display systems can be constructed.

For many
Review paper applications, they are not practicable due to their
high cost. But as other computer hardware
Studying the Recent becomes more affordable, CGH displays will soon
be a competitive option, opening the door for
Improvements in commercial real-time holographic 3D imaging [3,
4]. Holography is finding increasing use these days
Holograms for in a wide range of scientific fields, including
biology, health, IT, communication, architecture,
Three-Dimensional Display security, and packaging. Holography has been used
in optical applications, some of which are still in
development [5–9]. One of the most exciting uses
of holography is the creation of three-dimensional
holographic displays that offer realistic visuals
without the need for special glasses. A
straightforward description of the features of a real
holographic television display has been provided
by Michael Bove et al. from the MIT Media
Laboratory [10]. Using large-area photorefractive
polymer with very high diffraction efficiency, an
excellent holographic three-dimensional
Abstract: The new technology known as telepresence system has been constructed [11]. The
"Holographic Projection" is examined in this goal of science is to create 3D holographic displays
paper. It symbolizes the next wave of that are both movable and programmable [12–17].
communication and technology, the various The feasibility of holographic projection on a
applications of technology, and the areas of life mobile device is examined in a work [18]. Takaki
that it will have a significant impact on, such as introduces a novel holographic three-dimensional
business, education, healthcare, and telephony. exhibit that enhances both the viewing zone angle
This essay also explores how technology will and screen size through the use of a MEMS spatial
light modulator [19]. Updateable holography is
develop in the future and how it will impact and
regarded as the best method available for capturing
transform a wide range of different industries, and displaying real 3D data. When the reading and
businesses, and technological domains. the recording have the same wavelength, it can be
challenging to maintain the necessary
characteristics of reversibility and nonvolatility use
Introduction novel aspects of chemical transformations in a
polymer recording system to show a nonvolatile
Regardless of one's level of experience with and updateable holographic technique.
holography—a scientist or a layperson—they will
eventually interact with it on their own.
Holography will eventually find its way into more
and more aspects of daily life. In 1948, Dennis
Gabor discovered the fundamentals of holography
while attempting to increase the transmission
electron microscope's efficiency [1]. His initial
investigations were conducted with a mercury Figure 1: Off-axis single beam setup.
vapor lamp. Gabor was awarded the Nobel Prize in
1971 following 23 years of experimentation.
Holograms are being used to create the most
stunning 3D images and videos. In 1900, digital
holography was created. The development of
computer science made it possible for computers to
record and reconstruct images, which resulted in
the development of computer generated holograms
(CGHs), in which fake images are created using a
variety of techniques [2]. These days, CGH-based
 Figure 3: The reconstructed virtual image.
Figure 2: Split-beam setup.

[20]. The present paper has done a theoretical and

experimental study on creating 3D images by
means of holography. Also, a much more universal
future is predicted for this technique.

