GSM BASED SUBSTATION

MONITORING AND
CONTROL SYSTEM

SNEHA R 18BEE088, GAYATHRI G 18BEE081,

ROSHINI V 18BEE078 - III Year EEE Students,
Kumaraguru College Of Technology, Coimbatore

ENGINEERING CLINICS V

PROJECT REPORT

Project Coordinator HOD/EEE

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this project is to acquire the remote

electrical parameters like voltage, current and frequency and
send these real time values over gsm network using gsm
modem/phone along with temperature at power station.
This project is also designed to protect the electrical
circuitry by operating an spdt relay. This relay gets activated
whenever the electrical parameters exceed the predefined
values. The relay can be used to switch off the main electrical
supply. User can send commands in the form of sms messages
to read the remote electrical parameters. This system also can
automatically send the real time electrical parameters
periodically (based on time settings) in the form of sms. This
system can be designed to send sms alerts whenever the relay
trips or whenever the voltage or current exceeds the
predefined limits.
This project makes use of a microcontroller. The
controller can efficiently communicate with the different
sensors being used. The controller is provided with some
internal memory to hold the code. This memory is used to
dump some set of assembly instructions into the controller.
And the functioning of the controller is dependent on these
assembly instructions. The controller is programmed using
embedded c language.
INTRODUCTION

Electricity is an extremely handy and useful form of

energy. It plays an ever-growing role in our modern
industrialized society. The electrical power systems are highly
non-linear, extremely huge and complex networks. Such
electric power systems are unified for economical benefits,
increased reliability and operational advantages. They are one
of the most significant elements of both national and global
infrastructure, and when these systems collapse it leads to
major direct and indirect impacts on the economy and
national security.
A power system consists of components such as
generators, lines, transformers, loads, switches and
compensators. However, a widely dispersed power sources
and loads are the general configuration of modern power
systems. Electric power systems can be divided into two sub-
systems, namely, transmission systems and distribution
systems. The main process of a transmission system is to
transfer electric power from electric generators to customer
area, whereas a distribution system provides an ultimate link
between high voltage transmission systems and consumer
services. In other words, the power is distributed to different
customers from the distribution system through feeders,
distributors and service mains. Supplying electricity to
consumers necessitates power generation, transmission, and
distribution.
 Electric utility substations are used in both the
transmission and distribution system and operate
independently to generate the electricity. A substation facility
is a small building which contains transformers, switches,
voltage regulators, and metering equipment that are used to
adjust voltages and monitor circuits. A reliable and efficient
process of these networks alone is not very significant when
these electricity systems are pressed to their parameters of its
performance, but also under regular operating conditions. A
substation is classified as: 1) Transmission 2) Distribution. The
distribution side of substation is the major focus of the project.
Since the power generated at the main stations is transported
hundreds of miles using transmission lines before they reach
the substations. A huge amount of power loss is reported
during the transportation of the generated power which leads
to the reduction in the quantity of power received at the
substations. Therefore, measurements must be acquired
either at sending end stations and user end, to ensure quality
of power supply is maintained continuously.
To Improve the quality of power with suffer solution it is
necessary to be familiar with what sort of constraint has
occurred. Additionally, if there is any inadequacy in the
protection, monitoring and control of a power system. The
system might become unstable. Therefore, it necessary a
monitoring system that is able to automatically detect,
monitor, and classify the existing constraints on electrical
lines.

BLOCK DIAGRAM
GSM INTERFACING WITH
MICROCONTROLLER
LCD INTERFACING WITH
MICROCONTROLLER
CURRENT MEASUREMENT CIRCUIT

● ACS712 current sensor: 185mv/A output

● sensitivity, supply voltage=8V, output voltage=8V,
● storage temp=-65˚C t0 165˚C
● Pin no: VCC=+5v, OUT, GND
● Apparatus: Load, relay (10A capacity), GSM, LCD
VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT CIRCUIT

Apparatus: 3-Phase supply, 3-Phase variac,

Transformer, Bridge Rectifier, register, LCD Display,
Arduino
FREQUENCY MEASUREMENT CIRCUIT

