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The ultimate goal of assessing student fitness in the school environment should be to educate
students on the importance of maintaining a physically active lifestyle throughout the life span. In
the 1960s, the intent of movement education was to apply four movement concepts to the three
domains of learning (i.e., cognitive, psychomotor, and affective). Your completed high-grade
dissertation will then be uploaded to your Essaywriter account. During the past 15 years, physical
education has once again evolved to connect body movement to its consequences (e.g., physical
activity and health), teaching children the science of healthful living and skills needed for an active
lifestyle (NASPE, 2004). Further, several differences emerged across various brain regions that
together make up the network associated with cognitive control. Their expertise in age-appropriate
physical activity helps ensure that students are participating in activities that are fun and engaging.
Darling-Hammond and G. Sykes. San Francisco, CA: ERIC. Pp. 30-32. Table of Contents How
“Dissertation Proposal” Can Help You. Several studies (Hillman et al., 2005, 2009; Pontifex et al.,
2011) have examined the P3 component of the stimulus-locked ERP and demonstrated that higher-fit
children have larger-amplitude and shorter-latency ERPs relative to their lower-fit peers. Additional
ways to overcome the barriers to quality physical education include scheduling time for physical
education, ensuring reasonable class size, providing nontraditional physical education activities,
making classes more active and fun for all students, and acknowledging the importance of role
modeling and personal investment and involvement in participation in physical activity among staff.
Research Monograph No. 13. Madison: National Institute for Science Education, University of
Wisconsin. It is defined in Chapter 1 as “a planned sequential K-12 standards-based program of
curricula and instruction designed to develop motor skills, knowledge, and behaviors of healthy
active living, physical fitness, sportsmanship, self-efficacy, and emotional intelligence.” As a school
subject, physical education is focused on teaching school-aged children the science and methods of
physically active, healthful living (NASPE, 2012). American Journal of Health Promotion 26(4):208-
211. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 58(2):M176-
M180. An efficient physical education program ought to consist of appealing lessons, skilled P.E.
instructors, appropriate training durations, and trainee assessment. These brain regions are important
for cognition, as they have been implicated in the cognitive control of attention and memory
processes. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 81(2):189-198. Chaddock and colleagues
(2010b) further observed that higher-fit children exhibited increased inhibitory control and response
resolution and that higher basal ganglia volume was related to better task performance. Fitness
assessment is required in 15 states (29 percent), and other curricular assessments are required in 4
states (0.07 percent). Twenty-six states (53 percent) require physical education grades to be included
in a student’s grade point average. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 30(2):103-115.
Moreover, gymnastics develops and improves physical qualities, such as strength, flexibility,
coordination and specific strength-endurance. You can meditate and focus on your mental and
physical health. As discussed earlier, however, no evidence suggests that physical education and
physical activity have a negative effect on student achievement. Successful applicants will start
enrolling in a PhD program in January 2019. First, programs in which fitness education curricula are
adopted are effective at increasing in-class physical activity (Lonsdale et al., 2013). Second, in other
curriculum models, physical activity is considered a basis for students’ learning skill or knowledge
that the lesson is planned for them to learn. Although these data are correlational, they provide a
basis for further study using other neuroimaging tools (e.g., MRI, fMRI), as well as a rationale for
the design and implementation of randomized controlled studies that would allow for causal
interpretation of the relationship of adiposity to cognitive and brain health. You also have the option
to opt-out of these cookies. Maddison and colleagues (2007), studying children aged 10-14, found
that active video game playing led to significant increases in energy expenditure, heart rate, and
activity counts in comparison with baseline values. The results indicate that the children in the
instructor-led intervention lost more weight at the end of the intervention than those in the self-help
condition. The short- and long-term cognitive benefits of both a single session of and regular
participation in physical activity are summarized.
This paper focuses on children’s participation in physical activity and the benefits physical activity
has on a child’s health. These active games have been incorporated into school wellness centers as
high-tech methods of increasing student fitness levels to supplement the traditional modes for
attaining vigorous- or moderate-intensity physical activity (Greenberg and Stokes, 2007).
