46 Physics © Level P-2 Topical Workbook + 15: ‘and Write Publications ‘oreay Forces Section A M/J 22/22/01 Fig, 1.1 shows a waterskier pulled horizontally across the water surface. su eeoe FE Fig. 1.4 The mass of the waterskier is 60kg. The gravitational field strength gis 10N/kg, (a) Calculate the weight of the waterskier. weight = 10) {b) Mass and weight have different units. State two other differences between mass and weight, (c)_ A boat pulls the waterskier to the right with a horizontal force of 5ON. The waterskier travels at a constant speed. (i) Explain, in terms of the horizontal forces acting, why the speed is constant. (il) ‘The horizontal force acting to the right increases from SON to 70} other forces are unchanged. Calculate the acceleration of the waterskier,prysics © Level P-2 Topical Workbook a 1.5: Forces Read and Wie Publications i 2, OIN 24/P22/02 Force is a vector quantity, (a) State what is meant by a vector, (1) (b)Aswimmer reaches the end wall of a swimming pool and turns around under the water. Fig. 2.1 shows the swimmer immediately after turning around. water surface end wall Fig. 2.4 (i) The swimmer pushes against the end wall of the pool with his legs. Explain, in terms of Newton's third law, why the swimmer accelerates away from the end wall. (ii) While swimming, there is a constant forward force on the swimmer. His si creases until eventually he reaches a constant speed. Explain why he reaches a constant speed. oO:1.5: Forces 48 ay Physics © Level P.2 Topical Workbook Read and Write Publications IN 21121102 . 2:1 shows a man of mass 80kg standing in a lift (elevator), ig. Fig. 2.1 28 The gravitational field strength g is 10N/kg. (a) Calculate the weight of the man, weight = tt) (b) The lift accelerates upwards uniformly at 0.50m/s?. Calculate: (i) the resultant upward force on the man resultant force (il) the force exerted on the man by the floor of the lift. rest in 4.05, The total distance travelled is 8.0m. On Fig. 2.2, sketch the distance-time graph for this journey. ygern sa caaalant pnysesoLevelP.2 Topical Workbook 1.5: Forces (A) 8.0: distance/m time/s Fig. 2.2 13} 4, Mid 21/P21/01 ‘An aircraft flies at a constant height. ‘Air drag and the force from the aircraft's engines together produce a force on the aircraft of 36KN due north, as shown in Fig. 1.1. The wind produces a force of 12kN towards the east. north 36KN 42kN, Fig. 1.1 (not to scale) ss (2) Draw a scale drawing to show the resultant force acting on the aircral OgN Use your drawing to determine the size of the resultant force mente resultant force and north. & © & g size of resultant for6@i 15: pyle © Leva 2 Tope Wonbook nesta iene 4 (b) The acceleration of the aircraft is uniform. (i). Describe how a uniform acceleration differs from @ non-uniform acceleration. (i) The mass of the aircraft is 60000kg. Calculate the acceleration of the aircraft. acceleration = 5. MIJ 20/P22/02 Fig, 2.1 shows the thinking distance and the braking distance for a car driven at 100km/h, The car has old, smooth tyres. thinking braking distance distance alu) rita Fig. 2.1 (a) Calculate the total stopping distance for the car. stopping distance (b) The car is now fitted with new tyres. 10] ‘Ata speed greater than 100km/h, the total stopping distance is the same as in (a). (1) State and explain the effect that the increase in speed and the use of new tyres have on the thinking distance. effect. explanation nsenssen State and explain the effect that the increase in speed and the new braking distance. effect explanation .... 6. MIJ 20/P21/01 Fig, 1.1 shows the thinking distance and the braking dist road and along a wet road at the same speed. thinking distanceprysics © Level P-2 Topical Workbook st sree Read and Write Publications 4 (a) Calculate the total stopping distance for the car on the wet road. distance = (b) Complete the sentence, The thinking distance is the distance travelled between seeing a hazard and .. (c) (i) Suggest why the thinking distance is the same on both roads. (1) (i Explain why the braking distance is larger when the road is wet. 2) 7. OIN 18/P21/Q1 A girl of mass 35kg, on a bicycle, accelerates from rest and travels down a slope in a straight line. The girl does not use the pedals. Fig. 1.1 shows that the gradient of the slope is constant. ir slope Fig. 1.1 {@) Caloulate the resultant force on the girl when she is accelerating at resultant force = (b) At first, her acceleration is constant, At time ty, h Until she is travelling at a constant speed in ()) On Fig, 1.2, sketch a speed-time graph is travelling at a constant speed.52 Physics O Level P-2 Topical Workbook Read and Write Publications speed i, time Fig. 1.2 (ii) State how the distance travelled is found from a speed-time graph. lt) 8. Mid 18/P21/Q2 Fig. 