FLUID MECHANICS ASSIGNMENTS 5 Marks

All students are required to submit these assignments by the date of Fluid Mechanics Assessment.

FLUID KINEMATICS
1. List the types of fluid flow. Define continuity equation and derive it by using Cartesian coordinates for
incompressible fluid and steady flow. (******)
2. Describe fluid motion with suitable example. Derive the continuity equation in cylindrical polar co-
ordinate system applicable for steady as well as unsteady flow. (********)
3. Describe Lagrangian and Eulerian approaches for the study of the motion of fluid particles. (***)
4. A 30 cm diameter pipe, conveying water, branches into two pipes of diameters 20 cm and 15 cm
respectively. If the average velocity in the 30 cm diameter pipe is 2.5 m/s, find the discharge in this pipe.
Also determine the velocity in 15 cm pipe if the average velocity in 20 cm diameter pipe is 2 m/s. (**)
FLUID DYNAMICS
5. What are different types of force considered in analysis of fluid dynamics? Derive the Euler’s equation
of motion and also derive the Bernoulli’s equation from the same Euler’s equation. List all the
assumptions made. (******)
6. Water flows at 75 lps in a tapering pipe whose diameters at section 1-1 and 2-2 are 300 mm and 150
mm respectively which are at heights of 5 m and 3 m above datum. If pressure at section 1-1 is 450 kPa,
find the pressure at 2-2. Neglect loss of energy. (**)
7. A pipeline carrying oil of specific gravity 0.87, changes in diameter from 200 mm diameter at a position
‘A’ to 500 mm diameter at a position ‘B’, which is 4 m higher level from ‘A’. If the pressure at ‘A’ and
‘B’ are 9.81 N/cm2 and 5.886 N/cm2 respectively and discharge 200 lit/sec, determine the loss of head
and direction of flow. (***)
8. The water is flowing at the rate of 50 liters/sec through a tapering pipe of length 100 m having diameter
0.6 m at the upper end and 0.30 m at the lower end. The pipe has slope of 1 in 30. Find the pressure at
the lower end, if the pressure at the higher level is 19.62 N/cm2.
9. A closed tank of a fire engine is partly filled with water, the air space above being under pressure. A 5
cm hose connected to the tank discharges on the roof of the building 2 m above the level of water in the
tank. The friction loss in the pipe is 50 cm of water. What air pressure must be maintained in the tank to
deliver 15 liter/s on the roof?
ENERGY APPLICATIONS
10. An oil of sp. gr. 0.8 is flowing through a venturi-meter having inlet diameter 20 cm and throat diameter
10 cm. The oil of mercury differential manometer shows a reading of 25 cm. Calculate the discharge of
oil through the horizontal vernturi-meter. Take Cd = 0.98
11. A Venturi-meter is to be fitted in a pipe of 200 mm diameter where pressure head is 7.6 m of flowing
fluid and the maximum flow is 8100 liters per minute. Find the least diameter of the throat to ensure that
the pressure head does not become negative. Take discharge coefficient for the meter as 0.96. What is
the quantity of liquid flowing through it when a differential manometer shows a steady deflection of 200
mm of mercury? (Sp. Gr. = 13.6) (**)
12. A 30cm × 15cm venturi-meter is provided in a vertical pipeline carrying oil of specific gravity 0.9, the
flow being upwards. The difference in elevation of the throat section and entrance section of the venturi-
meter is 30 cm. The differential U-tube mercury manometer shows a gauge deflection of 25cm.
Calculate:
i. The discharge of oil, and

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 ii. The pressure difference between the entrance section and the throat section. Take the coefficient
of discharge as 0.98 and specific gravity of mercury as 13.6 (**)
13. An Orifice meter with Orifice diameter 10 cm is inserted in a pipe of 20 cm diameter. The pressure
gauge fitted upstream and downstream of the orifice meter gives readings of 19.62 N/cm2 and 9.81
N/cm2 respectively. Coefficient of discharge for the orifice meter is given as 0.6. Find the discharge of
water through pipe.
ORIFICES
14. List the type of orifice. How are hydraulic coefficients determined in laboratory? (**)
15. Derive the equation for discharge through fully submerged orifice.
16. Define orifice. Derive an expression for the time required to empty a conical tank without inflow.
17. A large tank has a sharp edge circular orifice of 100 mm diameter at a depth of 5 m below constant water
level. The jet issues horizontally and in a horizontal distance of 2.5 m, it falls by 0.6 m, the measured
discharge is 5 l/s. Determine the hydraulic coefficients. (***)
18. A hemispherical tank of diameter 4 m contains water up to a height of 1.5 m. An orifice of diameter 50
mm is provided at the bottom. Find the time required by water
i. To fall from 1.5 m to 1.0 m
ii. For completely emptying the tank.
Take Cd = 0.6
19. Calculate the time required to empty the tank shown in alongside
figure. Consider unit width of tank into the paper. The orifice
provided at the bottom has diameter 5 cm. Neglect the losses.
Consider suitable data.

