for providing operational oil spill forecasts with OpenOil. The impacts of these
application methods are discussed in detail below. This makes the exxon valdez oil spill the worst oil
spill ever witnessed in the U. Among the tools being tested are unmanned aerial aircraft, autonomous
underwater vehicles, balloons with cameras, as well as drifter buoys tracked by space satellites. In
the case of the DWH oil spill, it has been suggested that oiled Gulf Coast marshes will recover by
natural attenuation because prior research has demonstrated their intrinsic resilience (DeLaune and
Wright, 2011). Until this massive and unprecedented collection of data is complete and the results
made available, any assessment of the impacts of the response technologies will not be fully
informed. The fires were started in January 1991 during the gulf war. Journal of Functional
Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK). We work together with the responsible parties to identify both
the harm to natural resources and lost recreational uses. Three of the four tide gauges were based on
absolute. Other possible reasons for the disproportionate number of failures associated with oil lines
have. Open source-code models are only GNOME, MEDSLIK-II, OILTRANS, MOHID, and
OPENOIL, providing freely available software for users. Consequently, vessels would often queue
up at the recovery. Before we jump into the remedy we shall see the preparedness methods first, as
its much more. Both product formulations used in the GoM—Corexit 9527 and 9500—were
approved by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the National Contingency Plan
for the treatment of oil spills. Lagrangian oil spill fate and transport models used for operational
purposes, such as GNOME, MOTHY, POSEIDON-OSM, MEDSLIK, MEDSLIK-II, OpenOil,
OSCAR, OILMAP, SIMAP, MOHID, OILTRANS, OSERIT, OILTOX, and Delft3D-Part, have
been implemented operationally and have been validated in several real oil spill cases. As landfill
space becomes restricted, the cost of disposal of contaminated soils may go up. The use of chemical
dispersants was controversial from a public point of view because of concerns about dispersant
toxicity, the potential for dispersants to make oil more bioavailable (thus making dispersed oil more
toxic than nondispersed oil), and the persistence of dispersants, dispersed oil, or dispersant
byproducts. The model is publicly available for use by the broader academic, response, and oil spill
planning communities. Generally, there is a need for a more realistic description of biodegradation
kinetics in oil spill models, including oil composition, dispersed oil droplets-water interface, but also
other important parameters that may limit biodegradation rate such as microbial population, biofilm
formation, and availability of dissolved oxygen and nutrients, to enable a more accurate prediction
and evaluation of possible bioremediation scenarios and risk assessment in the mid- and long-term.
European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education (EJIHPE). Trace metal
concentrations, particularly of aluminum, iron, and manganese, increased significantly from DWH
crude oil, to surface mousse, and then to the marsh sediment, suggesting that clay minerals and
dissolved metals were aggregated during oil weathering and mousse transportation. Keramea P,
Spanoudaki K, Zodiatis G, Gikas G, Sylaios G. Thus, natural attenuation of some oil will occur
without technological interventions.
OpenOil is applied by MET Norway forced by CMEMS for hydrodynamics and ocean state and
NOAA’s GFS for wind fields, while high-resolution local forecasting models are also easily coupled
and implemented. The paper is structured as follows: in Section 2, the physical transport and the
physico-chemical OWPs are described; in Section 3, the state-of-the-art oil spill models are critically
reviewed; Section 4 presents a critical comparison of existing oil spill models, while Section 5
proposes technical recommendations and modeling improvements. British Petroleum. Retrieved from
The Daily Green. (2013). The BP gulf of mexico oil spill update read more: Gulf oil spill - update on
bp oil spill cleanup in the gulf of mexico - the daily green follow us. Concern about the effects of
dispersants on birds and marine. People were experiencing respiratory issues, skin rashes, serious
headaches, and confusion or disorientation. There are some restrictions on how the treated soil can be
reused. Corexit chemical indicators were observed in 79 percent of offshore water column samples in
a wide range of concentrations, but only in a small fraction ( DWH oil spill, but were likely related
to stormwater discharge (Hayworth and Prabakhar Clement, 2012). Emulsified droplets may remain
in the water column for longer time periods (from months to years). The application of an open-apex
deflection (“funnel”) technique facilitated the burning of oil within a fire boom as newly captured oil
was fed into the burn. Space expansion: cultural considerations, long term perspectives, and spiritu.