2.1 shows a man pushing a heavy box with a force P. A frictional force F acts in a horizontal direction. Pp F Fig. 2.1 (@) The forces on the box are balanced and the box is Stationary, (0) State what is meant by balanced forces, (il) The trictional force in Fig. 2.1 does not produce any heating effect. State what must happen for the frictional force to produce heating, (iil) Apart from being stationary, the forces are balanced, describe one other possible state of Oy NS (b) When P= 100N and F = 65N, the box accelerates, The Calculate the acceleration of the box,pnyses 0 Level P.2 Topical Workbook nptieats 53 Read and White Pubications 9, Mid 17/21/01 Fig. 1.1 shows the directions of four forces acting on a racing car as it travels in a horizontal straight line. Fig. 1.1 (a) Draw a line from each box on the left to the correct description of each force. force A driving force [_toroe 8 contact or normal reaction force force C air resistance and friction force D | force of gravity 1" {b) The table shows the sizes of the forces acting on the car at one time. | forcea/N | _ force B/N forceC/N | force D/N | 8000 1000 8000, The gravitational field strength gis 10N/kg. Caloulate (the mass of the car, (il) the resultant force on the car, (ill) the acceleration of the car.Re 54 15: Foreas pysics 0 Level P-2 Topical Workbook Read and Write Publications 7 1en accelerates for 5.08 with an acceleration (@). Atanothertime, the cari travelling 2 speed u. Itth of 1.6m/s2, and reaches a speed of 20m/S. Calculate the value of u. u 40. OIN 16/P21/Q1 car of mass 800g is travelling at a speed of 25m/s along a straight, horizontal road, (a) State how velocity differs from speed. (b) The driver presses the accelerator and the speed of the car starts to increase from 25m/s, The car accelerates at 1.5m/s* (i) Calculate the resultant force acting on the car as it accelerates. force = (li) Explain why the forward force acting on the car due to the engine is greater than the value in (b)(). (iil) Determine the speed of the car 4.0 after it starts to accelerate. speed = 11. Mid 16/P21/01 - ‘A sky-diver jumps from a stationary balloon. His intial down omy . wards acceleration is 11 Fig. 1.1 shows the directions of the air resistance and the weight of the - air resistance ‘The mass of the sky-diver is 6Okg and his wel t @ Ela, vig lees sDout he trvon wt ne1.5: Forces (A) (b) When the parachute opens, the sky-diver experiences an upward acceleration for a short time. Explain why. = [1] (c) The total force of air resistance on the sky-diver and open parachute changes with their speed, as shown in Fig. 1.2, 800: air resistance/N 600: 400: 200: Fig. 1.2 After the parachute opens, the sky-diver slows down to a terminal velocity. The weight of the sky-diver is 600N. (i) Using Fig. 1.2, determine the terminal velocity of the sky-diver. terminal velocity = (ii) Calculate the resultant force on the sky-diver wher [1]15 Foe 6 Physic © Level 2 Topical Worbook nur a“ 12, OJN 15/P21/01 : Fig, 1.1 shows an archer firing an arrow at a target during a competition. bow bow string archer Fig. 1.1 The arrow has a mass of 0.018kg and is initially at rest. The arrow leaves the bow 0.011 s after the bow string is released, When it leaves the bow, the velocity of the arrow is 95m/s. (a) Calculate (i)_ the average acceleration of the arrow during the 0.0116, average acceleratior (iil) the average force exerted on the arrow during the 0.0115.Read and Write Publications (b) In practice, the force exerted on the arrow gradually decreases to zero during firing. On Fig. 1.2, sketch a possible speed-time graph for the arrow as it is being fired. 95. speed m/s 0 0.011 Fig. 1.2 time/s 43. ON 14/P21/01 Fig. 1.1 shows a motorcycle during a race. The motorcycle accelerates along a straight section of the track from aggpeed of 40m Jes 0 Level P-2 Topical Workbook ree 57 1.5: Forces (A) i0 1.5 Fores Physics © Level P-2 Topical Workbook Read and Write Publications 4 90: 70: speed 60° m/s 50: 40: 20: 10: 0 2 4 6 8 Fig. 1.2 time/s 10 12 ‘The mass of the motorcycle is 180kg. (a) For the time 0 to 2.05, determine (0) the acceleration of the motorcycle, acceleration (il) the resultant force acting on the motorcycle. force = 2 r (b) The driving force acting on the motorcycle remains constant troughsct Gan spent on the Straight section of track, 9 (W) Using Fig. 1.2, describe how the acceleration of the mage tingcon during this time. (i) Explain, in terms of the forces acting, why theae pnysies © Level P.2 Topical Workbook és 1.5: Forces (A) Read and Wie Pubicatons 44, Mid 14/P22/01 Fig. 1.1 shows a lorry accelerating in a straight line along a horizontal road. Fig. 1.1 (@)_The driving force on the lorry in the forward direction is D and the total backward force on the lorry is B. (i) State and explain whether D or Bis the larger force. 