Functions of the Circulatory System

Cardiovascular System Is a life –support system that transports nutrients and oxygen in the
body. - It allows dissolved oxygen, nutrients and hormones to be delivered to individual cells
while removing carbon dioxide and waste products.

Its Parts and Functions: (HEART, BLOOD

1. Heart- The Living Pump

- Is a cone-shape muscular organ, approximately the size of your fist, which pumps blood
throughout the body.
-It is located at the center of the chest between the lungs and slightly tilted to the left.
File:Diagram of the human heart (cropped).svg – Wikipedia

Chambers of the Heart

Right Atrium- receives deoxygenated(oxygen-poor) blood from all parts of the body.
Left Atrium - receives oxygenated (oxygen-rich) blood from the lungs.
Right Ventricle - pumps deoxygenated blood toward the lungs (for oxygenation).
Left Ventricle- pumps oxygenated blood to the aorta and then to all parts of the body.

Layers of the Heart

1. Epicardium – the outermost layer of the heart.
2. Myocardium – is the muscular part of the heart wall, the part that actually contracts.
3. Endocardium – is the thin, innermost layer that lines the heart cavities or chamber.

Four Valves of the Heart

1. Atrioventricular Valves (AV) – are found between the atria and ventricles. It prevent the
backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria.
2. Bicuspid or Mitral Valve – is the left AV valve..
3. Semilunar Valves- prevent the backflow of blood to the ventricular chambers. The
semilunar valves are the pulmonary and aortic valves, which both have three cups each.
4. Tricuspid Valve is the right AV valve.
II. BLOOD : The Fluid of LIFE
-It is a connective tissue that looks like a plain red fluid.
- It is the internal circulating medium of the body that gives life to cells.
- It transports raw materials to cells, removes waste from cells, and brings metabolic waste to
the specific excretory organs of the body to avoid the buildup of toxic materials.
- It regulates the acid-base balance in the body and protects the body from diseases and blood
loss.

Types of Blood Cells

1. RED BLOOD CELLS or 120 days in the body before they are recycled.
Erythrocytes (RBCs) – these cells are produced in the bone marrow and circulate.
After 120 days, the RBCs are destroyed in the liver and decompose into heme and
globin.
Heme – is decomposed into Iron and bilirubin
GLOBIN -is a protein needed for growth and development.
IRON- is a mineral needed by the body to produce RBCs and bilirubin gives the bile
its greenish-gray color.

2. WHITE BLOOD CELLS or leukocytes – are cells with nuclei. They are produced by
multipotent cells in bone marrow. They are larger than RBCs in size but are fewer in number.
WBCs act as soldiers that defend the body from infections. They are the cells of the immune
system. They help defend the body from the invasion of pathogens that may cause diseases.
Most of the WBCs are produced and stored in the bone marrow.

3. PLATELETS or thrombocytes – are cells without nuclei and are considered the smallest
blood cells. Function is to prevent blood loss by clogging injured blood vessel. They are
colorless that are smaller than the red and white blood cells and have no nuclei.
PLASMA – is the unclotted or uncoagulated liquid part of blood that is transparent
and straw-colored. It is the liquid portion of the blood. It constitutes 55% of the total
blood volume. It consists of major substances such as the following:
1. Water
2.Dissolved wastes
3. Antibodies
4. Dissolve Nutrients
5. Fibrinogen
6. Hormones
Human Blood Types
1. Type A
Antigen Present-Antigen A
Antibodies Present-Anti B
Can Donate Blood to-A or AB
Can Receive Blood from- A or O

2. Type B
Antigen Present-Antigen B
Antibodies Present-Anti A
Can Donate Blood to-B or AB
Can Receive Blood from- B or O

3. Type AB (Universal receiver)

Antigen Present-Antigen A and B Antibodies Present- No antibodies
Can receive Blood to- AB
Can Donate Blood to- A,B,AB or O

4. Type O - Universal donor

Antigen Present-No Antigen
Antibodies Present- Anti A and Anti B
Can Receive Blood to - A, B, AB or O
Can Donate Blood to – O

III. BLOOD VESSELS : The Alleys and Highways

- It transport blood throughout the body.

Three Major Kinds of Blood Vessels

1. Arteries – are blood vessels responsible for carrying blood away from the heart. It carries
oxygenated blood away from the heart.
2. Veins – are blood vessels that are responsible for carrying blood back to the heart. It
contains deoxygenated blood, except for pulmonary veins. They are thinner than arteries.
3. Capillaries – are the smallest blood vessels in the body. They enable the exchange of
oxygen, nutrients, and carbon dioxide between the blood and cells .The finest and thinnest of
all blood vessels.

