CHAPTER 3 = Rise and Spreac ‘The rise of Islam ax a religion and its spread constitute a si part of the history of the medieval world, The popularity of the religion resulting from successful military campaigns tas well as from its relevance to the lives of very different kinds of people, makes it a subject of much interest. Arabia in Pre-Islamic Times ‘Arabs, before the tise of Islam, were divided. into tribes or gabila, cach led by a chief: These tribes ‘emphasised on furnily cooperation to strengthen the clan system. Many Arab tribes were nomadic, moving from place to place in search of food and fodder for their camels. Some settled in cities and practised trade cor agriculture, Since these nomadic tribes did not follow any single authority, there were frequent fights over resources between different tribe clans. Each tribe had its own god or goddess, who was worshipped as an idol in a shrine. Once a year, the warring tribes of Arabia would put aside their differences and mect in the city of Mecca.In Mecca, there is a cube-like structure called Kaba which lols from all the tribes of Arabia. The Kaba sed was the centre of Arabian religious life. Each tribe would make annual pilgrimages to the shrine Rise of Islam in Arabia It was in this world that Muhammad was born. in 570 cx in the city of Mecea, in Quraysh tribe. After being orphaned at an early age, he was raised by his patemal grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib and his uncle, ‘Abu Talib, From a very young age, Muhammad accompanied his uncle on his trading journeys, where the gained experiencein trade. His joumeys taught him about different places and their culture and beliefs. ‘He met people following Judaism and Christianity: ‘Muhammad was a righteous and spiritual man who often spent time meditating in cave Hira on, Mount Jabal al-Nour near Mecca. He disliked idol worship and was concerned with the tribal clashes and economic inequalities amongst different clans, He believed that worshipping various deities led to there differences. ‘Around 610 ce, when Muhammad was meditating in the cave one night, he received a revelationEE 1 ime Quan became the holy book oF th Musas Principles of islam FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM ade al wontip end emphatseg Iain slowed the path to. atalo complet id aa eceeen Muu ara throgh voluntary submission 10 AllaAY he Five Pilar of la ease cn otoes ws ‘ll. Since Muhammad peciched that th at Dear tact Oe ate spyarzex Nebunmad pine sre fille 1 single God Allah, Islam: was established te atelier of in Macs Howes ihe moootiitc es of {monotheistic Gch. Thre are Articles of saad consenble oppesen fom Meccan Faith on which rests the faith of every M kde peng Msn pes adh wih meer Aviat poe mar wed operons Moma dase ens rn el ft Sl (aye) ek jth tra who pretended he poe a oo eet mac The prope of At Medina Mohanera asd bis fofowere ee re ee simay Nebenalstups pie conmanity bused on e yn Angel Gabriel hat Go a co 1 ei His memenget Gabel mete the wads of God or Allah to Muhammad in eed. Mahemend Lee Vitae eared pacing sx thes xoniy | ooemeaacr ia nips se oe | aoe He oleae soeald be | ONT | ‘one God-Ala, and wonbipped. Muhammad alk tug tho lie « life in complete submission tothe willof Ala, Ths, Mutummad founded de rigon of aca Prophet. Hie Be follower His fiom bis ibe fala end began hit jure wife Khadish is sid 1 be hi family memsers and several peop tated fellowing his preaching and accepted lla, llnersof um cane o be knowa as Muslin Qi yrninvat tt mete inn Alb no io ees weve Moabon meaning tone who sabi tthe wil of Bhat heen elo ‘ah aad Ei Socnemgee aera cee Sun ceegee a Notas ba ee ee aaa nee Son sacl gol e are iyo whee apeaic aes hacen ‘ie dns Pepe eae Sones Che of a Poin Mae eae Fieothe concept of ered Islam yao into