Engagement Topics Differentiation is an effective strategy for retaining students’ interest in physical
education classes. Each physical activity session was followed by 5 minutes of rest and the
completion of 36 math problems. The authors found a potential threshold effect whereby only the
50-minute condition improved mathematical performance, with no differences by gender. When the
individual components of the Fitnessgram were decomposed, the researchers determined that only
aerobic capacity was related to test performance. Notably, Davis and colleagues (2011) conducted
one such intervention lasting approximately 14 weeks that randomized 20 sedentary overweight
preadolescent children into an after-school physical activity intervention or a nonactivity control
group. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 166(1):49-55. SOURCE: Large Urban Public
School District, Miami-Dade County Public Schools. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America 101(9):3316-3321. A recent meta-analysis (Lonsdale et al.,
2013) suggests that physical education curricula that include fitness activities can significantly
increase the amount of time spent in vigorous- or moderate-intensity physical activity. Similar results
were found by Lanningham-Foster and colleagues (2009) among 22 children aged 10-14 and adults
in that energy expenditure for both groups increased significantly when playing Wii over that
expended during all sedentary activities. Classical theory suggests that P3 relates to neuronal activity
associated with revision of the mental representation of the previous event within the stimulus
environment (Donchin, 1981). Unfortunately, 44 percent of school administrators reported that these
increases in instructional time for reading and mathematics were achieved at the expense of time
devoted to physical education, recess, art, music, and other subjects (Center on Education Policy,
2007, 2008) (see Table 5-2 ). These barriers reflect a lack of support structure in schools for quality
physical education. This section reviews these barriers, along with some solutions for overcoming
them. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 153(7):695-704. It may also serve as a
preventive measure for adult conditions such as heart disease, high blood pressure, and type 2
diabetes. Sports and marketing make a superb blend of passion, energy, and growth. Although it
would seem reasonable that some substitution programs such as JROTC or cheerleading might
accrue physical activity comparable to that from physical education, these programs do not
necessarily offer students opportunities to learn the knowledge and skills needed for lifelong
participation in health-enhancing physical activities. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
36(11):1937. On the other hand, online courses may not be a successful mode of instruction for
students with poor time management or technology skills. Here is a list of Physical Education
dissertation topics that you can use for free as they are or you can customize them the way you want.
Get professional thesis help from experts - - PhD writers for hire. The activities of the course
generally include aerobics, anaerobic workout (like strength training and sprinting), versatility
training, gymnastics and a wide variety of competitive video games. A student must listen to the
teacher, adhere to classroom procedures, focus on a specific task, hold and retain information, and
make connections between novel information and previous experiences. In secondary schools, P.E. is
typically an option to involvement in arranged sports for trainees to fulfill state requirements for
graduation. As noted earlier, lack of equipment and limited access to facilities are cited as top
barriers in the study by Jenkinson and Benson (2010) (see Tables 5-5 and 5-6 ).
HowellJerryC1987.pdf: 2030282 bytes, checksum: 56b1cd3d9346ffa67e60214319bd6dcf (MD5). As
a result, it becomes difficult to implement a quality program, and physical education teachers
perceive their programs as being undervalued. The conceptual framework for the model is designed
around the health-related components of cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength and endurance,
and flexibility.
These policies were to include provisions for physical activity and healthy eating, thus expanding
schools’ responsibility for providing physical activity to school-age children. Consequently, the
school must shrink its teaching force in noncore subjects, such as physical education, to balance its
budget. Requirements differ by area, state and nation, however generally prospect instructors should
pass a standardized test in order to receive a mentor position. When time spent engaged in vigorous-
or moderate-intensity physical activity outside of school was considered, however, a significant
positive relation to academic performance emerged, with more time engaged in vigorous- or
moderate-intensity physical activity being related to better grades but not test scores (Coe et al.,
2006). Shortcomings of this research include the amount of data loss from pre- to posttest, the use of
results of 2nd-grade testing that exceeded the national. For example, the Institute of Medicine
(2012a), in its report Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention: Solving the Weight of the Nation,
points to the need to strengthen physical education to ensure that all children engage in 60 minutes
or more of physical activity per school day. ASHLAND UNIVERSITY. In Partial Fulfillment of the
Teaching Behaviors, Student Motivation and Achievement In the Learning Domains of Physical
Education, Jody Leigh Langdon. PDF. It may also be noted that this research includes no known
longitudinal studies and few randomized controlled trials (examples are included later in this chapter
in the discussion of the developing brain). Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 43(4):591-600. You
will see all the lists below, starting with some of the top physical education research topics. Only 31
states (60 percent) support physical education teachers going through the national board certification