1) (ii) Suggest one possible cause of the backward force B. (b) The weight of the lorry is 300000N. The gravitational field strength gis 10N/kg. (i) Calculate the mass of the lorry. (ii) The resultant force on the lorry is 15000N. Calculate the acceleration of the lorry. acceleration = (e) Later, the lorry turns a corner at constant speed. 5 Explain why the lory accelerates even though the speed is constant. 1]Physics © Level P-2 Topical Workbook Read and Wr 15: Publications oy 15. M/J 13/P22/01 . A ball rolls down a slope, as shown in Fig. 1.1. The metre rule shows the position of the ball at times t= 0, 1.08, 2.0s and 3.0s, ball metre rulé Fig. 1.1 (2) Explain how Fig. 1.1 shows that the ball is accelerating. ni) (b) Calculate the average speed of the ball between .0s and 3.0s. average speed = ‘Two of the forces that act on the ball are air resis State what, if anything, (c) tance and weight. happens to these forces as the ball accelerates. air resistance: Weight: (4) Explain why, a aprysics © Level P-2 Topial Workbook . 1.5: Answers Section (A) Read and Wine Publications. Answers Sec: 4, Mid 22/P22/01 (a) 600N (b) ANY 2 separate bullet points from ‘+ weight is a vector/ weight has direction/ mass has no direction /mass is a scalar mass is the amount of matter/ substance ‘weight is a force/ weight is mass x gravitational field strength ‘eight varies with position (of object) / gravitational field (strength) /mass does nat vary with position + mass resists change of motion / has inertia (©) (0) friction (with water) or drag or air / water resistance mentioned (forces) balance / cancel or no resultant force (ii) (resultant force ) 20 (N) or 70 - 50 seen (a=) F/m algebraic or numerical in any form 0.33 m/s? 2, OIN 24/P22/02 (@) (2 vector quantity has) magnitude and direction (b) (i) the wall exerts a force on swimmer ‘opposite in direction (to force of swimmer on wall) or to the right equal in size (to force of swimmer on wall) oF (resultant) force causes acceleration oF force on object Y due to X is equal and opposite to force on object X due to Y (ii) (water) resistance / resistive force / friction (on swimmer) (water) resistance / backward force/ resistive force /riction / opposing fore increases (wh speed/time) (at constant speed) forward force is equal to resistive/ backward force @ or No resultant force or forces balance nm 3. ON 21/P21/02 (a) 800Nc.a.o. (b) (i) (F =)ma or 80x 0.50 40N (ii) 840N (c) increasing gradient from origin to f= 4.08 decreasing gradient from end of first curve line horizontal at origin or at { = 8.0 (and beyond) 4, Mid 21/P21/01 Ss (2) “scale vector diagram showing 12N, 36 N and correct resultant irsesistance or (ait) drag or friction (between tyres and road) = SO SF (b) (i) 30000kg (ii) (a=) F/m algebraic in any form or numerical 0.5(0) m/s* (c) direction or velocity is changing or acc (of circle) ‘Mid 13/P22/01 2 (2) travels further in each second / in same time / betwebi (b) (=) dit in any form algebraic or numerical D 40 cm/s; 0.4(0) m/s (c) air resistance increases weight constant (4) forces balance cancel ‘OF no resultantinet force oF resultant of any two forces equal and opposite to third aWorkbook 68 Physics © Level P-2 Topical padded RS 1.8: Foro (a Section B 4, MIJ 22/P22/07 Fig. 7.1 shows the speed-time graph for a car travelling on a straight horizontal road, 20: 6° 8 10 12 44> 46" 18° 520-22 aoe time/s Fig. 7.1 “be (a) (i) Describe the motion of the car. 8 (i) Using Fig. 7.1, calculate the distance travelled by the car during the 245 of its motion. Show your working. distance = (iil) Calculate the average speed of the car during (Iv) A second car travels 248 of the journey, On Fig. 7.1, draw the speed-time graph for tl E co)snysce 0 Level P-2 Topical Workbook ® 1.5: Forces (8) Read and Wrte Publications (b) The thinking distance is the distance travelled by a car between the time that a hazard is seen and the time that the brakes are applied. ‘The braking distance is the distance travelled while the car slows down to rest. Table 7.1 shows the thinking and braking distances for an alert driver when the car travels at different speeds. Table 7.1 [speed | thinking distance/m | braking distance/m — km/h 20 9 2 40 18 | a 60 ip emew er} | | 80 36 36 [on af llegar S io (i) Complete Table 7.1. (ii)_The time it takes for the driver to react to the hazard is constant at different speeds. Explain how the table shows this. (ii) State what happens to the thinking distance and the braking distance when the driver is tired. thinking distance me braking distance ... ee 2 I= 22/P21Q7 . oe ig. 7.1 shows a toy helicopter. It can hover and travel through the alr. Se ‘A student flies the toy helicopter on a journey from A tg Fig, 7.2 is a scale drawing of the path of the helicaR15: Forces 6 ee nts oped nie: Read and Write Publications, % 40m Fig. 7.2 (to scale) (2) (i) Determine the total distance travelled by the toy helicopter. (il) The toy helicopter makes the journey in 40s. Calculate its average speed during the journey. speed = (©) (State the difference between distance and displacement. 