NOTCHES/ WEIRS
20. Derive the discharge equation for rectangular weir considering approach velocity.
21. Differentiate between broad-crested weir and narrow-crested weir. Derive an expression for the
maximum discharge passing through a broad crested weir. (******)
22. Differentiate between Venturi meter and Orifice meter. Derive the expression for the discharge over a
triangular notch or weir considering velocity of approach. (*****)
23. Water flows through a rectangular channel 1 m side and 0.5 m deep and then over a Cipolletti weir of
crest length 60 m. If the water level in channel is 22.5 cm above their weir crest level, calculate the
discharge over the weir. Take Cd = 0.6 and make correction of velocity of approach. (**)
24. How is vena contracta defined? Derive an expression for the time required to empty a tank with
rectangular notch.
MOMENTUM ANALYSIS
25. A 45o reducing bend is connected to a pipeline, the diameter of inlet and outlet of bend being 600 mm
and 300 mm respectively. Find the force exerted by water on the bend if the intensity of pressure at inlet
is 8.829 N/cm2 and rate of flow is 600 lps. (*******)
26. 250 lps of water is flowing in a pipe having diameter 300 mm. If the pipe is bent by 135o, find the
magnitude and direction of resultant force on bend. The pressure of water flowing is 39.24 N/cm2.
27. Neglecting the friction losses, estimate the magnitude and direction of resultant force exerted on the
bend. The following date is supplied:
Pipe bend measures 30 cm × 20 cm with 120o angle.
Discharge = 0.25 m3/s, volume of bend = 0.10 m3 and pressure at entrance = 60 kPa.
The exit is 2 m above the entrance section.

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 28. A lawn sprinkler with two nozzles of diameters 3 mm each is connected across a tap of water. The
nozzles are at a distance of 40 cm and 30 cm from the center of the tap. The rate of water through the
tap is 100 cm3/s. The nozzle discharges in the downward directions. Determine the angular speed at
which the sprinkler will rotate free. (**)
29. A lawn sprinkler has two nozzles of diameters 8 mm each at the end of a rotating arm and the velocity
of flow of water from each nozzle is 12 m/s. One nozzle discharges in downward direction, while the
other nozzle discharges water vertically up. The nozzles are at a distance of 40 cm and 30 cm from the
center of the rotating arm. Determine the torque required to hold the rotating arm stationary. Also
determine the constant speed of arm, if it is free to rotate.
30. A nozzle and hose are attached to the ladder of a fire truck. What force is needed to hold a nozzle
supplied by a 9 cm diameter hose with a pressure of 2000 kPa? The nozzle outlet diameter is 3 cm.
31. Find the expression for the force exerted by the jet on stationary inclined plate. (**)
32. A 7.5 cm diameter jet having a velocity of 30 m/s strikes a flat plate, the normal of which is inclined at
45 degrees to the axis of jet. Find the normal pressure on the plate when the plate is stationary.
33. A jet of water of diameter 25mm strikes a 20cm*20cm square plate of uniform thickness with a velocity
of 10 m/s at the center of the plate which is suspended vertically with the hinge on its top horizontal
edge. The weight of the plate is 98.1 N. The jet strikes normal to the plate. What force must be applied
to the lower edge of the plate so that the plate is kept vertical?
34. A main pipe of diameter 0.5 m branches into two pipes of diameter 0.25 m and 0.30 m in horizontal
plane. Angle between the branch pipes is 60o which is symmetrical with respect to the main pipe. Flow
discharge of water through main pipe is 2 m3/s which is equally divided into the branch pipe. If the
pressure intensity at the main pipe is 300 kPa. Find the magnitude direction of resultant force in the
bend. Assume no loss of energy due to branch junction and in pipe section.

SHORT NOTES ON:

a. Streamlines, Streak lines and Stream tube. (**)
b. Impulse momentum equation (******)
c. Hydraulic coefficient of orifice (***)
d. Concept of angular momentum and its application

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