TYPES OF CIRCULATION
1. Coronary – circulation of blood within the heart.
2. Pulmonary – circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs.
3. Systemic – circulation of blood between the heart and the cells of the body.
Diseases or Disorders of the Circulatory System
1. Angina pectoris refers to “ Chest Pain” – a symptom similar to heart attack, except that it
is mild. The pain, which occurs during muscle exertion, arises from the heart and to the left arm
and shoulder. These symptoms forewarn a person that there is an inadequate supply of oxygen in
the heart.

2. Atherosclerosis is caused by the accumulation of fatty substances and cholesterol in the

arteries which may result in vascular resistance and decreased blood flow. Signs and Symptoms:
Leg pain when walking and running, dizziness or loss of consciousness.

3. STROKE is caused by the inference in the supply of blood to the brain. This may Bin the
blood vessels of the brain or by atherosclerosis. Patients may experienced slurring of speech,
one-sided body weakness, shallow nasolabial fold on one side, headache and loss of
consciousness.

4. Heart Attack (mycocardial infarction) – is caused by insufficient blood supply to one or

more parts of the heart muscles, which results to the death of cells. It can be caused by blood
clot that forms in the coronary arteries or by atherosclerosis. Signs and symptoms: pain at the
center of the chest radiating toward the shoulders, left arm, and jaw and the feeling of impending
death.

5. Aneurysm – is a bulge formed on the arterial wall of the brain that supplies blood to the
brain. Symptoms: severe headache, blurred vision, neck pain and changes in speech. Smoking
and having high blood pressure are probable causes of aneurysm. Surgery is needed to treat
aneurysm.

6. BLOOD PRESSURE
It is medically referred to as Hypertension which is caused by the pressure exerted by blood on
the walls of the arteries due to the contraction of the heart.

Sphygmomanometer is an apparatus for measuring blood pressure and is usually used together
with a stethoscope.

The sphygmomanometer reads two pressure values.

The first is the SYSTOLIC PRESSURE which tells how much pressure is exerted when your
heart contracts and blood flows in the arteries.
The second is the DIASTOLIC PRESSURE which tells how much pressure is exerted when the
heart relaxes. Blood Pressure is expressed in mm of Hg.
The Normal Pressure of a healthy adult is 120 systolic BP and 80 Diastolic BP mm Hg. This
reading means that the blood is pushing on the artery walls with a pressure of 120 mm Hg as
heart contracts and 80 mm Hg as the heart relaxes. Regular exercise and a healthy diet are
needed to maintain a normal blood pressure.
Respiratory System- it involves in the intake and exchange of Oxygen gas and Carbon Dioxide
between the organism and Environment

PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

NOSE – the air first enters through its two openings, which are called the EXTERNAL
NARES or NOSTRILS which lead to the anterior nasal passage which contains hair known
as CILIA for trapping foreign particles.
NASAL CAVITY- internal part of the nose
Also houses the olfactory receptors.
PHARYNX – is a five-inch muscular passageway of food and air.

Three Regions in the Pharynx

1. Nasopharynx – receives the air from the nasal cavity.
2.Oropharynx- common passageway for food and air and leads to a digestive tract called
esophagus
3. Laryngopharynx – leads to another Respiratory tract.

LARRYNX – plays a role in speech and it is formed by Cartilages.

TRACHEA or WINDPIPE – a 4 – inch tract that is located midchest. It is the main
passageway from the larynx to the lungs.

BRONCHI – two tubes which carry air from the trachea to the inner recesses of the lungs.

LUNGS – the main organs of the Respiratory System.