process, and only New York requires each school district to have a licensed physical education
specialist serving as a physical education coordinator (NASPE, 2012). This is resolved by such
activities as weight lifting and body weightlifting. Among these are socioeconomic status (Sirin,
2005), parental involvement. Furthermore, to enhance the fitness achievement of students, school-
based professional development should provide instruction on the integration of fitness testing into a
curriculum and should include training in protocols, the interpretation and communication of results,
and the setting and achievement of fitness goals and recommendations for developing healthy living
habits for both students and their parents (IOM, 2012a). One month later, my proposal was officially
accepted, and on the 1 July 2015 I was assigned for a three-year higher education distance learning
course, leading to a PhD degree in the Physical Education Pedagogy research area, in the following
PhD programme: 'Theory and Methods of Physical Education and Sports Training, including
Physiotherapy' at the Physiology and Biochemistry Department. Over 90 percent of small colleges
used their physical education. More research is needed on the effects of scheduling of physical
education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 30(2):116-128. They determined, however, that
active gaming is a “low-intensity” physical activity. In Teaching as the learning profession:
Handbook of policy and practice, Jossey-Bass education series, edited by L. Corroborating evidence
for a negative relationship between adiposity and academic performance may be found in smaller but
more tightly controlled studies. Systematic observation by trained observers may yield important
insight regarding the effects of short physical activity breaks on these behaviors. The ultimate goal of
assessing student fitness in the school environment should be to educate students on the importance
of maintaining a physically active lifestyle throughout the life span. Lots of times, what they do is
similar to what their opponents do, except that they do it before enemy even think about it. The
importance of quality professional development is well documented in the act. They observed better
performance following the physical activity intervention during task conditions that required the
upregulation of working memory relative to the task condition requiring lesser amounts of working
memory. Indeed, 68 percent of elementary schools allow classroom teachers (generalists) to teach
physical education (NASPE, 2012). The education community subsequently adopted Wood’s
inclusive approach to physical education whereby fundamental movements and physical skills for
games and sports were incorporated as the major instructional content. They found greater and more
sustained energy expenditure over time and noted that players’ various intrinsic motivations to play
also influenced their level of energy expenditure. For example, Miami-Dade County Public Schools is
the fourth largest school district in the United States, in a large urban minority-majority community
with large budgetary shortfalls and attention in schools being diverted to academic requirements.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 44(10):2017-2024. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Although these data are
correlational, they provide a basis for further study using other neuroimaging tools (e.g., MRI,
fMRI), as well as a rationale for the design and implementation of randomized controlled studies
that would allow for causal interpretation of the relationship of adiposity to cognitive and brain
health. As noted, its goal and place in institutionalized education have changed from the original
focus on teaching hygiene and health to educating children about the many forms and benefits of
physical movement, including sports and exercise. As noted earlier, lack of equipment and limited
access to facilities are cited as top barriers in the study by Jenkinson and Benson (2010) (see Tables
5-5 and 5-6 ). Box 5-8 lists the NASPE standards for beginning physical education teachers who
have completed a bachelor’s teacher training program and those who have completed advanced
(master’s-level) training. Indeed, 11 of 14 correlational studies of physical activity during the school
day demonstrate a positive relationship to academic performance (Rasberry et al., 2011). Overall, a
rapidly growing body of work suggests that time spent engaged in physical activity is related not
only to a healthier body but also to a healthier mind (Hillman et al., 2008). An in-depth exploration
of the President's Physical Fitness Challenge would be an interesting and valuable paper, too. Journal
of Physical Activity and Health 7(3):343-351. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 24(3):209-
217. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 80(3):533-542. Recommendations for high-quality
professional development tend to emphasize the importance of. Likewise, sports can teach so many
life lessons to students and thus, help them evolve mentally. The emergence of one national fitness
assessment, Fitnessgram, along with professional development and recognition protocols, further
supports fitness education in the school environment. Specifically, those assigned to the aerobic
training intervention demonstrated increased gray matter in the frontal lobes, including the dorsal
anterior cingulate cortex, the supplementary motor area, the middle frontal gyrus, the dorsolateral
region of the right inferior frontal gyrus, and the left superior temporal lobe. For these reasons, it is
crucial to overcome the above barriers to quality physical education. In Research linking teacher
preparation and student performance: Teacher education yearbook, Vol. This study also found that
exergaming lessons provided less physical activity for children than regular conventional physical
education. The goal of CATCH is to impact children’s health behaviors positively, improve the
school health environment, and influence and change school health policies and practices in order to
reduce and eliminate health risk factors and risk-related behaviors of students (Perry et al., 1990).
