15-Sep-20

Chapter 4

TRASITOR

Introduction
 A transistor is a multipolar device capable of:
 Increase (amplify) the current
 Increase (amplify) the voltage
 Increase (amplify) signal - Power
 Bipolar Junction Transistor BJT (BJT-Bipolar Junction
Transistor) is the first generation transistor invented in
1947 by Bardeen, Brattain and Shockley

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Transistor development process

Types of transistors
 Types of transistors (TST): BJT, FET
 BJT: Bipolar Junction Transistor: NPN conjunction transitor
 Structure: 2 p-n contact layers facing each other
 Classification: pnp & npn
 Symbols: 3 poles B, C & E
 Polarizing operation: off, saturation, amplification

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NPN transistor

BJT iv characteristics includes four parameters

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Currents on BJTs
 With npn BJT

 With pnp BJT

Operation modes
 Depending on the value of the IB current, the
Transistor works as follows:
Modes BE CB
Off Reverse bias Reverse bias
Active Forward bias Reverse bias
Saturation Forward bias Forward bias

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Operation modes

 Transistor operates like a “valve:” iC & vCE are

controlled by iB

The principle of operation of the transistor

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Cut-off operation

BJT operation in the “active” mode

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Active mode (Chế độ khuếch đại)

 α factor

 β factor

Example
 With the circuit above, assume βdc
factor =150. find IC, IB , IE and
voltage VCE , VCB
 Using Kirchoff law

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BJT operation in saturation mode

Saturation mode
 Transistor saturate when:
 IC > ICSAT
 Notes: When the above
conditions is satify, the actual
current flow is ICSAT

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Example
 With the following circuit, assume saturation volt VCESAT
=0.2V, what is operation status of transitor
 Current Ic if not saturate

 Current Ic if saturate

 Due to Ic > IcSat transitor staturated, real current through is

IcSat

DC load line
 DC load line (đường tải tĩnh)
 One-way load line is a straight
line drawn on the characteristisc
through two defined points:
 Stop point, IC = 0
 VCE= VCC (point M)
 Saturation point: VCE = 0
IC = VCC/ RC (point N)
 Connecting 2 points M and N,
we get a load line.
 Equation for one-way load:
VCC=ICRC+VCE
 Or

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BJT iv characteristics:

 iB = f(vBE) & iC = g(iB , vCE)

 Early Effect modifies iv characteristics in

the active mode

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1-way load line Role

 Transistor circuit resolution.

 Determine the static operating point Q.
 Indicates the operating status of the transistor
(active, saturated, discontinued).
 Amplification circuit is linear or not.
 Amplified circuit design according to intention
(pre-select static Q point, calculate component
values)

NPN BJT iv equations

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Recipe for solving BJT circuits

 (State of BJT is unknown before solving the circuit)

 1. Write down BE-KVL and CE-KVL:
 2. Assume BJT is OFF, Use BE-KVL to check:
 a. BJT OFF: Set iC = 0, use CE-KVL to find vCE (Done!)
 b. BJT ON: Compute iB
 3. Assume BJT in active. Set iC = β iB . Use CE-KVL to
find vCE .
 If vCE ≥ VD0 , Assumption Correct, otherwise in saturation:
 4. BJT in Saturation. Set vCE = Vsat . Use CE-KVL to find
iC. (Double-check iC < β iB )
 NOTE: For circuits with RE , both BE-KVL & CE-KVL
have to be solved simultaneously

Example

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Static operating point Q

 The intersection point of the
electric line and the line of
polarization IB gives us the
value of static operating points
(Q).
 The current gain varies with the
position of the operating point
Q.
 The static operating point Q
changes position according to
the transistor polarization
voltage and also changes the ac
signal (AC) acting on the circuit.

Static operating point Q

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Example
 Find point Q with the following circuit and draw
DC load line, assume β=200

Transitor Bias

 BJT has many applications in electronic devices, depending

on the specific application. BJT needs to provided proper
voltage and current for each pin. Polarization (bias) is the
asign of voltage on BJT poles. BJT polarization is to choose
DC power and resistance so that IB, IC, VCE have appropriate
values according to BJT's operation requirements according to
the operating areas of the transistor.
 The general method for polarization circuit involves 3 steps
 B1: Use the input circuit to determine the input current (IB or IE)
 B2: Inferred the output current from the relation IC = βIB or IC = αIE
 B3: Use output circuit to find the remaining parameters (voltage at the
pins, between the pins of BJT ...)