ALVEOLI- are where the lungs and the blood exchange Oxygen and Carbon dioxide
during the process of breathing in and breathing out.
Kenneth
sent
11 hours ago
Western Artists LESSON 2: WESTERN ARTISTS
Week 3-4
Reference: https://owlcation.com/humanities/10-Western-Artists/Journey to MAPEH 9
Targets
Identify representative artists from various art periods. (western Period)
Reflects on and derives the mood, idea, or message from selected artwork.
Discuss the use or function of artworks by evaluating their utilization and combination of art
elements and principles
MOST FAMOUS ARTISTS AND THEIR PAINTINGS
I. VINCENT VAN GOGH
Vincent Willem van Gogh (Dutch: 30 March 1853 – 29 July 1890) was a Dutch post-impressionist
painter who is among the most famous and influential figures in the history of Western art. In just
over a decade, he created about 2,100 artworks, including around 860 oil paintings, most of which
date from the last two years of his life. They include landscapes, still lifes, portraits and self-portraits,
and are characterised by bold colours and dramatic, impulsive and expressive brushwork that
contributed to the foundations of modern art. He was not commercially successful, and his suicide at
37 came after years of mental illness, depression and poverty.
Van Gogh suffered from psychotic episodes and delusions and though he worried about his mental
stability, he often neglected his physical health, did not eat properly and drank heavily.
His depression continued and on 27 July 1890, Van Gogh shot himself in the chest with a
Lefaucheux revolver.[6] He died from his injuries two days later.
Van Gogh was unsuccessful during his lifetime, and he was considered a madman and a failure. He
became famous after his suicide and exists in the public imagination as a misunderstood genius, the
artist "where discourses on madness and creativity converge"
STARRY NIGHT BY VINCENT VAN GOGH
Vincent van Gogh painted Starry Night in 1889 during his stay at the asylum of Saint-Paul-de-
Mausole near Saint-Rémy-de-Provence. Van Gogh lived well in the hospital; he was allowed more
freedoms than any of the other patients. If attended, he could leave the hospital grounds; he was
allowed to paint, read, and withdraw into his own room. He was even given a studio. While he
suffered from the occasional relapse into paranoia and fits - officially he had been diagnosed with
epileptic fits - it seemed his mental health was recovering.
Unfortunately, he relapsed. He began to suffer hallucination and have thoughts of suicide as he
plunged into depression. Accordingly, there was a tonal shift in his work. He returned to
incorporating the darker colors from the beginning of his career and Starry Night is a wonderful
example of that shift. Blue dominates the painting, blending hills into the sky. The little village lays
at the base in the painting in browns, greys, and blues. Even though each building is clearly outlined
in black, the yellow and white of the stars and the moon stand out against the sky, drawing the eyes
to the sky. They are the big attention grabber of the painting.
There are various interpretations of Starry Night and one is that this canvas depicts hope. It seems
that van Gogh was showing that even with a dark night such as this it is still possible to see light in
the windows of the houses. Furthermore, with shining stars filling the sky, there is always light to
guide you. It seems that van Gogh was finally being cured of his illness and had essentially found his
heaven. He also knew that in death he would be at peace and further portrays this by using bold
colors in the Starry Night painting.
II. Charles Marion Russell
(March 19, 1864 – October 24, 1926), also known as C. M. Russell, Charlie Russell, and "Kid"
Russell, was an American artist of the American Old West. He created more than 2,000 paintings of
cowboys, Native Americans, and landscapes set in the western United States and in Alberta, Canada,
in addition to bronze sculptures. He is known as "the cowboy artist".
"Sun Worship in Montana”
This painting is called “Sun Worship in Montana” and depicts a decorated Indian woman standing
outside her teepee and holding up her infant child to the sun.
III.GEORGE CATLIN
George Catlin was most well- known for his comprehensive ethnographic portraits of 48 distinct
Native American tribal groups.
Catlin was a painter who worked in oils and watercolor, and he specialized in printmaking. His work
is well preserved and prolific due to the existence of these prints.
Attacking the Grizzly Bear
IV.Albert Bierstadt (1830-1902)
Albert Bierstadt was a German-American painter best known for his romantic landscapes. He was a
prolific artist and was very financially successful during his own life. One of his commissioned
paintings brought him $25,000 over 150 years ago. That's a lot of money now, but it was an
astronomical sum for a painter in the 19th century!
Bierstadt's popularity was well justified. His beautiful landscapes manipulate light in a technique
called "luminism." His paintings of beautiful places like Yosemite, Yellowstone, Californian
landscapes, etc., often use strong contrasts of light and darkness in a technique called "chiaroscuro,"
which is an Italian term usually applied in art history to portrait paintings. Bierstadt used this effect
to create romance and grandeur in his landscapes. His work fueled the imagination of many
Americans who settled in the West, and his paintings helped Easterners appreciate the lands that later
became a part of the U.S. National Park system.
Yosemite
Yellowstone
V.Thomas Moran (1837-1926)
Thomas Moran was an English-born landscape painter who immortalized his Western landscapes
like Albert Bierdstadt. Moran emigrated to America with his family when his father's job as a loom
