MATHEMATICS Sequences and Series

Arithmetic Sequences
Trigonometry
Radians
& STATISTICS/ For an arithmetic sequence with first term a, last term 2π radians = 360◦
l, and common difference d:
A-LEVEL CORE nth term = un = a + (n − 1)d
For a sector of angle θ radians in a circle of radius r:

FORMULA SHEET Sum to n terms = Sn = 12 n(2a + (n − 1)d) = 21 n(a + l)

Arc length = s = θr
Sector area = A = 12 θr2
Geometric Sequences
For a geometric sequence with first term a and common Triangles
ratio r: a b c
Sine rule: = =
nth term = un = ar n−1 sin(A) sin(B) sin(C)
a(1 − rn ) Cosine rule: a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos(A)
Algebra, Geometry and Functions Sum to n terms = Sn = , for r 6= 1
1−r
Quadratic Equation Area = 12 ab sin(C)
a
√ Sum to infinity = S∞ = , for |r| < 1
2 −b ± b2 − 4ac 1−r Trig Identities
ax + bx + c = 0 ⇒ x=
2a Binomial Series
Pythagorean Identities:
Logs and Exponentials
 
n
n n!
Binomial coefficient is Cr = = sin2 (θ) + cos2 (θ) ≡ 1
y = bx ⇔ x = logb (y), for b, y > 0 r r!(n − r)!
For n ∈ N, tan2 (θ) + 1 ≡ sec2 (θ)
logb (p) + logb (q) = logb (pq)
(a + b)n = an + n C1 an−1 b + n C2 an−2 b2 + . . . 1 + cot2 (θ) ≡ cosec2 (θ)
logb (p) − logb (q) = logb (p/q)
+ n Cr an−r br + . . . + bn
logb (pk ) = k logb (p) Sum/Difference Identities
For n ∈ R and |b| < |a|,
blogb (x) = x, logb (bx ) = x sin(a ± b) = sin(a) cos(b) ± sin(b) cos(a)
n n n(n − 1) n−2 2
n−1
(a + b) = a + na b+ a b + ... cos(a ± b) = cos(a) cos(b) ∓ sin(a) sin(b)
ln(x) = loge (x), eln(x) = ln(ex ) = x 2!
n(n − 1) · · · (n − r + 1) n−r r tan(a) ± tan(b)
Odd and Even Functions + a b + ... tan(a ± b) =
r! 1 ∓ tan(a) tan(b)
f (−x) = −f (x) ⇔ f (x) is odd
Double Angle Formulae
f (−x) = f (x) ⇔ f (x) is even
Numerical Methods sin(2θ) = 2 sin(θ) cos(θ)
Straight Lines Trapezium Rule
cos(2θ) = cos2 (θ) − sin2 (θ)
Line with gradient m through (x1 , y1 ) has equation Z b
h
(y − y1 ) = m(x − x1 ) y dx ≈ (y0 + yn ) + h(y1 + y2 + . . . + yn−1 ), 2 tan(θ)
2 tan(2θ) =
a 1 − 2 tan(θ)
Lines with gradients m1 and m2 are perpendicular if
b−a Small Angle Approximations
m1 m2 = −1 where h = , xk = a + kh, xn = b, and yk = f (xk )
n
Circles When θ (in radians) is small: sin(θ) ≈ θ, cos(θ) ≈
Newton-Raphson Iteration 1 − 12 θ2 , tan(θ) ≈ θ
Circle with centre C(a, b) and radius r has equation f (xn )
To solve f (x) = 0, use xn+1 = xn −
(x − a)2 + (y − b)2 = r2 f 0 (xn )
 Calculus
Quotient rule: Kinematics
Table of Derivatives
du dv For 1D motion with constant acceleration:
Function Derivative
u dy v−u
y= ⇒ = dx dx v = u + at
xn nxn−1
v dx v2
akx k ln(a)akx s = ut + 12 at2
ekx kekx Inverse rule:  s = vt − 21 at2
dy dx
ln(kx) 1
x
1 = s = 21 (u + v)t
dx dy
sin (kx) k cos (kx) v 2 = u2 + 2as
Parametric rule: For a curve given by x = f1 (t) and
cos (kx) −k sin (kx) For 1D motion with variable acceleration:
y = f2 (t),
tan(kx) k sec2 (kx)
dy dy/dt r (position), v, and a are all functions of t; the above
sec(kx) k sec(kx) tan(kx) =
dx dx/dt suvat equations no longer apply, so use
cosec(kx) −k cosec(kx) cot(kx)
−k cosec2 (kx)
Table of Integrals Z Z
cot(kx) dr dv
v= , a= , r = v dt, v = a dt
Function Integral (remember to add +c!) dt dt
Rules n xn+1
x n+1
(n 6= −1)
Differentiation from first principles: x −1
= 1
ln(x)
x
kx 1 kx Statistics
0 f (x + h) − f (x) e k
e
f (x) = lim Probability
h→0 h sin (kx) − k1 cos (kx)
cos (kx) 1
sin (kx)
P (A ∪ B) = P (A) + P (B) − P (A ∩ B)
Chain rule: k
1 P (A ∩ B)
tan(kx) k
ln | sec (kx)| P (A|B) = , for P (B) 6= 0
dy P (B)
y = f (g(x)) ⇒ = f 0 (g(x)) × g 0 (x) sec2 (kx) 1
tan(kx)
dx k
Summary Statistics
cosec2 (kx) − k1 cot(kx)
dy dy du 1 Σxi Σfi xi
or y = f (g(x)) = f (u) ⇒ = × cot(kx) k
ln | sin(kx)| Mean = x̄ = = , Variance = σ 2
dx du dx n Σfi
f 0 (x)
Product rule: f (x)
ln |f (x)| r s
Σx2i Σfi x2i
dy du dv Standard dev. = σ = − x̄2 = − x̄2
y = uv ⇒ = v+u Rules n Σfi
dx dx dx Z b
Definite integration: f (x) dx = F (b) − F (a), where Outliers are any data outside of the interval x̄ ± 2σ or
a Q1 − 1.5IQR and Q3 + 1.5IQR
F (x) is the integral of f (x)
Z Z Binomial Distribution
Our website: www.kent.ac.uk/smsas dv du
Integration by parts: u dx = uv − v dx If X ∼ B(n, p), then P (X = r) = n Cr pr (1 − p)n−r
dx dx
Contact us: [email protected] Mean of X = np, variance of X = np(1 − p)
Twitter: @unikent Normal Distribution
Twitter: @unikentSMSAS Mechanics X −µ
If X ∼ N (µ, σ 2 ), then Z = with Z ∼ N (0, 1)
Forces σ
Weight = mg Hypothesis test for the mean: if X ∼ N (µ, σ 2 ), then

Friction: F ≤ µR σ2
 
X̄ − µ
X̄ ∼ N µ, and √ ∼ N (0, 1)
Newton’s 2nd law: F = ma n σ/ n