chin, Mohammad-The Ps eg ed a me i pen 1 al | Unapds the Ison Muhammad was sssesdedbyhislo compton, ‘Abu Bakr Abu Bakr tok the tide a conan, Under Caliph. The Caiph beame he gus ad EAE anil om political head of Musi, Cent As Wes Als North Aca and pars of Under the leadership of Abu Bakr and lee Ene 0 Unmar, the second Caliph, the Arabs emerged 4 ‘The Unuyad 48 led for about 90 year, formidable altar fre and wea nto congue *24™H reed by Abbas. They shifted se lands at grat eed. The zal for tential caliphate Das" Baghdad Under he Abs came BE acted capaci ns rey leet tvs 2 ME the need vohue costal re gman mouse! | "Ot Paley and ghey. Their emplce came rb nil ute pil fg iy ad pow, Creat fie Lean, Sy, ah wing te th pa ‘Yeu have just read about nara and the citi, sch os Cleo, Damateu and Baghdad, Mae Dh at de fee © | tui al ant of ing ad a aoe Tic ml PEAY alowed ihe Anh tsdncopanicanc cite sole characterised yu and domes, The Uar was followed by Udhman she net Caliph, bet Bi eign onthe ounarapend ice sees wer alee y ings buildings He was succeeded by Ali who was related directly following this se tothe Prophet. After the death of Ali the caliphate TH poning pal pai of Muslims moved into the hands ofthe Umayyad Dynasty bought hen in dea snc the Chistian and thereat the Abbasids ord The oir tenet neat the cy Jere The Chitin ee ced the Crusades ot the Holy Wis to ein th ‘Holy Land’, Afer thin ets the Christan forces wee oped a, India and the Arab World ‘The Asin eb eel sig pebble tines Arb eas wld tothe west out Ia ti pl and pee in ae ® western coasts of Inds, Asam sed ie Arabia, ‘THE UMAYYAD AND ABBASID he Ar ade brought tia nd cur 0 DYNASTIES Tad There was increas inthe ire in ‘The Umayyad caps eile thet gel coast ons 0] pope aa an, Damm nd ed se ceo #8 In 712 cx Arts ude Mon i seassiveintoiete ree EP inde oie Si Hog a -. rg cid op EE 1B crete ae alta 1246 CE es Coes he Unt 79CE BB compensl ty His TDS CE |p rusciowoet es orig andl mh ete meres rdf ion ot ex ahr ar he pres of “Tush ingdors of Ghazal alate Gh Thi Rajput rglors rulers anced seit finan into the dan xbeonnetpving way for he eben of Masi ein dia THETURKS By ainth century the Amb Empice split into independent dng. Among te we he ‘TimelineGree poets 1. Tike whch Maha bngd > ab [seas REESEEL opbehahared EO) Se coe apap Bon ran i aa Fides i se LE eloped yee Pe 4 Pring Mea 570 cr: Bh of Mandi evened dee ration fc Angel Gabel Deed hme be meng rope of Gol ~ Ali EB Steed peschorg Alsi sage = une gn oa 5. Fn elmer of Mera Oppaed at wantin | ©. Match the following. + alee Fed Mec Medias ~ Hj absd i lethere ee ee 1, Shubedab Fasting J, One God (29 cs levaded ad conguced Meson. (32. Dest of Prophet Mabasoad 2 Zale eons a . Prger 4. i Chasity 5. tla fe. Pagginage J D. Answer the following questions in brief. 1. Whatisthe sgncance of Kaba in olan? i *BisFlkmetbien | Mmm ately D> fenelnda onde 2, Why wat Mabunane fore ogo Medi? Sheba Ab Halr~ sre eof Kafe eon ice 3 What are he main article fit na? Seer orcaiph eine ines : | Bae + Ergonomic Empress | + fase Orton 4 Whac eh apace om Fasting yatos clips Sly Mahan 5, Devibe an important step taken bythe Umayyad caliphate + tag Plgtange |» Spread ct tdan Conn Al is Quis a Tee Wordia Nerds Agcrasdpcw | + lonbyGiax | |B. Answer the following quevions in detail ofBuopelndedeg Spanos |) sdGlar rer : baie Himes? emerges ane 1. What coos previled in Arabi in poses + Dion of late oem ino a 2. Desetibe the ex ie of Mahara and thers of Islam. | Shai Semis ore ae a eipe | 3, Bretly deserve the Fv Pitas of ar a Selon 44 Desc the gro of iam during the ipa. - | 5, What was he ration beeen India and the Arab wood? F. Snap Sh ‘This picture shows one ofthe ve pills of Tila. Observe the plceae srl anwer the folowing questions. 