The experiments conducted to create transmission

holograms are shown in this section. Two different
transmission setup types—off-axis single beam and Figure 4: The reconstructed virtual
split beam—have been used in these tests; they are
image is orthoscopic.
depicted in Figures 1 and 2, respectively. A
straightforward explanation of the holographic
principle can be found in [21]. Holograms are often
recorded using coherent light sources like lasers, for recording holograms using both transmission
but low-coherence light sources can also be utilized and reflection. The optimal light sensitivity for the
[22]. A study [23] describes the reconstruction of PFG-01 is about 80 microJ/cm2. Over 45% is the
an image taken using a 300-camera system greatest diffraction efficiency. These are 63 by 63
employing monochromatic LED light. Creating a mm plates. The chess game pieces, which are
real-time, phase-only, color holographic video plastic white pawns, are subjected to a 1.5 mW He-
projection system with LED illumination is another Ne laser. The exposure duration of six seconds is
fascinating topic.A crucial component of the calculated and the process is carried out in
diffraction efficiency is the need that the reference complete darkness.
wave's intensity be greater than the object wave's. The holographer must employ specialized
Four to one was the relation chosen for the techniques to record and reconstruct an object if it
intended outcome. The reference wave and object is too big, too small, or transparent to record [26,
wave must have different paths that are smaller 27]. The plate is taken out of its designated spot to
than the applied laser's coherence length, or in this carry out the exposure process under green safe
example, between 15 and 30 cm. PFG-01, a silver light after recording. The most widely used
halide emulsion that was acquired from GEOLA, is processing chemical and developer is JD-2
the holographic plate that was applied [25]. This developer, which is used to develop the plates.
plate is exposed to CW laser light and has a fine- Unlike the previous methods, which comprised
grained red sensitivity of 600–660 nm three steps—developing, bleaching, and fixing—
this approach consists of just two steps: developing
and bleaching. All three solutions must be available
prior to the experiment, but just before employing
them, the two portions of the developing solution
must be joined with a 1:1 ratio. In holographic
reconstruction, there are two virtual and real
images. Figures 3 and 4 show what
 they expire sooner. More panchromatic ultra-fine-
grain silver halide materials have recently become
available from a number of manufacturers,
including Sphera-s in Russia, Colour Holographics
in the UK, and Ultimate in France. A thorough
comparison of various materials is presented in one
study. Photopolymers and photographic emulsions
have been the most widely utilized recording
materials in holographic displays. Photopolymers
have demonstrated their value in several
Figure 5: The reconstructed real holographic applications. Unfortunately, the
image is pseudoscopic. majority of photopolymers have certain
unfavorable characteristics, like limited
The reconstructed virtual image and Figure 5 represents
the real images.The images are seen in the same red environmental compatibility or the toxicity of some
color of the He-Ne laser. The virtual image is of its constituent parts. Because of this, the
orthoscopic and is reconstructed in the back of the plate University of Alicante's Holography and Optical
and the real image is pseudoscopic and is reconstructed Processing Group created Biophotopol, a novel dry
in front of the plate. In order to reconstruct the real photopolymer with high thickness and minimal
image, the hologram has to be illuminated with the toxicity [32]. Instead of utilizing 2D models to
conjugated reference wave. To do so the hologram must examine the behavior of holographic recording
be turned by 180∘.Zhong et al., using a spherical materials, genuine 3D models are required when
reference wave, succeeded in reconstructing a diffractive
object at short distance having a good resolution [28].
the materials' thickness grows. Gallego et al., for
They made an in-line phase shifting digital hologram. instance, have investigated photopolymers' three-
They found that in this condition the distance between dimensional behavior as a holographic recording
the object and CCD and the distance between the point material [33]. A review has been conducted on the
source of the reference wave center and CCD have to optimization of photopolymer materials for
be measured carefully to achieve a high quality holographic data storage [34]. Additionally, a
reconstructed image. In addition, other methods thorough analysis that details the state-of-the-art in
have been reported to improve the resolution of the photorefractive polymers for holography is
reconstructed holographic images [29]. available [35]. Recording holographic gratings is a
Images from reconstructed holograms are primarily common characteristic of holographic recording
monochrome but can also be colored. At least three materials [36]. The characterisation and
laser wavelengths are required to record a optimization of materials is the primary benefit of
hologram that accurately captures the object's color this approach This method can be used, for
example, to measure the signal-to-noise ratio. Here
and 3D shape. A previous study [30] discusses the
is a fair comparison by Peyghambarian's group of
wavelength selection issue in truecolor holography.
large-area, erasable holographic materials,
Advances in CreatingThree- including Azo-dye, Bacteriorhodopsin,
Dimensional Images and Videos Using Electrothermoplastic, Amorphous Chalcogenide,
Holographic Techniques Photorefractive polymers, and Liquid crystal
systems [37]. These materials need to meet specific
criteria in order to be utilized for 3D displays that
For a holographic plate, 5000 lines/mm appears to can be updated., such as high diffraction efficiency
be the typical amount in recent years. Holographic and sensitivity, reversible recording, high spatial
plates and films were previously divided into red- resolution, large area, long storage time, and fast