Apparatus: IC 555 Timer, 220K POT, +5V DC, GSM,

LCD Display
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
CIRCUIT

Apparatus: LM 35 Temperature Sensors,

Load, LCD Display, Arduino
HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS

1.Microcontroller - AT89S52
2.GSM modem - sim 300
3.LCD - HD44780
4.Relays
5. 220k variable pot
6.current sensor ACS712
7.IC555
8. Transformer 230/22v
9. Temperature Sensor LM35

SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION

Proteus
OPERATION

1. CURRENT MEASUREMENT CIRCUIT

The circuit makes use of current sensor ACS712. Three

current sensors are employed for the purpose of measuring
currents in all 3 phases. One connection is done with the
incoming phase wire and on the other connection is done with
the wire on which the load is connected. For current the upper
limit is set at 1.6A. The limit can be easily altered in case the
load is changed. Here 4 lamps are connected as load. Limits
are set such that the circuit operates satisfactorily if 3 lamps
are turned ON. When the 4th lamp is switched ON the relay
operates and isolates the circuit. A message is sent through
GSM stating the condition as overload. When the 4th lamp is
switched OFF, the relay again operates to connect the load
with the supply. Again a message is sent stating that the power
has been restored.

2. VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT CIRCUIT

Three transformers are employed for the purpose

of stepping down 3 phase voltage. One connection is
done with the incoming phase wire and the other
connection is done with the neutral wire. For our project
 we have set the working voltage range between 210V to
250V. The voltage is varied with the help of 3 phase
variac. The limit can be easily altered as per the
requirement. The circuit operates satisfactorily if the
voltage is within the limits. The relay operates and
isolates the circuit if the voltage falls outside the above
limits. A message is sent through GSM stating the sensed
condition as under voltage or over voltage. As the voltage
comes back within the limit, the relay again connects the
load with the supply.

3. FREQUENCY MEASUREMENT CIRCUIT

The circuit makes use of IC555 timer. The IC555 is made

to work in Astable mode. Three IC’s are employed for the
purpose of varying frequency in all 3 phases (As it is not
possible to change the supply frequency). The lower limit for
frequency is 48Hz and the upper limit is kept as 52Hz for the
purpose of the project.. The limit can be easily altered as per
the requirement. The circuit operates satisfactorily if the
frequency is within the limits. The relay operates and isolates
the circuit if the frequency falls outside the above limits. A
message is sent through GSM stating the sensed condition as
under frequency or over frequency. As the frequency comes
back within the limit, the relay connects the load with the
supply.
4. TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
CIRCUIT

The circuit makes use of temperature sensor

LM35. Only one sensor is employed for the purpose of
measuring the temperature. It has 3 pins namely VCC,
Output & ground which are connected with the
controller. The limit is kept at 80˚C. The limit can be easily
altered as per the requirement. The relay operates and
isolates the circuit if the temperature exceeds 80˚C. A
message is sent through GSM stating the condition as
overheating of the equipment with which the sensor is
connected. When the temperature comes within the
limits, the relays connect to the equipment with the
supply. A message is sent stating that the power has been
restored.

5. GSM INTERFACING WITH MICRO-

CONTROLLER

Features of SIM GSM SIM 900A: dual band

900/1900HZ, low power consumption up to 10mA,
operating temp -40˚C t0 85˚C.input voltage is 7.5V. AT
commands are used for interfacing. (“AT+CMGF=1”);
//enable text configuration, (\r’);=enter (“AT+CMGS=”);
//enable phone number command (“+9197………);
//phone number (0×1A); //to sends SMS