2. How many tines a day is this religious practice followed? ‘Do Muses fce a patclar diction while performing A. Fill in the blanks. - 4. Prophet Muhammad vasborminG20CE pee Medina is called Sigmral 4, What are the other practices prescribed by Iam? G. Map Work 2. Thejouraey of Muhammad from Mecca _ before pyiog. 3, All Muslims perform LoLat 4. Mubamaad was succeeded | bby Ms = Bakr who took the ste of Caliph. The eations by Angel Gabriel formed the et ofthe 2/2 On world mep highligh the greatest cent of the Iamic Empire. Alo mark the flloring cites + Mest + Medina + Damascus, +B —ea Saws Turk ish Invasions and the Delhi Sultanate Learning Outcomes Turkish invasions under Mahmud of Ghe: + Establishment of Delhi Sultanate Rulers of Slave Dynasty ‘The medieval period in India began with the tnvations of the Turks. By the end of ninth century c=, the imperial power of the Abbasid line. It disintegrated into several ch rulers to dec Turkish kingdoms. These Tul ia the once mighty Caliphace armies. Tivo iy ‘Turkish states were Ghazni and later Ghé rulers aunched a series of inva as into the Indian subcontinent paving way for the establishment of ‘Muslim rule in India ‘Afece the decline of the Gupea Empire, the nest sonable ruler in India was Harshavardhana, who ed from 606 to 647 cE. After his death, his fom disintegrated into several small territories under different feudal lords, without any unifying fone.’These kingdoms were constantly at war with cach other over several petty Issues. This presented a perfect opportunity for foreign invaders to plunder ‘he rich and diverse country of India. Their reign king Turkish Invasions ‘The Turks invaded, looted and plundered India repeatedly and established their power in the tauntry. The two most notable invasions were led by the states of Ghazni and Ghor nd Muhammad Ghori MAHMUD OF GHAZNI mibitious nnd powerful Mahmud of Ghazni wes Turkish Sultan of the C To fulfil his political ambition: needed thes in th India. Wi ot from these money[ie was the temples of nor temples, the Sul to expand his tert cpand North India, at various Rajput clans, which were in co each other. ‘Sultan Mabel of Ghaznl von SE“Tati stage of hie ton Maan iad Te 17 cine nce opm oft 27 years Dewees 1000 ard 1027 cand oe bes Inaly Be faced resistance om Hg upland hr is 8 ‘rand Bail of Wosbind (1004 <2). ‘Whihind, do town at Hand was she spit the Hindu Shahi King Jip Hs was Kgs. cede cen worn day Para t Atanas. ‘Devpne poring ep off recsmae, Maha of (Ghana deere Jp nd he ws fred PY ie aR ae i i ll edo, Humiiared by the defeat, hi ilo himself = aad Bustle of Weibind HI (1008 cs) Bee a ys ta ae a. ee ok, Ree ea Pecans Saas ‘Ananadapa and hisalis. J maHMun OF GHAZN! | | mt emt cterove i er Later Rais ctor Mahe of Ghani fos ae oting the temples of north India. These rape were aot jas prayer sen bt lo eld 7 ofthe own, Heiewaded Mathura, Nagakot the mont preious tense tra plundered ich ees Te eng, Theda ant Kann) Ta ach of 18 sens he destyed evry temple and roted 1 the moet significant of Mahmut ye of Somenthy Howe techs yas the ot of the tet ren ches, After three days of ferot ‘Makined defeated the Rajput omy and retamed. ome with fa fixings of 50,000 sald Fens wealth ‘Thoagh Mahmud war succes in evveating sarloms hc had ne ation of establishing die He wat nly interested in he rich he edt enuf thest7 Inan fis re in resus ofa Oe Geni capital end in Cera Asa ‘Manad ws known as ‘nd und ol break? ping whe umes loos in Ti Afr ie Tuk the Chaznavid empie xsegrte By the end of twetth coomay © som wes prevalent anor dia These (Of Deli and Ajmer, the Re i idellas of Byndel Setekis of Guat and de 5 Faring eis period tat India feed note ‘Tui invasion ~ that of Mabauninad Chori MUHAMMAD OF GHOR Cie, = province near the ety of Chiari, wan sain sone of the Ghznavid dyraty: However, er the death of Suzan Mabsmu, i became 6 Sndependene