sensitive and green-sensitive categories due to their recording. The process of Bacteriorhodopsin
extreme sensitivity to a narrow range of materials is based on conformational change and
wavelengths. These days, it's simple to make their efficiency is very low. Another low efficiency
holographic plates that detect light over the visible material is Azo-dye whose process is based on
spectrum, including PFG-03C (silver halide) and molecular orientation. Li et al. have fabricated a
TCC-2 (photothermoplasticPFG-03C is intended to holographic display system using an azo-dye-
produce full-color reflection holograms using doped liquid crystal [38]. Liquid crystal systems
continuous wave (CW) laser radiation; a modified work drawing on liquid crystal orientation. The
version of PFG-03C known as GEO was created to efficiency of such systems is very low. The
record color holograms with pulsed light. These efficiency of Electrothermoplastic materials is
full-color plates yield excellent photographs, but better than that of mentioned materials and their
process is based on photoconduction and melting poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) photopolymer
but their resolution is worse than them. Another material. This material has many applications in
erasable holographic material is Amorphous various research areas such as holographic data
Chalcogenide which works with electronic storage, hybrid optoelectronics, solar concentrators,
structure changes. This material has a good self-trapping of light, and diffractive optical
efficiency near 80% but needs a high exposure that elements [49]. Atsushi Shishido has prepared
limits its performance. Photorefractive polymers optically transparent films with a thickness of >200
stand out as attractive candidates for updateable 𝜇m [50]. These rewritable holograms are based on
holographic displays. Their efficiency is over 90% azobenzene-containing liquid-crystalline polymers.
and they can be made in large-area formats. In this research, it has been reported that when two
Tsutsumi et al. have fabricated an updatable three- writing beams are made to overlap in the film, a
dimensional holographic stereogram display device periodic change in refractive index is induced and
using an organic monolithic compound which has an incident probe beam is diffracted at about 100%
the capability of recording and displaying new diffraction efficiency. This type of recorded
images within a few seconds and fixing at ten holograms can be erased by thermal treatment or
seconds and viewing for a longer time without photoirradiation with a single writing beam. One
applying any electric field. [39, 40]. Ishii et al. can find another good paper reporting development
have developed a real-time, dynamic holographic of an updatable holographic three-dimensional
material using a fast photochromic moleculethat display in [51]. Zhu et al. have made a high-quality
exhibits rapid colouration upon irradiation with UV singlelayer panchromatic dichromated gelatin
light and successive fast thermal bleaching within material for color holography [52]. One can find
tens of milliseconds at room temperature [41]. nice pictures of computer generated holograms
Using some of photorefractive crystals has enabled which have been made for 3D display in an article
scientists to use the recording media to record a by Hiroshi Yoshikawa et al. [53]. They have
new holographic image again, after recording and studied different types of computer generated
reconstructing the previous image. Lynn et al. have holograms for 3D displays including real-time
investigated the recent advances in photorefractive holographic video displays. In another paper
holographic imaging [42]. Poly(4- Bjelkhagen et al. studied color holography to
(diphenylamino)benzylacrylate)-based and poly(N- produce highly realistic three-dimensional images
vinylcarbazole)-based photorefractive composites [54]. A demonstration of a large-size real-time full-
have shown a good ability for dynamic holographic color three-dimensional display can be found here
displays [43, 44]. Huang et al. have carried out a [55].Scientists have been always trying to use an
research on a novel wideband dry sensitive appropriate setup and a good CCD or CMOS
photopolymer which is appropriate for camera, with a suitable pixel pitch, to make high
multiwavelength recording in digital holography resolution digital holograms [56, 57]. Pixel count is
[45]. This photopolymer has been made from rose an important factor in quality of holographic
bengal and methylene blue. Their analyses show displays, and there have been always attempts to
that the scattering play an important role in the increase it [58]. In an experimental research which
process of holographic recording and the scattering has used a high resolution CMOS sensor, full-color
phenomenon may reduce the maximum diffraction compact lensless holographic display has been
efficiency in such holograms. An attempt for evaluated [59]. The advantage of this method is
optimization of diffraction efficiency can be found using a small and simple lensless optical setup. In
here [46]. In a research the performance of the mentioned paper the image finesse, color
polyvinyl alcohol/acrylamide photopolymer fidelity, contrast ratio, and influence of speckles
PVA/AA photopolymers for holographic recording have been evaluated and compared with other
has been improved [47]. The improved techniques of holographic color image encoding.
photopolymer has presented low scattering and The speckle noise has always been an undesirable
diffraction efficiencies as high as 85%. Recently, a phenomenon in holograms. Kang has proposed a
new and even more remarkable panchromatic simple and effective method to reduce speckle
photopolymer is available from Bayer Material noise in digital holography [60]. Other related
Science (BMS) [48]. This material has many studies have been reported in [3, 61, 62].Zheng et
advantages such as long life time, stability, al. proposed a method for high quality
environmentally robust (no shrinkage), and less optoelectronic 3D holographic display using
postprocessing (thermal or wet) [31]. Another Fourier transform [63]. Fourier transform
photopolymer receiving ever greater attention in holography can well assure the precise