CATCH significantly increases the physical activity levels of students during physical education class
and provides a wide range of learning experiences for students of all abilities. Only 31 states (60
percent) support physical education teachers going through the national board certification process,
and only New York requires each school district to have a licensed physical education specialist
serving as a physical education coordinator (NASPE, 2012). For example, 51 percent of districts
with a school in need of improvement reported decreased time in social studies, compared with 31
percent of districts with no school in need of improvement (Center on Education Policy, 2007). To
date, in fact, only two randomized controlled trials (Davis et al., 2011; Kamijo et al., 2011) on this
relationship have been published. Among districts that reported adding time for mathematics, 63
percent added at least 75 minutes per week, and 19 percent added 150 minutes or more per week.
Versatility - This describes the body's series of motion. Although Baxter and colleagues (2011)
confirmed the importance of attending school in relation to academic performance through the use of
4th-grade student recall, correlations with BMI were not significant. In response to the act, schools
have devoted more time in the school day to instruction in reading and mathematics. In adults, brain
health, representing absence of disease and optimal structure and function, is measured in terms of
quality of life and effective functioning in activities of daily living. The next decade should provide
a great deal of information on this relationship. The literature will then be presented to affirm and
develop the hypotheses. The education community subsequently adopted Wood’s inclusive approach
to physical education whereby fundamental movements and physical skills for games and sports were
incorporated as the major instructional content.
As an outcome of involvement in the athletics and leisure program trainees will show. No Child Left
Behind requires all public schools receiving federal funding to administer statewide standardized
annual tests for all students. Their expertise in age-appropriate physical activity helps ensure that
students are participating in activities that are fun and engaging. MA An in-depth analysis of how
lack of physical activity can lead to many health issues like diabetes, sugar, blood pressure, bone
issues, depression and anxiety. Specifically, Chaddock and colleagues (2010a) assigned 9- to 10-
year-old preadolescent children to lower- and higher-fitness groups as a function of their scores on a
maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2 max) test, which is considered the gold-standard measure of aerobic
fitness. If you do not have a title in mind, your writer will provide a list of suggested titles for you
to choose from. The prices are reasonable that you won’t have to think about it much. Regardless of
the strength of the findings, the literature indicates that time spent engaged in physical activity is
beneficial to children because it has not been found to detract from academic performance, and in
fact can improve overall health and function (Sallis et al., 1999; Hillman et al., 2008; Tomporowski
et al., 2008a; Trudeau and Shephard, 2008; Rasberry et al., 2011). According to the study, students
find it extremely convenient to be able to contact instructors at any time according to their
convenience and available time frame. The influence of instructional resources on change in physical
education. Three-fourths of the institutions used their facilities to less than. Because of a lack of
national tracking data on physical education graduates, the extent to which the teacher educator
shortage has impacted and will impact the need to supply quality physical education teachers to the
nation is unclear. However, the time spent in vigorous- or moderate-intensity physical activity could
be increased by 6 minutes if the physical education curriculum were to incorporate a standardized
curriculum such as SPARK (discussed in detail below) (Bassett et al., 2013). Thus, it is possible for
physical education to contribute to youth meeting at least half (30 minutes) of their daily
requirement for vigorous- or moderate-intensity physical activity. As of 14th of December 2016 I,
Stefan Kolimechkov (PhD student, N339), have taken and passed all of the PhD modules at the
University in Sofia and I am currently a 2-nd year PhD student. In a study carried out by Drollette
and colleagues (2012), 36 preadolescent children completed. Medicine and Science in Sports and
Exercise 41(1):87. The dynamic and evolving field of active gaming is a promising area for future
research as more opportunities arise to become physically active throughout the school environment.
Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 21:145-161. The authors conclude that spending time in
physical education with a specialist did not have a negative effect on academic performance. The
report acknowledges, however, that advancing such opportunities will require policy changes at the
state, district, and local levels. Physical education, along with other opportunities for physical
activity in the school environment (discussed in Chapter 6 ), is important for optimal health and
development in school-age children. HowellJerryC1987.pdf: 2030282 bytes, checksum:
56b1cd3d9346ffa67e60214319bd6dcf (MD5). In 2004 the U.S. government issued a mandate,
under the Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act of 2004, requiring school districts that
receive funds under this act to establish local school wellness policies. Limited budgets have a
negative impact on a school’s ability to purchase enough physical education equipment to engage all
students in increasingly large class sizes and cause physical education teachers to abandon quality
evidence-based physical education programs and resort to large-group games and “throw out the
ball” activities. The results suggest that the physical activity enhanced cognitive performance for the
attention task but not for the task requiring working memory. Recognizing the link between
theoretical and practical participation in physical education classes. Select curriculum-based physical
education programs have been described in this chapter to show the potential of high-quality
physical education in developing children into active adults. Among the study participants, fewer
than a half (47 percent) were deemed motor competent, 77 percent demonstrated adequate progress
in knowledge, only 40 percent were in the Healthy Fitness Zone on all five components of the
Fitnessgram fitness assessment, and merely 15 percent engaged in 60 or more minutes of physical
activity each day. Successful applicants will start enrolling in a PhD program in January 2019.
Sign up for email notifications and we'll let you know about new publications in your areas of
interest when they're released. The child and adolescent trial for cardiovascular health. In 2004 the
U.S. government issued a mandate, under the Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act of 2004,
requiring school districts that receive funds under this act to establish local school wellness policies.
Likewise, sports can teach so many life lessons to students and thus, help them evolve mentally.
Jenkinson and Benson (2010) surveyed 270 secondary school physical education teachers in Victoria,
Australia, and asked them to rank order the barriers they perceived to providing quality physical
education. This study also found that exergaming lessons provided less physical activity for children
than regular conventional physical education. This is gratifying because one of the goals of the
program was to engender positive feeling. The literature will then be presented to affirm and develop
the hypotheses. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 166(1):49-55. Engagement Topics
Differentiation is an effective strategy for retaining students’ interest in physical education classes.
How do lifestyle changes affect the muscular fitness of former athletes and what are the possible
health risks former elite athletes may face. Box 5-8 lists the NASPE standards for beginning physical
education teachers who have completed a bachelor’s teacher training program and those who have
completed advanced (master’s-level) training. By the turn of the 20th century, personal hygiene and
exercise for bodily health were incorporated in the physical education curriculum as the major
learning outcomes for students (Weston, 1962). Among the study participants, fewer than a half (47
percent) were deemed motor competent, 77 percent demonstrated adequate progress in knowledge,
only 40 percent were in the Healthy Fitness Zone on all five components of the Fitnessgram fitness
assessment, and merely 15 percent engaged in 60 or more minutes of physical activity each day. In
the second study (Romero, 2012), 11- to 16-year-old Mexican American children from low-income
families participated in a 5-week, 10-lesson, hip-hop dance physical activity intervention. These
goals represent the lifelong benefits of health-enhancing physical education that enable children and
adolescents to become active adults throughout their lives. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica
Supplementum 623:1-47. Even in circumstances where this accreditation is not needed, athletics
instructors are extremely mindful of security treatments and techniques of avoiding injury
throughout activities. It also is currently the only time and place for all children to engage in
vigorous- or moderate-intensity physical activity safely because of the structured and specialist-
supervised instructional environment. He discovered that only seven studies had included
socioeconomic status as a variable, despite its known relationship to education (Sirin, 2005). Thus
cognitive functions subserved by these brain regions (such as those involved in cognitive control and
aspects of memory) are expected to decay more dramatically than other aspects of cognition. The
ERN component is observed in response-locked ERP averages. Specifically, 124 older adults aged
60 and 75 were randomly assigned to a 6-month intervention of either walking (i.e., aerobic training)
or flexibility (i.e., nonaerobic) training. Children who participate in vigorous- or moderate-intensity
physical activity benefit the most. The researcher must master the terminology and language of the
field. Of interest, this relationship was disproportionately larger for the condition requiring greater
amounts of inhibition in the older adults, suggesting that physical activity has both a general and
selective association with task performance (Hillman et al., 2006). Here is a list of ideas for topics on
physical education for your argumentative essay. Each SPARK program “fosters environmental and
behavioral change by providing a coordinated package of highly active curriculum, on-site teacher
training, extensive follow-up support, and content-matched equipment focused on the development
of healthy lifestyles, motor skills and movement knowledge, and social and personal skills” (SPARK,
2013). Baxter-Jones. 2009. Activity and barriers in girls (8-16 years old) based on grade and maturity
status. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 61(11):1166-
1170.