ete, red bythe bothers Ghiyanedin Ghar and Muizidein Mubammad, abo known ys Mohammad Ghori Unlike Suit Mab, plunder the Muturamad hod ot nly asped © aot cin te ao to expand ie rig fa Oe nie wre by conquering te nti tes red sc Pah Tah pest 0 ona mo cnet Pei of Maan Si ‘ct Ind, he came Chan ret Bate of Tarain (1291 c2} Ferner oe, brivis} Chashan, the Rajput rer Pe Dent an Ajaes ought the Ghar forces and seeated ter in he Fist Hare of T Second Battle of Tarvin (1192 2) ‘Sacra yar of psig, in 1192 cx, Muhamed avenge his defeat in the Fis bate Prigis ied to unify the Rajput King uns the formieble cheat ro thelr tenure ‘Toe mont powerdl Reuting, Rejafatchandra of Kunnujeefined to support Paithrry fo the Second Battle of Tanin, Muhammed Ghort defeated Pathe Chauhan’ aad laid the foundation of ‘Muslin rule in India He occupied Delhi, thereby coding Rajput ru in pot Taine atte of Chondtcsar (119401) ‘After cccupying Delli, Muhammad aracked Raja Jjschandra of Kannan) and defeated him at the Buttle of Chandawar n'1194 GecThis Battle ove “Mohammad contrat ofer most of northern Tras sd wrengthened his postion in Ted ured TnEstablishment of Delhi Sultanate [Afr annexing Intian eds hit ei Mobunsad Ghai rere 9 Ghar He le he const of Idan tetris i wry ren] Qurubedin itch Aka sve en {crores in Tt sack x Mab, Ge od Mat Meso, Ntetentt Mabammad bin ‘Babar hit coguee the rpm sc of ar and Benga [After the death of Mara Gh in 120 c= ‘is empire ot lat names eal gon der vases sitry genes. Quobeddin ‘Aba sok cage of Ghose eid, He founded de Man Dyas. lilo Sve Dyna beac whca be became 1 Sulan, ‘Aakwi cll slic of Mahan Ghoti) ‘The psi finn heinepinefhineein 1258 ‘1526 cx is Known av the pred of Del Salant he rcs were known Stan nd theyre fom Det shir capil Sig [ve Dat Sultan inchs Sire dentin the Stave Dymany (1206-1250 cy the Kh Dynasty (1250-1320 ct, che Taghlag Dynasty (1320-1414c1), the SayyldDymasty(1414-1451.¢8) tod the Lodi Dynasty (1451-1526 25) LO 2 ‘MamluWSlave Dynasty QUTUBUDDIN AIBAK (1206-1210 ce) CQumbeddin Aibak acid independent contol of Ghosts vas and expansive emp in nda His dynasty i also known asthe Maslak Dyna. ‘Aibak was Jost and ables own for it encrosty and kind hearedncas Soy he wns given the me Lath Bala Gres of Lath He tal to mong, he Qurworar allan 32 Dini dia ka Jhope in Ajmer He even eared she constuction of Qutub Minarbu could norcomplet Je Athek did not add to che Turkish conquests it Toc and hed in 210 en Be el ff a ho wi pg pola leryasi (1216-1236 ca) [ate the deth of Aa, hi sont on Shamenddt Tsomish tsk on he tone of the Siae Dyan He ase we be the rea founder of Tukinh rae ined Hou tbl rer who coved’ th ented Chor tender unde oe stone, wean tule He cubed anyone who dlleged ir le in Inia) He derye the Th bier wh {kted Kis claim tote E056 seed pe hit eel Bega std saben hers of Cheeni and Malta. He was sepicd ‘he wvereign Solan of diay the Cag yp Baghdad Tm alo cooqueed the mon ofthe Rajput ‘ers of Uj Rettambore Malwa, snd Grace. He reised protection w the ing of Khvarizm, imho was being pari bythe Mongols, text” ‘rveatg « Monga invasion, ‘yet frm nilary proves, wish bad ‘9005 shine sl, He ddd his xpi finn seve prviaces nw a pte whisk were ited by he noble clas known asada, ‘Tesi cae an enise new sof ing le clled the dtr or the group of foxy. He was icruTmisHs DELHI | im rt arn ee the Bint Teh raee to inode a coin ayer bpm rp trtersatonal boundary Deserbed in words 7 | Sale & | Lnesrsale h Dsancaicrretesarta ts % | verbal sale v {aaa ae astance between to Jocations 10.| The twine methon Tf simple line divided into equal parts by || sat intersecting ines . State whether true or false. 