2 (ii) panes IM the scale used to construct Fig, 7.2 and complete the senten: Fe 1.cm on the diagram represents ‘on the path, we (i) Using Fig 7.2, determine the size of the displecement of point D eo Show your working, 2) es S © aeid nyc © Level P-2 Topical Workbook « 1.5: Forces (8) Read and Write Pubicatons {v)_ State what is meant by velocity, (vi) Another toy helicopter flies directly from point A to point D in 408. Explain why the magnitude of the velocity of this toy helicopter is smaller than the answer in (ayii). . oe ste " {c) When the toy helicopter hovers at D, its motor fails and it falls. It reaches terminal velocity as itfalls. Explain, in terms of the forces and acceleration, what happens as the helicopter falls and reaches terminal velocity. 3. Mid 21/P21/Q8/a Fig, 8.1 shows a stationary horse and its rider, about to jump over two fences. Fig. (a) Fig. 8.2 shows a side view of the horse. Fig. 6.2 w (On Fig, 8.2, draw and label the forces acting on the horse. Include the force that the rider exerts on the horse, Label this force F, ie)- 15. Foren Physics © Level P-2 Topical Workbook rasa it PCN (ii) Explain how Newton's third law applies to force F. a9 ‘2 re antgrome ‘a map of the route taken by a car as it travels from town A to town B, N PL town B 5 Scale: The side of one VN square is 5km, town A eee Re Fig. 9.1 ‘5km The journey involves a distance and a displacement. (@) (i) Using the scale on Fig. 9.1, determine the displacement in travelling from A to B. size of displacement direction of displacement = (ii) State how distance differs from displacement, (til) “In some parts of the journey, the car is travelling at a constant accelerating. Explain how this is possible. (b) At town 8 the car makes an emergency stop. The total stopping distance of the car is the thinking dis () Describe what (il) The brakes on the car work badly. This the braking distance, State two other factors that increase the br ing distance, Arseaaa ici nie, sn penne ean ane Level P-2 Topical Workbook i 1.5: Forces (8) Prysics Read and Write Pubscations wul2) (c) The mass of the car and driver is 1200kg. Just before the brakes are applied, the speed of the car is 30m/s. (i) Calculate the kinetic energy of the car and driver just before the brakes are applied. 13) kinetic energy = ... (ii) The braking force that stops the car is 1800N. Calculate the deceleration of the car. deceleratior (lil) Explain why the temperature of the brakes inoreases during braking. 5. Mid 19/P21/09 Fig. 9.1 shows a parachutist falling vertically towards the ground. 200N 600N Fig. 9.1 The mass of the parachutist is 60kg and his weight is 600N. (a) State what is meant by: () mass (ii) weight. vy acceleration =Piysics © Level P-2 Topical Workbook EN 1.8: Foroag Read and Write Publications =0. ist falls from rest at time ¢ , : e e cleat non-uniformly until he reaches a terminal velocity of 44m/s at t= 30s, {Nit 40s the parachute opens. He deceleates for 4.05, reaching a smaller terminal velogy of 5.0m/s. He then falls at this speed until he lands on the ground at t= 200s. (i) OnFig. 9.2, draw the speed-time graph for the parachutist. 5072: speed |= mis 40 0 40 80 120 160 Fig. 9.2 tls 4) Ail)” Calculate the average deceleration of the parachutist between t= 40s and t= 44s, 200 deceleration (4) Explain, in terms of the forces involved, why: (0) the parachutist reaches a terminal velocity at t= 30s Ail) the parachutist decelerates when the parachute opensP.2 Topical Workbook mayen Overt n 1.8: Forces (@) Rea and Wee Publications 6. OIN 18/P21/08 A bucket of water is pulled up out of a well cylinder as the handle is tumed, using a rope. Fig. 8.1 shows the rope winding on to a rope ae 0.12m, handle cylinder bucket 81 The empty bucket has a mass of 1.0kg. {a) Complete the sentences that describe mass by filling in the gaps. The mass of a body is a measure of the amount of in the body. It resists a change in the state of the body. (b) When the bucket is full, it contains 2.4 x 10-%m? of water. ‘The gravitational field strength gis equal to 10N/kg. (i) Explain what is meant by a gravitational field, (ii) The density of water is 1000kg/m*. Determine the total weight of the bucket and the water. weight = .. (c) The radius of the cylinder is 0.12m and the handle is 0,4 ‘axle of the cylinder. The ‘weight of the bucket and the water produce a mor fat ‘on the cylinder. (i) Calculate this