These validations used state-of-the-art models (OILMAPDEEP for the nearfield and SIMAP for the
far field) and were based on observations of the oil spill openly accessible to the public. Even though
this oil spill happened all the way back in 1989, there are still a few future concerns. It was argued
that filling the 2.5-km stretch would stem the influx of oil from the GoM into Mississippi Sound,
while decreasing the salinity in the sound, which would help to maintain the oyster population
(Webb et al., 2011). Approximately 235,000 tons of sediment were used during the project between
July 2010 and April 2011. Lee Clarke of Rutgers University underscored the fact that what most oil
and gas companies have currently are what he calls “symbolic planning” and “fantasy documents”
upon which crisis strategies are built, and which is partially to blame for the Exxon Valdez oil spill
(Morse, 2004). Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (TropicalMed). The Niger Delta consist of
diverse ecosystems of mangrove swamps, fresh water swamps, rain forest and is the largest wetland
in Africa and among the ten most important wetland and marine ecosystems in the world, but due to
oil pollution the area is now characterized by contaminated streams and rivers, forest destruction and
biodiversity loss in general the area is an ecological wasteland. The animal life that lives in the water
or near the. Institutional Review Board Statement Not applicable. Dr. NN Chavan Keynote address
on ADNEXAL MASS- APPROACH TO MANAGEMENT in the. Cameron International
Corporation is a Fortune 500 company and a global provider of pressure control, processing, flow
control and compression systems, as well as project management and aftermarket services for the oil
and gas and process industries. We use cookies to create the best experience for you. There is an
acceptable level of risk that is allowed within the oil industries. However, the overall volume of
ocean impacted by the oil will increase, which may have adverse effects especially for subsurface
biota. They skim or scoop oil from the water surface so it can be collected for proper disposal.
Mbarrett, P. (2013). Spillapalooza: How Bp Got Screwed In The Golf. Regarding the DWH oil spill,
two factors raised important research questions: (1) the depth of the spill and (2) the large-scale
application of emerging new technologies, such as subsurface injection of dispersants and oceanic in
situ burning. Adult Participants 44 oil spill affected adults from Buras and nearby cities. In the wake
of the Exxon Valdez oil spill—one of the worst U.S. spills in history—responders took shovels and
hoses in hand. However, given the diluted and dispersed nature of the DWH oil spill, skimmers were
only able to capture between 75,000 to 300,000 barrels of oil. OECD Global Forum on the
Environment dedicated to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Su.
The government of the country has imposed heavy penalties on the company due to the inflationary
costs in the economy. The risk assessment process began with collecting data and compiling research
to determine, both, short term and long term risks to the ecosystem, wildlife, and humanity.
However, there is considerable dispute as to what are the most effective options for the values of the
drift factor and angle in combination with the sufficient vertical resolution of ocean forecasting
models to resolve the vertical structure of the current flow, so that the motion of the surface layer is
computed accurately. Oil Spill Modeling: A Critical Review on Current Trends, Perspectives, and
Challenges. We are dependent upon oil to facilitate and power modern society. No doubts oil spills
are responsible for the plight of coastal communities, economic losses experienced in some global
nations, as well as climatic change (Read 42). The toxicity of weathered oil to turtle eggs was
assumed to be low (OSAT, 2011a). Secondary data was used and analysed using descriptive method.
It has had disastrous impacts on the environment in the region and has adversely affected people
inhabiting that region. Each pseudo-component is handled as a single item with relative vapor
pressure and relative mole fraction and molecular weight, and the total evaporation rate of the slick is
the sum of the individual rates. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2021; 9(2):181. Their
model has been validated with measurements from the 1990s North Sea field experiments, and as it
requires limited data, it could be successfully incorporated into operational response oil spill models.
Different oil industry’s entities filed suits that sought compensation for. According to Owen and
Pickering (2006), the Gulf oil spill left a devastating environmental impact, which might take a long
time to account for an integral part of Gulf War cost. OECD Environment gaps in hybrid cookstove
literature call for future research to develop sust. Adult Participants 44 oil spill affected adults from
Buras and nearby cities. The second type is a containment boom that is used to surround pooled oil
so it can be removed by skimmers. Environmental protection and human health promotion was the
main. Captain Musaed Salman Team Leader Oil Spill Response. CONTENTS. Introduction. KPC the
corporate KPC Plan content. In order to accomplish this same integrative step, each stand-alone
system should be available to the oil spill systems, environmental data from the CMEMS, the
national ocean forecasting systems, and the oil spill information via monitoring platforms (REMPEC,
EMSA CSN). The use of chemical oil dispersants offshore can be effective in preventing heavy oiling
of sensitive coastal environments, such as beaches and wetlands, and in mitigating risks associated
with marine and terrestrial wildlife coming into direct contact with a surface oil slick. At the large
scale, the overall biodegradation rate is increased when dispersants are used effectively (Venosa and
Holder, 2007; Venosa and Zhu, 2003). Find support for a specific problem in the support section of
our website. The application of an open-apex deflection (“funnel”) technique facilitated the burning
of oil within a fire boom as newly captured oil was fed into the burn. Figure 5: Loss of Consumer
Surplus D1 S2 P2 S1 P1 D2 (Source: Authors Creation) As states in the above diagram, the sudden
supply shock in the oil has created an upward shift in the supply curve from S1 to S2. The volume of
turbulent mixing is widely represented via an eddy diffusivity coefficient. Let us analyze what would
happen if the government refused to allow offshore drilling to occur. Globalcompose.com sample
research paper on analysis of type function model an. For Later 0% 0% found this document useful,
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document. On the other hand, dissolution is supported by a limited number of models, namely,
SIMAP, GNOME, OSCAR, OILTRANS, MEDSLIK-II, and MOHID.