1 an egal cares heptet ne eenses fee ae Sa ee eaFries {3 Locations such a post offices and police stations are depicted using red colou, 4k Vegetation on maps is represented using green colour. Sy 5. RH denotes the presence ofa type of bungalow: maps ). Tick the correct answer 1. Which element provides a complete listing of all features dy 6 ofall features and their comespondg om O Legend Oo: O Graticule e oa a es eaters {ype of rier? Gate O Flat terain (Ostee slope O Undefined stope 3. Which colours sed fo show the boundaries of a country on a map? OBlack = O Rea ees aeiand (CO Cultivated area a Or Ee Cece ect a cae a a =a... QQ What are contour lines? What features are depicted using rl colouron a toposheet? «that features are depicted using brown colour ona map? 5. Write anoteon map scale Diferentiate between the diferent types of sales used In maps Cee ‘rudy the contour map careftl | 1. How many hill tops are shown on thi 2 What isthe elevation at point Z- 5 tn the map, Sanju is marked as the red star in the | aan er portion ofthe map. Elevations are lower j ower te rings (Sanju's location) So, Saayu 1s i fanding at meres. [At what elevation is Saman (masked b sar standing? 1 and answer the following quest is map? the blue (Mathematics) Opizometr is a investigating maps The the length of a carved line, the oi an opisometer, which measurement Disses ‘Maps ae crested wit the help of map prcjectons. Thi means that the actual lanes seers a ore locations on a globe are distorted, This happens when convesting @ thes ~ crrcional abject to two-dimensional map. The distances cn & map eppeer diferent fom, thaton a globe List the countries that show a ange difference betweon their size on a map and on a globe. Compare five diferent cuntriesand calculate the relative diference. Orne: coe hepa one ge a cenceChapter 2 Atmosphere Learing Outcomes Learng abou! the structure ofthe atmosphere | ppg le here The senor i | REABE e esig ete owing fe campsitn of fee gases he atmosphere Leareg cbt importance of aes that comprise the atmosphere Representing te ayers fhe atmosphere na dingramimatie fom CLIMATIC USES 1k helps in maintaining optimum 2. susaine various natural cycles, sac) 2 water cjcle and oxygen cree that ae ‘exci for exitenceof fe and in making Earth a unique planet Pi morte ace w « age fier tut MISCELLANEOUS USES FCEE SS Et fem baal dati of + 1 lp in longest communion Grape Sc GLP dsc empeaice by transiting the radio waves beck 1 Flext. Atmorphee i the the Earth from the ionosphere, 2. The spectacular phenomena of the Aurora ae visible in theionosphere 3 Weather balloons sent up in the lower Composition of Atmosphere The atmosphere is made up of multiple layers of different gases. These gases are generally colourless and odourlese, and together they form the aie arcund us. Around 99 per cent of the atmosphere consists of mainly two gases, nitrogen and oxygen. Nitrogen is the most abundant gas in the ait, constituting about 78 percent ofthe atmosphere. Oxygen constitutes 2 per cen of the at. The remaining 1 percent contains other gases, such as carbon dioxide hydrogen, helium, argon etc. Airalso contains water vapour, dust particle, smoke and biological components such as pollen grains. (Conon te bop ‘Theauosphere i thicker and heavier near the surface of the Earth, As you move upwards away from the ground, the air becomes less dense. Almost °9 per cent of the atmospheric ‘uss is concentrated within dhe frst 31 km shove the Earths surface, ‘The Earth's magnetic feld protects the ‘skmesphee from solar winds. The toetier ATMOSPHERICGASES ach gain the atmosphem hess ownunique inall living organisms 2s a part of imporunt biological molecules. It helps in the growth of living beings. Oxygenisa colourless odourless, and tasteless ‘8. All living organisms require oxygen for respiration. It aso forms the ezone molecules that constitute the ozone layer inthe upper part of the atmosphere. This layer absorbs most of the harmful