moment. £ <7 moment =zs 5 Foca Physics © Level P2 Topical Workbook Read and Wite Publications 7 (Wl) Calculate the minimum force on the handle that balances this moment force ! svn ~ ( force on : tant speed. He needs to exert a the farmer pulls the bucket of water up at a const xen 8 for arcs ws greater than that calculated in (c)(ii). He notices that there is a slight increase in temperature where the axle is in contact with the frame holding it. a (Suggest two reasons why the force exerted is greater than the value calculate 1 a 1 (li) State the energy changes that are taking place as the bucket is being lifted at a constant speed. Es z Fe a (€) State what can be deduced about the forces acting on the bucket when itis travelling upwards at a constant speed. 7. OIN 17/P22109 Fig. 9.1 shows an astronaut in space near to a space station in orbit above the Earth. rope Fig. 9.1" The total mass of the astronaut and all his equipment is 160g, The astronaut is initially at rest relative to the sf Pace station but he is then pulled towards the ‘space station by the rope. His acceleration towar ‘dS the space station is 0.35m/s? for 1.28.(0 Level P-2 Topical Workbook. rysis 3 15: Forces (@) Read and Witte Publications (a) Calculate (i) the resultant force that causes a mass of 160kg to accelerate at 0.35m/s”, resultant forct (li) the speed at which the astronaut is travelling after 1.2. speed = (©) The resultant force on the astronaut is constant for 1.2, but then it decreases to zero instantly as the rope becomes slack. (i) OnFig, 9.2, sketch the speed-time graph for the astronaut for the first 3.0s of his motion. 0 10 20 30 time/s Fig. 9.2 (i) Describe how the distance moved by the astronaut during the first 3.08 may5e found using the speed-time graph. oY 2) (©) The space station is travelling shown in Fig. 9.3.74 15 Physics © Level P.2 Topical Workbook vetoa wi naka ores @) ()_ A force acts on the space station to keep it in this orbit. 1. OnFig. 9.3, draw an arrow to show the direction of this force. 2. Explain what causes this force. tn) i) State what is meant by the velocity of an object. State and explain what happens during the orbit to 1. the velocity of the space station, OIN 15/P22/Q9 Aeroplanes fly at high altitudes where the temperature is well below 0°C. Ice that forms on an aeroplane can fall to earth and strike the ground. Fig. 9.1 shows a block of ice falling from an aeroplane as it approaches an airport. Loe ice Fig. 9.1 (not to scale) is 1.2kg and the gravitational field str (@) Calculate the weight of the block of ice, ‘The mass of the falling block of icei Tor roe ses 0 Leva 2 Toil Warkbook me 1.5: Forces (8) Read and Write Publications (b) Fig. 9.2 isthe speed-time graph for the block of ice as it falls to the ground. speed 40 m7s 30 20 10 0 0 2.0 40 6.0 80 100 12.0 Fig. 9.2 eee At first, the acceleration of the block of ice is equal to the acceleration of free-fall.The acceleration of the block then decreases to zero as the block reaches terminal velocity. (i) As the block of ice falls, the force F of air resistance acting on the block changes. 1. State the value of Fat time = 0. (1) 2. State the value of Fat time = 10.0s. 3. Explain why F changes. ‘maximum kinetic energy = (©) The block strikes the ground and it stops moving. This (i) The specific latent heat of fusion of ice is 3304 Calculate the maximum possible mass ol jee4 7 Prynics © Level P.2 Topical Warhbook weal, Rica "Foca {W)_Inpractice, the mass of ic that melts on impacts less than the value calculated ing Suggest two reasons for this. NM), 1 (@)_As the solid ice melts, it changes into liquid water, Describe, in terms of molecules, how ice differs from liquid water, 9. OIN 15/P21/09 Force is @ vector quantity and mass is a scalar quantity. (@) (State how a vector quantity dfers from a scalar quantity. (W) State one other vector quantity and one other scalar quantiy. vector quantity scalar quantity .. 30° to the horizontal. In the space below, use a graphical method to determine the size and the direction of the resultant of these two forces. Use a scale of 1.0cm: 40kN. size of resultant force = direction of resultant force (¢) ‘An aeroplane is traveling in a straight line at a constant hei () State the energy ‘Change that Is taking place as the % (2) (il) As the aeroplane accelerates, the the engines at constant power. The seroplane eventually reaches a constant speed. 