the literature is phenanthrenequinone (PQ) doped superposition of the reconstructed images. Zhao et
al. have used lensless Fourier transform holography Future of Holography
technique [64]. They have recorded three
monochromatic digital holograms with various Lance Winslow has written a comprehensive book
wavelengths (namely, red, green, and blue) for a beautifully predicting the future of holographic
color object using a monochrome CCD, and then projection technologies [70]. Reading this book is
they concluded that the reconstructed recommended to all interested people. These
monochromatic images should not only be predictions include the application of this
identical in size but also be superposed precisely in technology in cell phones, television sets, computer
order to get an accurate digital color holographic games, billboards, simulation, and education. Some
image of a color object.Shimobaba et al. have a other sections of this book discuss the potential of
numerical study on color holographic projection this technology in different fields; for instance, this
and have tried to avoid the superimposing of technology can greatly help traffic police to show
unwanted images on a wanted image [65]. the traffic signs. It can also help people to have a
Scientists have always looked forward to fast virtual trip. In another section of this book, which
generation of digital 3D video holograms [66]. For is far beyond our imagination, the author predicts
real-time holographic video display, it is important that holographic images will be used as clothing
to generate holographic fringes as fast as possible. and even makeup in the future. Although,
It is also important to display the true-color image nowadays, holographic 3D movies and pictures are
with a simple display system. A practical produced in a way that surprises the observer, it is
investigation on image holograms for fast predicted that the quality of this science-art will be
calculation and the display optics for fullcolor improved to an extent that it will be impossible to
holograms has been done [67]. In the mentioned distinguish
work the true-color hologram has been displayed holographicimagesfromrealobjects.Anefforthasbee
on a holographic video display system that uses ndone to achieve three-dimensional television by
part of the original optics and liquid crystal on electroholography [71]. A simple method of
silicon (LCoS) panels of the conventional video performing color electroholography has been
projector to separate and combine color proposed. In this method three colored
components. Alsothedevelopmentofawideviewing- lightemitting diodes (red, green, and blue) as
zone anglefull-color electronic holography reference lights were placed at the apexes of a
reconstruction system using very high resolution small right-angled triangle. The well-known
liquid crystal display panels has been scientists, Yeh and Gu, reviewed the current status
reported[68].Nowadays, most curators produce of stereoscopic 3D displays and discussed using
holographic 3D images from their valuables. It is flat panels for the display of both phase and
possible to copy these holographic plates without intensity of video image information, leading to the
having access to the main object. In a project ultimate display of 3D holographic video images
named “bringing the artifacts back to the people,” [72]. ++
holograms of twelve different artifacts were
recorded using the singlebeam Denisyuk colour
reflection method. In this project white laser light 1. Conclusions
was produced from three combined cw RGB lasers: We studied the recent improvements in creating
a red krypton-ion laser, a green frequency-doubled three dimensional images and videos by means of
Nd-YAG laser, and an argon-ion laser and holographic techniques. Holography has so many
panchromatic ultra-fine grain silver halide various applications in different sciences. Due to
materials were used for the holographic recording. the improvement of light sources, optical elements,
It is interesting to know that one of the recorded holographic plates, and the other holographic
artifacts included a 14,000-year-old decorated recording media, the quality of holographic images
horse jaw bone from the ice age, which is kept at has been significantly improved. A report on
British Museum in London [69]. In many parts of creating and reconstructing of transmission red-
the world, exhibitions are held for the public to see sensitive holograms has been provided. In what
the beautiful holographic images. These images are follows, this paper discusses the holographic
mostly reflective, because as already stated projection technologies of the future. Scientist
reflective holograms are easily reconstructed by predicts a very bright future for this technology,
means of the white light of small projectors, and it and it is predicted that this science-art will find its
is not necessary to use laser beam which is likely to way from exhibitions and laboratories to the
damage human eyes. everyday life. The advantage is the real three-
dimensional display without the use of any other
viewing aids. Although, nowadays, holographic 3D Energy Related Materials (ENEFM2013), vol. 155
movies and pictures are produced in a way that the of Springer Proceedings in Physics, pp. 131–136,
observer is surprised, it is predicted that the quality 2014.
of this science-art will be improved to an extent [9] P. Memmolo, V. Bianco, F. Merola, L. Miccio, M.
that it will be impossible to distinguish holographic Paturzo, and P. Ferraro, “Breakthroughs in photonics
images from real objects. 2013: holographic imaging,” IEEE Photonics
Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, Article ID 0701106, 2014.
[10] V. M. Bove, J. Barabas, S. Jolly, and D. Smalley,
Conflict of Interests “How to build a holographic television system,” in
The authors declare that there is no conflict of Proceedings of the 3DTVConference: The True
interests regarding the publication of this paper. Vision-Capture, Transmission and Dispaly of 3D
Video (3DTV-CON ’13), pp. 1–4, IEEE, 2013.

Acknowledgments
The authors shall appreciate the comment by the
anonymous reviewer(s) and wish to thank Ms.
Bahare Abbasi for English language assistance as
well.

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