ultraviolet radiations coming from theSun, ‘Argon ‘Argon is the third most abundant gas in the ‘atmosphere. It constitutes 034% of ai Itis an inert gesand has mary industrial applications. Carbon Dioxide (Carbon dioxide constitutes about 0.04 percent of the atmosphere. During respiration, most ongarisms rwlease carbon dioxide Dering photesynthesis, plants take in carbon dioxide toproduce energy Itis asignificant contributor to the greenhouse effect. Greenhouse gases trap the Sun's heat and keep the Earth warm ‘enough to sustain life.) Water Vapour Weter vapeur is the main element of alt ‘weather phenomena on Earth. Water is constantly evaporated from the Eartvs surface {nto the atmosphere. The water vapour cools "down and precipitates back into water force ofthe Borth holds the entire atmoophere 7 ro oR ea ‘of Atmosphere opts, Some ofthe importante inthe ene abancx raved Theft hme Sela radiation compris grins a ve ively ban wc ive ray we bean To two ar ese Me on th neta Teper [= Boundary b | eee ay 4 scores Picola [aremernge ened aeyameencated | fare vith anincease a supper ies alate det he psec 0, a Teapentue | yrintbeupper maces {7 Jes tomst” | * Ouse ayer Belper hers Fen Celi nar | _sttavetadaton. | ropopawseto-i5 [ite ctulenen the ower | sree war | yermunestsutbitora | arrepene | eavignion Sepa pein [eomintempet | Zone aston te meet ound degree Celis Sramapiae Optima: | ecole inerfie | Viporation et can ot searhee | atmosphere rempeatce | may mach is ye decreases wit an nese ate with the loves temperate 0 degre Ces atthe pperend eee ee Average teporaarT0) | igh evel of CO cook ie yer degree Cai conserabhi IC Themesiewe |UpwxDIN WIG] + Excenelyrarched [> Absorbs a Ameboretheeati’s|* Brauwettercae | UV rays ‘sue res with | rately fe | oes olay) u Tocsallow the tanseision andVapors ccnmic bei protecting ath rm severe collate The presence oon this ye forms pattern of diery abate igh, Thve lights ae own a auro nd an re Inthe right shy, Layer ct Norther and Sout Lghs (aurora Borat nt ‘Ara Ata respectivey)& 2, Why aeroplanes and je flyin the stratosphere? 4. Why i the upper part of the thermosphere known asionosphere? arth i held togsther by grevitaional force ee is aurora formed? A, ila eee cy pet at suppor ie 4. How is aurora formed 1 Toe aude gs, cnstiting about 78 per cent the Answer ina paragraph or tw 3 tg Sree | 5. Describe the importance ofthe Earth's atmosphere 2. Explain he composition of he atmosphere . se Farh rom ultraviolet radiations of the Sun. | he tnement ‘Atmosphere of Ikmabove the Farth’s surface, 3. Justify 4 Wiite short notes on: 1 ecm cand op P———— ; Ae weaterpencnenatai lace he — layer ofthe ate ; es ee : a, Exosphere lesosphere 1, Mach the following : t om Eee Qriciuresiaay He Sa Sen Tee 2 fal ot estnenhere “observe the image alongside and areower the following questions: hee fe eeeareet 1. identify the object moving above the Earth. naa < Comer 2. Inwhich layer ofthe atmoaphere is this object located? = a 3 Wate around + andred words aout the atmonpheri conditions in Si e-_[Presenne of fee one thi ayer: “4 Find out the source of energy ofthis object . State whether tru a false. Biaesae (hens arc used for different purposes. For example oxygen is required 1 Ramage sea rt protect the Eat from harmful radiation ‘The gases presentin the atmosphere in the process of combustion, neon is atmosphere (eluding those studied this Diiesun Eaith isthe only conditions prevalent support thsi. suman activities lead tothe addition of unwanted substances (ftennatural phenomena and i piihe environment called pollutants. Such substances cause pollution. Prepare « list of activites thot are responsible for polluting the environmentand classify them on te asis of the component of environment they affect. me biipstiesr a ttt jon in tubelighs, et. Prepare a ist of gases found in the ‘haptet) and makealist of their commercial uses 4. ingest snd es abundant gas in thea. 4 Seip sthe lowes, dest and heaviest layer. ‘. Croseioms a proetveshield against extreme heat. D, Tice comet answer. 