1. Explain why the aeroplane ‘stops accelerating and reaches a constant speed.nyse © Level P2 Tope Workbook 6 1.5: Forces (8) Read and We Publications ‘ pocorn) 2. When travelling at a constant speed, the pilot directs the aeroplane into a tight turn that follows a circular path, Explain why the aeroplane is accelerating even though its speed is not changing. (3) 40. OIN 14/P22/09 (a) Explain what is meant by uniform acceleration. (b) Acceleration is a vector quantity. State how a vector quantity differs from a scalar quantity. (©) A rock from space is travelling in a straight line at high speed when it enters the Earth’s ‘atmosphere. Fig. 9.1 is the speed-time graph for the rock from time f= 0 to time t= 50s. 14000 12000 speeg 10000 nic ee 6000 4000 2000 10 20 ( $40 50 Fig. 9.1 ? ois (i) On Fig. 9. & - mark «letter X, where the rock is moving with a constant speed, + alletterY, where the rock has a unifstm deceleration, + aletter Z, where the rock has a non-uniform deceleration. (3) (il) Attime t= 25s, the mass of the rock is 8.4kg, For the time t= 25s, determine i re Ne Leejondook 7 _ Seca Read and Wit Pubcatons 5 Foca) 4, the size of the acceleration of the rock, acceleratior 2. the size of the resultant force on the rock. force = ool) (lil) Fig. 9.2 shows the rock at f= 258. direction of travel rock’ surface of the Earth. Fig. 9.2 (not to scale) 4. On Fig. 9.2, draw and label two arrows to show the directions of the gravitation force F and the air resistance R acting on the rock. 2 2. Suggest why the size of the air resistance changes as the rock travels through ihe Earth's atmosphere. a) (iv) Suggest what happens to the rock at 14. OIN 13/P22/010 Fig. 10.1 shows an electric train of mass 5.5 x 10°kg. Fig. 10.1pysics © Level P-2 Topical Workbook n 1.5: Forces (8) Read and Write Publications ‘The train is intially at rest. The electric motor exerts a constant force and the train accelerates. Its acceleration decreases until the train reaches a speed of 40m/s. ‘The train then continues at this constant speed. (a) (i) Onthe axes in Fig. 10.2, sketch a speed-time graph for the train. speed time Fig. 10.2 13] (ii) Describe how the speed-time graph for the train is used to determine the distance travelled by the train when itis accelerating. : (2) (b) Explain, in terms of the forces acting, (i) why the acceleration of the train decreases, co) 1] ‘a speed of 40m/s.* 15 Foy Prysie © Level P.2 Topical Workbook read eid Pobacons or tes to 40m/s, electrical energy supplied to the motor ig erat (it) As the train accel train, The efficiency of this process is 0,49 converted into kinetic energy of the (40%). Calculate the electrical energy supplied to the motor. energy (ili) The electrical energy is generated in an oil-fired power station. Chemical energy oll is converted into the electrical energy supplied to the motor. ‘Suggest two places where energy is lost as heat in this process. 1 42, OIN 13/P21/09 Fig. 9.1 shows a skydiver, of mass 70kg, falling towards the Earth at constant speed, a long time after jumping from an aeroplane. Fig. 9.1 Signal. He opens his parachute 12s later. Fig. 9.2 js the S At time 1 = 0, he receives a radio ‘Speedstime graph for the skydiver, 60 Se speed e m/s S 40: 20 15 20 25 30 Fig. 9.2 time/spics © Level P-2 Topical Workbook “ jacnkasiiy Read and Write Pubicatons (a) State the difference between speed and velocity. (b) The gravitational field strength g is 10N/kg. (i) Calculate the weight of the skydiver. weight (li) State the size of the air resistance acting on the skydiver between t air resistance = (©) For the period between t= 0 and t= 12s, determine (0) the speed of the skydiver, ‘speed (il) the distance fallen by the skydiver, distance = (lil) the change in the gravitational potential energy of the skydiver. change in energy (d) As he falls at constant speed, his gravitational potential energy changes form, State the name of this other form of energy. 10} (e) (State and explain what happens to the parachute. (2) (ii) State and explain the effect on the motion of the skydiver of pening the parachute, ~O @ a (f) By t= 15s, his parachute is fully open. 4 State and explain what happens tthe alr existance lor t= 15sh a, 1.5: Answers Secton gy Answers Section (B: M/J 22/P22/07 (a) (i) acceleration constant/ for 10 s or acceleration 1.6m/s? ey ‘or speeds up for 10 s /untilit reaches 16 m/s constant / uniform speed for 10s /from 10 to 20s /of 16 m/s ‘or zero acceleration for 10's/ from 10 to 20s decelerates constantly / for 4'8/ from 20 s to 24.s/until 24s or deceleration 4 m/s? or acceleration ~4 m/s? (Wi) area under curve or formula for area of a triangle / trapezium seen 3 or working shown used (accelerating) 80 (m) or (at constant speed) 160 (m) or (decelerating) 32 (m) seen (total distance) 270 or 272m {lil) (average speed) = total distance/ (total) time algebraic or numerical Q 11mis (iv) horizontal line drawn from 0 to 24s at any level a or horizontal line at the value calculated in 7(a)(il) for at least 16 horizontal line from 0 to 24 at the value calculated in 7(a)(iti) (b) (i) 27 10) (ii) (statement that thinking) distance is proportional