WHAT IS PRAGMATISM?

Pragmatism is a philosophical approach that prioritizes practicality and experience over

theory and abstraction. Similarly, pragmatism in education prioritizes practical outcomes and
the needs and interests of the learners when it comes to teaching and learning.

PRAGMATISM IN EDUCATION

• Pragmatism in education states that learning should be focused on life and growth. The
topics students study in school should have practical applications to their current or future
situations or careers.

AIM OF EDUCATION To create new values. To enable pupils to gather experience through
activity. To help the pupil to adjust with him and the society. To help the pupil to reconstruct
his experience. To make all round development of the pupil.

FOCUS OR EMPHASIS OF EDUCATION

 In the area of education, Pragmatism emphasizes the relevance of practical outcomes

and the demands and interests of the learners.

 In education, pragmatism emphasizes actual outcomes over theoretical abstractions.

 In education, pragmatism prioritizes the needs and interests of the students

TEACHING METHODS
 Project-based learning (PBL): Students work collaboratively on projects that address
real-world problems or challenges, allowing them to apply their knowledge and skills.
Inquiry-based learning: Students develop questions, conduct research, and draw
conclusions independently, fostering critical thinking and problemsolving skills.
Cooperative learning: Students work in groups to achieve a common goal, developing
communication, collaboration, and social skills.

ROLE OF THE TEACHER OR SCHOOL

• Pragmatism, an educational philosophy pioneered by John Dewey, emphasizes

practical application and student-centered learning. This report explores the role of the
teacher and the methods employed in a pragmatic classroom.

The Pragmatic Teacher: Guide and facilitator: The teacher acts as a guide, fostering
independent learning and critical thinking. They facilitate activities and discussions, not simply
transmit information.
• Focuses on student interests and experiences: Learning is relevant and meaningful when it
connects to students' lives and interests. Teachers build upon prior knowledge and
experiences to create engaging learning opportunities

PROGRESSIVISM

Progressivists believe that individuality, progress, and change are fundamental to one's education.
Believing that people learn best from what they consider most relevant to their lives, progressivists
center their curricula on the needs, experiences, interests, and abilities of students. Progressivist
teachers try making school interesting and useful by planning lessons that provoke curiosity. In a
progressivist school, students are actively learning. The students interact with one another and develop
social qualities such as cooperation and tolerance for different points of view. In addition, students solve
problems in the classroom similar to those they will encounter in their everyday lives.

Aims in the curriculum

• to promote active learning, critical thinking, and problemsolving skills.
• prepare students to be active, engaged, and wellrounded individuals in society.
• importance of real-world experiences and hands-on learning.
FOCUS IN THE CURRICULUM
Subject are interdisciplinary, integrative, and interactive. Curriculum is focused on student’s
interest, human problem, and affairs.

Problem-Based Learning • apply their knowledge in practical situations

Inquiry-Based Learning • encouraging students to ask questions
Experiential Learning • where students learn through direct experiences and interactions.
Cooperative Learning • promotes collaboration and teamwork
Project-Based Learning • require them to research, plan, and create something meaningful
Personalized Learning • tailor instruction to meet individual needs

TEACHER’S ROLES

FACILITATOR: guiding students through the learning process rather than simply delivering
information
COLLABORATOR: work together, share ideas, and learn from each other.
ROLE MODEL: inspire students to become lifelong learners
CURRICULUM DESIGNER: design and adapt the curriculum
Coach and Mentor: encourage students to reflect on their learning experiences and set goals
for improvement.
SUPPORTER OF INDIVIDUAL NEEDS: meet the diverse needs of student
Promoter of Social and Emotional Development: create a supportive and inclusive classroom
environment

REALISM
Realism is the doctrine that is associated with the study of the world we live in. It is a
philosophy away from the world of ideas or spiritual things. In Realism the word ‘real’ denotes
actual or the existing. Realism is based on the belief that reality exists outside of ideas and
ideologies conjured up by humans. It attempts to teach students ways to unearth absolute
reality via logical processes. Aristotle is generally regarded as the father of Realism.

Realism explains the aims of education in different perspectives. The aim of education
should be to teach truth rather than beauty, to understand the present practical life. The
purpose of education, according to social realists, is to prepare the practical man of the world.

Preparation for Practical Life

Training of Senses

The focus of education in realism is on understanding and engaging with the real world,
prioritizing teaching about the world as it truly is over abstract concepts.

Reality-Based Knowledge: Education in realism focuses on teaching students factual,

objective knowledge about the world.
Practical Skills: Realism emphasizes the importance of teaching practical skills that are
applicable to real-world situations.
Preparation for Life: The emphasis of education in realism is on preparing students for life
beyond the classroom.

The method of the realists involves teaching for the mastery of facts in order to develop an
understanding of natural law. This can be done by teaching both the materials and their
application.
Direct Instruction
Demonstration and Modeling
Hands-on Learning
Experiential Learning
Project-based Learning
It is the responsibility of the teacher to introduce the students to the realities of the actual
world. They have a responsibility to not only introduce students to nature, but also to
demonstrate for them its regularities, or "rhythm, " in order for them to comprehend natural
law.
Facilitator of Learning Subject Matter
Expert Guide and Mentor
Evaluator and Assesor

PERENNIALISM

• Emphasizes timeless concepts and universal truths.

