IV.

AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD

(1910 –1945)

A. Period of
B. Period of Emergence
Apprenticeship (1920-1930)
(1910-1930)
 A. PERIOD OF APPRENTICESHIP

2. Poems written were

1. Filipino writers amateurish and mushy,
imitated English and whose phrasing and
American models. diction was awkward
and artificial.
 b. PERIOD OF emergence

Short Stories
Highly influenced by Most prevalent literary
Western literary form
trends like Jose Garcia Villa –
Romanticism and earned the
Realism. international title “Poet
of the Century”
 V. JAPANESE OCCUPATION
(1942 - 1945)
War Years (1942-1944)
1. Tagalog poets broke away from the
Balagtas tradition and instead wrote
in simple language and free verse
2. Fiction prevailed over poetry
a. 25 Pinakamabuting Maikling Kathang
Pilipino (1943) – compilation of the entries
to the short story contest by the military
government.
b. Suyuan saTubigan by Macario Pineda
c. Lupang Tinubuan by Narciso Reyes d.
Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa by Liwayway
Arceo
V. JAPANESE OCCUPATION (1942 - 1945)
Period of Maturity and Originality
(1945-1960)
1. Bountiful harvest in poetry, fiction,
drama, and essay
2. Filipino writers mastered English
and familiarized themselves with
diverse techniques
3. Literary “giants” appeared
vI. THE REBIRTH OF FREEDOM (1945 - 1970)

1.Americans came back to

the Philippines in 1945, and
there was a lot of palpable
rejoicing among Filipinos.
2.Filipinos regained their
freedom on July 4, 1946.
1. “The early post-liberation period
was marked by a kind of ‘struggle of
mind and spirit’ posed by the sudden
emancipation from the enemy and
the wild desire to see print.
Filipinos had, by this time, learned to
express themselves more confidently,
but post-war problems beyond
language and print-like economic
stability, the threat of new ideas, and
mortality had to be grappled with side
by side.” (Kahayon and Zulueta)
POETS AND THEIR POEMS
A. Have Come, Am Here by Jose Garcia Villa
B. Prose and Poems by Nick Joaquin
C. Who Spoke of Courage in His Sleep by NVM
Gonzales
D. Speak Not, Speak Also by Conrado V. Pedroche
E. Philippine Harvest by Amador Daguio
NOVELS AND SHORT STORIES IN ENGLISH

A. Without Seeing the Dawn by Stevan Javellana

B. Pen Anthology of Short Stories (1958) by
Francisco Arcellana
C. The Hand of the Enemy (1961) by Kerima
Polotan
D. The Adversary (1968) and The Trail of
Professor Riego (1969) by Luis V. Teodoro, Jr.
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN TAGALOG
A. Mga Piling Katha (1947-48) by Alejandro Abadilla
B. Sining at Pamamaraan ng Pagaara lng Panitikan (1965)
by Rufino Alejandro
C. Manlilikha, Mga Piling Tula (1961-67) by Rogelio G.
Mangahas
D. Manunulat: Mga Piling Akdang Pilipino (1970) by Efren
Abueg
E. Mga Aklatni Rizal (Many books about Rizal were written
by Filipino authors during this period.)
 2. The Palanca Memorial Awards for
Literature (headed by Carlos Palanca,
Sr.) was launched in 1950 and served
as inspiration to Filipino writers. Till
now, The Palanca Awards are still
being given although Mr. Palanca had
already passed away.
VII. CONTEMPORARY/MODERN PERIOD
(1970 – PRESENT)
A. Characteristics
1. The seeds of activism resulted in the declaration
of Martial Law by Pres. Ferdinand Marcos in
1972.The youth became completely rebellious
during this period. This was proven not only in the
bloody demonstrations and in the sidewalk
expressions, but also in literature. Campus
newspapers showed rebellious emotions.
VII. CONTEMPORARY/MODERN PERIOD
(1970 – PRESENT)
A. Characteristics
1. The seeds of activism resulted in the declaration
of Martial Law by Pres. Ferdinand Marcos in
1972.The youth became completely rebellious
during this period. This was proven not only in the
bloody demonstrations and in the sidewalk
expressions, but also in literature. Campus
newspapers showed rebellious emotions.
 2. Martial Law repressed and curtailed human
rights, including freedom of the press, and Filipino
writers wrote about these dark days in their
writings.
3. Writers used symbolisms and allegories to drive
home their message, at the face of heavy
censorship. Theater was used as a vehicle for
protest, such as the PETA (Philippine Educational
Theater Association) and UP Theater. From the
eighties onwards, writers continued to show
dynamism and innovation.
4. The period of the New Society lasted from 1972-
1980, and this period had writings about the theme
of development and progress of the country – the
Green Revolution, family planning, proper
nutrition, environment, drug addiction, and
pollution. However, all these supposed to be ideal
projects were being done with the military in the
background. The military government were
supervising the newspapers, books, and other
publications.
 5. Though Martial Law was lifted on January 2,
1981, the oppression and suppression being done
by the Marcos government continued, and
rebellion was seething among Filipinos. History
would turn a sudden twist when Ninoy Aquino,
one of Pres. Marcos’ critics, was assassinated on
August 21, 1983. When this happened, the people’s
emotions could not be suppressed; they were mad,
and this showed in the pieces of literature churned
out during that period.
 6. Cory Aquino, Ninoy’s widow, was
elected in February 1986 through a
peaceful revolution, and People Power
brought feelings of euphoria among the
Filipino people. All these showed in the
songs, poems, speeches, news, and
even in television programs during
that time.
 7. When before, the press was suppressed and
censored, the restoration of democracy during the
time of Pres. Cory Aquino brought back not only
press freedom, but also freedom for the Filipino
people to speak up and express themselves
whenever they felt the need to, without the fear of
being jailed or killed for doing it. For that, the
Filipino people, especially the Filipino writers, owe
her a lot.
 8. The new trends have been used and
introduced to meet the needs and tastes of
the new generation. 21st Century learners
are demanded to be ICT inclined to compete
with the style and format of writing as well.
New codes or lingos are used to add flavor
in the literary pieces produced nowadays.