SIMULATED OUTPUT USING

PROTEUS

1. Current Measurement Circuit

 To measure the current value, initially it was
decided to connect a current sensing resistor of
0.2ohms, 25 watts in series with the load. Voltage
was measured across the current resistor and this
voltage value was send to the controller as a input
which was converted to digital through a build in
ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) in controller. The
controller processed the input and converted
voltage received to actual current in the circuit. But
to ensure that the parameter measured was
compatible with respect to its use in a substation so
it was not feasible to use current sensing resistor in
a substation. The alternative was to use a window
type current transformer (30A/5A).An appropriate
resistor was connected across the current
transformer secondary winding, in order to get a
perfect sinusoid voltage. The resistor used was
determined by using the burden of the current
transformer. After calculation, a 0.6 ohm,26 watts
resistor was connected at the secondary of the
current transformer .Current was measured quite
accurately especially for load greater than 1
amperes. The load chosen were two load banks
consisting of 8 workable 100 watts incandescent
bulbs each. Two bulbs were turned at a time. The
current displayed on the LCD was compared to the
current measured by the clamp meter. Load was
increased by switching on two more bulbs and
readings were noted and compared and the process
 was repeated. The readings obtained were quite
accurate for loads that caused a current around 4
amperes to flow through the circuit. The secondary
load of a current transformer is usually called the
"burden" to distinguish it from the load of the circuit
whose current is being measured. It was calculated
as P=I²R (where we have considered P=15W, I=5A)
so, we get R=0.6Ω By this method we chose the
value of resistor.

2. Voltage Measurement Circuit

 Voltage is measured by using the concept of a
millimeter which measures voltage by connecting a resistor
parallel to the load. This resistance is of very high value. This
concept was utilized in the project. A potential transformer of
300V/5V was used. Secondary voltage of the potential
transformer was applied on the potential divider made of a
series combination of resistors of 1 ohm and 2.2 ohm. The use
of the potential divider ensured that the voltage that had to
be inputted to the microcontroller, never exceeded 5V which
was the maximum analog voltage that the microcontroller
could sense. In case of voltage exceeded 5V microcontroller
would get damaged. Vout=1000 *Vpt 1k+2.2k Such a concept
was used to create over voltage faults at the substation
designed in the project. The value of the resistor used in
making the potential divider was found considering the
maximum modeled voltage that would rise across the
secondary of the potential transformer in case of over voltage
faults. The peak detector algorithm works by taking the
equivalent voltage due to actual load current or the line
voltage and converts it to digital by the build in ADC of the
controller. The sampling rate is set in the programming. The
sample are continuously measured, stored and compared to
the previous one taken. The algorithm lets the program to
proceed only, if the current value measured is greater than the
previous value measured. One sample taken after the peak of
the sinusoid is measured causes the current value to be less
the previous, causing the program to terminate. Hence peak is
measured. Rms value of voltage and current is calculated by
using the formula: RMS VALUE= PEAK VALUE / √2.
 3. Frequency Measurement Circuit

Frequency of the supply is measured by using the build-in

timer of the microcontroller. The PIC 18F452 microcontroller
has three build-in timers that perform very accurately. The
idea behind frequency measurement was to use the
microcontroller as a counter so that it might be able to count
the number of pulses inputted to it. Thus there was a need to
design a circuit that takes a sinusoidal ac signal as input and
outputs digitized square waves. Also the designed circuit had
to be ensured that it outputs square waves at frequency equal
to that of the power supply. The measurement of frequency is
done by the use of the op-amp (LM741) as comparator. The
problem was that the op-amp is not capable of working on
such high voltages. To overcome this problem, there are two
possible solutions. 1) Connecting the voltage comparator
across the secondary of the potential transformer. This seems
to be quite ideal as the maximum voltage at secondary of the
potential transformer would be5V.The op-amp could work
easily with these low voltages as compared to the high voltage
at the primary of the potential transformer. 2) Connecting the
op-amp at the primary of the potential transformer through a
voltage buffer. The voltage buffer would isolate the high
voltage side with the low voltage side. A photo-coupler
ICPC817 can be used as voltage isolators (Viso=5000V rms). IC
PC817 can be utilized in such a way that it doesn’t only provide
voltage buffering but also converts the high input voltage to
square waves output, which has a logic 1 at 5volts. To
accomplish this, the input induced was saturated on the
transistor at 5V. This converted the high AC voltage to squares
waves at same frequency as the input. These square waves
were counted by the PIC18F452 to measure the frequency of
the supply. IC PC817 is also compatible to be used at the
substation since the secondary single phase voltage of a
normal distribution substation is 220 Volts, which is well below
its maximum isolation voltage i.e Viso=5000Vrms. Even if this
has to be used at the sending end substation connected to the
generating stations, then a potential transformer could be
used to keep the voltage applied to the PC817 within its
maximum operating limit.