operator became obsolete during the height of the Industrial Revolution. Thomas's brother Edward
was also a painter.
Moran's signature style of painting with intense shades of color was especially effective in capturing
the awesome grandeur and drama of Grand Canyon and Under the trees. These parks form the
backbone of his landscape work. His landscapes often depict steep and dramatic mountains, rock
formations, and natural wonders—often with dark clouds. His paintings carry a high sense of drama
Under the trees
The Grand Canyon
VI.Frederick Remington (1861-1909)
Born relatively late in the 19th century, Frederick Remington always knew he wanted to be an artist.
At age 15, he attended a military academy in New York State. According to his biographers,
Remington moved out West to prove his merit as an artist to his fiancée’s father. He established a
flourishing career as a fine artist, journalist, illustrator, and even war correspondent. He also got to
marry his sweetheart!
Remington was both a painter and a sculptor. His subjects often included cavalry officers, Native
Americans, and horses. His cast bronze sculptures were reproduced at forges and sold in multiple
copies in a series, similar to the idea of print making. He made all of his bronzes during the last 10
years of his life, which ended at the untimely age of 48 due to health complications. Remington was
fascinated by what he called the "Old West," and he traveled in the West during his adult life
collecting subject material.
The bronze Buster(1895)
The fall of the Cowboy(1895)
VII.ANDY WARHOL
Lifespan: August 6, 1928 – February 22, 1987
Pop Art was the last prominent modern art movement. Artists used recognizable imagery from
popular culture like advertisements, celebrities and comic book characters. Andy Warhol was the
best known and most influential artist of the Pop Art movement to the extent that he is known as the
“Pope of Pop”.
Obsessed with celebrity, consumer culture, and mechanical (re)production, Pop artist Andy Warhol
created some of the most iconic images of the 20th century. As famous for his quips as for his art—
he variously mused that “art is what you can get away with” and “everyone will be famous for 15
minutes”—Warhol drew widely from popular culture and everyday subject matter.
Marilyn Monroe by Warhol
VIII.CLAUDE MONET
Claude Monet was a founder of the art movement Impressionism; which laid emphasis on vivid
colors, candid poses and, most importantly, on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities.
Monet was the driving force behind this revolutionary art movement; and its most consistent and
prolific practitioner. The name of the movement also comes from his painting Impression, Sunrise;
the term being coined in a satirical review. Monet was dedicated to finding improved methods of
painterly expression. He broke tradition and thought in terms of colors, light and shapes. Some of his
series explored how smoke, steam, mist, rain etc. affected color and visibility. Claude Monet is the
most famous French artist and he is considered among the greatest painters ever.
Nympheas (Water Lilies)
Bridge over a Pond of Water Lilies
IX. SALVADOR DALÍ
Lifespan: May 11, 1904 – January 23, 1989
Known for his eccentric manners, Salvador Dali created the most famous masterpieces of Surrealist
art. His contribution to Surrealist painting include the paranoiac-critical method; in which the artist
attempts to tap into his subconscious through systematic irrational thought and a self-induced
paranoid state. Best known for his striking and bizarre images, Dali used extensive symbolism in his
work. Recurring images in his paintings include elephants with brittle legs which evoke
weightlessness; ants, thought to be his symbol for decay and death.
Persistence of Memory
The Great Masturbator by Salvador Dali
X. MICHELANGELO
Lifespan: March 6, 1475 – February 18, 1564
Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni was a “Renaissance man” or “Universal Genius” who
excelled in various fields including painting, architecture, poetry and engineering. However, above
all, he is widely regarded as the greatest sculptor of all time. In his lifetime, Michelangelo was often
called Il Divino (“the divine one”)
David By Michelangelo
XI. LEONARDO DA VINCI
Lifespan: April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519
Nationality: Italian
Leonardo da Vinci was the ideal Renaissance man, the greatest Universal Genius, who, among other
things, was a painter, mathematician, engineer, architect, botanist, sculptor and anatomist. However
for four centuries after his death his fame rested primarily on his laurels as a painter. His detailed
knowledge of anatomy, light, botany and geology helped him in creating some of the most renowned
masterpieces in history. Da Vinci is known for capturing subtle expressions due to which his
paintings look more alive than others. He made numerous contributions to the field of art including
his pioneering of the techniques known as sfumato meaning Soft, the smooth transition from light to
shadow.
Mona Lisa by Leonardo Da Vinci (Lady Lisa)
XII.PABLO RUIZ PICASSO
Lifespan: October 25, 1881 – April 8, 1973
Nationality: Spanish
PICASSO was a Spanish painter, sculptor,printmaker, and theater designer who spent most of his
adult life in France.
Demonstrating extraordinary artistic talent in his early years, Pablo Picasso went on to become the
most influential artist of the 20th century. He broke the practices of the past and co-pioneered the art
movement Cubism.
Picasso showed a passion and a skill for drawing from an early age. According to his mother, his first
words were "piz, piz", a shortening of lápiz, the Spanish word for "pencil". From the age of seven,
Picasso received formal artistic training from his father in figure drawing and oil painting.
The Old Guitarist