• Perennialists hold that there are enduring principles of existence and knowledge that never
changes.
• Students gain knowledge by reading and evaluating the writings of the greatest authors and
thinkers in history.

AIMS
1. Emphasizing the pursuit of enduring truths: Perennialism aims to cultivate in students a
deep understanding of timeless truths and principles that are considered fundamental to
human existence.
2. It aims to introduce students to fundamental concepts and unchanging realities of human
civilization.
3. Encouraging cultural and historical awareness: Perennialism aims to expose students to
the rich cultural and historical heritage of humanity
4. Perennialism focuses on a strict, content-oriented curriculum in literature, history,
philosophy, mathematics, and science.

TEACHING METHODS
1. Socratic Method: The Socratic method involves engaging students in a dialogue-based
approach to learning.
2. Lecture and Discussion: Perennialism often utilizes a combination of lectures and
discussions to convey essential knowledge and engage students in intellectual discourse.
3. Reading and Reflection: Perennialism places a strong emphasis on reading classical and
timeless texts.
4. Emphasis on Core Subjects: Perennialism prioritizes core subjects such as mathematics,
science, literature, history, and philosophy

TEACHER’S ROLE
1. Authority and Expertise: The teacher is seen as an authority figure and an expert in their
subject matter.
2. Curriculum Design and Instruction: Perennialism places a significant responsibility on
the teacher to design and implement a curriculum that focuses on essential subjects and
enduring ideas
3.. Role Model: The teacher serves as a role model for students, embodying the values and
principles of perennialism.
4. Mentorship and Guidance: The teacher serves as a mentor and guide for students

IDEALISM
is a philosophical perspective that emphasizes the importance of ideas, principles, and
values in the educational process. It stresses that education should focus on developing
students’ intellectual and moral qualities. Rather than simply providing them with skills and
knowledge.

AIMS
Pursuit of true ideas
Self-realization
Character development.

FOCUS ON EDUCATION
Conscious reasoning in the mind
Ideas and knowledge as the true reality
Emphasis on intellectual pursuits and the search for truth

TEACHING METHODS:
Lectures and discussions: Idealism places a strong emphasis on the role of the teacher in
education.
Socratic method: The Socratic method is a key method of education in idealism.
Role modeling: Idealism emphasizes the importance of the teacher as a role model for
students.
Reflection and self-examination: Idealism places a strong emphasis on the development of
the whole person.
Experiential learning: Idealism emphasizes the importance of experiential learning.

ROLE OF THE TEACHER

FACILITATOR OF LEARNING
 ROLE MODEL
 MENTOR
 DESIGNER OF CURRICULUM
 ASSESOR OF LEARNING

ESSENTIALISM
Essentialism in education asserts that common and essential ideas and skills belonging to a
certain culture should be taught to all citizens at the same level at especially the primary
school level. Essentialism asserts that the core curriculum should focus on transferring
essential knowledge and skills for well-balanced citizenship.

Emphasizing Essential Knowledge in Education

• Traditional subjects like reading, writing, mathematics, science.
• Educators at the forefront of learning process.
• Expected accountability and structured guidance.
• Encourages diligence, dedication, critical thinking, problem-solving.

Teaching Methods
Textbooks, reading books, and technology play crucial roles in delivering instruction
Traditional instructional strategies are favored, such as lecturing, reciting, discussing, and
questioning

ROLE OF THE TEACHER

Essentialist teachers need to bemore technically skilled in their field so they can advance
students' learning Webb et al., (2010)
Taking primary responsibility for organizing the curriculum, instruction, and assessment
Set the character of the environment in which learning takes place.

EXISTENTIALISM
Existentialism is a philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence
of the individual person as a free and responsible agent, determining their own development
through acts of the will.

FOCUS
Existentialism focuses on creating purpose and meanings in our existence.
"Existence precedes Essence"

AIMS IN EDUCATION
development of authenticity,

 self realization,
  choice making power,
 responsibility,
 ability to face tragic situations,
 social adjustability and
 uniqueness in child.

TEACHING METHODS
EMPHASIS ON AUTHENTICITY
FOCUS ON SUBJECTIVITY
ENCOURANGEMENT OF CRITICAL THINKING
EXPLORATION AND FREEDOM
USE OF DIALOGUE AND REFLECTION

Individualized Teaching Method

This method is the most important for the existentialism philosopher. In this method, the
teacher plays a very important part. Because of this, the teacher occupies a special position
of importance in the education of the child. He has to know the individual differences of the
different children and be able to teach each child as though he is teaching him or her alone.

ROLE OF THE TEACHER

the role of a teacher is to initiates the act of education and influences
the lives of his learners throughout his own life. The teacher is very
active and welcomes challenges to his ideas from the learners.

The teacher as a curricularist

knows the curriculum.
writes the curriculum.
plans the curriculum.
Initiates the curriculum.
Innovates the curriculum.
Implements the curriculum.
evaluates the curriculum.

Good Curriculum
• Continuously evolving
• Based on needs
• Democratically conceived
• Result of a long-term effort
• Complex of details
• Complements community programs
• Has educational quality
• Has administrative flexibility