ADVANTAGES

1. Devices can be operated from anywhere in the world.

2. Feedback of the devices being operated is present.
3. Efficient and low cost design.
4. Low power consumption.
5. Real time monitoring.

APPLICATIONS

1. This system can be implemented in industries.

2. This system can be used to monitoring and controlling the
home appliances.

CONCLUSION
 The designed system is a step towards smart grid. It
basically resembles plc (power line communication) that is
used as a communication platform for today’s smart grid
networks around the world.
a) ECONOMICAL-Monitoring and control of substation which
has been challenge for utility companies of Pakistan is made
possible through GSM at most economical cost. Also by
realizing a single relay to function as a numerical relay,
providing protection against over voltage, under voltage, over
load, short circuit, over frequency and under frequency,
causes the designed system to be very economical.
b) WIDE RANGE OF CONTROL- Te designed system provides
easy control of remote substation. It enables two way
communications. The substation can communicate with the
utility company to indicate, with what type of fault, a
substation has been associated. Te exact location of the
substation can also be determined by sending location
coordinates of the substation, acquired by Simcom modem
used (a possible future extension to this project).The SimCom
modem also has a gps engine in addition to gsm. This permits
the utility company to immediately pinpoint the particular
substation that has become faulty. On the other hand, a
person in the utility company can also remotely control the
substation.
c) RELIABLE POWER SUPPLY- Periodic measurements of
parameters can help utility companies to provide better,
reliable power with less outages and interruptions.
d) INCREASE OF POWER EQUIPMENT LIFE- The continuous
scan of expensive equipments like transformer can increase its
working life.
e) LESS STAFF REQUIRED- No need of labor at the substation
in the presence of intelligent substation.
f) DATA ACCESS AROUND THE GLOBE- The parameters could
also be made available on cloud so that utility companies can
access data from anywhere around (a possible future
extension that can be done, with this project.

FUTURE SCOPE

In future we can use this project in several

applications by adding additional components to this project.
This project can be extended by using GPRS technology, which
helps in sending the monitored and controlled data to any
place in the world. The temperature controlling systems like
coolant can also use in places where temperature level should
be maintained. By connecting wireless camera in industries,
factories etc we can see the entire equipments from our
personal computer only by using GPRS and GPS technology.
The monitoring and controlling of the devices can be done
from the personal computer and we can use to handle so
many situations. By connecting temperature sensor, we can
get the temperature of dangerous zones in industries and we
can use personal computer itself instead of sending human to
there and facing problems at the field. The temperature
sensor will detect the temperature and it gives information to
the micro controller and micro controller gives the
information to the mobile phone from that we can get the
data at pc side.
REFERENCES

1. Substation Monitoring and Control Using Microcontroller

& GSM - Mrs. Krupal Dhimar, Mr. Jenish Patel, Mr. Yasin
Shaikh, Mr. Anas Musani, Mr. Krishn Patel. Mrs. Krupal
Dhimar, Assistant professor, Mahavir Swami College of
Engg. & Tech., Gujarat, India. Others are Students,
Electrical Engg, Mahavir Swami College of Engg. & Tech.,
Gujarat, India.

2. Remote Microcontroller Based Monitoring of Substation

and Control System through GSM Modem - Dr. Ghous
Buksh Narejo Associate Professor - Department of
Electronic Engineering NED University of Engineering and
Technology Karachi, Pakistan, Engr. Shahyan Pervez
Bharucha Department of Electronic Engineering NED
University of Engineering and Technology Karachi,
Pakistan, Engr. Danny Zarir Pohwala Department of
Electrical Engineering NED University of Engineering and
Technology Karachi, Pakistan.

3. Microcontroller Based Substation Monitoring and

Control System with Gsm Modem - Amit Sachan
Department of Energy & Power Engineering NIMS
University, Jaipur, Rajasthan.