to speed @ or thinking distance increases uniformly with speed or time = (thinking) distance / speed and stated to be equal /not affected or ratio of (thinking) distance to speed is constant ‘or (thinking) distance and speed both increase by same ratio ‘or same change in (thinking) distance for equal changes in speed at least two values thinking distance + speed (or inverse) calculated or all values of thinking distance/speed stated to be 0.45 (or inverse 2.2) ‘oF proportionality shown by at least two values ‘or double the speed doubles the (thinking) distance oF each 20 (kmn/h)/ same increase in speed covers an extra 9 (m) distance (iil) thinking distances increases. ewe braking distances. no change We Mid 221P21/07 oS (a) () 85m e 1 (il) (speed =)d/t in any form algebraic or numerical i) 24m/s () (1) displacement involves direction or is a vector a (il) 5m shown on dotted line x? & a ui) A el Jength of diagonal 9.2 (cm) [30*30+ 38: 46m Ls 48m (iv) 39-42" or 318-320° a (v) (average) velocity = (change in) displacemént / tim io) 6r (average) velocity is displacement per unit time ‘or rate of change of displacement— aa a ee a eee prysce 0 Level P-2 Topical Workbook Read and Wie Pubicabons (vi) (size of) displacement < distance in (ati) or distance covered is less (than 85 m /in (a)(ti)) (¢) air resistance and weight / gravitational force mentioned as speed increases air resistance increases resultant /net force decreases or acceleration decreases (eventually) air resistance = weight (at terminal velocity) / resultant force is zero (at terminal velocity / eventually) zero acceleration /constant speed 3. Mid 211P21/08/a (@) ()_ weight of horse in mid-section of horse and labelled force upwards on at least two legs and labelled force downwards on saddle area labelled F (i) forces equal and opposite acts on rider (upwards from horse) 4, Mid 19/P22/09 (@) () 10.2-10.4 (cm) or 50 (km) or 15 (km) seen 51-53km direction (0)72-74° or N 72-74°E etc. (i) Gistance) has no direction or (distance) is a scalar (ii) changes direction or goes round a comer velocity changes oF velocity depends on direction or acceleration / force is towards the centre of circle/ centripetal (©) () distance travelled before brakes applied (after seeing emergency) (i) any 2of oor tyre surface poor road conditions, e.g. rain, ice high speed (of car) or good aerodynamic car shape or tail wind large mass/ weight of car * driver applies less force to pedal /less braking force (©) @) (KE =) %mv2 algebraic or numerical %s x 1200 x 30? 540000 J (i) (a=) F/m algebraic or numerical 4.5m/s? (lil) friction (produces thermal energy) or kinetic energy changes to heat or work done against friction 5. Mid 19/P21/09 3 aX (@) (i) amount/measure / quantity of matter / substance (in a) or (property of a body) that resists (change in) motion (i) force / pull of gravity or in a gravitational field <0) (b) (a =) F/m algebraic or numerical . r 400 (N) seen 400/60 6.7 mist © @ ve of correct shape from origin at 0 to 30s rroraonta fine ot 44 mis from 30s to40s Speed drops from 44 to Smis ina time of 4s 1.5: Anewers Section (8) iu} 5) 1} 17) 3) 11] 2 1 (2) 8 2) (1) m a) 8 (4)cs © Level P.2 Topical 4 18: Anewer a Read and We Pubcations Secon constant speed of 5 m/s until 200 s (and then to zero) (i) (a=) (v—U)/talgebraic or numerical a 9.7 or 9.8 m/s? (@) (upwards force /air resistance = weight/ downward force rT (increase in air resistance! upwards force (trom parachute) upwards /force / air resistance larger than weight/ downwards force or resultant force upwards air resistance decreases (as speed reduces) until it equals weight tt ‘or (with parachute open) air resistance = weight at lower speed 6. OIN 18/P21/08 (a) substance or matter q rest or motion (©) (i) (@ region of space) where a mass experiences a force (due to gravitational attraction) [1] (i) (m=) pV or 1000 « 2.4 x 10” oF 24 (kg) @ 25 (ka) or 240(N) 250N (©) @ (P=) Fx or 250 x 0.12 Q 30Nm (i) 75.N 1 (4) (i) anytwo from: Q friction (between axle and cylinder) weight of rope force not perpendicular (to radius) rope wraps over itself (and increases moment) (i) from chemical (energy) or chemical (energy) as first term a to gravitational potential (energy) or to thermal/heat (energy) as last term to thermal/ internal (energy) /heat and thermal /intemal (energy)/ heat () no resultant force or forces balance /cancel or tension equals weight (of bucket) or ——_[) upwards force equals downward force 7. OIN 17/P22/09 (a) (il) (F =) ma or 160 « 0.35 56N (ii) (v= u +) ator 0.35 x 1.2 0. 