1 Wife gs ise fr respiration? Onemen Oyen Carbon diode) Ozone (Environmental conservation) plane in the soar system where lifes now to exist: The environmental permet 8 percent ent "tegen te Chena ote Argon ithe mop : ; oh 5 WTA OSttesphere — C)Mesosphere © Thermoophere (bye sncphee senses to interplanetary PACH? Fe Mhemorphae CO Mnerpre | O Beat SS inns, a eee tye carbon dioxide help to keen the Earth warm? Bruies ee ee cn tack gees en enna ese thetuniverse to building better communication channels across the globe, space travellhas made all. Se Oe ee meomat ora n pebedmtest gate oe ee a ee ts eae welChapter 3 Learning Outcomes ——————————————OEEe———— Greenhouse Effect and -_, Global Warming + Leaming about greenhouse elect and its cases {Identifying the causes of global warming and ways 0 reduce it + Understanding the impact of global warning 1 Knowing the reasons for orane layer depletion and ws How do youtinkpllaion waxing he pace Beeps tore pcan myourers ‘The Greenhouse Effect Have you ever seen a greenhouse? Tt i @ structure made of tanepanent materials the lace and is used to grow plans that require warm temperature: Sun rays pass through the transparent glas and heat up the soil and the ‘plants The warm sf! and plans emit infrared adiations. The walls and roof ofthe greenhouse trap. this infsared radiation emitted from inside. The trapped heat is released gradually eeping the inside of the greenhouse war] during night The sospher ou the Bath also oi ipecntouse The Eats sfc. indudi Tend occas and plants ava the me Coming nthe Sum Aaya tas evry sen ne fra a Kenorphr: gs water vapour cata Sie, ethan witose se abe tas teat aed sls tack towards Enis suas le te Wal ad wot pone tte ge prevent the beat ecg tio ace Hance, tes past ted gooonms gee Grrtouwe a ee ferson oss | irons me er here peta cavsts OF GREENHOUSE EFFEC ys toreducelt eee pos ase exited iio. the J SeSipreme through natural process * eran activites. The increave in 8 ‘pocrcnesanincwaseinEat’semperaer Sse facors that contribute tothe greenhouse urningof Fossil Fuels Lange amounts of fol snd natural gas aye used in transport Ghd production of eleticty. During their SGmbuotion in the presence of alr (oxygen), Gatos diowde and water molecules are ‘eleased into the atmeaphere Deforestation Plans and tres use carbon dioxide from tho atmosphere and release oxygen curing Photosynthesis However, large-scale development activities have resulted in cuting down of forests to bulld Houses, roads i fuels such 28 cost Population Explosion Jed fo the expa Manufacturing, and in release harriful gases into the atmosphere. Rise inp fuels Al these activities result in greenhouse tle Farming The world's population is dependent och Many frtilcers used in farens ring for fain nitrous oxide, which is a greenho: Intensive livestock farming may Bs Freduce methane, which alsoa greenhouse ga, [Atmospheric Pollution Coal mining, oil extraction and industries produce harmful greenhouse ‘gases. Decomposition of garbage in dump {grounds produce cazbon dioxide and methane.Navural Dsasters atural cisasers like voleaic eruptions and forest fires produce smoke, dust and gases in lange quantities,contributing tothe greenhouse clit Vom engeon Global Warming ‘Ass reault of grcenouse eft the temperature ofthe Earth is increasing. The rise in verge temperature of the Earth surface S krown 33 global wast Didierent human activitice axe esponsible for ftlobal warming. Some of them are: + Excessive use of fossil fuels for producing electricity and transportation + Emission of smoke from industries ‘+ Atrplanes fying inthe skies + Deforestation Forest fires eae Soe —____—___—_— The ozone layer is found approxima to 40 hilometres above the Earth's surfa's ope ae ene eee ester eee erect oe Coons 3 has boo cbverved, expecially near the pola A mujer factor contnbuting to this depen is the emission of chigQ@OUORSErtams (CEC) sod began (BEC) into. the ‘stmaspher in Sian’ amounts. Depletion ‘ofthe ozne layer is ore ofthe ending cass of global warming (Global warming is a low process I increnses the Earth's temperature by afew degrees over several decades. However the seal sn temperature can affect lfeon Earth severely. ‘Some ofthe eifects of global warming ae: Melting of lee The ice caps near the poles including glace the ice sheets of west Antarctic and Greenland ‘and the Arctic sea have started melting ac a ‘esa of global warming. IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING | 1 the Farth’s temperature combines 1 rig, the global sea levels may ise aout 20 10m, ‘every decade. It may cause Floods jaa. ae comsts, such a8 Bangladesh and the Nat miso. submerge: mary Netherlands islands in the tinction of Animale ry anumals 1 y sutable habitats. Some erfies and plants Rave er climates. This TP ey on crn dary, he food hale sms ot mien many apes it ae ne 2% ote soem fen 22000 breeding pais t 11000. Migration ards foxes, bus FTendy moved to ool ign of Able pegs Aan saree Wether ono bine ead * to frequent Global warming may huricanes, parts aad a i “droughts and floods in different "My the work, There has already been (precipitation) sere the world. Chute dunges te happening, lobe! warming Fool shortages especialy i oertifcaton al Warming Ways to Reduce Glob: Gopal warming can cause serious dame ciemrosyotems end weather pattems. AS @ ole citizen, we can follow certain ies oreduce global warming. with Faorescent ight ‘consume about bulbs. andeecent light 70% less energy than a Salbo: Tum off the Tights when you do seed ther simple guidelin + Replace light bub Heres lr ev + Use energy-efficient appliances that consume loss energy. They also reduce your electricity Dill and Switch off appliances when natin ust, © Emphusise on vsing colar energy to heat water andlighthomes and offices, ‘= Use public transport or other options like carpooling and cycling for travelling, ThisUse clean fuels like compressed natural ‘gas (@NG) and unleaded petrol to run I vehicles Follow the 3R prindple~ Resiuce, Reuse 4 Plant more tne and adopt and vatious afforestation and reforen progras 7 + Use pressure cooker fOr cooking tin |p, Tick the correct & Joxne 1. Hontify the greenhouse gas rom the given optcew ee Sulphur i ‘and Recyele. Reduce the use of papet, requires less time to cook food and say i srace bets end mete Find ectme up t0 70% of ery. Use lids on veg, Nitrogen ) Methane Trays to reuse things For example, kd hilecooking rcs | >, Greerboue gent prevent release of eatin tha eae ‘an be used 1 0" «Use the washing machine oF dishyrash a : O seers aa erinly Use them only on Me ropospiere Thermanphere and metas, hl ee 4 How many oxygen atome are present ian ozone molec? o1 O3 52 Os 4 oem pel et be every deed fw Ee mpc Cortese? ea see? pene 12615 O 18020 Sich go ay be produce in intense Rventorkarmine? CO caren oxide 9 Oxygen Sorc (© Methane CC. Match the following. Beccipion fa [Netingoticecpe > Penis th Fah om oat = emit by then [came rico ofc Se ani metre #) [tase dntand aoe fe. loemetee eae 5 [ca arm fe [usin deeorant are 1D, State whether true or false. 1. Bromoflaorocarhons protect the ozone lay 2. Uso of solar energy increase global warming. 5. Turning ft letzonic davies when not ise reduces global warming: 4A Forest frescan cause global warming +5 Burning offs fuels docentes the emperate ofthe Earths surface: A. 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