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Fixed bias

 Input circuit for BE (Base-Emitter):

 With VBE = 0.7V

If BJT is Si and VBE = 0.3V
If is Ge.
Result : IC=βIB

 Output circuit for BC(collector based)

 This is DC load line equation

 Saturated collector current

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Example
 With the circuit as follows. Find IB , IC , IE , VCE

Stable Bias the transmitter

 Basically is the same as a fixed bias circuit, but at the
emitter pole is added an additional resistor RE to mass.
The calculate method also has the same steps as the fixed
bias circuit.
 Input circuit BE

 Replace
 Result

 Referece IC = βIB

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 Ouput circuit BC (collector-based)

 Saturation collector current ICSat

Example
 Give the following circuit. Find IB, IC, IE VCE

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Bias by volt dividing bridge

 Input circuit BE

 Or

 Ouput circuit BC

 The saturation collector current

Example
 Give the following circuit. Find IB, IC, IE, VCE .
Assume VBE =0.7, IE ≈IC

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Bias with voltage feedback

 Input circuit for BE

 Replace IC = βIB

 Output circuit CE

Example

 With the circuit as following, find IB, IC, IE, VCE .

Assume VBE =0.7
 Solution :
 Input circuit for BE

 Replace IC = βIB

 Output circuit CE

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BJT Small Signal Amplifier Circuit

 Define
 Amplification is the process of converting a quantity
(current or voltage) from a small amplitude to a large
amplitude without changing its form.
 When considering BJT operating under small signal
condition (the change of input signal is small enough),
BJT can be considered as AC amplifier

 Gain: is the ratio of a amount of signals (current

or voltage) that changes at the output and the
input
 Notation:Ai hoặc AV
 Current gain:

 Voltage gain:

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 Capacitor: The property of the capacitor is to

prevent the DC signal, usually the capacitor will be
used to prevent the effect of the DC signal on the
source or load.
 These capacitors must be large enough to have a
very small impedance to the AC signal.
 These capacitors are called coupling capacitors or
blocking capacitors.

DC and AC load line

 Consider amplify
circuit CE
 DC Load resistor :
 RL = RC
 AC load resistor:
 rL = RL // RC.

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 DC load line is a collection of all Q static working

points (IC, VCE), without AC signal.
 AC load line is the collection of all points (iC, vCE),
including point Q.
 Equation of the AC load

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Maxswing mode

 Is operates mode when the maximum output

voltage is reached without distortion.
 To achieve this mode, the static bias point must
be chosen in the middle of the value Vmin ÷
Vmax.

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Diagram of equivalent BJT

 The purpose of transfer to the equivalent scheme is to

make the computational circuit simpler and easier.
 When the variation in the input signal is small enough to
make the change in the output current and voltage within
the limited characteristic of the BJT, we can consider the
BJT as a linear 4-pole element:
 I1, V1(i1, v1): current and volt at input
 I2, V2(i2, v2): current and volt at
output

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Equivalent circuit of BJT

 Resistor in h11 (or hi).

 Volt source h12v2 (or hr vo): represent feeback local volt of BJT.
Really, h12 (or hr) has small value (10-3 ÷10-4), so h12v2 can be
omitted.
 Current source h21i1(or hfii): reflect ability of current amplify.
 admitance h22(or ho), in realyty this value is very small, therefore
out resistance very large and can be omitted.

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BJT equivalent circuit CE type

BJT equivalent circuit CB type

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BJT equivalent circuit CC type

Common emitter amplifier (CE)

 Circuit

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AC equivalent diagram

Input resistance

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Output resistance

Voltage gain

 When no load, output is considered open circuit

 Notes : output voltage inverse phase with input

voltage

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Total Voltage gain (độ lợi áp toàn phần)

 reference

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Current gain

 refer

 with

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Amplifier circuit common B

 Equivalent circuit

Input resistance – output resistance

Notes: value of re very small therefore amplifier

type common B has input resistance small

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Voltage gain

 When no has load, output is considered open

circuit

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Total voltage gain

 Refer

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Total current gain (Độ lợi dòng tổng)

 Refer

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Amplifier circuit with common C

 Equivalent circuit

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Input resistance

Output resistance (Điện trở ra)

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Voltage gain (Độ lợi áp)

 Without load, output is considered open circuit

Voltage gain

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