42m/s (b) (i) straight line of positive gradient from origin to t= 1.28 horizontal line after t= 1.28 (il) area mentioned ‘area under the line or convert cm? (of graph paper) to dis (c) (i) 1. arrow from space-station towards centre of Eart 2 gravitational field /attraction of Earth (il) two separate approaches @ 1 change of displacement per unit time or divided by time or rate of change of distance or distance moved per unit time In specified directionAr Level P-2 Topical Workbook pr os ana Wie Pubscaons (ii) 1 (it/velocity) changes and (because its) direction changes/ a force perpendicular to velocity 2 (remains) constant and depends on speed/ g,p.e. remains constant / ] (k.e,) is a scalar quantity /speed is constant 8. OIN 151P22/Q9 (a) 12N fo (b) (i) Oorzero 12N or itis equal to the weight (F increases) as the speed increases i) (gravitational) potential to thermal energy or to k.e. of air (iil), (KE = )emv? Vx 1.2 40° 960) m (©) (i) (m=)E/Tror Q/ Tor 960/330 2.912.91g oF 2.9/2.91 x 10°kg any two from: ice is below 0°C thermal energy transferred /lost (to ground air) work done compressing/ compacting the ground (4) (4) any three from: molecules fixed in position or water molecules move around molecules vibrate or water molecules do not vibrate molecules in regular lattice or water molecules placed randomly (interatomic) forces between ice molecules larger ice molecules further apart 3 9. OIN 15/P21/Q9 (a) (i) (vector) has direction or scalar does not have direction or (vectors) may cancel or scalars cannot cancel (li) one vector quantity e.g.: displacement; velocity, acceleration one scalar quantity e.g.: distance, length, speed, time, current, resistance 8) (b) downward weight arrow of length 3.9-4.1.cm correct triangle/parallelogram drawn and correct diagonal clear 270-285kN horizontal (3°) s {c) (i) from chemical/fuel energy Wes to kinetic (and thermal energy) (not with any iodiedi “ (li) air resistance /friction drag alu air resistance’ rition drag increases of resultant forceidecreases ‘or acceleration decreases " owt Ae resultant force is zero oF (ai) resistance/ friction equals thrust direction of motion is changing ay velocity is vector or has a direction é acceleration depends on) changing velogity/er (oecitant force towards centre (of circle) aF centripetal force (12)j Physic Level P2 Topical Workbook * 1 feod and Wie Pubeatons He Sn 10. OIN 14/P22/09 (a) changing speed/ velocity change in speed /velocity /time constant or (v-u)/t constant or constant/ equal rate of change of speed/ velocity a (b) (a vector quantity has) direction tH {e) (i) 1. Xbetween t2 0 and t< 10s 2. Y between t> 20s and t< 30s 3, Zbetween {> 10s and t < 20s or between f> 30s and t< 40s (li) 4. two speed values from graph between 15 and 36s (#1 mm) two corresponding time values from graph between 15 and 35s (41 mm) or (a= )Avit 500 m/s? 2.(F=)ma or 8.4 x 500 4200N (iii) 4. arrow labelled F perpendicular to surface of Earth arrow labelled R opposite to direction of travel (by eye) from rock 2. speed changes or density/ pressure of ait changes or cross-sectional area (of rock) changes (iv) ithits the ground/surface of the earth or stops or speed is zero 11 14. OIN 13/P22/Q10 (@) ()_ startat origin and not horizontal gradient (gradually) decreasing (ignore sudden decrease) (not if part of curve above horizontal section) final horizontal section (2 1 cm) (not if vis shown as # 40m/s) (li) area under the graph or count squares under graph between f = 0 and horizontal section or when speed is changing or calculate equivalent distance to 1 cm* (after counting squares) a (b) (i) friction/air resistance increases (as speed increases) resultant force decreases (not if driving force decreases) (ii) (air resistance increases until) net force becomes zero or forces balance oF air resistance and driving/forward force are in equilibrium/balanced/equal 8 (ec) (i) (KE=) %mé x. %ex 8.5 * 10° x 40? 44%10° (ii) (otal energy input =) useful energy output efficiency or efficiency = useful power outputtotal power input or 4.4 x 10°/0 1.110% Oe (lil) two valid examples 5P @ g. furnace/boiler/turbines/generator/coils/cooling wateffecotng| towers/heat ‘exchanger/transformer/chimneyiwaste gases! & transmission cablesilines/wires (ignore power station/altbarts of motor) m 12. OIN 13/21/09 o (a) speed does not have direction and velocity dee? F speed = distance/time and velocity = Sts ime r speed is a scalar and velocity is a vector 0) (b) (i) 700N (i) 700.N a2 Topica Workbook yx 0 Level 2 a — Read and Write Publications: () ) 54mis (ii) (heightidistance =) area (under graph) or (x =)vt or 54 x 12 648/650 m (GPE =) mgh or 70 x 10 x 648, 4.5/4.54/4.536 « 108 J (a) (becomes) heat/thermal energy/internal energy (not kinetic energy (of skydiver) unless qualified as KE of air) (e) (i) (air resistance) increases larger area of parachute (li) (skydiver) decelerates/slows down (not rises up) net upward force (f) airresistance decreases speed decreases 4.5: Answers Section (B) (5) 1) 4) (2)