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (TropicalMed). A further factor for consideration is that
only 3 years have passed since the spill started, and many substantial impacts may not become
apparent for several more years. I learned that it’s better to clean up the spill sooner rather than later
because in the Exxon Valdez oil spill, there were a lot more future impacts due to the delayed clean
up. The toxicity of the dispersant alone was lower than that of LSC or dispersed LSC. SOURCE:
Federal Interagency Solutions Group, 2010. Hence the overall ecological impact of oil will likely be
reduced by. The potential for damage to pipelines from impact with trawling gear in the Gulf of
Mexico is not. When crude oil is spilled on the sea, an oil slick is formed, i.e., a thin oily layer
floating on the sea surface, affected by the large-scale advective processes dominated by currents,
winds, and waves leading to center of mass slick transport (order of tens to hundreds of meters per
day), and the slow, low-scale, diffusive processes reshaping the slick (order of centimeters to meters
per day) responsible for modifying contaminants’ concentration. The submerged oil droplets increase
by virtue of their buoyancy, which is forced by means of their droplet size and the density difference
among oil and water. This led to lots of animals dying and thirty-one species were affected. British
Petroleum. Retrieved from The Daily Green. (2013). The BP gulf of mexico oil spill update read
more: Gulf oil spill - update on bp oil spill cleanup in the gulf of mexico - the daily green follow us.
Another source of uncertainty is that, for computational purposes, oil spill models divide the slick
into Lagrangian elements (LEs) or particles and track their movement, which does not directly
provide an oil concentration or thickness at specific locations. Technical Working Groups were
established within the Core Groups to deal with particular habitat issues and treatment
recommendations and to establish “no further treatment” (NFT) criteria for sandy shorelines, coastal
marshes and mangroves, and human-constructed shorelines. This discussion illustrates how the
exxon valdez oil tanker was run aground on March 24, 1989, and how it spilled about 11 million
gallons of oil into the Prince William Sound area. When oil enters the marine environment, abiotic
weathering processes (evaporation to the air, dissolution in water, emulsification with water,
dispersion, and photodegradation) (see Appendix G in SCAT, 2010) alter properties of the oil
(density, viscosity, water content, surface and interfacial tensions), which ultimately define its fate.
For several coastal applications in the Mediterranean basin, local high-resolution forecasting systems,
which are nested in CMEMS Med MFC products, are used for providing met ocean forcing for
operational oil spill forecasting with MEDSLIK-II. The ?Initial? volume calculation method is
intended to be a first. The majority of existing oil spill models do not consider significant physical
processes, such as oil dissolution, photo-oxidation, biodegradation, and vertical mixing. From the
laboratory data, they develop an algorithm for droplet size based on a modified Weber law that
accounts for the effects of dispersant. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data
mining, AI training, and similar technologies. Any oil spill in the ocean is a death sentence for sea
birds. Some. For more information on the journal statistics, click here. Theory of Demand The low of
demand in economics states that the rise in price for a commodity or a service is inversely related to
its quantity demanded, assuming that all other factors affecting demand are constant (Ceteris
Paribus). These were the emasures the Royal Dutch Shell Company primarily took to improve its
image in the public eye as well as to save the environment from any damage in the future. The
explosion caused a sea-floor level oil blowout, and crude oil was leaked into the surrounding water
for three months before a solution was found. Dr. Susan Welsh of LSU has provided us with
preliminary information about the deep currents. ADIOS Oil Database. Available online: (accessed
on 10 December 2020). It is also very dangerous to the animals and their habitat. It started after an
explosion on a drilling platform. The researchers hypothesized that the addition of dispersant and
dispersed oil to the northern GoM from the DWH incident may have reduced the carbon transfer to
higher organisms and potentially decreased zooplankton and fish production on the shelf.